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Park DJ, Kang JB, Koh PO. Epigallocatechin gallate improves neuronal damage in animal model of ischemic stroke and glutamate-exposed neurons via modulation of hippocalcin expression. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299042. [PMID: 38427657 PMCID: PMC10906901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a polyphenolic component of green tea that has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in neurons. Ischemic stroke is a major neurological disease that causes irreversible brain disorders. It increases the intracellular calcium concentration and induces apoptosis. The regulation of intracellular calcium concentration is important to maintain the function of the nervous system. Hippocalcin is a neuronal calcium sensor protein that controls intracellular calcium concentration. We investigated whether EGCG treatment regulates the expression of hippocalcin in stroke animal model and glutamate-induced neuronal damage. We performed middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to induce cerebral ischemia. EGCG (50 mg/kg) or phosphate buffered saline was injected into the abdominal cavity just before MCAO surgery. The neurobehavioral tests were performed 24 h after MCAO surgery and cerebral cortex tissue was collected. MCAO damage induced severe neurobehavioral disorders, increased infarct volume, and decreased the expression of hippocalcin in the cerebral cortex. However, EGCG treatment improved these deficits and alleviated the decrease in hippocalcin expression in cerebral cortex. In addition, EGCG dose-dependently alleviated neuronal cell death and intracellular calcium overload in glutamate-exposed neurons. Glutamate exposure reduced hippocalcin expression, decreased Bcl-2 expression, and increased Bax expression. However, EGCG treatment mitigated these changes caused by glutamate toxicity. EGCG also attenuated the increase in caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 expressions caused by glutamate exposure. The effect of EGCG was more pronounced in non-transfected cells than in hippocalcin siRNA-transfected cells. These findings demonstrate that EGCG protects neurons against glutamate toxicity through the regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins and caspase-3. It is known that hippocalcin exerts anti-apoptotic effect through the modulation of apoptotic pathway. Thus, we can suggest evidence that EGCG has a neuroprotective effect by regulating hippocalcin expression in ischemic brain damage and glutamate-exposed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ju Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Ju-Bin Kang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Phil-Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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2
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Uchino M, Sashide Y, Takeda M. Suppression of the Excitability of Rat Nociceptive Secondary Sensory Neurons following Local Administration of the Phytochemical, (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Brain Res 2023:148426. [PMID: 37257804 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The phytochemical, polyphenolic compound, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), is the main catechin found in green tea. Although a modulatory effect of EGCG on voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels has been reported in excitable tissues, the in vivo effect of EGCG on the excitability of nociceptive sensory neurons remains to be determined. Our aim was to investigate whether local administration of EGCG to rats attenuates the excitability of nociceptive spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (SpVc) neurons in response to mechanical stimulation in vivo. Extracellular single unit recordings were made from SpVc neurons in response to orofacial mechanical stimulation of anesthetized rats. The mean firing frequency of SpVc wide-dynamic range neurons following both non-noxious and noxious mechanical stimuli was significantly inhibited by EGCG in a dose-dependent and reversible manner. The mean magnitude of inhibition by EGCG on SpVc neuronal discharge frequency was similar to that of the local anesthetic, 1% lidocaine. Local injection of half-dose of lidocaine replaced the half-dose of EGCG. These results suggest that local injection of EGCG suppresses the excitability of nociceptive SpVc neurons, possibly via the inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels and opening of voltage-gated potassium channels in the trigeminal ganglion. Therefore, administration of EGCG as a local anesthetic may provide relief from trigeminal nociceptive pain without side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Uchino
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Department of Life and Food Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Yukito Sashide
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Department of Life and Food Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Mamoru Takeda
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Department of Life and Food Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
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Karimi-Shahri M, Alalikhan A, Hashemian P, Hashemzadeh A, Javid H. The applications of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-nanogold conjugate in cancer therapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:212001. [PMID: 36535007 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acaca3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer has recently increased the death toll worldwide owing to inadequate therapy and decreased drug bioavailability. Long-term and untargeted chemotherapeutic exposure causes toxicity to healthy cells and drug resistance. These challenges necessitate the development of new methods to increase drug efficacy. Nanotechnology is an emerging field in the engineering of new drug delivery platforms. The phytochemical epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the main component of green tea extract and its most bioactive component, offers novel approaches to cancer cell eradication. The current review focuses on the nanogold-based carriers containing EGCG, with an emphasis on the chemotherapeutic effects of EGCG in cancer treatment. The nanoscale vehicle may improve the EGCG solubility and bioavailability while overcoming constraints and cellular barriers. This article reviewed the phytochemical EGCG-based gold nanoplatforms and their major anticancer applications, both individually, and in combination therapy in a few cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Karimi-Shahri
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Abbas Alalikhan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pedram Hashemian
- Jahad Daneshgahi Research Committee, Jahad Daneshgahi Institute, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Hashemzadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Javid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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A comprehensive review on bioavailability, safety and antidepressant potential of natural bioactive components from tea. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Unno K, Nakamura Y. Green Tea Suppresses Brain Aging. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164897. [PMID: 34443485 PMCID: PMC8401650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the intake of green tea is effective in reducing the risk of dementia. The most important component of green tea is epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Both EGCG and epigallocatechin (EGC) have been suggested to cross the blood–brain barrier to reach the brain parenchyma, but EGCG has been found to be more effective than EGC in promoting neuronal differentiation. It has also been suggested that the products of EGCG decomposition by the intestinal microbiota promote the differentiation of nerve cells and that both EGCG and its degradation products act on nerve cells with a time lag. On the other hand, the free amino acids theanine and arginine contained in green tea have stress-reducing effects. While long-term stress accelerates the aging of the brain, theanine and arginine suppress the aging of the brain due to their anti-stress effect. Since this effect is counteracted by EGCG and caffeine, the ratios between these green tea components are important for the anti-stress action. In this review, we describe how green tea suppresses brain aging, through the activation of nerve cells by both EGCG and its degradation products, and the reductions in stress achieved by theanine and arginine.
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Calabrese EJ, Tsatsakis A, Agathokleous E, Giordano J, Calabrese V. Does Green Tea Induce Hormesis? Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820936170. [PMID: 32728352 PMCID: PMC7364811 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820936170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea, and its principal constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), are commonly shown to induce biphasic concentration/dose responses in a broad range of cell types, including non-tumor cells, and tumor cell lines. The most active area of research dealt with an assessment of neural cells with application to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease cell models, often using preconditioning experimental protocols. The general findings demonstrate EGCG-induced hormetic effects resulting in an enhanced acquired resilience within an adaptive and temporally dependent homeodynamic framework. The biphasic dose responses displayed the typical quantitative features of the hormetic dose response with respect to the amplitude and width of the stimulatory response. These findings provide further evidence for the general occurrence of hormetic dose responses with such responses being independent of the biological model, end point, inducing agent, and mechanism. The biphasic nature of these responses has important implications since it suggests optimal dose ranges for end points of public health and therapeutic applications. These findings indicate the need to assess the entire dose-response continuum in order to better define the nature of the dose response, especially in the low-dose zone where such exposures are common in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill Science Center I, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Centre of Toxicology Science and Research, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Crete, Greece
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - James Giordano
- Department of Neurology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Unno K, Pervin M, Taguchi K, Konishi T, Nakamura Y. Green Tea Catechins Trigger Immediate-Early Genes in the Hippocampus and Prevent Cognitive Decline and Lifespan Shortening. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071484. [PMID: 32218277 PMCID: PMC7181211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence-accelerated mouse prone 10 (SAMP10) mice, after ingesting green tea catechins (GT-catechin, 60 mg/kg), were found to have suppressed aging-related decline in brain function. The dose dependence of brain function on GT-catechin indicated that intake of 1 mg/kg or more suppressed cognitive decline and a shortened lifespan. Mice that ingested 1 mg/kg GT-catechin had the longest median survival, but the dose was less effective at suppressing cognitive decline. The optimal dose for improving memory acquisition was 60 mg/kg, and memory retention was higher in mice that ingested 30 mg/kg or more. To elucidate the mechanism by which cognitive decline is suppressed by GT-catechin, changes in gene expression in the hippocampus of SAMP10 mice one month after ingesting GT-catechin were analyzed. The results show that the expression of immediate-early genes such as nuclear receptor subfamily 4 (Nr4a), FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene (Fos), early growth response 1 (Egr1), neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (Npas4), and cysteine-rich protein 61 (Cyr61) was significantly increased. These results suggest that GT-catechin suppresses age-related cognitive decline via increased expression of immediate-early genes that are involved in long-term changes in plasticity of synapses and neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Unno
- Tea Science Center, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (M.P.); (K.T.); (Y.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-54-264-5822
| | - Monira Pervin
- Tea Science Center, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (M.P.); (K.T.); (Y.N.)
| | - Kyoko Taguchi
- Tea Science Center, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (M.P.); (K.T.); (Y.N.)
| | - Tomokazu Konishi
- Faculty of Bioresources Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita 010-0195, Japan;
| | - Yoriyuki Nakamura
- Tea Science Center, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (M.P.); (K.T.); (Y.N.)
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Cao H, Li X, Wang F, Zhang Y, Xiong Y, Yang Q. Phytochemical-Mediated Glioma Targeted Treatment: Drug Resistance and Novel Delivery Systems. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:599-629. [PMID: 31400262 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190809221332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioma, especially its most malignant type, Glioblastoma (GBM), is the most common and the most aggressive malignant tumour in the central nervous system. Currently, we have no specific therapies that can significantly improve its dismal prognosis. Recent studies have reported promising in vitro experimental results of several novel glioma-targeting drugs; these studies are encouraging to both researchers and patients. However, clinical trials have revealed that novel compounds that focus on a single, clear glioma genetic alteration may not achieve a satisfactory outcome or have side effects that are unbearable. Based on this consensus, phytochemicals that exhibit multiple bioactivities have recently attracted much attention. Traditional Chinese medicine and traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda) have shown that phytocompounds inhibit glioma angiogenesis, cancer stem cells and tumour proliferation; these results suggest a novel drug therapeutic strategy. However, single phytocompounds or their direct usage may not reverse comprehensive malignancy due to poor histological penetrability or relatively unsatisfactory in vivo efficiency. Recent research that has employed temozolomide combination treatment and Nanoparticles (NPs) with phytocompounds has revealed a powerful dual-target therapy and a high blood-brain barrier penetrability, which is accompanied by low side effects and strong specific targeting. This review is focused on major phytocompounds that have contributed to glioma-targeting treatment in recent years and their role in drug resistance inhibition, as well as novel drug delivery systems for clinical strategies. Lastly, we summarize a possible research strategy for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feiyifan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yueqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Rothenberg DO, Zhang L. Mechanisms Underlying the Anti-Depressive Effects of Regular Tea Consumption. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061361. [PMID: 31212946 PMCID: PMC6627400 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive review of the literature pertaining to the antidepressant effects and mechanisms of regular tea consumption. Meta-data supplemented with recent observational studies were first analyzed to assess the association between tea consumption and depression risk. The literature reported risk ratios (RR) were 0.69 with 95% confidence intervals of 0.62–0.77. Next, we thoroughly reviewed human trials, mouse models, and in vitro experiments to determine the predominant mechanisms underlying the observed linear relationship between tea consumption and reduced risk of depression. Current theories on the neurobiology of depression were utilized to map tea-mediated mechanisms of antidepressant activity onto an integrated framework of depression pathology. The major nodes within the network framework of depression included hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity, inflammation, weakened monoaminergic systems, reduced neurogenesis/neuroplasticity, and poor microbiome diversity affecting the gut–brain axis. We detailed how each node has subsystems within them, including signaling pathways, specific target proteins, or transporters that interface with compounds in tea, mediating their antidepressant effects. A major pathway was found to be the ERK/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway, up-regulated by a number of compounds in tea including teasaponin, L-theanine, EGCG and combinations of tea catechins and their metabolites. Black tea theaflavins and EGCG are potent anti-inflammatory agents via down-regulation of NF-κB signaling. Multiple compounds in tea are effective modulators of dopaminergic activity and the gut–brain axis. Taken together, our findings show that constituents found in all major tea types, predominantly L-theanine, polyphenols and polyphenol metabolites, are capable of functioning through multiple pathways simultaneously to collectively reduce the risk of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan O'Neill Rothenberg
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Yang JS, Jeon S, Yoon KD, Yoon SH. Cyanidin-3-glucoside inhibits amyloid β 25-35-induced neuronal cell death in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 22:689-696. [PMID: 30402029 PMCID: PMC6205939 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.6.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence implicates changes in [Ca2+]i and oxidative stress as causative factors in amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced neuronal cell death. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), a component of anthocyanin, has been reported to protect against glutamate-induced neuronal cell death by inhibiting Ca2+ and Zn2+ signaling. The present study aimed to determine whether C3G exerts a protective effect against Aβ25–35-induced neuronal cell death in cultured rat hippocampal neurons from embryonic day 17 fetal Sprague-Dawley rats using MTT assay for cell survival, and caspase-3 assay and digital imaging methods for Ca2+, Zn2+, MMP and ROS. Treatment with Aβ25–35 (20 µM) for 48 h induced neuronal cell death in cultured rat pure hippocampal neurons. Treatment with C3G for 48 h significantly increased cell survival. Pretreatment with C3G for 30 min significantly inhibited Aβ25–35-induced [Zn2+]i increases as well as [Ca2+]i increases in the cultured rat hippocampal neurons. C3G also significantly inhibited Aβ25–35-induced mitochondrial depolarization. C3G also blocked the Aβ25–35-induced formation of ROS. In addition, C3G significantly inhibited the Aβ25–35-induced activation of caspase-3. These results suggest that cyanidin-3-glucoside protects against amyloid β-induced neuronal cell death by reducing multiple apoptotic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Seon Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Sujeong Jeon
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Kee Dong Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea
| | - Shin Hee Yoon
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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Chen SQ, Wang ZS, Ma YX, Zhang W, Lu JL, Liang YR, Zheng XQ. Neuroprotective Effects and Mechanisms of Tea Bioactive Components in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2018; 23:E512. [PMID: 29495349 PMCID: PMC6017384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the population ages, neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) impose a heavy burden on society and families. The pathogeneses of PD and AD are complex. There are no radical cures for the diseases, and existing therapeutic agents for PD and AD have diverse side effects. Tea contains many bioactive components such as polyphenols, theanine, caffeine, and theaflavins. Some investigations of epidemiology have demonstrated that drinking tea can decrease the risk of PD and AD. Tea polyphenols can lower the morbidity of PD and AD by reducing oxidative stress and regulating signaling pathways and metal chelation. Theanine can inhibit the glutamate receptors and regulate the extracellular concentration of glutamine, presenting neuroprotective effects. Additionally, the neuroprotective mechanisms of caffeine and theaflavins may contribute to the ability to antagonize the adenosine receptor A2AR and the antioxidant properties, respectively. Thus, tea bioactive components might be useful for neuronal degeneration treatment in the future. In the present paper, the neuro protection and the mechanisms of tea and its bioactive components are reviewed. Moreover, the potential challenges and future work are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qing Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Ze-Shi Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yi-Xiao Ma
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jian-Liang Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yue-Rong Liang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xin-Qiang Zheng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Karthikeyan B, Harini L, Krishnakumar V, Kannan VR, Sundar K, Kathiresan T. Insights on the involvement of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in ER stress-mediated apoptosis in age-related macular degeneration. Apoptosis 2018; 22:72-85. [PMID: 27778132 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis is a well-known factor in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). ER stress leads to accumulation of misfolded proteins, which in turn activates unfolded protein response (UPR) of the cell for its survival. The prolonged UPR of ER stress promotes cell death; however, the transition between adaptation and ER stress-induced apoptosis has not been clearly understood. Hence, the present study investigates the regulatory effect of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on ER stress-induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and disturbance of calcium homeostasis by thapsigargin (TG) in mouse retinal pigment epithelial (MRPE) cells. The oxidant molecules influenced MRPE cells showed an increased level of intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i in ER and transferred to mitochondria through ER-mitochondrial tether site then increased ROS production. EGCG restores [Ca2+]i homeostasis by decreasing ROS production through inhibition of prohibitin1 which regulate ER-mitochondrial tether site and inhibit apoptosis. Effect of EGCG on ER stress-mediated apoptosis was elucidated by exploring the UPR signalling pathways. EGCG downregulated GRP78, CHOP, PERK, ERO1α, IRE1α, cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase 3, caspase 12 and upregulated expression of calnexinin MRPE cells. In addition to this, inhibition of apoptosis by EGCG was also confirmed with expression of proteins Akt, PTEN and GSK3β. MRPE cells with EGCG upregulates phosphorylation of Akt at ser473 and phospho ser380 of PTEN, but phosphorylation at ser9 of GSK3β was inhibited. Further, constitutively active (myristoylated) CA-Akt transfected in MRPE cells had an increased Akt activity in EGCG influenced cells. These findings strongly suggest that antioxidant molecules inhibit cell death through the proper balancing of [Ca2+]i and ROS production in order to maintain UPR of ER in MRPE cells. Thus, modulation of UPR signalling may provide a potential target for the therapeutic approaches of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bose Karthikeyan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam University, Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, 626 126, India.,Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Lakshminarasimhan Harini
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam University, Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, 626 126, India
| | | | - Velu Rajesh Kannan
- Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Krishnan Sundar
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam University, Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, 626 126, India.,International Research Centre, Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, 626 126, India
| | - Thandavarayan Kathiresan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam University, Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, 626 126, India. .,International Research Centre, Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, 626 126, India.
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Omar SH, Scott CJ, Hamlin AS, Obied HK. The protective role of plant biophenols in mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 47:1-20. [PMID: 28301805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) into the neurotoxic oligomers followed by fibrillar aggregates is a defining characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several lines of proposed hypotheses have suggested the mechanism of AD pathology, though the exact pathophysiological mechanism is not yet elucidated. The poor understanding of AD and multitude of adverse responses reported from the current synthetic drugs are the leading cause of failure in the drug development to treat or halt the progression of AD and mandate the search for safer and more efficient alternatives. A number of natural compounds have shown the ability to prevent the formation of the toxic oligomers and disrupt the aggregates, thus attracted much attention. Referable to the abundancy and multitude of pharmacological activities of the plant active constituents, biophenols that distinguish them from the other phytochemicals as a natural weapon against the neurodegenerative disorders. This review provides a critical assessment of the current literature on in vitro and in vivo mechanistic activities of biophenols associated with the prevention and treatment of AD. We have contended the need for more comprehensive approaches to evaluate the anti-AD activity of biophenols at various pathologic levels and to assess the current evidences. Consequently, we highlighted the various problems and challenges confronting the AD research, and offer recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed H Omar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Christopher J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Adam S Hamlin
- School of Science & Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Hassan K Obied
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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He Y, Tan D, Mi Y, Bai B, Jiang D, Zhou X, Ji S. Effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on acrylamide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in PC12 cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 36:1087-1099. [PMID: 27920337 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116681648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR) is a chemical intermediate utilized in industry. ACR is also formed during heating of foods containing carbohydrates and amino acids. Therefore, humans are widely exposed to ACR, and ACR neurotoxicity in humans is a significant public health issue attracting wide attention. In this study, we investigated the potential neuroprotective effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant polyphenolic compound in green tea, in PC12 cells treated with ACR. ACR-treated PC12 cells pretreated with various concentrations of EGCG (2.5, 5 and 10 μM) for 24 h had increased viability and acetylcholinesterase activity and reduced apoptosis and necrosis compared to cells exposed to ACR alone. EGCG reduced the expression of bax mRNA, decreased cytochrome c release, reduced intracellular calcium levels, inactivated caspase 3 and increased mitochondrial membrane potential, suggesting that EGCG prevents ACR-induced apoptosis through a mitochondrial-mediated pathway. In addition, EGCG inhibited the formation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation while enhancing superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Our results indicate that pretreatment of PC12 cells with EGCG attenuates ACR-induced apoptosis by reducing oxidative stress. Therefore, drinking green tea may reduce nerve injury induced by ACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y He
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - D Tan
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Mi
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - B Bai
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - D Jiang
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - X Zhou
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - S Ji
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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15
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He Y, Tan D, Bai B, Wu Z, Ji S. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates acrylamide-induced apoptosis and astrogliosis in rat cerebral cortex. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:298-306. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1279251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin He
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dehong Tan
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Bai
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxia Wu
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Ji
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, People’s Republic of China
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16
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He Y, Tan D, Mi Y, Zhou Q, Ji S. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates cerebral cortex damage and promotes brain regeneration in acrylamide-treated rats. Food Funct 2017; 8:2275-2282. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01823h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ACR increased the rate of nestin-positive cells implying that ACR caused cell damage, and EGCG decreased the rates of nestin-positive cells against ACR suggesting that EGCG may promote cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin He
- College of Food
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang City 110866
- People's Republic of China
| | - Dehong Tan
- College of Food
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang City 110866
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Mi
- College of Food
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang City 110866
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhou
- College of Food
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang City 110866
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Ji
- College of Food
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang City 110866
- People's Republic of China
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17
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Current Perspective of Stem Cell Therapy in Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7276-7296. [PMID: 27815831 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases have been an unsolved riddle for quite a while; to date, there are no proper and effective curative treatments and only palliative and symptomatic treatments are available to treat these illnesses. The absence of therapeutic treatments for neurodegenerative ailments has huge economic hit and strain on the society. Pharmacotherapies and various surgical procedures like deep brain stimulation are being given to the patient, but they are only effective for the symptoms and not for the diseases. This paper reviews the recent studies and development of stem cell therapy for neurodegenerative disorders. Stem cell-based treatment is a promising new way to deal with neurodegenerative diseases. Stem cell transplantation can advance useful recuperation by delivering trophic elements that impel survival and recovery of host neurons in animal models and patients with neurodegenerative maladies. Several mechanisms, for example, substitution of lost cells, cell combination, release of neurotrophic factor, proliferation of endogenous stem cell, and transdifferentiation, may clarify positive remedial results. With the current advancements in the stem cell therapies, a new hope for the cure has come out since they have potential to be a cure for the same. This review compiles stem cell therapy recent conceptions in neurodegenerative and neurometabolic diseases and updates in this field. Graphical Absract ᅟ.
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Cyanidin-3-glucoside inhibits glutamate-induced Zn2+ signaling and neuronal cell death in cultured rat hippocampal neurons by inhibiting Ca2+-induced mitochondrial depolarization and formation of reactive oxygen species. Brain Res 2015; 1606:9-20. [PMID: 25721794 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), a member of the anthocyanin family, is a potent natural antioxidant. However, effects of C3G on glutamate-induced [Zn(2+)]i increase and neuronal cell death remain unknown. We studied the effects of C3G on glutamate-induced [Zn(2+)]i increase and cell death in cultured rat hippocampal neurons from embryonic day 17 maternal Sprague-Dawley rats using digital imaging methods for Zn(2+), Ca(2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential and a MTT assay for cell survival. Treatment with glutamate (100 µM) for 7 min induces reproducible [Zn(2+)]i increase at 35 min interval in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The intracellular Zn(2+)-chelator TPEN markedly blocked glutamate-induced [Zn(2+)]i increase, but the extracellular Zn(2+) chelator CaEDTA did not affect glutamate-induced [Zn(2+)]i increase. C3G inhibited the glutamate-induced [Zn(2+)]i response in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 of 14.1 ± 1.1 µg/ml). C3G also significantly inhibited glutamate-induced [Ca(2+)]i increase. Two antioxidants such as Trolox and DTT significantly inhibited the glutamate-induced [Zn(2+)]i response, but they did not affect the [Ca(2+)]i responses. C3G blocked glutamate-induced formation of ROS. Trolox and DTT also inhibited the formation of ROS. C3G significantly inhibited glutamate-induced mitochondrial depolarization. However, TPEN, Trolox and DTT did not affect the mitochondrial depolarization. C3G, Trolox and DTT attenuated glutamate-induced neuronal cell death in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, respectively. Taken together, all these results suggest that cyanidin-3-glucoside inhibits glutamate-induced [Zn(2+)]i increase through a release of Zn(2+) from intracellular sources in cultured rat hippocampal neurons by inhibiting Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial depolarization and formation of ROS, which is involved in neuroprotection against glutamate-induced cell death.
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Perveen S, Yang JS, Ha TJ, Yoon SH. Cyanidin-3-glucoside Inhibits ATP-induced Intracellular Free Ca(2+) Concentration, ROS Formation and Mitochondrial Depolarization in PC12 Cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:297-305. [PMID: 25177161 PMCID: PMC4146631 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.4.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids have an ability to suppress various ion channels. We determined whether one of flavonoids, cyanidin-3-glucoside, affects adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-induced calcium signaling using digital imaging methods for intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential in PC12 cells. Treatment with ATP (100µM) for 90 sec induced [Ca(2+)]i increases in PC12 cells. Pretreatment with cyanidin-3-glucoside (1µ g/ml to 100µg/ml) for 30 min inhibited the ATP-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50=15.3µg/ml). Pretreatment with cyanidin-3-glucoside (15µg/ml) for 30 min significantly inhibited the ATP-induced [Ca(2+)]i responses following removal of extracellular Ca(2+) or depletion of intracellular [Ca(2+)]i stores. Cyanidin-3-glucoside also significantly inhibited the relatively specific P2X2 receptor agonist 2-MeSATP-induced [Ca(2+)]i responses. Cyanidin-3-glucoside significantly inhibited the thapsigargin or ATP-induced store-operated calcium entry. Cyanidin-3-glucoside significantly inhibited the ATP-induced [Ca(2+)]i responses in the presence of nimodipine and ω-conotoxin. Cyanidin-3-glucoside also significantly inhibited KCl (50 mM)-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases. Cyanidin-3-glucoside significantly inhibited ATP-induced mitochondrial depolarization. The intracellular Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA-AM or the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter inhibitor RU360 blocked the ATP-induced mitochondrial depolarization in the presence of cyanidin-3-glucoside. Cyanidin-3-glucoside blocked ATP-induced formation of ROS. BAPTA-AM further decreased the formation of ROS in the presence of cyanidin-3-glucoside. All these results suggest that cyanidin-3-glucoside inhibits ATP-induced calcium signaling in PC12 cells by inhibiting multiple pathways which are the influx of extracellular Ca(2+) through the nimodipine and ω-conotoxin-sensitive and -insensitive pathways and the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. In addition, cyanidin-3-glucoside inhibits ATP-induced formation of ROS by inhibiting Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Perveen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Ji Seon Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Tae Joung Ha
- Department of Functional Crop, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang 627-803, Korea
| | - Shin Hee Yoon
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
- Catholic Agro-Medical Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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20
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Cirillo G, Curcio M, Vittorio O, Iemma F, Restuccia D, Spizzirri UG, Puoci F, Picci N. Polyphenol Conjugates and Human Health: A Perspective Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 56:326-37. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.752342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Sama DM, Norris CM. Calcium dysregulation and neuroinflammation: discrete and integrated mechanisms for age-related synaptic dysfunction. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:982-95. [PMID: 23751484 PMCID: PMC3834216 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Some of the best biomarkers of age-related cognitive decline are closely linked to synaptic function and plasticity. This review highlights several age-related synaptic alterations as they relate to Ca(2+) dyshomeostasis, through elevation of intracellular Ca(2+), and neuroinflammation, through production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Though distinct in many ways, Ca(2+) and neuroinflammatory signaling mechanisms exhibit extensive cross-talk and bidirectional interactions. For instance, cytokine production in glial cells is strongly dependent on the Ca(2+) dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin, which shows elevated activity in animal models of aging and disease. In turn, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF, can augment the expression/activity of L-type voltage sensitive Ca(2+) channels in neurons, leading to Ca(2+) dysregulation, hyperactive calcineurin activity, and synaptic depression. Thus, in addition to discussing unique contributions of Ca(2+) dyshomeostasis and neuroinflammation, this review emphasizes how these processes interact to hasten age-related synaptic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Sama
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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22
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Lee H, Kang JE, Lee JK, Bae JS, Jin HK. Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote proliferation and neuronal differentiation of Niemann-Pick type C mouse neural stem cells by upregulation and secretion of CCL2. Hum Gene Ther 2013; 24:655-69. [PMID: 23659480 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized neuropathologically by ballooned neurons distended with lipid storage and widespread neuronal loss. Neural stem cells (NSC) derived from NP-C disease models have decreased ability for self-renewal and neuronal differentiation. Investigation of neurogenesis in the adult brain has suggested that NP-C disease can be overcome, or at least ameliorated, by the generation of new neurons. Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are regarded as potential candidates for use in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders because of their ability to promote neurogenesis. The underlying mechanisms of BM-MSC-induced promotion of neurogenesis, however, have not been resolved. The aim of the present study was to examine the mechanism of neurogenesis by BM-MSCs in NP-C disease. Coculture of embryonic NSCs from NP-C mice that exhibit impaired ability for self-renewal and decreased rates of neuronal differentiation with BM-MSCs resulted in an enhanced capacity for self-renewal and an increased ability for differentiation into neurons or oligodendrocytes. In addition, results of in vivo studies have demonstrated that transplantation of intracerebral BM-MSCs resulted in stimulated proliferation and neuronal differentiation of NSCs within the subventricular zone. Of particular interest, enhanced proliferation and neuronal differentiation of endogenous NP-C mouse NSCs showed an association with elevated release of the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) from BM-MSCs. These effects suggest that soluble CCL2 derived from BM-MSCs can modulate endogenous NP-C NSCs, resulting in their improved proliferation and neuronal differentiation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Lee
- Stem Cell Neuroplasticity Research Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
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23
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EGCG Ameliorates the Suppression of Long-Term Potentiation Induced by Ischemia at the Schaffer Collateral-CA1 Synapse in the Rat. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 32:267-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9758-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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24
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Kostandy BB. The role of glutamate in neuronal ischemic injury: the role of spark in fire. Neurol Sci 2011; 33:223-37. [PMID: 22044990 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although being a physiologically important excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate plays a pivotal role in various neurological disorders including ischemic neurological diseases. Its level is increased during cerebral ischemia with excessive neurological stimulation causing the glutamate-induced neuronal toxicity, excitotoxicity, and this is considered the triggering spark in the ischemic neuronal damage. The glutamatergic stimulation will lead to rise in the intracellular sodium and calcium, and the elevated intracellular calcium will lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of proteases, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and release of nitric oxide. Interruption of the cascades of glutamate-induced cell death during ischemia may provide a way to prevent, or at least reduce, the ischemic damage. Various therapeutic options are suggested interrupting the glutamatergic pathways, e.g., inhibiting the glutamate synthesis or release, increasing its clearance, blocking of its receptors or preventing the rise in intracellular calcium. Development of these strategies may provide future treatment options in the management of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botros B Kostandy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Assiut, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
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25
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Wang JH, Cheng J, Li CR, Ye M, Ma Z, Cai F. Modulation of Ca²⁺ signals by epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG) in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:742-54. [PMID: 21340011 PMCID: PMC3039977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Green tea has been receiving considerable attention as a possible neuroprotective agent against neurodegenerative disease. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the major compound of green tea. Calcium signaling has profound effects on almost all aspects of neuronal function. Using digital calcium imaging and patch-clamp technique, we determined the effects of EGCG on Ca2+ signals in hippocampal neurons. The results indicated that EGCG caused a dose-dependent increase in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). This [Ca2+]i increase was blocked by depleting intracellular Ca2+ stores with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid. Furthermore, EGCG-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i was abolished following treatment with a PLC inhibitor. However, EGCG inhibited high-voltage activated Ca2+ currents (IHVA) and NMDA-induced inward currents (INMDA). These data suggest that EGCG triggers a cascade of events: it activates phospholipase C (PLC), mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ stores, raises the cytosolic Ca2+ levels, and inhibits the VGCC and NMDA receptors-mediated Ca2+ influx through a process that remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hua Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; E-Mail:
| | - Jin Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Xiangfan Hospital of TongJi Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Xiangfan 441021, Hubei, China; E-Mail:
| | - Cai-Rong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Xianning University, Xianning 437100, Hubei, China; E-Mails: (C.-R.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Mao Ye
- Department of Osteopaedics, Center Hospital of Xianning, Xianning 437100, Hubei, China; E-Mail:
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Xianning University, Xianning 437100, Hubei, China; E-Mails: (C.-R.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Fei Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Xianning University, Xianning 437100, Hubei, China; E-Mails: (C.-R.L.); (Z.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-715-8103056; Fax: +86-715-8103056
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(-)-Epigallocatethin-3-O-gallate counteracts caffeine-induced hyperactivity: evidence of dopaminergic blockade. Behav Pharmacol 2010; 21:572-5. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32833beffb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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27
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Moreira ELG, Rial D, Duarte FS, De Carvalho CR, Horst H, Pizzolatti MG, Prediger RDS, Ribeiro-do-Valle RM. Central nervous system activity of the proanthocyanidin-rich fraction obtained from Croton celtidifolius in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:1061-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible neurobehavioural effects in rats of the proanthocyanidin-rich fraction (PRF) isolated from the bark of Croton celtidifolius (Euphorbiaceae).
Methods
Adult Wistar rats were treated with the PRF (0.3–30 mg/kg) and evaluated in different behavioural paradigms classically used for the screening of drugs with psychoactive effects.
Key findings
Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of PRF decreased spontaneous locomotor activity (open field arena and activity cage), enhanced the duration of ethyl ether-induced hypnosis, increased the latency to the first convulsion induced by pentylenetetrazole (60 mg/kg, i.p.) and attenuated apomorphine-induced (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) stereotyped behaviour. In lower doses, PRF (0.3 or 3 mg/kg, i.p.) increased the frequency of open arm entries in the elevated plus-maze test.
Conclusions
The present findings suggest that the systemic administration of PRF induces a wide spectrum of behavioural alterations in rats, consistent with the putative existence of hypnosedative, anticonvulsant and anxiolytic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo L G Moreira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniel Rial
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Filipe S Duarte
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Heros Horst
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Moacir G Pizzolatti
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rui D S Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Park KS, Oh JH, Yoo HS, Lee YM, Lee MK, Hong JT, Oh KW. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) reverses caffeine-induced anxiogenic-like effects. Neurosci Lett 2010; 481:131-4. [PMID: 20599478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether (-)-epigallocatethin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) could reverse caffeine-induced anxiogenic-like effects in animals. In mice, EGCG antagonized the caffeine-induced reduction in both the open arm entry number and time-spent in open arm on elevated plus-maze. In addition, EGCG also antagonized the caffeine-induced reduction in both the central zone distance and central zone time-spent on an open field apparatus, respectively. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded from the rat anterior cerebral cortex. Caffeine increased the power density-ratios of fast (FW: 8.00-20.00 Hz) and slow (SW: 0.75-8.00 Hz) frequency spectrum bands in these EEG recordings. However, EGCG reduced the caffeine-induced increase of FW/SW ratios. Thus, EGCG reverses caffeine-induced anxiogenic-like effects. We also provide additional evidence that the EEG FW/SW (or SW/FW) ratios can be a useful tool for the prediction of anxiogenic and/or anxiolytic effects in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Soon Park
- College of Pharmacy and CBITRC, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Miyata M, Sato T, Kugimiya M, Sho M, Nakamura T, Ikemizu S, Chirifu M, Mizuguchi M, Nabeshima Y, Suwa Y, Morioka H, Arimori T, Suico MA, Shuto T, Sako Y, Momohara M, Koga T, Morino-Koga S, Yamagata Y, Kai H. The Crystal Structure of the Green Tea Polyphenol (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate−Transthyretin Complex Reveals a Novel Binding Site Distinct from the Thyroxine Binding Site,. Biochemistry 2010; 49:6104-14. [DOI: 10.1021/bi1004409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Miyata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | - Miyuki Kugimiya
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | - Misato Sho
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | | | | | | | - Mineyuki Mizuguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
| | - Yuko Nabeshima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Mary Ann Suico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | - Tsuyoshi Shuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | - Yasuhiro Sako
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | - Mamiko Momohara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | - Tomoaki Koga
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | - Saori Morino-Koga
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | | | - Hirofumi Kai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
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30
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Lee H, Lee JK, Min WK, Bae JH, He X, Schuchman EH, Bae JS, Jin HK. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells prevent the loss of Niemann-Pick type C mouse Purkinje neurons by correcting sphingolipid metabolism and increasing sphingosine-1-phosphate. Stem Cells 2010; 28:821-31. [PMID: 20201063 DOI: 10.1002/stem.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) disease exhibits neuronal sphingolipid storage and cerebellar Purkinje neuron (PN) loss. Although it is clear that PNs are compromised in this disorder, it remains to be defined how neuronal lipid storage causes the PN loss. Our previous studies have shown that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) transplantation prevent PN loss in NP-C mice. The aim of the present study was therefore to examine the neuroprotective mechanism of BM-MSCs on PNs. We found that NP-C PNs exhibit abnormal sphingolipid metabolism and defective lysosomal calcium store compared to wild-type mice PNs. BM-MSCs promote the survival of NP-C PNs by correction of the altered calcium homeostasis, restoration of the sphingolipid imbalance, as evidenced by increased sphingosine-1-phosphate levels and decreased sphingosine, and ultimately, inhibition of apoptosis pathways. These effects suggest that BM-MSCs modulate sphingolipid metabolism of endogenous NP-C PNs, resulting in their survival and improved clinical outcome in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Lee
- Stem Cell Neuroplasticity Research Group, Daegu, Korea
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31
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Pu F, Kaneko T, Enoki M, Irie K, Okamoto T, Sei Y, Egashira N, Oishi R, Mishima K, Kamimura H, Iwasaki K, Fujiwara M. Ameliorating effects of Kangen-karyu on neuronal damage in rats subjected to repeated cerebral ischemia. J Nat Med 2010; 64:167-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-010-0392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Nguyen TTH, Cho SO, Ban JY, Kim JY, Ju HS, Koh SB, Song KS, Seong YH. Neuroprotective effect of Sanguisorbae radix against oxidative stress-induced brain damage: in vitro and in vivo. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 31:2028-35. [PMID: 18981568 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.2028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sanguisorbae radix (SR), the root of Sanguisorba officinalis L. (Rosaceae), has been traditionally used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-infectious and analgesic activities in Korea. Previous work has shown that SR prevents neuronal cell damage induced by Abeta (25--35) in cultured rat cortical neurons. The present study was carried out to further investigate the neuroprotective effect of SR on oxidative stress-induced toxicity in primary culture of rat cortical neurons, and on ischemia-induced brain damage in rats. SR, over a concentration range of 10--50 microg/ml, inhibited H2O2 (100 microM)-induced neuronal death, which was significantly inhibited by MK-801 (5 microM), an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, and verapamil (20 microM), an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker. Pretreatment of SR (10-50 microg/ml), MK-801 (5 microM), and verapamil (20 microM) inhibited H2O2-induced elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) measured by a fluorescent dye, Fluo-4 AM. SR (10-50 microg/ml) inhibited H2O2-induced glutamate release into medium measured by HPLC, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) measured by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA). In vivo, SR prevented cerebral ischemic injury induced by 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 24-h reperfusion. The ischemic infarct and edema were significantly reduced in rats that received SR (10, 30 mg/kg, orally), with a corresponding improvement in neurological function. Catechin isolated from SR inhibited H2O2-induced neuronal death in cultures. Taken together, these results suggest that SR inhibits H2O2-induced neuronal death by interfering with the increase of [Ca2+]i, and inhibiting glutamate release and generation of ROS, and that the neuroprotective effect of SR against focal cerebral ischemic injury is due to its anti-oxidative effects. Thus SR might have therapeutic roles in neurodegenerative diseases such as stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thuy Ha Nguyen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea
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33
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Kim TH, Lim JM, Kim SS, Kim J, Park M, Song JH. Effects of (-) epigallocatechin-3-gallate on Na(+) currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 604:20-6. [PMID: 19111536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The natural product (-) epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the major polyphenolic constituent found in green tea. Dorsal root ganglion neurons are primary sensory neurons, and express tetrodotoxin-sensitive and tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) currents, which are both actively involved in the generation and propagation of nociceptive signals. Effects of EGCG on tetrodotoxin-sensitive and tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons were investigated using the whole-cell variation of the patch-clamp techniques. EGCG inhibited both types of Na(+) currents potently and in a concentration-dependent manner. The apparent dissociation constant, K(d), was estimated to be 0.74 and 0.80 microM for tetrodotoxin-sensitive and tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) currents, respectively. (-) Epigallocatechin (EGC) was far less potent to inhibit Na(+) currents than EGCG, suggesting that gallate moiety of EGCG is an important functional group to modulate Na(+) currents. EGCG had little or no effect on the activation or steady-state inactivation voltage of either type of Na(+) current. EGCG simply reduced the availability of Na(+) channels for activation. Thus, EGCG appears to bind to resting Na(+) channels to inhibit them. EGCG slowed the recovery of tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na(+) current from inactivation. The property of EGCG to inhibit sensory Na(+) currents can be utilized to develop an analgesic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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34
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Deng HM, Yin ST, Yan D, Tang ML, Li CC, Chen JT, Wang M, Ruan DY. Effects of EGCG on voltage-gated sodium channels in primary cultures of rat hippocampal CA1 neurons. Toxicology 2008; 252:1-8. [PMID: 18706964 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the main active component of green tea, is commonly known for its beneficial properties at low doses. On the other hand, little is known about the adverse effects of EGCG. Voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) is responsible for both initiation and propagation of action potentials of the neurons in the hippocampus and throughout the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, the effects of EGCG on voltage-gated sodium channel currents (I(Na)) were investigated in rat primary cultures of hippocampal CA1 neurons via the conventional whole-cell patch-clamp technique. We found that I(Na) was not affected by EGCG at the concentration of 0.1microM, but was completely blocked by EGCG at the concentration of 400microM and higher, and EGCG reduced the amplitudes of I(Na) in a concentration-dependent manner in the range of 0.1-400microM. Furthermore, our results also showed that at the concentration of 100microM, EGCG was known to have the following performances: (1) it decreased the activation threshold and the voltage at which the maximum I(Na) current was evoked, caused negative shifts of I(Na) steady-state activation curve. (2) It enlarged I(Na) tail-currents. (3) It induced a left shift of the steady-state inactivation. (4) It reduced fraction of available sodium channels. (5) It delayed the activation of I(Na) in a voltage-dependent manner. (6) It prolonged the time course of the fast inactivation of sodium channels. (7) It accelerated the activity-dependent attenuation of I(Na). On the basis of these findings, we propose that EGCG could impair certain physiological functions of VGSCs, which may contribute, directly or indirectly, to EGCG's effects in CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Min Deng
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
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35
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Hertz L. Bioenergetics of cerebral ischemia: a cellular perspective. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:289-309. [PMID: 18639906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In cerebral ischemia survival of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and endothelial cells is threatened during energy deprivation and/or following re-supply of oxygen and glucose. After a brief summary of characteristics of different cells types, emphasizing the dependence of all on oxidative metabolism, the bioenergetics of focal and global ischemia is discussed, distinguishing between events during energy deprivation and subsequent recovery attempt after re-circulation. Gray and white matter ischemia are described separately, and distinctions are made between mature and immature brains. Next comes a description of bioenergetics in individual cell types in culture during oxygen/glucose deprivation or exposure to metabolic inhibitors and following re-establishment of normal aerated conditions. Due to their expression of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors neurons and oligodendrocytes are exquisitely sensitive to excitotoxicity by glutamate, which reaches high extracellular concentrations in ischemic brain for several reasons, including failing astrocytic uptake. Excitotoxicity kills brain cells by energetic exhaustion (due to Na(+) extrusion after channel-mediated entry) combined with mitochondrial Ca(2+)-mediated injury and formation of reactive oxygen species. Many (but not all) astrocytes survive energy deprivation for extended periods, but after return to aerated conditions they are vulnerable to mitochondrial damage by cytoplasmic/mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload and to NAD(+) deficiency. Ca(2+) overload is established by reversal of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers following Na(+) accumulation during Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter stimulation or pH regulation, compensating for excessive acid production. NAD(+) deficiency inhibits glycolysis and eventually oxidative metabolism, secondary to poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) activity following DNA damage. Hyperglycemia can be beneficial for neurons but increases astrocytic death due to enhanced acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Hertz
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.
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36
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Haque AM, Hashimoto M, Katakura M, Hara Y, Shido O. Green tea catechins prevent cognitive deficits caused by Abeta1-40 in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19:619-26. [PMID: 18280729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptide (Abeta)-induced oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In contrast, green tea catechins confer potent antioxidative defense to brain neurons. Therefore, we examined whether long-term administration of green tea catechins [Polyphenon E (PE): 63% of epigallocatechin-3-gallate, 11% of epicatechin, 6% of (-)-epigallocatechin and 6% of (-)-epicatechin-gallate] prevents cognitive impairment in an animal model of AD, rats infused with Abeta1-40 into the cerebral ventricle. Five-week-old male Wistar rats fed with an MF diet were randomly divided into two groups: 0.0% PE (rats administered with water only) and 0.5% PE (rats administered with 5 g/L of PE). Twenty weeks after the PE administration, the 0.0% PE group was divided into the Vehicle group (rats infused with the solvent used for dissolving Abeta) and the Abeta(1-40)-infused rat group (Abeta group), whereas the 0.5% PE group was divided into the PE+Vehicle group (PE-preadministered vehicle-infused rats) and the PE+Abeta group (PE-preadministered Abeta-infused rats). Abeta1-40 or vehicle was infused into the cerebral ventricle using a mini osmotic pump. Behavioral changes in the rats were assessed by an eight-arm radial maze. PE administration for 26 weeks significantly decreased the Abeta-induced increase in the number of reference and working memory errors, with a concomitant reduction of hippocampal lipid peroxide (LPO; 40%) and cortico-hippocampal reactive oxygen species (ROS; 42% and 50%, respectively). Significantly reduced levels of LPO in the plasma (24%) and hippocampus (25%) as well as those of ROS in the hippocampus (23%) and cortex (41%) were found in the PE+Vehicle group as compared with the Vehicle group. Furthermore, rats with preadministered PE had higher ferric-reducing antioxidation power of plasma as compared with the Vehicle group. Our results suggest that long-term administration of green tea catechins provides effective prophylactic benefits against Abeta-induced cognitive impairment by increasing antioxidative defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul M Haque
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo City, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
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37
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Schroeter H, Bahia P, Spencer JPE, Sheppard O, Rattray M, Cadenas E, Rice-Evans C, Williams RJ. (-)Epicatechin stimulates ERK-dependent cyclic AMP response element activity and up-regulates GluR2 in cortical neurons. J Neurochem 2007; 101:1596-606. [PMID: 17298385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the cellular actions of flavonoids relate not simply to their antioxidant potential but also to the modulation of protein kinase signalling pathways. We investigated in primary cortical neurons, the ability of the flavan-3-ol, (-)epicatechin, and its human metabolites at physiologically relevant concentrations, to stimulate phosphorylation of the transcription factor cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), a regulator of neuronal viability and synaptic plasticity. (-)Epicatechin at 100-300 nmol/L stimulated a rapid, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)- and PI3K-dependent, increase in CREB phosphorylation. At micromolar concentrations, stimulation was no longer apparent and at the highest concentration tested (30 mumol/L) (-)epicatechin was inhibitory. (-)Epicatechin also stimulated ERK and Akt phosphorylation with similar bell-shaped concentration-response characteristics. The human metabolite 3'-O-methyl-(-)epicatechin was as effective as (-)epicatechin at stimulating ERK phosphorylation, but (-)epicatechin glucuronide was inactive. (-)Epicatechin and 3'-O-methyl-(-)epicatechin treatments (100 nmol/L) increased CRE-luciferase activity in cortical neurons in a partially ERK-dependent manner, suggesting the potential to increase CREB-mediated gene expression. mRNA levels of the glutamate receptor subunit GluR2 increased by 60%, measured 18 h after a 15 min exposure to (-)epicatechin and this translated into an increase in GluR2 protein. Thus, (-)epicatechin has the potential to increase CREB-regulated gene expression and increase GluR2 levels and thus modulate neurotransmission, plasticity and synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagen Schroeter
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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38
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Jeong HS, Jang S, Jang MJ, Lee SG, Kim TS, Lee JH, Jun JY, Park JS. Effects of (--)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on the activity of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res 2007; 1130:114-8. [PMID: 17174286 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Despite many studies on the biological and pharmacological properties of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an active component of green tea, information on neuronal modulation by EGCG is limited. This study was designed to investigate the effects of EGCG on the electrical activity of rat substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons using whole-cell patch clamp recordings. The spike frequency was increased to 6.33+/-0.23 (p<0.05) and 7.15+/-0.29 (p<0.05) by 5 and 10 microM EGCG, respectively, from the control level of 5.49+/-0.19 spikes/second, respectively (n=18). The resting membrane potential of the cells was decreased to -45.66+/-0.45 and -43.99+/-0.87 (p<0.05), by 5 and 10 microM EGCG, respectively, from -47.82+/-0.57 mV. The amplitude of afterhyperpolarization was decreased to 12.73+/-0.45 (p<0.05) and 11.60+/-0.57 (p<0.05) by 5 and 10 microM EGCG, respectively, from 13.80+/-0.31 mV. The neuronal activity of dopaminergic neurons is closely linked to dopamine release. When neurons switch from a single-spike firing to bursts of action potentials, the release of dopamine increases. The above experimental results suggest that EGCG increases the neuronal activity via inhibition of calcium-dependent potassium currents underlying the afterhyperpolarization, and it could act as a facilitating factor that elicits NMDA-dependent bursts of action potentials like apamin or bicuculline methiodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Seong Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, Korea
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39
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Vignes M, Maurice T, Lanté F, Nedjar M, Thethi K, Guiramand J, Récasens M. Anxiolytic properties of green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Brain Res 2006; 1110:102-15. [PMID: 16859659 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring polyphenols are potent antioxidants. Some of these compounds are also ligands for the GABA(A) receptor benzodiazepine site. This feature endows them with sedative properties. Here, the anxiolytic activity of the green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was investigated after acute administration in mice, using behavioral tests (elevated plus-maze and passive avoidance tests) and by electrophysiology on cultured hippocampal neurons. Patch-clamp experiments revealed that EGCG (1-10 muM) had no effect on GABA currents. However, EGCG reversed GABA(A) receptor negative modulator methyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta-CCM) inhibition on GABA currents in a concentration dependent manner. This was also observed at the level of synaptic GABA(A) receptors by recording spontaneous inhibitory synaptic transmission. In addition, EGCG consistently inhibited spontaneous excitatory synaptic transmission. Behavioral tests indicated that EGCG exerted both anxiolytic and amnesic effects just like the benzodiazepine drug, chlordiazepoxide. Indeed, EGCG in a dose-dependent manner both increased the time spent in open arms of the plus-maze and decreased the step-down latency in the passive avoidance test. GABA(A) negative modulator beta-CCM antagonized EGCG-induced amnesia. Finally, state-dependent learning was observable after chlordiazepoxide and EGCG administration using a modified passive avoidance procedure. Optimal retention was observed only when animals were trained and tested in the same state (veh-veh or drug-drug) and significant retrieval alteration was observed in different states (veh-drug or drug-veh). Moreover, EGCG and chlordiazepoxide fully generalized in substitution studies, indicating that they induced indistinguishable chemical states for the brain. Therefore, our data support that EGCG can induce anxiolytic activity which could result from an interaction with GABA(A) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Vignes
- Laboratory Oxidative Stress and Neuroprotection, University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France.
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Ban JY, Jeon SY, Bae K, Song KS, Seong YH. Catechin and epicatechin from Smilacis chinae rhizome protect cultured rat cortical neurons against amyloid beta protein (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity through inhibition of cytosolic calcium elevation. Life Sci 2006; 79:2251-9. [PMID: 16978655 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that the Smilacis chinae rhizome inhibits amyloid beta protein (25-35) (Abeta (25-35))-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat cortical neurons. Here, we isolated catechin and epicatechin from S. chinae rhizome and also studied their neuroprotective effects on Abeta (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat cortical neurons. Catechin and epicatechin inhibited 10 microM Abeta (25-35)-induced neuronal cell death at a concentration of 10 microM, which was measured by a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Hoechst 33342 staining. Catechin and epicatechin inhibited 10 microM Abeta (25-35)-induced elevation of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c), which was measured by a fluorescent dye, Fluo-4 AM. Catechin and epicatechin also inhibited glutamate release into medium induced by 10 microM Abeta (25-35), which was measured by HPLC, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of caspase-3. These results suggest that catechin and epicatechin prevent Abeta (25-35)-induced neuronal cell damage by interfering with the increase of [Ca2+]c, and then by inhibiting glutamate release, generation of ROS and caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, these effects of catechin and epicatechin may be associated with the neuroprotective effect of the S. chinae rhizome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeon Ban
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Herbal Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, South Korea
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Bastianetto S, Yao ZX, Papadopoulos V, Quirion R. Neuroprotective effects of green and black teas and their catechin gallate esters against β-amyloid-induced toxicity. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:55-64. [PMID: 16420415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Teas represent a large family of plants containing high amounts of polyphenols that may confer health benefits in various diseases. Recently, it has been hypothesized that tea consumption may also reduce the risk of age-related neurodegenerative pathologies. Considering the deleterious role of beta-amyloid (Abeta) in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we investigated green and black tea extracts and flavan-3-ols (present as monomers and dimers in green and black forms, respectively) against toxicity induced by Abeta-derived peptides using primary cultures of rat hippocampal cells as model. Both green and black tea extracts (5-25 microg/mL) displayed neuroprotective action against Abeta toxicity. These effects were shared by gallic acid (1-20 microm), epicatechin gallate (ECG; 1-20 microM) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG; 1-10 microM), the former being the most potent flavan-3-ol. In contrast, epicatechin and epigallocatechin were ineffective in the same range of concentrations. Moreover, only tea flavan-3-ol gallate esters (i.e. ECG, EGCG) and gallic acid inhibited apoptotic events induced by Abeta(25-35). Interestingly, EGCG and gallic acid inhibited Abeta aggregation and/or the formation of Abeta-derived diffusible neurotoxin ligands. Taken together, these results indicate that the catechin gallates (through the galloyl moiety) contribute to the neuroprotective effects of both green and black teas. Moreover, the protective effect of EGCG is likely to be associated, at least in part, with its inhibitory action on Abeta fibrils/oligomers formation. These data also support the hypothesis that not only green but also black teas may reduce age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bastianetto
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Blvd LaSalle, Verdun, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3
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Kim BY, Cho CH, Song DK, Mun KC, Suh SI, Kim SP, Shin DH, Jang BC, Kwon TK, Cha SD, Bae I, Bae JH. Ciglitizone inhibits cell proliferation in human uterine leiomyoma via activation of store-operated Ca2+ channels. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 288:C389-95. [PMID: 15469956 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00154.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the acute effects of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ ligand, ciglitizone, on cell proliferation and intracellular Ca2+ signaling in human normal myometrium and uterine leiomyoma. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were measured with fura-2 AM, and cellular viabilities were determined by viable cell count and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide reduction assay. Ciglitizone (100 μM) induced greater inhibition of cell proliferation in uterine leiomyoma than in myometrium. Ciglitizone also dose-dependently increased [Ca2+]i in both myometrium and uterine leiomyoma; these [Ca2+]i increases were inhibited by PPAR-γ antagonists and raloxifene. Ciglitizone-induced [Ca2+]i increase showed only an initial peak in normal myometrial cells, whereas in uterine leiomyoma there was a second sustained [Ca2+]i increase as well. The initial [Ca2+]i increase in both myometrium and uterine leiomyoma resulted from the release of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum via activation of ryanodine receptors. The second [Ca2+]i increase was observed only in uterine leiomyoma because of a Ca2+ influx via an activation of store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCCs). Cell proliferation was inhibited and secondary [Ca2+]i increase in uterine leiomyoma was attenuated by cotreatment of ciglitizone with a SOCC blocker, lanthanum. The results suggest that ciglitizone inhibits cell proliferation and increases [Ca2+]i through the activation of SOCCs, especially in human uterine leiomyoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Ywong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Pu F, Mishima K, Irie K, Egashira N, Ishibashi D, Matsumoto Y, Ikeda T, Iwasaki K, Fujii H, Kosuna K, Fujiwara M. Differential Effects of Buckwheat and Kudingcha Extract on Neuronal Damage in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons and Spatial Memory Impairment Induced by Scopolamine in an Eight-Arm Radial Maze. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.51.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Pu
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | - Kenichi Mishima
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | - Keiichi Irie
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | - Nobuaki Egashira
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | - Daisuke Ishibashi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | - Yoshiaki Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | - Tomoaki Ikeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki
| | - Katsunori Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | | | | | - Michihiro Fujiwara
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
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Lee JH, Song DK, Jung CH, Shin DH, Park J, Kwon TK, Jang BC, Mun KC, Kim SP, Suh SI, Bae JH. (-)-EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE ATTENUATES GLUTAMATE-INDUCED CYTOTOXICITY VIA INTRACELLULAR CA2+ MODULATION IN PC12 CELLS. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2004; 31:530-6. [PMID: 15298546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2004.04044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol, on glutamate-induced increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) and cytotoxicity in PC12 cells were investigated. 2. Changes in [Ca2+]i were measured using Fura-2/AM calcium indicator dye and cellular viabilities were determined by a viable cell count and a 3-(4,4-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay. 3. Glutamate increased [Ca2+]i in PC12 cells in a dose-dependent manner. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate attenuated this glutamate (30 mmol/L)-induced [Ca2+]i increase and EGCG (50 micromol/L) increased the viability of PC12 cells against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. The EGCG effect was also found to be independent of its general anti-oxidant mechanism. In contrast, EGCG directly suppressed both N-methyl-D-aspartate (50 mmol/L)- and kainate (20 mmol/L)-mediated Ca2+ influx, but not metabotropic receptor-mediated Ca2+ release. 4. These results suggest that EGCG reduces the glutamate-induced [Ca2+]i increase by attenuating ionotropic Ca2+ influx and that this promotes the viability of PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hun Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
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Lee H, Bae JH, Lee SR. Protective effect of green tea polyphenol EGCG against neuronal damage and brain edema after unilateral cerebral ischemia in gerbils. J Neurosci Res 2004; 77:892-900. [PMID: 15334607 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that a green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechine gallate (EGCG), has a potent free radical scavenging and antioxidant effect. Glutamate leads to excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, which are important pathophysiologic responses to cerebral ischemia resulting in brain edema and neuronal damage. We investigated the effect of EGCG on excitotoxic neuronal damage in a culture system and the effect on brain edema formation and lesion after unilateral cerebral ischemia in gerbils. In vitro, excitotoxicity was induced by 24-hr incubation with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA; 10 microM), AMPA (10 microM), or kainate (20 microM). EGCG (5 microM) was added to the culture media alone or with excitotoxins. We examined malondialdehyde (MDA) level and neuronal viability to evaluate the effect of EGCG. In vivo, unilateral cerebral ischemia was induced by occlusion of the right common carotid artery for 30, 60, or 90 min and followed by reperfusion of 24 hr. Brain edema, MDA, and infarction were examined to evaluate the protective effect of EGCG. EGCG (25 or 50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was administered twice, at 30 min before and immediately after ischemia. EGCG reduced excitotoxin-induced MDA production and neuronal damage in the culture system. In the in vivo study, treatment of gerbils with the lower EGCG dose failed to show neuroprotective effects; however, the higher EGCG dose attenuated the increase in MDA level caused by cerebral ischemia. EGCG also reduced the formation of postischemic brain edema and infarct volume. These results demonstrate EGCG may have future possibilities as a neuroprotective agent against excitotoxicity-related neurologic disorders such as brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Taegu, South Korea
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Pu F, Mishima K, Egashira N, Iwasaki K, Kaneko T, Uchida T, Irie K, Ishibashi D, Fujii H, Kosuna K, Fujiwara M. Protective Effect of Buckwheat Polyphenols Against Long-Lasting Impairment of Spatial Memory Associated With Hippocampal Neuronal Damage in Rats Subjected to Repeated Cerebral Ischemia. J Pharmacol Sci 2004; 94:393-402. [PMID: 15107579 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.94.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present experiment, we studied the action of buckwheat polyphenol (BWP, from Fagopyrum esculentum MOENCH) in a repeated cerebral ischemia model, which induced a strong and long-lasting impairment of spatial memory in 8-arm radial maze with hippocampal CA1 cell death in rats. BWP (600 mg/kg, continuous 21-day p.o.) significantly ameliorated not only the impairment of spatial memory in the 8-arm radial maze, but also necrosis and TUNEL-positive cells in the hippocampal CA1 area subjected to repeated cerebral ischemia (10 min x 2 times occlusion, 1-h interval) in rats. In order to investigate the mechanism of BWP protective action, we measured the release of glutamate and NO(x)(-) (NO(2)(-) + NO(3)(-)) production induced by repeated cerebral ischemia in the rat dorsal hippocampus using microdialysis. A 14-day BWP treatment significantly inhibited the excess release of glutamate after the second occlusion. In addition, the BWP remarkably suppressed a delayed increase in NO(x)(-) (NO(2)(-) + NO(3)(-)) induced by repeated cerebral ischemia in the dorsal hippocampus as determined in vivo by microdialysis. However, the 14-day treatment did not affect hippocampal blood flow in either intact rats or rats subjected to repeated ischemia measured by lasser Doppler flowmeter. These results suggested that BWP might ameliorate spatial memory impairment by inhibiting glutamate release and the delayed generation of NO(x)(-) in rats subjected to repeated cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Pu
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Kim HJ, Yum KS, Sung JH, Rhie DJ, Kim MJ, Min DS, Hahn SJ, Kim MS, Jo YH, Yoon SH. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate increases intracellular [Ca2+] in U87 cells mainly by influx of extracellular Ca2+ and partly by release of intracellular stores. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2003; 369:260-7. [PMID: 14647974 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-003-0852-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2003] [Accepted: 10/30/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Green tea has been receiving considerable attention as a possible preventive agent against cancer and cardiovascular disease. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a major polyphenol component of green tea. Using digital calcium imaging and an assay for [3H]-inositol phosphates, we determined whether EGCG increases intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) in non-excitable human astrocytoma U87 cells. EGCG induced concentration-dependent increases in [Ca2+]i. The EGCG-induced [Ca2+]i increases were reduced to 20.9% of control by removal of extracellular Ca2+. The increases were also inhibited markedly by treatment with the non-specific Ca2+ channel inhibitors cobalt (3 mM) for 3 min and lanthanum (1 mM) for 5 min. The increases were not significantly inhibited by treatment for 10 min with the L-type Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine (100 nM). Treatment with the inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase thapsigargin (1 micro M) also significantly inhibited the EGCG-induced [Ca2+]i increases. Treatment for 15 min with the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor neomycin (300 micro M) attenuated the increases significantly, while the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein (30 micro M) had no effect. EGCG increased [3H]-inositol phosphates formation via PLC activation. Treatment for 10 min with mefenamic acid (100 micro M) and flufenamic acid (100 micro M), derivatives of diphenylamine-2-carboxylate, blocked the EGCG-induced [Ca2+]i increase in non-treated and thapsigargin-treated cells but indomethacin (100 micro M) did not affect the increases. Collectively, these data suggest that EGCG increases [Ca2+]i in non-excitable U87 cells mainly by eliciting influx of extracellular Ca2+ and partly by mobilizing intracellular Ca2+ stores by PLC activation. The EGCG-induced [Ca2+]i influx is mediated mainly through channels sensitive to diphenylamine-2-carboxylate derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, 137-701 Seoul, Korea
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Bae JH, Park JW, Kwon TK. Ruthenium red, inhibitor of mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter, inhibits curcumin-induced apoptosis via the prevention of intracellular Ca2+ depletion and cytochrome c release. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 303:1073-9. [PMID: 12684045 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin, a natural, biologically active compound extracted from rhizomes of Curcuma species, has been shown to possess potent anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-oxidative properties. The mechanism by which curcumin initiates apoptosis remains poorly understood. In the present report we investigated the effect of curcumin on the activation of the apoptotic pathway in human leukemia U937 cells. Curcumin induces apoptosis in U937 cells via a mechanism that appears to involve down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL, and IAP proteins, release of cytochrome c, and activation of caspase 3. Ruthenium red, an inhibitor of mitochondrial uniporter, specifically inhibits curcumin-induced apoptosis in U937 cells. Cotreatment with ruthenium red markedly prevented the activation of caspase 3, cytochrome c release, and cell death, suggesting a role for intracellular Ca(2+) in this process. Curcumin induced a marked depletion of [Ca(2+)](i) in Caki cells bathed with both Ca(2+)-containing and -free solutions. Thapsigargin (TG), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), and dantolene (DAN) had no effect. Ruthenium red, an inhibitor of mitochondrial uniporter, only attenuated the curcumin-induced [Ca(2+)](i) depletion in a dose-dependent manner. These data indicate that curcumin acts as a stimulator of intracellular Ca(2+) uptake into mitochondria via uniporter pathway and may involve in the execution of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Bae
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 194 DongSan-Dong, Jung-Gu, Taegu 700-712, Republic of Korea
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McCracken E, Fowler JH, Dewar D, Morrison S, McCulloch J. Grey matter and white matter ischemic damage is reduced by the competitive AMPA receptor antagonist, SPD 502. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22:1090-7. [PMID: 12218414 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200209000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protection of both grey and white matter is important for improvement in stroke outcome. In the present study the ability of a competitive alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) antagonist to protect axons, oligodendrocytes, and neuronal perikarya, was examined in a rodent model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. SPD 502 (8-methyl-5-(4-( -dimethylsulfamoyl)phenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2h]-isoquinoline-2,3-dione-3-o(4-hydroxybutyricacid-2-yl)oxime) was administered as an intravenous bolus (16 mg/kg) 15 minutes before transient (3-hour) middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, followed by an intravenous infusion (16 mg kg(-1) hr(-1)) of the drug for 4 hours. Twenty-one hours after ischemia, axonal damage was reduced by 45% (P = 0.006) in the SPD 502-treated group compared with the vehicle. The anatomic extent of ischemically damaged oligodendrocytes, determined by Tau1 immunoreactivity, was reduced in the cerebral cortex by 53% (P = 0.024) in SPD 502-treated rats compared with vehicle-treated rats, but there was minimal effect in the subcortex. The volume of neuronal perikaryal damage after MCA occlusion was significantly reduced by SPD 502 in the cerebral cortex (by 68%; P = 0.005), but there was minimal change in the subcortex with drug treatment. The AMPA receptor antagonist significantly reduced the anatomic extent of lipid peroxidation (assessed as the volume of 4-hydroxynonenol immunoreactivity), and this may have contributed to its ability to protect multiple cell types in ischemia. The data demonstrate that AMPA blockade protects both grey and white matter from damage induced by transient focal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen McCracken
- Wellcome Surgical Institute and Hugh Fraser Neuroscience Laboratories, University of Glasgow, UK
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