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Wu H, Deng Y, Zhao M, Zhang J, Zheng M, Chen G, Li L, He Z, Lu Q. Molecular Control of Follicular Helper T cell Development and Differentiation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2470. [PMID: 30410493 PMCID: PMC6209674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) are specialized helper T cells that are predominantly located in germinal centers and provide help to B cells. The development and differentiation of Tfh cells has been shown to be regulated by transcription factors, such as B-cell lymphoma 6 protein (Bcl-6), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1). In addition, cytokines, including IL-21, have been found to be important for Tfh cell development. Moreover, several epigenetic modifications have also been reported to be involved in the determination of Tfh cell fate. The regulatory network is complicated, and the number of novel molecules demonstrated to control the fate of Tfh cells is increasing. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the molecular regulation of Tfh cell development and differentiation at the protein level and at the epigenetic level to elucidate Tfh cell biology and provide potential targets for clinical interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaxiong Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ming Zhao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Genghui Chen
- Beijing Wenfeng Tianji Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibiao He
- Department of Emergency, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Lee IY, Cho W, Kim J, Park CS, Choe J. Human Follicular Dendritic Cells Interact with T Cells via Expression and Regulation of Cyclooxygenases and Prostaglandin E and I Synthases. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1390-7. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kelly KA, Butch AW. Antigen-specific immunoglobulin E+ B cells are preferentially localized within germinal centres. Immunology 2006; 120:345-53. [PMID: 17163956 PMCID: PMC2265882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediates immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions and plays a central role in allergic diseases. Although antigen-driven B-cell maturation and isotype switching occur within germinal centres (GCs), the role of GCs in IgE production is poorly understood. In view of this, we investigated the development of IgE-expressing cells within GCs in response to an extensively characterized antigen, 2-phenyloxazolone (phOx). The phOx-specific IgE-expressing cells localized within GCs 7 days after immunization, and peaked in number on day 11. Surprisingly, very few IgE-positive cells were found in the T-cell areas of the lymph node. Flow cytometric studies confirmed that IgE was expressed by B cells and was not the result of trapping by follicular dendritic cells. The specificity of the antibody response was confirmed by microdissection and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using phOx-specific IgE primers. IgE-positive cells were primarily found within GCs while, in contrast, many IgG1-positive cells could also be detected outside GCs in the T-cell areas. Taken together, these data highlight the importance of GCs in the production of antigen-specific IgE antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Kelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Cebra JJ, Jiang HQ, Boiko N, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. The Role of Mucosal Microbiota in the Development, Maintenance, and Pathologies of the Mucosal Immune System. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [PMCID: PMC7150267 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Thomazy VA, Vega F, Medeiros LJ, Davies PJ, Jones D. Phenotypic modulation of the stromal reticular network in normal and neoplastic lymph nodes: tissue transglutaminase reveals coordinate regulation of multiple cell types. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:165-74. [PMID: 12819021 PMCID: PMC1868169 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63640-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The lymph node paracortex is composed of a network of fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC) and reticular fibers linking sinuses to blood vessels. Using immunostaining for the inducible enzyme/adhesion molecule tissue transglutaminase (TG), we demonstrate coordinate regulation of multiple stromal cell types of this reticular network including FRC, endothelial cells and sinus lining cells. Tissue transglutaminase is expressed at low levels in the paracortex around primary follicles but is markedly up-regulated in stromal cells around hyperplastic germinal centers and then down-regulated around regressing follicles. In cultured FRC, TG is induced 5- to 20-fold and becomes colocalized with matrix proteins by treatment with interleukin-4, but not by other cytokines that are commonly increased in lymph upon immune activation. Coordinate TG up-regulation is observed surrounding nodules of follicular lymphoma (14 of 15 cases) and in the FRC and endothelium of classical Hodgkin's disease, two tumor types that also showed an activated paracortical phenotype. Small lymphocytic lymphoma showed minimal TG staining, with other lymphoma types showing patterns suggesting differential TG regulation. Using TG as a stromal marker, we have identified differential modulation of the phenotype of the lymph node reticular network that parallels change in the B-cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilmos A Thomazy
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, and the Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
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Källberg E, Leanderson T, Natvig JB. T-cell receptor repertoire in human germinal centres. Scand J Immunol 2001; 54:273-9. [PMID: 11555390 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A search for an antigen-driven expansion of T lymphocytes in the inflamed joints in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients have been going on for decades. We here analyzed the human germinal centre T-cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta gene usage with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with sequence analysis, to address the question of clonality in tonsils and synovial tissue from RA patients. Our data show a large degree of TCR heterogeneity in both these histological structures. Furthermore, clonally related T cells were found within different closely located germinal centres indicating either an active T-cell migration between germinal centres (GC) or that a T-cell clone may seed more than one GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Källberg
- Institute of Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology Research, The National Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Little CH, Georgiou GM, Fey G, Ravindran B, Levine J, Ogedegbe H, Yamase H, Cone RE. Detection of antigen-specific human serum proteins related to the T-cell receptor in infectious disease and in an immune response to milk proteins or chemicals. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2000; 224:264-72. [PMID: 10964261 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A monoclonal IgG2 antibody, MG3C9-1 A12, was prepared by immunization of mice with human serum Cohn Fraction III proteins enriched for TCR Ca+ proteins. MG3C9-1 A12 bound to Mr 28,000, antigen-specific TCR Ca+, beta-, and TCR Ca+, beta+ serum proteins associated with TGF-beta1, 2. The IgG2 monoclonal antibody also bound to T-lymphocyte proteins but did not bind to B lymphocyte proteins, human albumin, IgM, IgG, IgA, or TGF-beta1, 2, 3 immunogenic peptides. Monoclonal MG3C9-1 A12 detected TCR-related proteins specific for filarial extract, milk proteins, or benzoic acid in the sera of individuals with chronic or asymptomatic filariasis, milk intolerance, or sensitivity to toluene, respectively. TCR-related serum proteins were also detected intracellularly in mononuclear cells in frozen sections of ileum from a patient with milk intolerance and reactive mesenteric lymph nodes from a patient with a gastric ulcer. The results suggest that antigen-specific TCR-related serum proteins may be elevated during an immune response to oral, environmental, or infectious stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Little
- Specialist Allergist, Mt. Waverly, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3149
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Abstract
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) reside within germinal centers of secondary lymphoid tissue where they play a critical role in antigen-driven immune responses. FDCs express numerous adhesion molecules that facilitate cellular interactions with B and T cells within the germinal center microenvironment. Although human FDCs have been shown to influence B-cell development, very little is known about the ability of FDCs to regulate T-cell responses. To investigate this functional aspect of FDCs, highly enriched preparations were isolated by magnetic cell separation using the FDC-restricted monoclonal antibody HJ2. We found that isolated human FDCs inhibited proliferation of both autologous and allogeneic T cells, and were dependent on the number of FDCs present. Inhibition by FDCs was observed using two serologically distinct superantigens at multiple concentrations (Staphylococcus enterotoxin A and B). In contrast, B cells failed to inhibit, and often augmented superantigen-induced T-cell proliferation. Antibody-blocking studies showed that CD54 and CD106 were involved in the ability of FDC to inhibit T-cell proliferative responses. When FDCs and T cells were separated by a semipermeable membrane, the inhibitory effect was partially abrogated, demonstrating that in addition to cell-cell interactions, a soluble factor(s) was also involved in the process. The addition of indomethicin to cultures improved the proliferative response in the presence of FDCs, indicating that inhibition was mediated, in part, by prostaglandins. These results indicate that FDCs regulate T-cell proliferation by two molecular mechanisms and that FDC:T-cell interactions may play a pivotal role in germinal center development.
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Ehrke MJ, Verstovsek S, Pocchiari SK, Krawczyk CM, Ujházy P, Zaleskis G, Maccubbin DL, Meer JM, Mihich E. Thymic anti-tumor effectors in mice cured of lymphoma by cyclophosphamide plus TNF-alpha therapy: phenotypic and functional characterization up to 20 months after initial tumor inoculation. Int J Cancer 1998; 76:579-86. [PMID: 9590137 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980518)76:4<579::aid-ijc22>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
As reported previously, cyclophosphamide plus tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment of C57BL/6 mice bearing advanced EL4 lymphoma induced approx. 60% long-term (i.e., >60 days) survivors. These mice developed protective immunity, as evidenced by 1) rejection (100% survival) of EL4 tumor re-implanted on day 60 (day 0 = initial tumor implantation); and 2) development of significant levels of specific EL4 tumor cell killing activity by both splenocytes and thymocytes. Using this model, age-related changes in functionally and phenotypically definable thymocyte subsets were assessed. In thymocytes from 90 to 308 day survivors, specific immune memory was long term; both CD4+ and CD8+ cells were required for the ex vivo stimulation of lytic activity, but the specific anti-EL4 cytotoxic effector was CD4-CD8+. On day 520, the surviving mice were randomized into 2 groups. One group received a second re-challenge with EL4 tumor cells and all survived. The other group was sacrificed on day 520. Their thymocytes, exposed to X-irradiated EL4, developed anti-EL4 lytic activity and, in comparison with thymocytes of young and age-matched control mice, were markedly enriched in CD4-CD8+CD44+ cells. On day 625, thymocytes from the survivors of the day 520 re-challenge were evaluated and were found to have developed specific anti-EL4 lytic activity. Phenotypically, they had returned toward the pattern seen in age-matched control mice although CD4-CD8+CD44+ cells remained increased. These mice were > or = 2 years old, the median life span of C57BL/6 mice. Thus, mice cured of tumor by an immuno-modulating regimen rejected re-implanted primary tumor and maintained specific thymic anti-tumor immune memory for life.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ehrke
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Grace Cancer Drug Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Kelly KA, Rank RG. Identification of homing receptors that mediate the recruitment of CD4 T cells to the genital tract following intravaginal infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Infect Immun 1997; 65:5198-208. [PMID: 9393816 PMCID: PMC175749 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.12.5198-5208.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine genital infection induced with the mouse pneumonitis biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis (MoPn) elicits a short-lived protective immunity mediated primarily by Th1 CD4 cells. To understand the development of local cell-mediated immunity against C. trachomatis infection, we investigated the mechanism(s) which mediates CD4 lymphocyte migration to the genital mucosa by identifying molecules that could support this process. We found that primarily CD4 cells were recruited to the genital tract (GT) during primary and challenge MoPn infection. Peak levels were found 21 days after primary inoculation (15.4% +/- 2.7%) and 7 days (31.3% +/- 8.5%) after challenge but diminished after resolution of infection. The CD4 cells appeared to be recruited to the GT in response to infection since these cells expressed the profile of activated, or memory, cells. We also observed up-regulation of homing receptors containing LFA-1 (CD11a) and alpha4 (CD49d) on GT CD4 cells over the course of infection. Furthermore, the mucosal homing receptor chain, beta7, but not the peripheral homing receptor chain beta1 (CD29), was detected on GT CD4 cells. MoPn-infected GT tissue expressed the endothelial cell ligands vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1), which correspond to the homing receptors on GT CD4 cells. Interestingly, VCAM-1 and MAdCAM-1 were not expressed in the GTs of uninfected mice but were temporarily induced following infection, indicating that expression of endothelial ligands in the GT are regulated by chlamydial infection. These data suggest that recruitment of CD4 cells to the GT is mediated through LFA-1:ICAM-1 and alpha4beta7:MAdCAM-1-VCAM-1 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Kelly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA.
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Abstract
An in vitro experimental model was developed to characterize the cellular and molecular factors that regulate germinal center (GC)-B-cell differentiation and apoptosis. In the culture system that sustains the GC-B-cell survival, CD40L stimulation is essential for GC-B-cell proliferation and differentiation in the presence of 1L-2, IL-4, and IL-10. IL-2 and Il-4 promote proliferation of GC-B-cells, whereas IL-10 is required for generation of plasma cells. Generation of memory B cells requires CD40L, IL-2, IL-4, but not IL-10. There are two mechanisms that cause apoptosis. In the early stage, spontaneous apoptosis occurs in the absence of CD40 stimulation. Following CD40L stimulation, Fas-mediated apoptosis operates to eliminate GC-B-cells, unless activated GC-B-cells encounter a second signal via B-cell Ig receptors. Physiological significance of these findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Choi
- Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA.
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Gulbranson-Judge A, MacLennan I. Sequential antigen-specific growth of T cells in the T zones and follicles in response to pigeon cytochrome c. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:1830-7. [PMID: 8765028 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The sites of accumulation and growth of antigen-specific T cells was assessed during the V alpha 11/V beta 3 T cell receptor-restricted response of IEk+ mice to pigeon cytochrome c. In the T zone, the response was early but transient; V alpha 11/V beta 3+ T cell numbers fell to background levels as germinal centers developed. The follicles were a major site of specific T cell growth, but V alpha 11/V beta 3+ T cells were not obvious in foci of extrafollicular B cell growth in the red pulp. As germinal centers waned, V alpha 11/V beta 3+ T cells in the T zones again rose above background levels and some persisted in the follicles. After the initial stage of T cell priming, specific T cell growth seems to occur where specific interaction can occur with B cells that are presenting processed antigen.
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Abstract
Helper T cell dependent B-cell responses develop in the complex microenvironments of secondary lymphoid organs. New strategies for visualizing antigen-responsive lymphocytes offer direct insight into how differentiation proceeds in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G McHeyzer-Williams
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Immunology, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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