1
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Buschard K, Haupt-Jorgensen M. Autoimmune vulnerability of beta versus alpha cells might be due to increased 2',5' synthetase. APMIS 2024; 132:371-372. [PMID: 38344946 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Buschard
- Department of Pathology, The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Sabouri S, Mikulski Z, von Herrath MG. OAS1 is not associated with MHC class I hyperexpression in the islets of donors with T1D regardless of disease duration. Clin Immunol 2018; 191:34-36. [PMID: 29551703 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Sabouri
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Microscopy Core, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthias G von Herrath
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Novo Nordisk Diabetes Research & Development Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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3
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Wu C, Chen X, Shu J, Lee CT. Whole-genome expression analyses of type 2 diabetes in human skin reveal altered immune function and burden of infection. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34601-34609. [PMID: 28427244 PMCID: PMC5470994 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin disorders are among most common complications associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although T2DM patients are known to have increased risk of infections and other T2DM-related skin disorders, their molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. This study aims to identify dysregulated genes and gene networks that are associated with T2DM in human skin. We compared the expression profiles of 56,318 transcribed genes on 74 T2DM cases and 148 gender- age-, and race-matched non-diabetes controls from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database. RNA-Sequencing data indicates that diabetic skin is characterized by increased expression of genes that are related to immune responses (CCL20, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL13, and CCL18), JAK/STAT signaling pathway (JAK3, STAT1, and STAT2), tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF10 and TNFSF15), and infectious disease pathways (OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, and IFIH1). Genes in cell adhesion molecules pathway (NCAM1 and L1CAM) and collagen family (PCOLCE2 and COL9A3) are downregulated, suggesting structural changes in the skin of T2DM. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, this pioneer analytic study reports comprehensive unbiased gene expression changes and dysregulated pathways in the non-diseased skin of T2DM patients. This comprehensive understanding derived from whole-genome expression profiles could advance our knowledge in determining molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of T2DM-associated skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xiaopan Chen
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing Shu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Ting Lee
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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4
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Zeng C, Yi X, Zipris D, Liu H, Zhang L, Zheng Q, Krishnamurthy M, Jin G, Zhou A. RNase L contributes to experimentally induced type 1 diabetes onset in mice. J Endocrinol 2014; 223:277-87. [PMID: 25287058 PMCID: PMC4225003 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The cause of type 1 diabetes continues to be a focus of investigation. Studies have revealed that interferon α (IFNα) in pancreatic islets after viral infection or treatment with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a mimic of viral infection, is associated with the onset of type 1 diabetes. However, how IFNα contributes to the onset of type 1 diabetes is obscure. In this study, we found that 2-5A-dependent RNase L (RNase L), an IFNα-inducible enzyme that functions in the antiviral and antiproliferative activities of IFN, played an important role in dsRNA-induced onset of type 1 diabetes. Using RNase L-deficient, rat insulin promoter-B7.1 transgenic mice, which are more vulnerable to harmful environmental factors such as viral infection, we demonstrated that deficiency of RNase L in mice resulted in a significant delay of diabetes onset induced by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a type of synthetic dsRNA, and streptozotocin, a drug which can artificially induce type 1-like diabetes in experimental animals. Immunohistochemical staining results indicated that the population of infiltrated CD8(+)T cells was remarkably reduced in the islets of RNase L-deficient mice, indicating that RNase L may contribute to type 1 diabetes onset through regulating immune responses. Furthermore, RNase L was responsible for the expression of certain proinflammatory genes in the pancreas under induced conditions. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying β-cell destruction and may indicate novel therapeutic strategies for treatment and prevention of the disease based on the selective regulation and inhibition of RNase L.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Endoribonucleases/deficiency
- Endoribonucleases/genetics
- Immunohistochemistry
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Poly I-C
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- Rats
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zeng
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | - Xin Yi
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | - Danny Zipris
- Barbara Davis Center of Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado 80045
| | - Hongli Liu
- Central Laboratory, the Eighth Hospital of Xi'an, 2 East Zhangba Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | - Qiaoyun Zheng
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | | | - Ge Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Aimin Zhou
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195
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5
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Imran M, Manzoor S, Khattak NM, Tariq M, Khalid M, Javed F, Bhatti S. Correlation of OAS1 gene polymorphism at exon 7 splice accepter site with interferon-based therapy of HCV infection in Pakistan. Viral Immunol 2014; 27:105-11. [PMID: 24673406 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2013.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The most useful treatment for HCV infection worldwide is peg-interferon plus ribavirin, although the response varies from person to person. Hence, host genetics are significantly involved in the treatment response to HCV infection. The 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) is one of the most important components of the immune system having significant antiviral functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the exon 7 splice acceptor site (SAS) of OAS1 to interferon-based therapy of HCV infection. OAS1 genotyping was performed in 140 HCV patients by restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction method (RFLP-PCR). These patients were enrolled for the study in 2010-2013. OAS1 SNP was also established in 120 healthy controls. Correlation of HCV genotypes, OAS1 SNP, and other factors with response to interferon therapy were statistically analyzed by SPSS 13 software. There were no significant differences in the distribution of OAS1 genotypes between healthy and patients subjects. The distribution of AG and AA genotypes of OAS1 genotypes between sustained virological responders (SVRs) and the non-responders (NRs) group were also comparable. However, Pearson chi square analysis indicated that the patients possessing a GG genotype of the OAS1 gene at exon 7 SAS demonstrated significantly positive association with treatment response to HCV infection (p=0.039). This study determined that SNP at exon 7 SAS of OAS1 was significantly associated with response to interferon-based therapy of HCV infection in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Bio-Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology , Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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6
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Anagandula M, Richardson SJ, Oberste MS, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Hyöty H, Morgan NG, Korsgren O, Frisk G. Infection of human islets of Langerhans with two strains of Coxsackie B virus serotype 1: assessment of virus replication, degree of cell death and induction of genes involved in the innate immunity pathway. J Med Virol 2013; 86:1402-11. [PMID: 24249667 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is believed to be triggered, in part, by one or more environmental factors and human enteroviruses (HEVs) are among the candidates. Therefore, this study has examined whether two strains of HEV may differentially affect the induction of genes involved in pathways leading to the synthesis of islet hormones, chemokines and cytokines in isolated, highly purified, human islets. Isolated, purified human pancreatic islets were infected with strains of Coxsackievirus B1.Viral replication and the degree of CPE/islet dissociation were monitored. The expression of insulin, glucagon, CXCL10, TLR3, IF1H1, CCL5, OAS-1, IFNβ, and DDX58 was analyzed. Both strains replicated in islets but only one of strain caused rapid islet dissociation/CPE. Expression of the insulin gene was reduced during infection of islets with either viral strain but the gene encoding glucagon was unaffected. All genes analyzed which are involved in viral sensing and the development of innate immunity were induced by Coxsackie B viruses, with the notable exception of TLR3. There was no qualitative difference in the expression pattern between each strain but the magnitude of the response varied between donors. The lack of virus induced expression of TLR3, together with the differential regulation of IF1H1, OAS1 and IFNβ, (each of which has polymorphic variants influence the predisposition to type 1 diabetes), that might result in defective clearance of virus from islet cells. The reduced expression of the insulin gene and the unaffected expression of the gene encoding glucagon by Coxsackie B1 infection is consistent with the preferential β-cell tropism of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Anagandula
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Mandal S, Abebe F, Chaudhary J. 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 1 polymorphism is associated with prostate cancer. Cancer 2011; 117:5509-18. [PMID: 21638280 PMCID: PMC3167978 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antiviral, proapoptotic, antiproliferative gene 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5OAS1) converts adenosine triphosphate into a series of 2'-5' oligoadenylates (2-5A). In turn, 2-5A activates latent ribonuclease (RNaseL), a candidate hereditary prostate cancer gene. OAS1 polymorphism (reference single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] 2660 [rs2660]) has been associated with increased susceptibility to infections and various diseases. In general, the low-enzyme-activity adenine-adenine (AA) genotype promotes susceptibility, whereas the high-enzyme-activity guanosine-guanosine (GG) genotype confers protection. In this study, the authors investigated the association of this functional OAS1 polymorphism (rs2660) with prostate cancer. METHODS Sample size and power were calculated using a power calculation software program for case-control genetic association analyses. Genomic DNA samples from a control group (n = 140) and from a case group of patients with prostate cancer (n = 164) were used for genotyping SNPs rs2660, rs1131454, and rs34137742 in all samples. Statistical analyses were performed using a logistic regression model. RESULTS A significant association was observed between the rs2660 genotype (A/G) and prostate cancer. Genotype AA increased the risk, whereas genotype GG decreased the risk of prostate cancer. The GG genotype was not observed in the African American samples. The AA genotype also increased the risk of prostate cancer with age. CONCLUSIONS The OAS1 SNP rs2660 AA genotype was associated significantly with prostate cancer, whereas the GG genotype protected against prostate cancer. OAS1 rs2660 may be a prostate cancer susceptibility polymorphism, which is a significant observation, especially in a context of the OAS1-RNaseL pathway. Thus, a functional defect in OAS1 because of the rs2660 SNP not only can attenuate RNaseL function but also can alter cell growth and apoptosis independent of RNaseL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Mandal
- Center For Cancer Research and Therapeutics Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
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8
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El Awady MK, Anany MA, Esmat G, Zayed N, Tabll AA, Helmy A, El Zayady AR, Abdalla MS, Sharada HM, El Raziky M, El Akel W, Abdalla S, Bader El Din NG. Single nucleotide polymorphism at exon 7 splice acceptor site of OAS1 gene determines response of hepatitis C virus patients to interferon therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 26:843-50. [PMID: 21182542 PMCID: PMC7166793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Response to interferon therapy and disease progression in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients differs among individuals, suggesting a possibility of a contribution of host genetic factors. 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1), an important component of the innate immune system with a proven antiviral function, may therefore have a relationship with the response to interferon therapy and clinical course of HCV disease. Our aim was to determine the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at exon 7 splice acceptor site (SAS) of the OAS1 gene in relation to the interferon response and status of HCV infection. METHODS A 203 bp fragment containing exon 7 SAS was amplified in 70 HCV chronic patients and 50 healthy controls. SNP was examined using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) genotyping method. Correlations of SNP genotypes with response to interferon and clinical status of patients were statistically analyzed. RESULTS There was an increasing trend of response from AA to AG to GG genotypes (P = 0.007). Genotype AA was associated with non-response to interferon and higher degree of liver fibrosis (P = 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed this SNP as independent and a significant determinant of the outcome of interferon therapy (odds ratio 4.913 [95% confidence interval 1.365-8.2], P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show a significant association between the functional SNP at exon 7 SAS of OAS1 gene and the viral response to interferon in chronic HCV patients. Patients with AA genotype were associated with progressive HCV disease and viral resistance to interferon therapy. This OAS SNP is a potential bio-marker to predict IFN response in chronic hepatitis C patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa K El Awady
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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9
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Crosby LM, Moore TM, George M, Yoon LW, Easton MJ, Ni H, Morgan KT, DeAngelo AB. Transformation of SV40-immortalized human uroepithelial cells by 3-methylcholanthrene increases IFN- and Large T Antigen-induced transcripts. Cancer Cell Int 2010; 10:4. [PMID: 20178601 PMCID: PMC2848030 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simian Virus 40 (SV40) immortalization followed by treatment of cells with 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) has been used to elicit tumors in athymic mice. 3-MC carcinogenesis has been thoroughly studied, however gene-level interactions between 3-MC and SV40 that could have produced the observed tumors have not been explored. The commercially-available human uroepithelial cell lines were either SV40-immortalized (HUC) or SV40-immortalized and then 3-MC-transformed (HUC-TC). RESULTS To characterize the SV40 - 3MC interaction, we compared human gene expression in these cell lines using a human cancer array and confirmed selected changes by RT-PCR. Many viral Large T Antigen (Tag) expression-related changes occurred in HUC-TC, and it is concluded that SV40 and 3-MC may act synergistically to transform cells. Changes noted in IFP 9-27, 2'-5' OAS, IF 56, MxA and MxAB were typical of those that occur in response to viral exposure and are part of the innate immune response. Because interferon is crucial to innate immune host defenses and many gene changes were interferon-related, we explored cellular growth responses to exogenous IFN-gamma and found that treatment impeded growth in tumor, but not immortalized HUC on days 4 - 7. Cellular metabolism however, was inhibited in both cell types. We conclude that IFN-gamma metabolic responses were functional in both cell lines, but IFN-gamma anti-proliferative responses functioned only in tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS Synergism of SV40 with 3-MC or other environmental carcinogens may be of concern as SV40 is now endemic in 2-5.9% of the U.S. population. In addition, SV40-immortalization is a generally-accepted method used in many research materials, but the possibility of off-target effects in studies carried out using these cells has not been considered. We hope that our work will stimulate further study of this important phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Crosby
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, National Health Effects and Environmental Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, USA.
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10
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Murine pancreatic beta TC3 cells show greater 2', 5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2'5'AS) antiviral enzyme activity and apoptosis following IFN-alpha or poly(I:C) treatment than pancreatic alpha TC3 cells. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2009; 2009:631026. [PMID: 19888425 PMCID: PMC2771153 DOI: 10.1155/2009/631026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, possibly virus initiated. Virus infection induces alpha-interferon (IFN-α), leading to upregulation of genes encoding double-stranded (ds) RNA-dependent antiviral enzymes 2′, 5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (2′5′AS) and PKR (p68). To investigate whether beta cell specificity could be due to antiviral differences between beta and alpha cells, we treated beta and alpha TC3 cell lines with IFN-α and/or poly(I:C) (a synthetic dsRNA). Results showed that, following IFN-α stimulation, increases in 2′5′AS levels and activities were significantly higher in beta than alpha cells (P < .001), whereas increases in PKR level and activity were comparable in the two cell types. Poly(I:C) stimulated 2′5′AS activity in beta but not alpha cells, and co-transfection IFN-α
plus poly(I:C) induced apoptosis in beta but not alpha cells. These findings suggest that the elevated 2′5′AS response of pancreatic beta cells could render them particularly vulnerable to damage and/or apoptosis during virus infection.
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11
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Uno K, Suginoshita Y, Kakimi K, Moriyasu Y, Nakano K, Nakamura N, Fujita T, Horino Y, Sato T, Kishida T. Clinical utility of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity measurement: using whole blood as a highly sensitive method to detect the effects of IFN. J Virol Methods 2006; 136:185-92. [PMID: 16828170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Research progress on the pleiotropic effects of interferons (IFN) has thus far required detecting responses by weak IFN signals. The activity of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5OAS) is a valuable indicator in the prognosis and IFN treatment of patients with viral diseases such as hepatitis B and C. Although serum samples generally are used to measure enzyme activity, their values depend on the exact conditions under which blood is stored and the degree of haemolysis that occurs during blood drawing or serum separation. This study presents an improved method of evaluating 2-5OAS activity by using whole blood samples containing heparin, which are frozen and then thawed, instead of serum samples. This method is more reliable, convenient, and 50-100 times more sensitive than the conventional methods of measuring serum 2-5OAS activity. The reliability and sensitivity of this improved method enables detection of the effects of low doses of oral IFN administration or changes in the IFN and cytokine system by infection or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Uno
- Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, 103-5, Tanaka-monzen-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8225, Japan.
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12
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Ye S, Guo Q, Tang JP, Yang CD, Shen N, Chen SL. Could 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase isoforms be biomarkers to differentiate between disease flare and infection in lupus patients? A pilot study. Clin Rheumatol 2006; 26:186-90. [PMID: 16565890 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-006-0260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Revised: 02/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2'5'-Oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) was shown to be related to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 20 years ago, and was rediscovered to be involved in type I interferon pathway in SLE by several microarray gene expression studies recently. The goal of this study was to investigate OAS isoform expressions in lupus patients, to evaluate whether they could become biomarkers to differentiate between disease flare and infection. Fifty-four SLE patients presented with fever or systemic inflammatory syndrome, or both, were enrolled. Gene expressions of OAS1, OAS2, and OASL were studied by using real time PCR in active SLE (SLEDAI >or=9, n=29) and in those complicated with infections (n=25). The latter group was composed of 19 patients with invasive bacterial infections, and six patients with viral infections. C reactive protein (CRP) and other clinical parameters were also measured. Twenty-nine healthy individuals made up a normal control group. The mRNA expressions of OAS1, OAS2, and OASL were higher in patients with lupus flares than those with infections (p<0.03), or normal controls (p<0.001). SLE complicated with infections have higher OAS1 expression level (P=0.002), lower OASL (P=0.004), and equivalent OAS2 (P=0.135), when compared with those of normal controls. OASL expression level was negatively correlated with infection in lupus by logistic regression analysis (p=0.008). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the prediction of infection was 0.92 (p<0.0001) for OASL, and 0.77 (p=0.007) for CRP. Therefore, our preliminary data suggest that the pattern of OAS isoform expressions, OASL in particular, may provide useful information in differentiating disease flares from certain infections in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ye
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Clinical Center for Rheumatic Diseases and Institute of Rheumatology, Shanghai Second Medical University, 145#, Shandong Rd, 200001, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Effect of an epoxy derivative of 2′5′-trioligoadenylate on human neuroblastoma cells. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-006-0029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Devendra D, Jasinski J, Melanitou E, Nakayama M, Li M, Hensley B, Paronen J, Moriyama H, Miao D, Eisenbarth GS, Liu E. Interferon-alpha as a mediator of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid-induced type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2005; 54:2549-56. [PMID: 16123342 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.9.2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies and clinical case reports have implicated interferon (IFN)-alpha as a potential mediator of type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Administration of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a mimic of viral double-stranded RNA, induces diabetes in C57BL/6 mice expressing the B7.1 costimulatory molecule in islets. We investigated the potential role of IFN-alpha in this disease model. The quantitative correlation between IFN-alpha levels and time to diabetes, diabetes prevention with anti-IFN-alpha antibody, and ability of IFN-alpha itself to induce diabetes are consistent with the hypothesis that poly I:C in this model acts by induction of IFN-alpha in a genetically susceptible host. Numerous recent studies highlight the importance of the innate immune system and toll receptors in determining adaptive immune responses, and we speculate that for type 1 diabetes, viral and other environmental factors may act through induction of IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devasenan Devendra
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, 4200 East 9th Ave., Box B140, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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15
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Tessier MC, Qu HQ, Fréchette R, Bacot F, Grabs R, Taback SP, Lawson ML, Kirsch SE, Hudson TJ, Polychronakos C. Type 1 diabetes and the OAS gene cluster: association with splicing polymorphism or haplotype? J Med Genet 2005; 43:129-32. [PMID: 16014697 PMCID: PMC2564627 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.035212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase genes (OAS1, OAS2, and OAS3) map to human chromosome 12q24 and encode a family of enzymes pivotal to innate antiviral defence. Recently, the minor allele of an OAS1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that alters splicing (rs10774671) was found to be associated with increased enzymatic activity and, in a case-sibling control study, with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS We have confirmed this T1D association in 784 nuclear families (two parents and at least one affected offspring) by the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT; G:A = 386:329, p = 0.033). However, because of linkage disequilibrium within OAS1 and with the other two OAS genes, functional attribution of the association to this SNP cannot be assumed. To help answer this question, we also genotyped two non-synonymous SNPs in OAS1 exons 3 and 7. RESULTS All three SNPs showed significant transmission distortion. Three of the eight possible haplotypes accounted for 98.4% of parental chromosomes and two of them carried the non-predisposing A allele at rs10774671. Parents heterozygous for these two haplotypes showed significant transmission distortion (p = 0.009) despite being homozygous at rs10774671. CONCLUSIONS We confirm the T1D association with rs10774671, but we conclude that it cannot be attributed (solely) to the splicing variant rs10774671. A serine/glycine substitution in OAS1 exon 3 is more likely a functional variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Tessier
- Endocrine Genetics Laboratory, The McGill University Health Center, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Field LL, Bonnevie-Nielsen V, Pociot F, Lu S, Nielsen TB, Beck-Nielsen H. OAS1 splice site polymorphism controlling antiviral enzyme activity influences susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2005; 54:1588-91. [PMID: 15855350 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.5.1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Both genetic and nongenetic factors contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes. Many investigations, including prospective studies of high-risk children, have implicated virus infections as predisposing environmental agents. We previously reported that basal activity of the key antiviral enzyme 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2'5'AS) was significantly elevated in type 1 diabetic patients compared with healthy control subjects. Recently, we showed that an A/G splice site single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the OAS1 gene encoding 2'5'AS is strongly associated with basal 2'5'AS activity. Basal enzyme activity was highest in individuals with GG genotype and lowest in those with AA genotype. In the present study, we genotyped 835 type 1 diabetic and 401 healthy siblings at the OAS1 splice site polymorphism and (for comparison) at an A/C SNP of the insulin (IDDM2) locus. Results showed that OAS1 GG and GA were significantly increased in diabetic compared with healthy siblings (P = 0.0023). The strength of association was similar to that at IDDM2, where, as expected, the C/C (variable number tandem repeat class I homozygote) genotype was increased in affected compared with healthy siblings (P = 0.0025). The results suggest that host genetic response to virus infection could influence susceptibility to type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Leigh Field
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Bonnevie-Nielsen V, Field LL, Lu S, Zheng DJ, Li M, Martensen PM, Nielsen TB, Beck-Nielsen H, Lau YL, Pociot F. Variation in antiviral 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2'5'AS) enzyme activity is controlled by a single-nucleotide polymorphism at a splice-acceptor site in the OAS1 gene. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 76:623-33. [PMID: 15732009 PMCID: PMC1199299 DOI: 10.1086/429391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It is likely that human genetic differences mediate susceptibility to viral infection and virus-triggered disorders. OAS genes encoding the antiviral enzyme 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2'5'AS) are critical components of the innate immune response to viruses. This enzyme uses adenosine triphosphate in 2'-specific nucleotidyl transfer reactions to synthesize 2',5'-oligoadenylates, which activate latent ribonuclease, resulting in degradation of viral RNA and inhibition of virus replication. We showed elsewhere that constitutive (basal) activity of 2'5'AS is correlated with virus-stimulated activity. In the present study, we asked whether constitutive activity is genetically determined and, if so, by which variants. Analysis of 83 families containing two parents and two children demonstrated significant correlations between basal activity in parent-child pairs (P<.0001) and sibling pairs (P=.0044), but not spousal pairs, suggesting strong genetic control of basal activity. We next analyzed association between basal activity and 15 markers across the OAS gene cluster. Significant association was detected at multiple markers, the strongest being at an A/G single-nucleotide polymorphism at the exon 7 splice-acceptor site (AG or AA) of the OAS1 gene. At this unusual polymorphism, allele G had a higher gene frequency in persons with high enzyme activity than in those with low enzyme activity (0.44 vs. 0.20; P=3 x 10(-11)). Enzyme activity varied in a dose-dependent manner across the GG, GA, and AA genotypes (tested by analysis of variance; P=1 x 10(-14)). Allele G generates the previously described p46 enzyme isoform, whereas allele A ablates the splice site and generates a dual-function antiviral/proapoptotic p48 isoform and a novel p52 isoform. This genetic polymorphism makes OAS1 an excellent candidate for a human gene that influences host susceptibility to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagn Bonnevie-Nielsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
The type I interferons (IFN) are cytokines encoded by a multigene family comprising 13 closely related IFN-A genes, and a single IFN-B gene. These factors are rapidly induced upon viral infection, and have pleiotropic effects. Historically, the induction of a cell-autonomous state of antiviral resistance, the inhibition of cell growth, and the regulation of apoptosis were appreciated first. More recently, it became generally accepted that they can regulate immune effector functions. This latter feature led them to be reconsidered as signals linking innate and adaptive immunity, and potentially orchestrating autoimmunity associated with viral infection and IFN-alpha therapy. Common to almost all autoimmune diseases is their polygenic inheritance, incomplete penetrance, and evidence for the role of environmental factors, particularly viral infection. In addition, they are characterized by increased numbers of circulating autoreactive T- and B-cells. Endogenously produced or therapeutically applied IFN-alpha can tilt the usually tightly controlled balance towards activation of these autoreactive cells via a vast array of mechanisms. The genetic susceptibility factors determine which type of autoimmunity will develop. IFN-alpha induces numerous target genes in antigen presenting cells (APC), such that APC are stimulated and enhance humoral autoimmunity, promote isotype switching, and potently activate autoreactive T cells. Moreover, IFN-alpha can synergistically amplify T cell autoreactivity by directly promoting T cell activation and keeping activated T cells alive. In essence, type I IFNs may constitute one example of genes that have been conserved because they confer dominant disease resistance, but at the same time they can trigger autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Conrad
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Geneva Medical School, C.M.U., 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Devendra D, Eisenbarth GS. Interferon alpha--a potential link in the pathogenesis of viral-induced type 1 diabetes and autoimmunity. Clin Immunol 2004; 111:225-33. [PMID: 15183143 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of type 1 diabetes has been rapidly rising. Environmental factors such as viruses have been implicated as a possible agent accounting for this rise. Enteroviruses have recently been the focus in many research studies as a potential agent in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. The mechanism of viral infection leading to beta cell destruction not only involves multiple pathways but also the cytokine-interferon alpha (IFN-alpha). Our hypothesis is that activation of toll receptors by double-stranded RNA or poly-IC (viral mimic) through induction of IFN-alpha may activate or accelerate immune-mediated beta cell destruction. Numerous clinical case reports have implicated that IFN-alpha therapy is associated with autoimmune diseases and that elevated serum IFN-alpha levels have been associated with type 1 diabetes. In multiple animal models, given specific genetic susceptibility, poly-IC can induce insulitis or diabetes. Therapeutic agents targeting IFN-alpha may potentially be beneficial in the prevention of type 1 diabetes and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Devendra
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Feng X, Petraglia AL, Chen M, Byskosh PV, Boos MD, Reder AT. Low expression of interferon-stimulated genes in active multiple sclerosis is linked to subnormal phosphorylation of STAT1. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 129:205-15. [PMID: 12161037 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated brain disease ameliorated by interferon-beta therapy. Immune responses to IFN-alpha and IFN-beta are sometimes subnormal in MS peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs), suggesting an underlying defect in type I IFN signaling. We studied IFN-beta regulation of mRNA and protein induction for IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) and IRF-2, which control multiple IFN-stimulated genes, and for 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2',5'-OAS) and MxA, which are antiviral proteins. First, mRNA levels in resting MNC from untreated patients with clinically active MS contained IRF-1 at 38% of normal controls, 45% for IRF-2, 44% for 2',5'-OAS (all p<0.005), and 46% for MxA protein (p<0.007). Stable MS patients had intermediate levels of 2',5'-OAS and MxA. IFN-beta-1b therapy increased IRF-1, IRF-2, and 2',5'-OAS mRNA in resting MNC-but only up to levels seen in unstimulated control cells. In untreated patients with active MS, serine phosphorylation of the STAT1 transcription factor was markedly reduced, suggesting a mechanism for the low levels of IFN-induced genes. Secondly, in untreated patients with stable MS, culture with IFN-beta induced excessive tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1, and this correlated with low SHP1 tyrosine phosphatase levels. Excessive P-Tyr-STAT1 responses could induce inflammatory cytokines and demyelination in MS, as in motheaten mice, which have defects in SHP-1 function. Abnormal IFN signaling may predict the course of MS and responses to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, MC-2030, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Petrovsky N, Kyvik KO, Bonnevie-Nielsen V, Beck-Nielsen H, Green A, Harrison LC. Evidence from twins for acquired cellular immune hyperactivity in type 1 diabetes. Immunology 2002; 106:584-9. [PMID: 12153522 PMCID: PMC1782755 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes has been associated with an increased frequency of activated T cells and T-cell hyperactivity to non-specific and disease-specific stimuli including the islet autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD). To address whether T-cell hyperactivity is genetic or acquired we measured whole blood cytokines in vitro in response to GAD or tetanus in 18 identical twin pairs, nine discordant for type 1 diabetes. In addition, the activity of 2', 5' oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) in blood mononuclear cells was measured as a marker of viral infection. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) basally and IL-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in response to GAD, were detected more frequently and at higher levels in diabetic compared to non-diabetic twins. IL-10 was not different between groups. OAS activity was increased in diabetic compared to non-diabetic twins and showed a correlation with basal IL-2 and GAD-stimulated IFN-gamma and IL-10. These findings suggest that T-cell hyperactivity in type 1 diabetes is an acquired trait and could reflect persisting virus expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Petrovsky
- Autoimmunity and Transplantation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
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