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Sir Karakus G, Tastan C, Dilek Kancagi D, Yurtsever B, Tumentemur G, Demir S, Turan RD, Abanuz S, Cakirsoy D, Seyis U, Ozer S, Elibol O, Elek M, Ertop G, Arbak S, Acikel Elmas M, Hemsinlioglu C, Kocagoz AS, Hatirnaz Ng O, Akyoney S, Sahin I, Ozbek U, Telci D, Sahin F, Yalcin K, Ratip S, Ovali E. Preclinical efficacy and safety analysis of gamma-irradiated inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5804. [PMID: 33707532 PMCID: PMC7970959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83930-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 created an unprecedented health crisis since there is no vaccine for this novel virus. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have become crucial for reducing morbidity and mortality. In this study, in vitro and in vivo safety and efficacy analyzes of lyophilized vaccine candidates inactivated by gamma-irradiation were performed. The candidate vaccines in this study were OZG-3861 version 1 (V1), an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine, and SK-01 version 1 (V1), a GM-CSF adjuvant added vaccine. The candidate vaccines were applied intradermally to BALB/c mice to assess toxicity and immunogenicity. Preliminary results in vaccinated mice are reported in this study. Especially, the vaccine models containing GM-CSF caused significant antibody production with neutralization capacity in absence of the antibody-dependent enhancement feature, when considered in terms of T and B cell responses. Another important finding was that the presence of adjuvant was more important in T cell in comparison with B cell response. Vaccinated mice showed T cell response upon restimulation with whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 or peptide pool. This study shows that the vaccines are effective and leads us to start the challenge test to investigate the gamma-irradiated inactivated vaccine candidates for infective SARS-CoV-2 virus in humanized ACE2 + mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cihan Tastan
- Acibadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Bulut Yurtsever
- Acibadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gamze Tumentemur
- Vocational School of Health Services, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevda Demir
- Genetic and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Raife Dilek Turan
- Acibadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
- Genetic and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selen Abanuz
- Acibadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Didem Cakirsoy
- Acibadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Utku Seyis
- Acibadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Samed Ozer
- Animal Application and Research Center, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Elibol
- Acibadem Altunizade Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammer Elek
- Acibadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
- Genetic and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gurcan Ertop
- Vocational School of Health Services, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Arbak
- Histology and Embryology Department, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Acikel Elmas
- Histology and Embryology Department, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Ozden Hatirnaz Ng
- Medical Biology Department, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezer Akyoney
- Medical Biology Department, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Department, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilayda Sahin
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Medical Genetics Department, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ugur Ozbek
- Medical Genetics Department, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Telci
- Genetic and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Sahin
- Genetic and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Koray Yalcin
- Acibadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
- Medical Park Goztepe Hospital, Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Siret Ratip
- Hematology Department, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ercument Ovali
- Acibadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Zaharoff DA, Rogers CJ, Hance KW, Schlom J, Greiner JW. Chitosan solution enhances the immunoadjuvant properties of GM-CSF. Vaccine 2007; 25:8673-86. [PMID: 18037196 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sustained, local delivery of immunomodulatory cytokines is under investigation for its ability to enhance vaccine and anti-tumor responses both clinically and preclinically. This study evaluates the ability of chitosan, a biocompatible polysaccharide, to (1) control the dissemination of a cytokine, GM-CSF, and (2) enhance the immunoadjuvant properties of GM-CSF. While cytokines have previously been delivered in lipid-based adjuvants and other vehicles, these do not have the clinical safety profile or unique properties of chitosan. We found that chitosan solution maintained a measurable depot of recombinant GM-CSF (rGM-CSF) at a subcutaneous injection site for up to 9 days. In contrast, when delivered in a saline vehicle, rGM-CSF was undetectable in 12-24h. Furthermore, a single s.c. injection of 20 microg rGM-CSF in chitosan solution (chitosan/rGM-CSF(20 microg)) transiently expanded lymph nodes up to 4.6-fold and increased the number of MHC class II expressing cells and dendritic cells by 7.4-fold and 6.8-fold, respectively. These increases were significantly greater than those measured when rGM-CSF was administered in saline at the standard preclinical dose and schedule, i.e. 4 daily s.c. injections of 20 microg. Furthermore, lymph node cells from mice injected with chitosan/rGM-CSF(20 microg) induced greater allogeneic T cell proliferation, indicating enhanced antigen presenting capability, than lymph node cells from mice injected with rGM-CSF alone. Finally, in vaccination experiments, chitosan/rGM-CSF was superior to either chitosan or rGM-CSF alone in enhancing the induction of antigen-specific CD4(+) proliferation, peptide-specific CD8(+) pentamer staining and cytotoxic T cell lysis. Altogether, chitosan/rGM-CSF outperformed standard rGM-CSF administrations in dendritic cell recruitment, antigen presentation and vaccine enhancement. We conclude that chitosan solution is a promising delivery platform for the sustained, local delivery of rGM-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Zaharoff
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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Barrio MM, de Motta PT, Kaplan J, von Euw EM, Bravo AI, Chacón RD, Mordoh J. A Phase I Study of an Allogeneic Cell Vaccine (VACCIMEL) With GM-CSF in Melanoma Patients. J Immunother 2006; 29:444-54. [PMID: 16799340 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000208258.79005.5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether recombinant human granulocyte-monocyte-colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) increased the immunogenicity of VACCIMEL, a vaccine consisting of 3 irradiated allogeneic melanoma cell lines. A phase I clinical trial was performed on 20 melanoma patients in stages IIB (n=2), III (n=10), and IV (n=8), who were disease free after surgery (n=16) or had minimal disease (n=4). Cohorts of 4 patients were vaccinated 4 times with VACCIMEL and bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) as adjuvant. Besides, the patients received placebo (group 1) or GM-CSF: 150 microg (group 2), 300 microg (group 3), 400 microg (group 4), and 600 microg (group 5) per vaccine. The combination of VACCIMEL and GM-CSF had low toxicity. Only in group 5, grade 2 thoracic pain (3/4 patients) and abdominal cramps (2/4 patients) were observed. Delayed-type hypersensitivity increased after vaccination and it was highest in group 4. Phytohemagglutinin stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes was analyzed in 9 patients: 4/9 had normal stimulation; 3/9 had low basal stimulation, which recovered after vaccination; and 2/9 were not stimulated. Antimelanoma antibodies preexisted in 9/19 patients; in 3/19 patients, antibodies anti-33 kd, 90 kd, and 100 kd antigens were induced by vaccination. IgG2 but not IgG1 antibodies were detected. Anti-BCG antibodies, mostly IgG2, reached the highest post/prevaccination ratio in group 4. Median serum interleukin-12 was lower in progressing patients (61.6 pg/mL) than in those without evident disease (89 pg/mL). Thus, its low toxicity and the induction of a predominantly cellular immune response suggest that the addition of 300 to 400 microg GM-CSF to VACCIMEL is useful in increasing the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Barrio
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-FUCA, Zabala 2836, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cho SA, Park JH, Seok SH, Juhn JH, Kim SJ, Ji HJ, Choo YS, Park JH. Effect of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on 5-FU-induced ulcerative mucositis in hamster buccal pouches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 57:321-8. [PMID: 16414253 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the protective effects of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) against ulcerative mucositis in hamster buccal pouch. GM-CSF was topically administered to the buccal pouches of hamsters with two different doses of 5 and 20 microg/ml. The treatment of GM-CSF led to rapid healing effects in gross and histopathological findings. It decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels in the mucosal tissue of buccal pouches. Also GM-CSF-treated animals showed high numbers of Ki-67 positive cells in basal cell layer. These results suggest that GM-CSF provided excellent healing effects to ulcerative mucositis in the buccal pouch of hamster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-A Cho
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Glenn GM, Kenney RT, Hammond SA, Ellingsworth LR. Transcutaneous immunization and immunostimulant strategies. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2004; 23:787-813. [PMID: 14753392 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(03)00094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The skin provides an attractive immune environment for vaccine delivery and a safe and confined anatomic space for the use of potent adjuvants. It has been presumed that LCs as a class of dendritic cells should stimulate potent immune responses when activated by adjuvants, and this theory is beginning to be validated. Progress on simple pretreatment of the skin has led to well-developed, simple-to-use protocols that are not dissimilar from current protocols used to cleanse the skin before injection. Antigen and adjuvant formulation optimization has progressed, leading to phase 2 testing of the technology in formulated, manufacturable patches. Although delivery optimization and product testing is challenging, the major biologic observations underlying TCI and the IS patch have been established clearly in that large protein antigens have been delivered clinically, resulting in robust immune responses in a safe manner. During the next 5 years, the challenge will be to conduct a development program that leads to safe and effective vaccination in the context of specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Glenn
- IOMAI Corporation, 20 Firstfield Road, Suite 250, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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Takahara M, Kang K, Liu L, Yoshida Y, McCormick TS, Cooper KD. iC3b arrests monocytic cell differentiation into CD1c-expressing dendritic cell precursors: a mechanism for transiently decreased dendritic cells in vivo after human skin injury by ultraviolet B. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:802-9. [PMID: 12713585 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous data indicated that C3, its bioactive product iC3b, and the iC3b ligand CD11b are critical for ultraviolet-induced immunosuppression. We thus hypothesized that iC3b is an important skin-based factor regulating CD11b+ monocytic cell function in the acute post-ultraviolet period. Although monocytic cell migration peaked at 1-3 d after ultraviolet exposure of skin, dermal CD1c dendritic cells underwent a rapid and prolonged depletion that did not recover until day 7. Because ultraviolet-induced iC3b deposits are reciprocally maximal on day 3, but fade by day 7, we next hypothesized that iC3b can be responsible for the delay in differentiation into dendritic cells of monocytic cells migrating into ultraviolet-exposed skin. Analysis of dermal cells derived from keratome biopsies suggested that iC3b exposure could inhibit the development of CD1c+ dermal cells. To model newly immigrating blood monocytes entering ultraviolet-exposed, iC3b-containing dermis, purified monocytes from human blood were induced with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor to generate a population of dendritic cell precursors expressing CD1c. Incubation with iC3b markedly inhibited the appearance of CD1c+ cells (p<0.05) and induced CD1c-CD14+ cells. This inhibition was reversed by coincubation with an anti-CD11b antibody that blocks the iC3b binding site. Other functions associated with dendritic cell maturation were also inhibited by iC3b, such as interleukin-12p70 production as well as CD80 and CD40 expression. Restimulation of monocytes for DC maturation revealed that iC3b induced a temporary inhibition of DC differentiation. Thus, a human skin response in which iC3b is transiently (3-7 d) generated in dermis, such as ultraviolet, can arrest monocytic skin-infiltrating cells from undergoing dendritic cell precursor differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Takahara
- Department of Dermatology, and Research Institute of University Hospitals of Cleveland, and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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