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Kim DY, Chung SI, Ro SW, Paik YH, Lee JI, Jung MK, Lee MG, Park YN, Lee KS, Park JG, Park HD, Han KH. Combined effects of an antioxidant and caspase inhibitor on the reversal of hepatic fibrosis in rats. Apoptosis 2014; 18:1481-91. [PMID: 24045874 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We sought to determine the hepatic fibrosis-reversal effects upon simultaneous administration of lithospermate B (LAB), an anti-oxidant, and nivocasan, a caspase inhibitor, to rats compared with each compound alone. Liver fibrosis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by thioacetamide (TAA). Rats were treated with TAA and then given LAB and (or) nivocasan. Fibrotic areas were evaluated quantitatively by computerized morphometry. Apoptosis was assessed using a TUNEL assay, and immunohistochemical staining for malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) was performed to assess oxidative stress levels. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to quantify expression of fibrosis-related genes. The degree of hepatic fibrosis was significantly reduced in rats treated with LAB and nivocasan compared to either treatment alone (P < 0.001). Treatment with each compound significantly decreased expression of fibrosis-related genes, such as type I collagen α1 (col1α1), α-SMA and TGF-β1 (P < 0.05). Co-treatment with LAB and nivocasan further reduced col1α1 expression compared to treatment with either compound. A TUNEL assay revealed that hepatocyte apoptosis was significantly decreased in the group treated with nivocasan compared to other groups (P < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry showed a decrease in MDA and 4HNE, reflecting amelioration of oxidative stress, when LAB or LAB+nivocasan was administered compared to nivocasan alone (P < 0.01). Nivocasan was found to inhibit caspase-1, -3, -7, -9 and gliotoxin-induced death of rat-derived hepatic stellate cells was inhibited by nivocasan administration without overexpression of α-SMA. CONCLUSIONS Co-incidental administration of LAB and nivocasan suppressed oxidative stress and apoptosis, resulting in enhanced reversal of hepatic fibrosis in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Korea,
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2
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a prominent feature of liver diseases. Causative factors such as alcohol, viruses, toxic bile acids, fatty acids, drugs, and immune response, can induce apoptotic cell death via membrane receptors and intracellular stress. Apoptotic signaling network, including membrane death receptor-mediated cascade, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, lysosomal permeabilization, and mitochondrial dysfunction, is intermixed each other, but one mechanism may dominate at a particular stage. Mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis are complicated by multiple signaling pathways. The progression of liver disease is affected by the balance between apoptotic and antiapoptotic capabilities. Therapeutic options of liver injury are impacted by the clear understanding toward mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis.
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3
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Molecular mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e996. [PMID: 24434519 PMCID: PMC4040708 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a prominent feature of liver diseases. Causative factors such as alcohol, viruses, toxic bile acids, fatty acids, drugs, and immune response, can induce apoptotic cell death via membrane receptors and intracellular stress. Apoptotic signaling network, including membrane death receptor-mediated cascade, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, lysosomal permeabilization, and mitochondrial dysfunction, is intermixed each other, but one mechanism may dominate at a particular stage. Mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis are complicated by multiple signaling pathways. The progression of liver disease is affected by the balance between apoptotic and antiapoptotic capabilities. Therapeutic options of liver injury are impacted by the clear understanding toward mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis.
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4
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Horras CJ, Lamb CL, Mitchell KA. Regulation of hepatocyte fate by interferon-γ. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:35-43. [PMID: 21334249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-γ is a cytokine known for its immunomodulatory and anti-proliferative action. In the liver, IFN-γ can induce hepatocyte apoptosis or inhibit hepatocyte cell cycle progression. This article reviews recent mechanistic reports that describe how IFN-γ may direct the fate of hepatocytes either towards apoptosis or a cell cycle arrest. This review also describes a probable role for IFN-γ in modulating hepatocyte fate during liver regeneration, transplantation, hepatitis, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and highlights promising areas of research that may lead to the development of IFN-γ as a therapy to enhance recovery from liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Horras
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725-1515, United States
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5
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Ma XQ, Zhang HJ, Zhang YH, Chen YH, Wu F, Du JQ, Yu HP, Zhou ZL, Li JY, Nan FJ, Li J. Novel irreversible caspase-1 inhibitor attenuates the maturation of intracellular interleukin-1β. Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 85:56-65. [PMID: 17464345 DOI: 10.1139/o06-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
. Caspase-1, the most efficient enzyme in processing the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β and interleukin 18 in humans, is associated with inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and some neuronal diseases. We previously reported that isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione and its derivatives are novel caspase-3 inhibitors that could attenuate apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Here we report a novel derivative of isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione that is highly potent in inhibiting caspase-1 activity in an irreversible and slow-binding manner, thus inhibiting cellular caspase-1 activity and the maturation of interleukin 1β in U-937 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qin Ma
- East China Normal Univeristy, Academy of Life Science, P.R. China
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6
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Yin H, Cheng L, Langenbach R, Ju C. Prostaglandin I(2) and E(2) mediate the protective effects of cyclooxygenase-2 in a mouse model of immune-mediated liver injury. Hepatology 2007; 45:159-69. [PMID: 17187424 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of concanavalin A (ConA)-induced liver injury have provided important knowledge on the pathogenesis of many liver diseases involving hepatic inflammation. However, studies identifying hepato-protective factors based on the mechanistic understanding of this model are lacking. Evidence suggests that certain prostaglandin (PG) products of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 provide important anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective functions in some pathophysiological states. In the present study, we demonstrate a protective role of COX-2 derived PGs in ConA-induced liver injury. COX-2(-/-) mice developed much more severe liver damage upon ConA treatment compared with wild-type and COX-1(-/-) mice. Treatment of COX-2(-/-) mice with misoprostol (a PGE(1/2) analog) or beraprost (a PGI(2) analog) significantly decreased ConA-induced liver injury. Data from both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that misoprostol and beraprost acted directly on hepatic leukocytes, including natural killer (NK)T and T cells, and down-regulated their production of interferon (IFN)-gamma, which are critical in mediating ConA-induced tissue damage. Collectively, the results provide strong evidence that the protective effects of COX-2 within the liver are mediated through the production of PGE(2) and PGI(2), which exert anti-inflammatory functions. These findings suggest that COX-2-derived PGs may have great therapeutic potentials in treating patients with inflammatory liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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7
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Leifeld L, Nattermann J, Fielenbach M, Schmitz V, Sauerbruch T, Spengler U. Intrahepatic activation of caspases in human fulminant hepatic failure. Liver Int 2006; 26:872-9. [PMID: 16911471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2006.01300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Apoptosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) potentially involving caspases. Thus far, apoptosis in FHF has mainly been studied in animal models while human data are sparse. METHODS Caspases-3, -8 and -9 activities and Fas expression were analyzed in correlation to TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) positive apoptotic cells in livers of patients with FHF (n=26), chronic liver disease (CLD) (n=60) and normal controls (NC) (n=10). RESULTS Numbers of TUNEL-positive cells were higher in FHF than in CLD and NC (P<0.001) correlating to the intrahepatic activities of caspase-3. The highest caspase-3 activities were found in fulminant hepatitis B, significantly surpassing those in FHF of any other etiology. In fulminant hepatitis B, caspase-9 activity was also higher than in controls, while caspase-8 activation was not higher than in NC. Unlike caspase-3, caspases -8 and -9 activities were not correlated to the numbers of TUNEL positive cells. Fas expression was also the highest in FHF but did not differ between hepatitis B virus-FHF and other FHF. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate differential activation of intrahepatic caspases in FHF depending on the underlying etiology. Massive activation of caspases in fulminant hepatitis B confirms a pivotal role of apoptotic pathways in the pathogenesis of human fulminant hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Leifeld
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Germany.
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Oh HY, Namkoong S, Lee SJ, Por E, Kim CK, Billiar TR, Han JA, Ha KS, Chung HT, Kwon YG, Lee H, Kim YM. Dexamethasone protects primary cultured hepatocytes from death receptor-mediated apoptosis by upregulation of cFLIP. Cell Death Differ 2006; 13:512-23. [PMID: 16167066 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DEX) pretreatment protected hepatocytes from TNF-alpha plus actinomycin D (ActD)-induced apoptosis by suppressing caspase-8 activation and the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway. DEX treatment upregulated cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (cFLIP) expression, but did not alter the protein levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, and cIAP as well as Akt activation. The increased cFLIP mRNA level by DEX was inhibited by ActD, indicating that DEX upregulates cFLIP expression at the transcriptional step. DEX also inhibited Jo2-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis by blocking the formation of the death-inducing signaling complex and caspase-8 activation. Specific downregulation of cFLIP expression using siRNA reversed the antiapoptotic effect of DEX by increasing caspase-8 activation. Moreover, DEX administration into mice increased cFLIP expression in the liver and prevented Jo2-induced hepatic injury by inhibiting caspase-8 and -3 activities. Our results indicate that DEX exerts a protective role in death receptor-induced in vitro and in vivo hepatocyte apoptosis by upregulating cFLIP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Oh
- Vascular System Research Center, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do, Korea
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9
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Guan LP, Nan JX, Jin XJ, Jin QH, Kwak KC, Chai KY, Quan ZS. Protective effects of chalcone derivatives for acute liver injury in mice. Arch Pharm Res 2005; 28:81-6. [PMID: 15742813 DOI: 10.1007/bf02975140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The hepatoprotective effects of chalcone derivatives were evaluated in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS)-induced fulminant hepatic failure in mouse. Thirteen chalcone derivatives were synthesized for study and their hepatoprotective effects were evaluated by assessing aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in serum. Chalcone preparations were injected into mice at 12 h and 1 h before intraperitoneal injection of D-GalN/LPS. After abdominal administration, changes in AST and ALT between the control and treated groups were observed. Ten of the synthesized chalcone derivatives exhibited inhibitory effects on D-GalN/LPS-induced levels of AST and ALT in mice. Compounds 2, 3, 8, 9, and 12 markedly reduced serum AST and ALT at 8 h, inhibited hepatocyte necrosis and showed significant hepatoprotective activities. The activity of compound 3 was compared with the bifendate (DDB) through oral administration. Compound 3 showed much higher inhibitory effects than bifendate for decreasing AST and ALT activity. The results indicate that compound 3 has strong hepatoprotective activity through suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) preduction, reduction of the histological change in the liver, and attenuated of hepatocyte apoptosis confirmed by DNA fragmentation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Guan
- College of Pharmacy, Yan bian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133000, PR China
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10
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Yamanaka A, Hamano S, Miyazaki Y, Ishii K, Takeda A, Mak TW, Himeno K, Yoshimura A, Yoshida H. Hyperproduction of Proinflammatory Cytokines by WSX-1-Deficient NKT Cells in Concanavalin A-Induced Hepatitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:3590-6. [PMID: 15004160 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.6.3590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Administration of Con A induces liver injury that is considered to be an experimental model for human autoimmune or viral hepatitis, where immunopathology plays roles mediated by activated lymphocytes, especially NK1.1+ CD3+ NKT cells, and inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-gamma and IL-4. In the present study we investigated the role of WSX-1, a component of IL-27R, in Con A-induced hepatitis by taking advantage of WSX-1 knockout mice. WSX-1-deficient mice were more susceptible to Con A treatment than wild-type mice, showing serum alanine aminotransferase elevation and massive necrosis in the liver. Although the development of NKT cells appeared normal in WSX-1 knockout mice, purified NKT cells from the knockout mice produced more IFN-gamma and IL-4 than those from wild-type mice in response to stimulation with Con A both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, hyperproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, was observed in the knockout mice after Con A administration. These data revealed a novel role for WSX-1 as an inhibitory regulator of cytokine production and inflammation in Con A-induced hepatitis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Concanavalin A/administration & dosage
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/blood
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Hepatitis, Animal/genetics
- Hepatitis, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Animal/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Injections, Intravenous
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Cytokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamanaka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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11
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Laederach A, Reilly PJ. Specific empirical free energy function for automated docking of carbohydrates to proteins. J Comput Chem 2003; 24:1748-57. [PMID: 12964193 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.10288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We present an automated docking protocol specifically optimized to predict the structure and affinity of a protein-carbohydrate complex. A scoring function was developed based on a training set of 30 protein-carbohydrate complexes of known structure and affinity. Combinations of several models for hydrogen bonding, torsional entropy loss, and solvation were tested for their ability to fit the training set data, and the best model was used with AutoDock. The electrostatic empirical coefficient is larger than in a previously obtained model using a training set comprised of various types of protein-ligand complexes, indicating that electrostatic interactions play a more important role in determining the affinity between a carbohydrate and a protein. The differences in the relative weighting of the empirical coefficients in the model yields predicted free energies for the training set with a standard error of 1.403 kcal/mol. The new scoring function was tested on 17 Aspergillus niger glucoamylase inhibitors for which binding energies had been determined experimentally. Free energies of complex formation were predicted with a residual standard error of 1.101 kcal/mol. The new scoring function therefore provides a robust method for predicting free energies of formation and optimal conformations of carbohydrate-protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Laederach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Iowa State University, 2114 Sweeney Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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12
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Hong F, Jaruga B, Kim WH, Radaeva S, El-Assal ON, Tian Z, Nguyen VA, Gao B. Opposing roles of STAT1 and STAT3 in T cell-mediated hepatitis: regulation by SOCS. J Clin Invest 2003. [PMID: 12438448 DOI: 10.1172/jci0215841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-mediated fulminant hepatitis is a life-threatening event for which the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Injection of concanavalin A (Con A) into mice recapitulates the histological and pathological sequelae of T cell-mediated hepatitis. In this model, both signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1 (STAT1) and STAT3 are activated in the liver. Disruption of the STAT1 gene by way of genetic knockout attenuates liver injury, suppresses CD4(+) and NK T cell activation, and downregulates expression of proapoptotic interferon regulatory factor-1 protein and suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1), but enhances STAT3 activation and STAT3-controlled antiapoptotic signals. Studies from IFN-gamma-deficient mice indicate that IFN-gamma not only is the major cytokine responsible for STAT1 activation but also partially accounts for STAT3 activation. Moreover, downregulation of STAT3 activation in IL-6-deficient mice is associated with decreased STAT3-controlled antiapoptotic signals and expression of SOCS3, but upregulation of STAT1 activation and STAT1-induced proapoptotic signals and exacerbation of liver injury. Taken together, these findings suggest that STAT1 plays a harmful role in Con A-mediated hepatitis by activation of CD4(+) and NK T cells and directly inducing hepatocyte death, whereas STAT3 protects against liver injury by suppression of IFN-gamma signaling and induction of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-X(L). STAT1 and STAT3 in hepatocytes also negatively regulate one another through the induction of SOCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hong
- Section on Liver Biology, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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13
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Hong F, Jaruga B, Kim WH, Radaeva S, El-Assal ON, Tian Z, Nguyen VA, Gao B. Opposing roles of STAT1 and STAT3 in T cell-mediated hepatitis: regulation by SOCS. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:1503-13. [PMID: 12438448 PMCID: PMC151811 DOI: 10.1172/jci15841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-mediated fulminant hepatitis is a life-threatening event for which the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Injection of concanavalin A (Con A) into mice recapitulates the histological and pathological sequelae of T cell-mediated hepatitis. In this model, both signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1 (STAT1) and STAT3 are activated in the liver. Disruption of the STAT1 gene by way of genetic knockout attenuates liver injury, suppresses CD4(+) and NK T cell activation, and downregulates expression of proapoptotic interferon regulatory factor-1 protein and suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1), but enhances STAT3 activation and STAT3-controlled antiapoptotic signals. Studies from IFN-gamma-deficient mice indicate that IFN-gamma not only is the major cytokine responsible for STAT1 activation but also partially accounts for STAT3 activation. Moreover, downregulation of STAT3 activation in IL-6-deficient mice is associated with decreased STAT3-controlled antiapoptotic signals and expression of SOCS3, but upregulation of STAT1 activation and STAT1-induced proapoptotic signals and exacerbation of liver injury. Taken together, these findings suggest that STAT1 plays a harmful role in Con A-mediated hepatitis by activation of CD4(+) and NK T cells and directly inducing hepatocyte death, whereas STAT3 protects against liver injury by suppression of IFN-gamma signaling and induction of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-X(L). STAT1 and STAT3 in hepatocytes also negatively regulate one another through the induction of SOCS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Concanavalin A/toxicity
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Hepatitis, Autoimmune/etiology
- Hepatitis, Autoimmune/immunology
- Hepatitis, Autoimmune/metabolism
- Hepatitis, Autoimmune/pathology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interleukin-6/deficiency
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Biological
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins
- STAT1 Transcription Factor
- STAT3 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Trans-Activators/deficiency
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hong
- Section on Liver Biology, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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14
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Galun E, Axelrod JH. The role of cytokines in liver failure and regeneration: potential new molecular therapies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1592:345-58. [PMID: 12421677 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(02)00326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a unique organ, and first in line, the hepatocytes encounter the potential to proliferate during cell mass loss. This phenomenon is tightly controlled and resembles in some way the embryonal co-inhabitant cell lineage of the liver, the embryonic hematopoietic system. Interestingly, both the liver and hematopoietic cell proliferation and growth are controlled by various growth factors and cytokines. IL-6 and its signaling cascade inside the cells through STAT3 are both significantly important for liver regeneration as well as for hematopoietic cell proliferation. The process of liver regeneration is very complex and is dependent on the etiology and extent of liver damage and the genetic background. In this review we will initially describe the clinical relevant condition, portraying a number of available animal models with an emphasis on the relevance of each one to the human condition of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). The discussion will then be focused on the role of cytokines in liver failure and regeneration, and suggest potential new therapeutic modalities for FHF. The recent findings on the role of IL-6 in liver regeneration and the activity of the designer IL-6/sIL-6R fusion protein, hyper-IL-6, in particular, suggest that this molecule could significantly enhance liver regeneration in humans, and as such could be a useful treatment for FHF in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eithan Galun
- The Goldyne Savad Institute for Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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