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Vlachiotis S, Andreakos E. Lambda interferons in immunity and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2019; 104:102319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With advancement in our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), there is tremendous enthusiasm in examining drugs, old and new, to improve outcomes. This review highlights recent trials' successes and impasses that have come to fore. RECENT FINDINGS Among B-cell therapies, belimumab continues its run of successes with sustained safety and tolerability documented in a long-term extension as well as the likely approval of a subcutaneous formulation in the near future. With greater antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and less immunogenicity, there is hope for obinituzumab to succeed where its anti-CD 20 predecessors have failed. Drugs targeting type I interferons - sifalimumab and anifrolumab - have been efficacious albeit with an increase in incidence of Herpes zoster infections. There is also renewed interest in evaluating the efficacy of calcineurin inhibitors, specifically tacrolimus in the induction and maintenance of lupus nephritis. Introspection into clinical trial designs have highlighted the effects of entry criteria, end points, background medications and geographical differences on study outcomes. SUMMARY There are at least 50 drugs and targets being evaluated in SLE. In addition to developing new drugs to treat lupus, future trials have to focus on more effective study designs to improve chances of trial success.
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3
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Nanda SK, Lopez-Pelaez M, Arthur JSC, Marchesi F, Cohen P. Suppression of IRAK1 or IRAK4 Catalytic Activity, but Not Type 1 IFN Signaling, Prevents Lupus Nephritis in Mice Expressing a Ubiquitin Binding-Defective Mutant of ABIN1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4266-4273. [PMID: 27807192 PMCID: PMC5114882 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the TNIP1 gene encoding A20-binding inhibitor of NF-κB1 (ABIN1) predispose to lupus and other autoimmune diseases in at least eight human populations. We found previously that knock-in mice expressing a ubiquitin-binding-defective mutant of ABIN1 (ABIN1[D485N]) develop autoimmunity as they age and succumb to a disease resembling lupus nephritis in humans. In this article, we report that Flt3-derived dendritic cells from these mice overproduced type 1 IFNs upon stimulation with ligands that activate TLR7 or TLR9. However, crossing ABIN1[D485N] mice to IFNAR1-knockout mice that do not express the α-subunit of the type 1 IFNR did not prevent splenomegaly, the appearance of high serum levels of autoantibodies and other Igs, or liver inflammation and only reduced kidney inflammation modestly. In contrast, crossing ABIN1[D485N] mice to knock-in mice expressing catalytically inactive mutants of IRAK1 or IRAK4 prevented splenomegaly, autoimmunity, and liver and kidney inflammation. Our results support the notion that IRAK1 and/or IRAK4 are attractive targets for the development of drugs to prevent, and perhaps treat, lupus nephritis and other autoinflammatory diseases caused by the decreased ability of ABIN1 or other proteins to restrict the strength of MyD88 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambit K Nanda
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom;
| | - Marta Lopez-Pelaez
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - J Simon C Arthur
- Division of Immunology and Cell Signaling, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom; and
| | - Francesco Marchesi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Cohen
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom;
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Jones TD, Carter PJ, Plückthun A, Vásquez M, Holgate RGE, Hötzel I, Popplewell AG, Parren PWHI, Enzelberger M, Rademaker HJ, Clark MR, Lowe DC, Dahiyat BI, Smith V, Lambert JM, Wu H, Reilly M, Haurum JS, Dübel S, Huston JS, Schirrmann T, Janssen RAJ, Steegmaier M, Gross JA, Bradbury ARM, Burton DR, Dimitrov DS, Chester KA, Glennie MJ, Davies J, Walker A, Martin S, McCafferty J, Baker MP. The INNs and outs of antibody nonproprietary names. MAbs 2016; 8:1-9. [PMID: 26716992 PMCID: PMC4966553 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1114320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An important step in drug development is the assignment of an International Nonproprietary Name (INN) by the World Health Organization (WHO) that provides healthcare professionals with a unique and universally available designated name to identify each pharmaceutical substance. Monoclonal antibody INNs comprise a –mab suffix preceded by a substem indicating the antibody type, e.g., chimeric (-xi-), humanized (-zu-), or human (-u-). The WHO publishes INN definitions that specify how new monoclonal antibody therapeutics are categorized and adapts the definitions to new technologies. However, rapid progress in antibody technologies has blurred the boundaries between existing antibody categories and created a burgeoning array of new antibody formats. Thus, revising the INN system for antibodies is akin to aiming for a rapidly moving target. The WHO recently revised INN definitions for antibodies now to be based on amino acid sequence identity. These new definitions, however, are critically flawed as they are ambiguous and go against decades of scientific literature. A key concern is the imposition of an arbitrary threshold for identity against human germline antibody variable region sequences. This leads to inconsistent classification of somatically mutated human antibodies, humanized antibodies as well as antibodies derived from semi-synthetic/synthetic libraries and transgenic animals. Such sequence-based classification implies clear functional distinction between categories (e.g., immunogenicity). However, there is no scientific evidence to support this. Dialog between the WHO INN Expert Group and key stakeholders is needed to develop a new INN system for antibodies and to avoid confusion and miscommunication between researchers and clinicians prescribing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim D Jones
- a Antitope Ltd. (part of Abzena Plc.), Babraham Research Campus , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
| | - Paul J Carter
- b Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- c Department of Biochemistry , University of Zurich , Zurich CH-8057 , Switzerland
| | - Max Vásquez
- d Adimab LLC., 7 Lucent Drive , Lebanon , NH 03766 , USA
| | - Robert G E Holgate
- a Antitope Ltd. (part of Abzena Plc.), Babraham Research Campus , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
| | - Isidro Hötzel
- b Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA
| | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- f Genmab, PO Box 85199, 3508 AD , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,g Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion , Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Markus Enzelberger
- h MorphoSys AG., Lena-Christ-Str. 48, 82152 Martinsried/Planegg , Germany
| | | | - Michael R Clark
- i Clark Antibodies Ltd., 11 Wellington Street , Cambridge CB1 1HW , UK
| | - David C Lowe
- j MedImmune Ltd., Milstein Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GH , UK
| | | | | | - John M Lambert
- m ImmunoGen Inc., 830 Winter Street , Waltham , MA 02451-1477 , USA
| | - Herren Wu
- n MedImmune., One MedImmune Way , Gaithersburg , MD 20878 , USA
| | - Mary Reilly
- o Opsona Therapeutics Ltd., 2nd Floor, Ashford House , Tara Street , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - John S Haurum
- p F-Star Biotechnology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
| | - Stefan Dübel
- q Technische Universität Braunschweig., Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Spielmannstr. 7 , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - James S Huston
- r The Antibody Society & Huston BioConsulting LLC. , 270 Pleasant Street #A206, Watertown , MA 02472 , USA
| | | | | | - Martin Steegmaier
- u Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development,. Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg , 82377 Penzberg , Germany
| | - Jane A Gross
- v Emergent BioSolutions. , 2401 4th Avenue, Suite 1050, Seattle , WA 98121 , USA
| | - Andrew R M Bradbury
- w Biosciences Division., MS-M888, TA-43, HRL-1, Building 1, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , NM 87545 , USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- x The Scripps Research Institute., 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , CA 92037 , USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- y Protein Interactions Section., Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Frederick , MD 21702 , USA
| | - Kerry A Chester
- z UCL Cancer Institute., 72 Huntley Street , London WC1E 6BT , UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- aa Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital , Southampton , Hampshire SO16 6YD , UK
| | - Julian Davies
- ab Lilly Biotechnology Center San Diego , CA 92121 , USA
| | - Adam Walker
- ac GSK., Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road , Cambridge , CB2 2GG , UK
| | - Steve Martin
- ad GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage , Herts , SG1 2NY , UK
| | - John McCafferty
- ae Iontas Ltd., Babraham Research Campus , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
| | - Matthew P Baker
- a Antitope Ltd. (part of Abzena Plc.), Babraham Research Campus , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
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5
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease of unknown aetiology that can be debilitating and life threatening. As new insights are gained into the underlying pathology of SLE, there have been an unprecedented number of new agents under development to treat the disease via a diverse range of targets. One such class of emerging agents target interferon (IFN) signalling. In this article, we review the preclinical evidence that the inhibition of the secretion and downstream effectors of both IFN-α and IFN-γ may be effective for the treatment of SLE. The primary agents that are currently in clinical development to treat SLE via the targeting of interferon pathways are monoclonal neutralising antibodies (Mab) that bind to and neutralise IFN-γ (AMG 811), IFN-α (sifalimumab, rontalizumab and AGS-009) or its receptor (anifrolumab), and IFN-α kinoid, which is a drug composed of inactivated IFN-α molecules coupled to the keyhole limpet haemocyanin protein. Phase I and II trials have demonstrated acceptable short-term safety with no increase in severe viral infections or reactivation, favourable pharmacokinetic profiles and an inhibition of IFN-associated gene overexpression; however, the impact of these drugs on disease activity must still be assessed in phase III clinical trials. This review concludes with a summary of the challenges that are inherent to this approach to managing SLE.
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Maurer B, Bosanac I, Shia S, Kwong M, Corpuz R, Vandlen R, Schmidt K, Eigenbrot C. Structural basis of the broadly neutralizing anti-interferon-α antibody rontalizumab. Protein Sci 2015; 24:1440-50. [PMID: 26099203 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interferons-alpha (IFN-α) are the expressed gene products comprising thirteen type I interferons with protein pairwise sequence similarities in the 77-96% range. Three other widely expressed human type I interferons, IFN-β, IFN-κ and IFN-ω have sequences 29-33%, 29-32% and 56-60% similar to the IFN-αs, respectively. Type I interferons act on immune cells by producing subtly different immune-modulatory effects upon binding to the extracellular domains of a heterodimeric cell-surface receptor composed of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, most notably anti-viral effects. IFN-α has been used to treat infection by hepatitis-virus type C (HCV) and a correlation between hyperactivity of IFN-α-induced signaling and systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), or lupus, has been noted. Anti-IFN-α antibodies including rontalizumab have been under clinical study for the treatment of lupus. To better understand the rontalizumab mechanism of action and specificity, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of the Fab fragment of rontalizumab bound to human IFN-α2 at 3Å resolution and find substantial overlap of the antibody and IFNA2 epitopes on IFN-α2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Maurer
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Ivan Bosanac
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Steven Shia
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Mandy Kwong
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Racquel Corpuz
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Richard Vandlen
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Kerstin Schmidt
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080.,Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
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7
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Chiang EY, Kolumam G, McCutcheon KM, Young J, Lin Z, Balazs M, Grogan JL. In vivo depletion of lymphotoxin-alpha expressing lymphocytes inhibits xenogeneic graft-versus-host-disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33106. [PMID: 22427961 PMCID: PMC3299734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major barrier to successful allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation and is largely mediated by activated donor lymphocytes. Lymphotoxin (LT)-α is expressed by subsets of activated T and B cells, and studies in preclinical models demonstrated that targeted depletion of these cells with a mouse anti-LT-α monoclonal antibody (mAb) was efficacious in inhibiting inflammation and autoimmune disease. Here we demonstrate that LT-α is also upregulated on activated human donor lymphocytes in a xenogeneic model of GVHD and targeted depletion of these donor cells ameliorated GVHD. A depleting humanized anti-LT-α mAb, designated MLTA3698A, was generated that specifically binds to LT-α in both the soluble and membrane-bound forms, and elicits antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity in vitro. Using a human peripheral blood mononuclear cell transplanted SCID (Hu-SCID) mouse model of GVHD, the anti-human LT-α mAb specifically depleted activated LT-expressing human donor T and B cells, resulting in prolonged survival of the mice. A mutation in the Fc region, rendering the mAb incapable of mediating ADCC, abolished all in vitro and in vivo effects. These data support a role for using a depleting anti-LT-α antibody in treating immune diseases such as GVHD and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Y. Chiang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ganesh Kolumam
- Department of Tumor Biology and Angiogenesis, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Krista M. McCutcheon
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Judy Young
- Department of Assay and Automation Technology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zhonghua Lin
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mercedesz Balazs
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jane L. Grogan
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
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8
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Structural insights into a human anti-IFN antibody exerting therapeutic potential for systemic lupus erythematosus. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:837-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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9
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Gaffney PM, Moser KL, Baechler EC. Defining a new molecular basis of systemic lupus erythematosus through transcriptional profiling. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 3:913-23. [PMID: 20477140 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.6.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Data generated using high-throughput DNA microarrays are changing the way we think about systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The identification of an interferon gene-expression signature in the majority of patients with SLE, especially those with severe SLE, has stimulated substantial interest in targeting the interferon pathway for the treatment SLE and has catalyzed new inquiries into the utility of interferon signaling as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for SLE. As these genomic datasets enlarge and mature, new signatures are being identified that implicate other pathways dysregulated in SLE, including oxidative phosphorylation, immunoglobulin production and granulocyte maturation. Highly anticipated longitudinal studies will be important in defining how this information will ultimately change the way SLE is managed in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Gaffney
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Arthritis and Immunology Program, 825 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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10
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Stoddart CA, Keir ME, McCune JM. IFN-alpha-induced upregulation of CCR5 leads to expanded HIV tropism in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000766. [PMID: 20174557 PMCID: PMC2824759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation and inflammation (e.g., as manifest by production of type I interferons) are major determinants of disease progression in primate lentivirus infections. To investigate the impact of such activation on intrathymic T-cell production, we studied infection of the human thymus implants of SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice with X4 and R5 HIV. X4 HIV was observed to infect CD3−CD4+CD8−CXCR4+CCR5− intrathymic T-cell progenitors (ITTP) and to abrogate thymopoiesis. R5 HIV, by contrast, first established a nonpathogenic infection of thymic macrophages and then, after many weeks, began to replicate in ITTP. We demonstrate here that the tropism of R5 HIV is expanded and pathogenicity enhanced by upregulation of CCR5 on these key T-cell progenitors. Such CCR5 induction was mediated by interferon-α (IFN-α) in both thymic organ cultures and in SCID-hu mice, and antibody neutralization of IFN-α in R5 HIV-infected SCID-hu mice inhibited both CCR5 upregulation and infection of the T-cell progenitors. These observations suggest a mechanism by which IFN-α production may paradoxically expand the tropism of R5 HIV and, in so doing, accelerate disease progression. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a lentivirus, is the causative agent of AIDS. Chronic immune activation and inflammation are major determinants of disease progression in primate lentivirus infections and are associated with the production of type I interferon. To investigate the impact of type I interferon on HIV infection, we studied the human thymus implants of SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice infected with HIV that uses either CXCR4 (X4 HIV) or CCR5 (R5 HIV) as a coreceptor. X4 HIV was observed to infect T-cell progenitors in the thymus and to disrupt T-cell production by that organ. R5 HIV, by contrast, first established a nondisruptive infection of thymic macrophages and then began to infect intrathymic T-cell progenitors. We report here that the tropism of R5 HIV is expanded and T-cell disruption enhanced by increased expression of CCR5 on these key T-cell progenitors. Such CCR5 induction was mediated by interferon-α (IFN-α) in both thymic organ cultures and in SCID-hu mice. Moreover, antibody neutralization of IFN-α in R5 HIV-infected SCID-hu mice inhibited both CCR5 upregulation and infection of the T-cell progenitors. These observations suggest a mechanism by which IFN-α may paradoxically expand the tropism of R5 HIV and accelerate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Rönnblom L, Eloranta ML, Alm GV. Role of Natural Interferon-α Producing Cells (Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells) in Autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2009; 36:463-72. [PMID: 14984023 DOI: 10.1080/08916930310001602128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The type I interferons (IFNs) have antiviral, cytostatic and prominent immunomodulatory effects, which all are of great importance during viral infections. However, prolonged exposure of the immune system to type I IFN can break tolerance and initiate an autoimmune reaction, eventually leading to autoimmune disease. Recent observations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have revealed that such individuals have endogenous IFN-alpha inducers, causing an ongoing IFN-alpha production and consequently a continuous stimulation of the immune system. These IFN-alpha inducers consist of small immune complexes (IC) containing DNA or RNA and act on the principal IFN-alpha producing cell, the natural IFN-alpha producing cell (NIPC), also termed the plasmacytoid dendritic cell (PDC). The NIPC/PDC is a key cell in both the innate and adaptive immune response but can also, either directly or via produced IFN-alpha, have a pivotal role in autoimmunity. In this review we summarize recent data concerning NIPC/PDC, including their activation, regulation, function and possible role in autoimmune diseases, especially SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Rönnblom
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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12
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Moll HP, Freudenthaler H, Zommer A, Buchberger E, Brostjan C. Neutralizing type I IFN antibodies trigger an IFN-like response in endothelial cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:5250-6. [PMID: 18390705 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.8.5250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing Abs to type I IFNs are of therapeutic significance, i.e., are currently evaluated for the treatment of autoimmune diseases with pathogenic IFN-alpha production such as for systemic lupus erythematosus. Unexpectedly, we observed that several neutralizing Abs reportedly known to counteract IFN-alpha or IFN-beta activity triggered an "IFN-like" response in quiescent primary human endothelial cells leading to activation of the transcription factor IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 and the expression of IFN-responsive genes. Furthermore, these Abs were found to enhance rather than inhibit type I IFN signals, and the effect was also detectable for distinct other cell types such as PBMCs. The stimulatory capacity of anti-IFN-alpha/beta Abs was mediated by the constitutive autocrine production of "subthreshold" IFN levels, involved the type I IFNR and was dependent on the Fc Ab domain, as Fab or F(ab')(2) fragments potently inhibited IFN activity. We thus propose that a combined effect of IFN recognition by the Ab paratope and the concomitant engagement of the Fc domain may trigger an IFN signal via the respective type I IFNR, which accounts for the observed IFN-like response to the neutralizing Abs. With respect to clinical applications, the finding may be of importance for the design of recombinant Abs vs Fab or F(ab')(2) fragments to efficiently counteract IFN activity without undesirable activating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herwig Peter Moll
- Department of Surgery Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Kavanagh D, Spitzer D, Kothari PH, Shaikh A, Liszewski MK, Richards A, Atkinson JP. New roles for the major human 3'-5' exonuclease TREX1 in human disease. Cell Cycle 2008; 7:1718-25. [PMID: 18583934 PMCID: PMC2825026 DOI: 10.4161/cc.7.12.6162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Familial Chilblain Lupus (FCL) and Retinal Vasculopathy and Cerebral Leukodystrophy (RVCL) {a new term encompassing three independently described conditions with a common etiology--Cerebroretinal Vasculopathy (CRV), Hereditary Vascular Retinopathy (HVR) and Hereditary Endotheliopathy, Retinopathy and Nephropathy (HERNS)}--have previously been regarded as distinct entities. However, recent genetic analysis has demonstrated that each of these diseases maps to chromosome 3p21 and can be caused by mutations in TREX1, the major human 3'-5' exonuclease. In this review, we discuss the putative functions of TREX1 in relationship to the clinical, genetic and functional characteristics of each of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kavanagh
- Institute of Human Genetics; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Spitzer
- Division of Rheumatology; Department of Medicine; Washington University School of Medicine; St Louis, Missouri USA
| | - Parul H. Kothari
- Division of Rheumatology; Department of Medicine; Washington University School of Medicine; St Louis, Missouri USA
| | - Aisha Shaikh
- Division of Rheumatology; Department of Medicine; Washington University School of Medicine; St Louis, Missouri USA
| | - M. Kathryn Liszewski
- Division of Rheumatology; Department of Medicine; Washington University School of Medicine; St Louis, Missouri USA
| | - Anna Richards
- Department of Renal Medicine; University of Edinburgh; Royal Infirmary; Little France, Edinburgh United Kingdom
| | - John P. Atkinson
- Division of Rheumatology; Department of Medicine; Washington University School of Medicine; St Louis, Missouri USA
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14
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Wenzel J, Tüting T. Identification of type I interferon-associated inflammation in the pathogenesis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus opens up options for novel therapeutic approaches. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:454-63. [PMID: 17437489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is one of the most common dermatological autoimmune disorders worldwide. Recently, several studies provided evidence for a pathogenic role of type I interferons (IFNs) in this disease. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are major type I IFN producers in CLE skin lesions. Type I IFNs are able to induce the expression of several proinflammatory chemokines, including CXCL9 and 10, and enhance the cytotoxic capacity of infiltrating cells. Additionally, adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1, cutaneous lymphocyte antigen, E-selectin, CCR4 and CXCR3, are involved in the recruitment of potentially autoreactive lymphocytes into the skin. Here, we review the role of type I IFNs, adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors in CLE and discuss options for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
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15
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Tian W, Bai G, Li ZH, Yang WB. Antagonist peptides of human interferon-alpha2b isolated from phage display library inhibit interferon induced antiviral activity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:1044-50. [PMID: 16867257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To screen human interferon (IFN)-alpha2b antagonist peptides from a phage displayed heptapeptide library. METHODS WISH cells and polyclonal anti-IFN-alpha2b antibodies were used to select IFN receptor-binding peptides from a phage displayed heptapeptide library. The specific binding of phage clones was examined by phage ELISA and immunohistochemistry. The specific binding activities of synthetic peptides to WISH cells were detected by competition assay. Effects of synthetic peptides to IFN-induced antiviral activity were analyzed by evaluating the cytopathic effect (CPE) using the MTT method. RESULTS Twenty-three positive clones were obtained after seven rounds of selection. Ten clones were randomly picked from the positive clones and were sequenced. The corresponding amino acid sequences suggested 3 groups homologous to the 3 domains of IFN-alpha2b, defined by residues 24-41, 43-49, and 148-158 of IFN-alpha2b. As they presented as corresponding to IFN receptor-binding domains, AB loop and E helix, clone No 26 and 35 were chosen for further characterization and shown to bind to WISH cells. Two peptides corresponding to clone No 26 and 35, designated SP-7(SLSPGLP) and FY-7(FSAPVRY) were shown to compete with GFP-IFN-alpha2b for binding to its receptor and to inhibit the IFN-alpha2b-induced antiviral activity. CONCLUSION Both IFN-alpha2b antagonist peptides, SP-7 and FY-7, were able to inhibit the IFN-induced antiviral activity, and could be helpful in laying the foundation for the molecular mechanism of the interaction between IFN and its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Tian
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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16
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Abstract
The recognition that a multitude of interferon (IFN)- inducible genes are coordinately expressed in peripheral blood cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has contributed to considerable interest in the IFN pathway as a therapeutic target in lupus. Together with data that have accumulated over the past four decades implicating IFN-alpha in SLE, the gene expression data have resulted in emergence of this cytokine pathway as a focal point for understanding mechanisms of autoimmunity and inflammation in systemic autoimmune diseases. Assays that measure IFN-inducible gene expression in patient cells and tissues and plasma assays that quantify IFN-alpha protein are providing tools for identification of patients with active disease and who may be responsive to inhibition of the innate immune system component of the altered immune response in SLE. In addition, investigations of the mechanisms of induction of IFN pathway activation are suggesting clues to the triggers of autoimmunity in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Crow
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Rönnblom L, Eloranta ML, Alm GV. The type I interferon system in systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:408-20. [PMID: 16447217 DOI: 10.1002/art.21571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
Type 1A diabetes (T1D) is caused by autoimmune islet beta cell destruction precipitated by environmental triggers in genetically predisposed individuals. Islet beta cells produce insulin and are the primary target of this autoimmune disorder. Insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and insulinoma associated-2 autoantibodies (IAA, GAD65, and IA-2) are the autoantibodies that have been associated most clearly with the development of T1D. Despite our current ability to predict T1D using genetic markers and detecting islet autoantibodies, we have yet to find a safe way to prevent the disease. However, there are more than 100 different therapies that prevent T1D in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model or the BioBreeding (BB) rats. This paper reviews a few select therapeutic approaches that have been or are being evaluated as possibilities for the prevention, amelioration, or cure of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Aly
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
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20
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Meissner NN, Swain S, Tighe M, Harmsen A, Harmsen A. Role of type I IFNs in pulmonary complications of Pneumocystis murina infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:5462-71. [PMID: 15843544 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.9.5462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy, pulmonary complications in AIDS are a common clinical problem. Pneumocystis jiroveci infection causes a life-threatening pneumonia, especially in individuals with CD4 T cell deficiencies as occurs in AIDS. Although Pneumocystis sp. is an extracellular fungal pathogen, CD8 T cells are the predominant lymphocyte recruited to the lung in CD4-deficient humans and mice during Pneumocystis pneumonia, and we have found that these CD8 T cells are responsible for subsequent lung damage in CD4 T cell-depleted mice. Comparing CD4 T cell-depleted IFN-alpha receptor knockout (KO) mice to wild-type mice, we found that this CD8 T cell recruitment and lung damage is type I IFN (IFN-alphabeta) dependent. However, in both CD4 competent, wild-type and IFN-alpha receptor (IFNAR) KO mice, Pneumocystis infection leads to an eosinophilic granulocyte influx with bronchial epithelial changes as seen in asthma. This response is delayed in IFNAR KO mice, as is pathogen clearance. Although the inflammation is transient in wild-type animals and resolves upon Pneumocystis clearance, it is more severe and persists through day 35 postinfection in IFNAR KO mice, leading to fibrosis. In addition, IFNAR KO, but not wild-type, mice mount a Pneumocystis-specific IgE response, an indicator of allergic sensitization. Thus, in the absence of IFNAR signaling and CD4 T cells, Pneumocystis-mediated lung damage does not occur, whereas in CD4-competent animals, the absence of IFNAR signaling results in an exacerbated Th2 response, asthma-like symptoms, and fibrosis. Therefore, both CD4 T cell- and type I IFN-mediated mechanisms can determine pulmonary complications from Pneumocystis infection.
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MESH Headings
- Allergens/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Fungal/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Immunoglobulin E/biosynthesis
- Interferon-alpha/metabolism
- Interferon-alpha/physiology
- Interferon-beta/physiology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/microbiology
- Lung/pathology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Pneumocystis/immunology
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/genetics
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/immunology
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/pathology
- Pulmonary Eosinophilia/immunology
- Pulmonary Eosinophilia/microbiology
- Pulmonary Eosinophilia/pathology
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole N Meissner
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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21
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Xing JL, Yang XM, Zhang SH, Yao XY, Liang RA, Chen ZN. Construction of a universal expression vector for human-mouse chimeric Fab antibody and expression of chimeric Fab antibody against human hepatoma associated antigen HAb18G. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:271-275. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i2.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct a universal expression vector for human-mouse chimeric Fab antibody and to use it for construction and expression of human-mouse chimeric Fab antibody against human hepatoma associated antigen HAb18G.
METHODS: Human IgG3 CH1 and Cκgenes were amplified by PCR with Specific primers and cloned into vector pComb3 to construct a human-mouse chimeric Fab antibody universal expression vector pComb3C. Then, the Vκ and VH genes of mAb HAb18 were amplified by PCR using Specific primers and cloned into the expression vector pComb3-cFab. After gIII was cut away, the secretory expression vector pComb3C/cFab containing chimeric Fab antibody gene of HAb18 was constructed and transfected into competent E. Coli. And then, the antibody induction expression by IPTG was conducted. The locaeization of expression products was detected by sandwich ELISA. Finally, The expression product was purified by affinity chromatography and the antigen-binding Specificity and affinity of the expression product were tested by ELISA and immunofluorescence staining.
RESULTS: Human IgG3 CH1 and Cκgenes were correctly inserted into vector pComb3 by nucleotide sequencing and restriction endonucleases digestion, with the size of 324bp and 333 bp, and chimeric Fab gene of mAb HAb18 was successfully constructed and expressed in E. Coli. The molecular mass of expression product was about 45 ku. It was mainly located in the periplasm. The results of ELISA and immunofluorescence staining showed that the expressed chimeric Fab contained human antibody fragment and had Specific antigen-binding activity, and its affinity was about 10% of parental antibody HAb18.
CONCLUSION: We have successfully constructed a universal expression vector for human-mouse chimeric Fab antibody. Based on this result, a small molecule of chimeric Fab antibody against human hepatoma is prepared, which lays a foundation for its further application into diagnosis and therapy of human hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Schmidt KN, Leung B, Kwong M, Zarember KA, Satyal S, Navas TA, Wang F, Godowski PJ. APC-Independent Activation of NK Cells by the Toll-Like Receptor 3 Agonist Double-Stranded RNA. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 172:138-43. [PMID: 14688319 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a fundamental role in the recognition of bacteria and viruses. TLR3 is activated by viral dsRNA and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a synthetic mimetic of viral RNA. We show that NK cells, known for their capacity to eliminate virally infected cells, express TLR3 and up-regulate TLR3 mRNA upon poly(I:C) stimulation. Treatment of highly purified NK cells with poly(I:C) significantly augments NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Poly(I:C) stimulation also leads to up-regulation of activation marker CD69 on NK cells. Furthermore, NK cells respond to poly(I:C) by producing proinflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and IL-8, as well as the antiviral cytokine IFN-gamma. The induction of cytokine production by NK cells was preceded by activation of NF-kappaB. We conclude that the ability of NK cells to directly recognize and respond to viral products is important in mounting effective antiviral responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Humans
- Interferon Type I/biosynthesis
- Interferon Type I/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/agonists
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/physiology
- Poly I-C/pharmacology
- RNA, Double-Stranded/pharmacology
- RNA, Double-Stranded/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/agonists
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 3
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin N Schmidt
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., MS #63, One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Blomberg S, Eloranta ML, Magnusson M, Alm GV, Rönnblom L. Expression of the markers BDCA-2 and BDCA-4 and production of interferon-alpha by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 48:2524-32. [PMID: 13130472 DOI: 10.1002/art.11225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the expression of blood dendritic cell antigen 2 (BDCA-2) and BDCA-4 molecules by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) in the blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to study PDC production of interferon-alpha (IFN alpha) and its inhibition by anti-BDCA-2 and anti-BDCA-4 antibodies. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SLE patients (SLE PBMCs) and from healthy controls were induced to produce IFN alpha in vitro by SLE serum containing an endogenous IFN alpha-inducing factor (SLE-IIF) or by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The frequencies and numbers of BDCA-2-, BDCA-3-, and BDCA-4-expressing cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, and the effects of anti-BDCA-2 and anti-BDCA-4 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) on IFN alpha production were investigated. RESULTS IFN alpha production by SLE PBMCs induced by SLE-IIF or HSV-1 was decreased compared with that of healthy control PBMCs (P = 0.002 and P = 0.0007, respectively). The proportions of BDCA-2- and BDCA-3-expressing cells in SLE PBMCs were reduced compared with those in PBMCs from healthy controls (P = 0.01 and P = 0.004, respectively). IFN alpha producers in culture, especially among SLE PBMCs, displayed reduced BDCA-2 expression and constituted only a minority of the BDCA-2-positive cells, at least in healthy control PBMCs (median 18%). IFN alpha production by both SLE and healthy control PBMCs stimulated by SLE-IIF or HSV-1 was markedly reduced by anti-BDCA-2 mAb (median 81-98% inhibition). Anti-BDCA-4 mAb only partially inhibited SLE-IIF-induced IFN alpha production. CONCLUSION SLE patients had a reduced number of BDCA-2-expressing PDCs, also termed natural IFN alpha-producing cells, and their IFN alpha production could be inhibited by anti-BDCA-2/4 mAb. Such mAb may be a therapeutic option for inhibiting the ongoing IFN alpha production in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Blomberg
- Immunology (V), Biomedical Center, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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24
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Crow MK. Interferon-alpha: a new target for therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus? ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 48:2396-401. [PMID: 13130457 DOI: 10.1002/art.11226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Stewart TA. Neutralizing interferon alpha as a therapeutic approach to autoimmune diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2003; 14:139-54. [PMID: 12651225 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(02)00088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies directed against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and against the human EGF receptor-2 (HER2) receptor for the treatment of breast cancer have provided significant clinical benefit for the patients. The success of these antibodies has also provided strong support for the possibility that increased activity of cytokines or growth factors is causally implicated in a variety of human diseases. Interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) is induced by viruses (linked by epidemiological studies to autoimmune diseases), has significant direct effects on both epithelial cells and the immune system, and then can be further induced by the autoantibodies and apoptotic cells generated by the actions of IFN-alpha. The direct and deleterious impact on target tissues, the ability to induce an autoimmune response, and the potential for a self-sustaining cycle of induction and damage suggests that IFN-alpha could be a pivotal factor in the development of autoimmune diseases. This review will evaluate the rationale for, possible approaches to, and safety concerns associated with, targeting interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. While the approach may be applicable to several autoimmune diseases, there will be an emphasis on systemic lupus erythematosus and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Stewart
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Rönnblom L, Alm GV. Systemic lupus erythematosus and the type I interferon system. Arthritis Res Ther 2003; 5:68-75. [PMID: 12718746 PMCID: PMC165035 DOI: 10.1186/ar625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2002] [Accepted: 12/20/2002] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have ongoing interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) production and serum IFN-alpha levels are correlated with both disease activity and severity. Recent studies of patients with SLE have demonstrated the presence of endogenous IFN-alpha inducers in such individuals, consisting of small immune complexes (ICs) containing IgG and DNA. These ICs act specifically on natural IFN-alpha-producing cells (NIPCs), often termed plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs). Given the fact that the NIPC/PDC has a key role in both the innate and adaptive immune response, as well as the many immunoregulatory effects of IFN-alpha, these observations might be important for the understanding of the etiopathogenesis of SLE. In this review we briefly describe the biology of the type I IFN system, with emphasis on inducers, producing cells (especially NIPCs/PDCs), IFN-alpha actions and target immune cells that might be relevant in SLE. On the basis of this information and results from studies in SLE patients, we propose a hypothesis that explains how NIPCs/PDCs become activated and have a pivotal etiopathogenic role in SLE. This hypothesis also indicates new therapeutic targets in this autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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27
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Abstract
Prolonged exposure of the immune system to type I interferons (IFN-alpha/beta/omega) in patients receiving IFN-alpha therapy frequently results in development of autoantibodies and autoimmune disease. This is attributed to the many immunostimulatory effects of these cytokines. Patients with the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have an ongoing IFN-alpha production. Recent studies of SLE demonstrated the presence of endogenous IFN-alpha inducers, acting specifically on natural IFN-alpha producing cells (NIPC), often termed plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC). These IFN-alpha inducers were potent, present at the blood level, and characterized as immune complexes that contained DNA and IgG as essential components. They were considered a likely reason for the activated IFN-alpha production in SLE, which, in turn, might be an important etiopathogenic factor. Here, we briefly review the biology of the type I IFN system, with emphasis on inducers, producing cells (especially NIPC/PDC), IFN-alpha actions, and target immune cells, which might be relevant in SLE. Based on such information and results from studies in SLE patients, we propose a hypothesis that explains how NIPC/PDC become activated and play a pivotal etiopathogenic role in SLE and perhaps also other autoimmune diseases. This hypothesis furthermore indicates new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Rönnblom L, Alm GV. A pivotal role for the natural interferon alpha-producing cells (plasmacytoid dendritic cells) in the pathogenesis of lupus. J Exp Med 2001; 194:F59-63. [PMID: 11748288 PMCID: PMC2193578 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.12.f59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, University Hospital, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
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