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Sharova V, Ignatiuk V, Izvolskaia M, Zakharova L. Disruption of Intranasal GnRH Neuronal Migration Route into the Brain Induced by Proinflammatory Cytokine IL-6: Ex Vivo and In Vivo Rodent Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15983. [PMID: 37958965 PMCID: PMC10648422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune activation results in altered levels of cytokines in the maternal-fetal system, which has a negative impact on fetal development, including the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) system, which is crucial for the reproduction. Suppression of GnRH-neuron migration may be associated with cytokine imbalances, and primarily with proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6. This study aimed to determine the effects of IL-6 and monoclonal antibody to IL-6 or IL-6R or polyclonal IgG on the formation of migration route of GnRH-neurons in ex vivo and in vivo rodent models on day 11.5 of embryonic development. The increased level of IL-6 in mouse nasal explants suppressed peripherin-positive fiber outgrowth, while this led to an increase in the number of GnRH-neurons in the nose and olfactory bulbs and a decrease in their number in the fetal brain. This effect is likely to be realized via IL-6 receptors along the olfactory nerves. The suppressive effect of IL-6 was diminished by monoclonal antibodies to IL-6 or its receptors and by IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Sharova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Shirosaki Y, Fregnan F, Muratori L, Yasutomi S, Geuna S, Raimondo S. The Impact of the Molecular Weight of Degradation Products with Silicon from Porous Chitosan-Siloxane Hybrids on Neuronal Cell Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3272. [PMID: 37571166 PMCID: PMC10422348 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is an essential trace element in the human body and it exists in connective tissue as aqueous orthosilicic acid. Porous chitosan-3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) hybrids can regenerate nerve tissue and recover sensor and motor functions. However, the structures and roles of the degradation products with Si extracted from the hybrids in nerve regeneration are not clear. In this study, we prepared porous chitosan-GPTMS hybrids with different amounts of GPTMS to amino groups of chitosan (chitosan:GPTMS = 1:0.5 and 1:1 molar ratios). The structures of the degradation products with Si from the hybrids were examined using time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and biological assessments were conducted in order to evaluate their potential use in the preparation of devices for nerve repair. Glial and motor cell lines and ex vivo explants of dorsal root ganglia were used in this study for evaluating their behavior in the presence of the different degradation products with Si. The structure of the degradation products with Si depended on the starting composition. The results showed that glial cell proliferation was lower in the medium with the higher-molecular-weight degradation products with Si. Moreover, motor cell line differentiation and the neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion explants were improved with the lower-molecular-weight degradation products with Si. The results obtained could be useful for designing a new nerve regeneration scaffold including silicon components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shirosaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu 804-8550, Japan
| | - Federica Fregnan
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences and Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (F.F.); (L.M.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Luisa Muratori
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences and Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (F.F.); (L.M.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Saki Yasutomi
- Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu 804-8550, Japan
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences and Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (F.F.); (L.M.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences and Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (F.F.); (L.M.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
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Chung WCJ, Tsai PS. The initiation and maintenance of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron identity in congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1166132. [PMID: 37181038 PMCID: PMC10173152 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1166132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons that secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) drive vertebrate reproduction. Genetic lesions that disrupt these neurons in humans lead to congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) and reproductive failure. Studies on CHH have largely focused on the disruption of prenatal GnRH neuronal migration and postnatal GnRH secretory activity. However, recent evidence suggests a need to also focus on how GnRH neurons initiate and maintain their identity during prenatal and postnatal periods. This review will provide a brief overview of what is known about these processes and several gaps in our knowledge, with an emphasis on how disruption of GnRH neuronal identity can lead to CHH phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson CJ Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Pei-San Tsai
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
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Shostak DM, Constantin S, Flannery J, Wray S. Acetylcholine regulation of GnRH neuronal activity: A circuit in the medial septum. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1147554. [PMID: 36950690 PMCID: PMC10025473 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1147554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-secreting neurons control fertility by regulating gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary. While it is known that acetylcholine (ACh) influences GnRH secretion, whether the effect is direct or indirect, and the specific ACh receptor (AChR) subtype(s) involved remain unclear. Here, we determined 1) whether ACh can modulate GnRH cellular activity and 2) a source of ACh afferents contacting GnRH neurons. Calcium imaging was used to assay GnRH neuronal activity. With GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission blocked, subtype-specific AChR agonists and antagonists were applied to identify direct regulation of GnRH neurons. ACh and nicotine caused a rise in calcium that declined gradually back to baseline after 5-6 min. This response was mimicked by an alpha3-specific agonist. In contrast, muscarine inhibited GnRH calcium oscillations, and blocking M2 and M4 together prevented this inhibition. Labeling for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and GnRH revealed ChAT fibers contacting GnRH neurons, primarily in the medial septum (MS), and in greater number in females than males. ChAT positive cells in the MS are known to express p75NGFRs. Labeling for p75NGFR, ChAT and GnRH indicated that ChAT fibers contacting GnRH cells originate from cholinergic cells within these same rostral areas. Together, these results indicate that cholinergic cells in septal areas can directly regulate GnRH neurons.
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Abot A, Robert V, Fleurot R, Dardente H, Hellier V, Froment P, Duittoz A, Knauf C, Dufourny L. How does apelin affect LH levels? An investigation at the level of GnRH and KNDy neurons. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 557:111752. [PMID: 35973528 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic control of reproduction relies on GnRH and kisspeptin (KP) secretions. KP neurons are sensitive to sex steroids and metabolic status and their distribution overlaps with neurons producing apelin, a metabolic hormone known to decrease LH secretion in rats. Here, we observed neuroanatomical contacts between apelin fibers and both KP and GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus of male rodents. Intracerebroventricular apelin infusion for 2 weeks in male mice did not decrease LH levels nor did it affect gene expression for KP, neurokinin B and dynorphin. Finally, increasing apelin concentrations did not modulate Ca2+ levels of cultured GnRH neurons, while 10 μM apelin infusion on forskolin pretreated GnRH neurons revoked a rhythmic activity in 18% of GnRH neurons. These results suggest that acute apelin effect on LH secretion does not involve modulation of gene expression in KP neurons but may affect the secretory activity of GnRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Abot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), CHU Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, International Laboratory NeuroMicrobiota, CS 60039, 31024, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Vincent Robert
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Renaud Fleurot
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Hugues Dardente
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Vincent Hellier
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Froment
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anne Duittoz
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Claude Knauf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), CHU Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, International Laboratory NeuroMicrobiota, CS 60039, 31024, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Laurence Dufourny
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.
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Carta G, Fornasari BE, Fregnan F, Ronchi G, De Zanet S, Muratori L, Nato G, Fogli M, Gambarotta G, Geuna S, Raimondo S. Neurodynamic Treatment Promotes Mechanical Pain Modulation in Sensory Neurons and Nerve Regeneration in Rats. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061296. [PMID: 35740318 PMCID: PMC9220043 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Somatic nerve injuries are a rising problem leading to disability associated with neuropathic pain commonly reported as mechanical allodynia (MA) and hyperalgesia. These symptoms are strongly dependent on specific processes in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Neurodynamic treatment (NDT), consisting of selective uniaxial nerve repeated tension protocols, effectively reduces pain and disability in neuropathic pain patients even though the biological mechanisms remain poorly characterized. We aimed to define, both in vivo and ex vivo, how NDT could promote nerve regeneration and modulate some processes in the DRG linked to MA and hyperalgesia. Methods: We examined in Wistar rats, after unilateral median and ulnar nerve crush, the therapeutic effects of NDT and the possible protective effects of NDT administered for 10 days before the injury. We adopted an ex vivo model of DRG organotypic explant subjected to NDT to explore the selective effects on DRG cells. Results: Behavioural tests, morphological and morphometrical analyses, and gene and protein expression analyses were performed, and these tests revealed that NDT promotes nerve regeneration processes, speeds up sensory motor recovery, and modulates mechanical pain by affecting, in the DRG, the expression of TACAN, a mechanosensitive receptor shared between humans and rats responsible for MA and hyperalgesia. The ex vivo experiments have shown that NDT increases neurite regrowth and confirmed the modulation of TACAN. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study on the biological and molecular mechanisms induced by NDT will allow the exploration, in future clinical trials, of its efficacy in different conditions of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Carta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (B.E.F.); (G.R.); (S.D.Z.); (L.M.); (G.G.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.)
- Department of Rehabilitation, ASST (Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriali) Nord Milano, Sesto San Giovanni Hospital, Sesto San Giovanni, 20099 Milano, Italy
| | - Benedetta Elena Fornasari
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (B.E.F.); (G.R.); (S.D.Z.); (L.M.); (G.G.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Federica Fregnan
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (B.E.F.); (G.R.); (S.D.Z.); (L.M.); (G.G.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)1-1670-5433; Fax: +39-(0)1-1903-8639
| | - Giulia Ronchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (B.E.F.); (G.R.); (S.D.Z.); (L.M.); (G.G.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Stefano De Zanet
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (B.E.F.); (G.R.); (S.D.Z.); (L.M.); (G.G.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Luisa Muratori
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (B.E.F.); (G.R.); (S.D.Z.); (L.M.); (G.G.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Giulia Nato
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.)
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Fogli
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.)
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gambarotta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (B.E.F.); (G.R.); (S.D.Z.); (L.M.); (G.G.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (B.E.F.); (G.R.); (S.D.Z.); (L.M.); (G.G.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (B.E.F.); (G.R.); (S.D.Z.); (L.M.); (G.G.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.)
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Keen KL, Petersen AJ, Figueroa AG, Fordyce BI, Shin J, Yadav R, Erdin S, Pearce RA, Talkowski ME, Bhattacharyya A, Terasawa E. Physiological Characterization and Transcriptomic Properties of GnRH Neurons Derived From Human Stem Cells. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6298609. [PMID: 34125902 PMCID: PMC8294693 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the hypothalamus play a key role in the regulation of reproductive function. In this study, we sought an efficient method for generating GnRH neurons from human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hESC and hiPSC, respectively). First, we found that exposure of primitive neuroepithelial cells, rather than neuroprogenitor cells, to fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), was more effective in generating GnRH neurons. Second, addition of kisspeptin to FGF8 further increased the efficiency rates of GnRH neurogeneration. Third, we generated a fluorescent marker mCherry labeled human embryonic GnRH cell line (mCh-hESC) using a CRISPR-Cas9 targeting approach. Fourth, we examined physiological characteristics of GnRH (mCh-hESC) neurons: similar to GnRH neurons in vivo, they released the GnRH peptide in a pulsatile manner at ~60 min intervals; GnRH release increased in response to high potassium, kisspeptin, estradiol, and neurokinin B challenges; and injection of depolarizing current induced action potentials. Finally, we characterized developmental changes in transcriptomes of GnRH neurons using hESC, hiPSC, and mCh-hESC. The developmental pattern of transcriptomes was remarkably similar among the 3 cell lines. Collectively, human stem cell-derived GnRH neurons will be an important tool for establishing disease models to understand diseases, such as idiopathic hypothalamic hypogonadism, and testing contraceptive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Keen
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrew J Petersen
- Waisman Center, Graduate School, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alexander G Figueroa
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Benjamin I Fordyce
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jaeweon Shin
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Serkan Erdin
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert A Pearce
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anita Bhattacharyya
- Waisman Center, Graduate School, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ei Terasawa
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Correspondence: Ei Terasawa, PhD, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, 1223 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715-1299, USA.
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Nitric oxide resets kisspeptin-excited GnRH neurons via PIP2 replenishment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2012339118. [PMID: 33443156 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012339118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fertility relies upon pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) that drives pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion. Kisspeptin (KP) neurons in the arcuate nucleus are at the center of the GnRH pulse generation and the steroid feedback control of GnRH secretion. However, KP evokes a long-lasting response in GnRH neurons that is hard to reconcile with periodic GnRH activity required to drive GnRH pulses. Using calcium imaging, we show that 1) the tetrodotoxin-insensitive calcium response evoked by KP relies upon the ongoing activity of canonical transient receptor potential channels maintaining voltage-gated calcium channels in an activated state, 2) the duration of the calcium response is determined by the rate of resynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and 3) nitric oxide terminates the calcium response by facilitating the resynthesis of PIP2 via the canonical pathway guanylyl cyclase/3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate/protein kinase G. In addition, our data indicate that exposure to nitric oxide after KP facilitates the calcium response to a subsequent KP application. This effect was replicated using electrophysiology on GnRH neurons in acute brain slices. The interplay between KP and nitric oxide signaling provides a mechanism for modulation of the refractory period of GnRH neurons after KP exposure and places nitric oxide as an important component for tonic GnRH neuronal pulses.
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Constantin S, Pizano K, Matson K, Shan Y, Reynolds D, Wray S. An Inhibitory Circuit From Brainstem to GnRH Neurons in Male Mice: A New Role for the RFRP Receptor. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6132086. [PMID: 33564881 PMCID: PMC8016070 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RFamide-related peptides (RFRPs, mammalian orthologs of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone) convey circadian, seasonal, and social cues to the reproductive system. They regulate gonadotropin secretion by modulating gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons via the RFRP receptor. Mice lacking this receptor are fertile but exhibit abnormal gonadotropin responses during metabolic challenges, such as acute fasting, when the normal drop in gonadotropin levels is delayed. Although it is known that these food intake signals to the reproductive circuit originate in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the brainstem, the phenotype of the neurons conveying the signal remains unknown. Given that neuropeptide FF (NPFF), another RFamide peptide, resides in the NTS and can bind to the RFRP receptor, we hypothesized that NPFF may regulate GnRH neurons. To address this question, we used a combination of techniques: cell-attached electrophysiology on GnRH-driven green fluorescent protein-tagged neurons in acute brain slices; calcium imaging on cultured GnRH neurons; and immunostaining on adult brain tissue. We found (1) NPFF inhibits GnRH neuron excitability via the RFRP receptor and its canonical signaling pathway (Gi/o protein and G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels), (2) NPFF-like fibers in the vicinity of GnRH neurons coexpress neuropeptide Y, (3) the majority of NPFF-like cell bodies in the NTS also coexpress neuropeptide Y, and (4) acute fasting increased NPFF-like immunoreactivity in the NTS. Together these data indicate that NPFF neurons within the NTS inhibit GnRH neurons, and thus reproduction, during fasting but prior to the energy deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Constantin
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3703, USA
| | - Katherine Pizano
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3703, USA
| | - Kaya Matson
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3703, USA
| | - Yufei Shan
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3703, USA
| | - Daniel Reynolds
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3703, USA
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3703, USA
- Correspondence: Dr. Susan Wray, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive MSC 3703, Building 35, Room 3A1012, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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10
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Shan Y, Farmer SM, Wray S. Drebrin regulates cytoskeleton dynamics in migrating neurons through interaction with CXCR4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2009493118. [PMID: 33414275 PMCID: PMC7826346 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009493118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) are regulators of neuronal migration (e.g., GnRH neurons, cortical neurons, and hippocampal granule cells). However, how SDF-1/CXCR4 alters cytoskeletal components remains unclear. Developmentally regulated brain protein (drebrin) stabilizes actin polymerization, interacts with microtubule plus ends, and has been proposed to directly interact with CXCR4 in T cells. The current study examined, in mice, whether CXCR4 under SDF-1 stimulation interacts with drebrin to facilitate neuronal migration. Bioinformatic prediction of protein-protein interaction highlighted binding sites between drebrin and crystallized CXCR4. In migrating GnRH neurons, drebrin, CXCR4, and the microtubule plus-end binding protein EB1 were localized close to the cell membrane. Coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) confirmed a direct interaction between drebrin and CXCR4 using wild-type E14.5 whole head and a GnRH cell line. Analysis of drebrin knockout (DBN1 KO) mice showed delayed migration of GnRH cells into the brain. A decrease in hippocampal granule cells was also detected, and co-IP confirmed a direct interaction between drebrin and CXCR4 in PN4 hippocampi. Migration assays on primary neurons established that inhibiting drebrin (either pharmacologically or using cells from DBN1 KO mice) prevented the effects of SDF-1 on neuronal movement. Bioinformatic prediction then identified binding sites between drebrin and the microtubule plus end protein, EB1, and super-resolution microscopy revealed decreased EB1 and drebrin coexpression after drebrin inhibition. Together, these data show a mechanism by which a chemokine, via a membrane receptor, communicates with the intracellular cytoskeleton in migrating neurons during central nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Shan
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stephen Matthew Farmer
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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11
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Zakharova L, Sharova V, Izvolskaia M. Mechanisms of Reciprocal Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)-Producing and Immune Systems: The Role of GnRH, Cytokines and Their Receptors in Early Ontogenesis in Normal and Pathological Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010114. [PMID: 33374337 PMCID: PMC7795970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Different aspects of the reciprocal regulatory influence on the development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-producing- and immune systems in the perinatal ontogenesis and their functioning in adults in normal and pathological conditions are discussed. The influence of GnRH on the development of the immune system, on the one hand, and the influence of proinflammatory cytokines on the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system, on the other hand, and their functioning in adult offspring are analyzed. We have focused on the effects of GnRH on the formation and functional activity of the thymus, as the central organ of the immune system, in the perinatal period. The main mechanisms of reciprocal regulation of these systems are discussed. The reproductive health of an individual is programmed by the establishment and development of physiological systems during critical periods. Regulatory epigenetic mechanisms of development are not strictly genetically controlled. These processes are characterized by a high sensitivity to various regulatory factors, which provides possible corrections for disorders.
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12
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The Peripherin Gene Regulates the Migration of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Wuzhishan Mini Pigs. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8856388. [PMID: 33101422 PMCID: PMC7576346 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8856388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing the migratory capacity of the implanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a major challenge in developing successful cell transplantation therapies. Nevertheless, the regulatory factors involved in the migration of BMMSCs remain largely unknown. In this study, we studied the role of the peripherin (PRPH) gene in regulating the ability of Wuzhishan mini pig (WZSP) BMMSCs to migrate in vitro. Four different shRNA vectors directed against PRPH were designed and transfected into BMMSCs. The vector with the best interference effect was chosen to be used in the following experiments. The expression level of PRPH in BMMSCs was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis. The migration capacity of the BMMSCs was estimated using a scratch assay, a transwell in vitro migration model assay, and filamentous actin staining. The results showed that shRNA-mediated knockdown of the expression of the PRPH gene in BMMSCs reduced the ability of these cells to migrate. Overall, these results illustrate that the PRPH gene regulates the migration of BMMSCs in the WZSP.
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13
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Vanacker C, Trova S, Shruti S, Casoni F, Messina A, Croizier S, Malone S, Ternier G, Hanchate NK, Rasika S, Bouret SG, Ciofi P, Giacobini P, Prevot V. Neuropilin-1 expression in GnRH neurons regulates prepubertal weight gain and sexual attraction. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104633. [PMID: 32761635 PMCID: PMC7527814 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic neurons expressing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the "master molecule" regulating reproduction and fertility, migrate from their birthplace in the nose to their destination using a system of guidance cues, which include the semaphorins and their receptors, the neuropilins and plexins, among others. Here, we show that selectively deleting neuropilin-1 in new GnRH neurons enhances their survival and migration, resulting in excess neurons in the hypothalamus and in their unusual accumulation in the accessory olfactory bulb, as well as an acceleration of mature patterns of activity. In female mice, these alterations result in early prepubertal weight gain, premature attraction to male odors, and precocious puberty. Our findings suggest that rather than being influenced by peripheral energy state, GnRH neurons themselves, through neuropilin-semaphorin signaling, might engineer the timing of puberty by regulating peripheral adiposity and behavioral switches, thus acting as a bridge between the reproductive and metabolic axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Vanacker
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Sara Trova
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Sonal Shruti
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Filippo Casoni
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Andrea Messina
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Sophie Croizier
- Center for Integrative GenomicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Samuel Malone
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Gaetan Ternier
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Naresh Kumar Hanchate
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - S Rasika
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Sebastien G Bouret
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Philippe Ciofi
- Inserm U1215Neurocentre MagendieBordeauxFrance
- Université de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
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14
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Messina A, Pulli K, Santini S, Acierno J, Känsäkoski J, Cassatella D, Xu C, Casoni F, Malone SA, Ternier G, Conte D, Sidis Y, Tommiska J, Vaaralahti K, Dwyer A, Gothilf Y, Merlo GR, Santoni F, Niederländer NJ, Giacobini P, Raivio T, Pitteloud N. Neuron-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Is Mutated in Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 106:58-70. [PMID: 31883645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by infertility and the absence of puberty. Defects in GnRH neuron migration or altered GnRH secretion and/or action lead to a severe gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency. Given the close developmental association of GnRH neurons with the olfactory primary axons, CHH is often associated with anosmia or hyposmia, in which case it is defined as Kallmann syndrome (KS). The genetics of CHH are heterogeneous, and >40 genes are involved either alone or in combination. Several CHH-related genes controlling GnRH ontogeny encode proteins containing fibronectin-3 (FN3) domains, which are important for brain and neural development. Therefore, we hypothesized that defects in other FN3-superfamily genes would underlie CHH. Next-generation sequencing was performed for 240 CHH unrelated probands and filtered for rare, protein-truncating variants (PTVs) in FN3-superfamily genes. Compared to gnomAD controls the CHH cohort was statistically enriched for PTVs in neuron-derived neurotrophic factor (NDNF) (p = 1.40 × 10-6). Three heterozygous PTVs (p.Lys62∗, p.Tyr128Thrfs∗55, and p.Trp469∗, all absent from the gnomAD database) and an additional heterozygous missense mutation (p.Thr201Ser) were found in four KS probands. Notably, NDNF is expressed along the GnRH neuron migratory route in both mouse embryos and human fetuses and enhances GnRH neuron migration. Further, knock down of the zebrafish ortholog of NDNF resulted in altered GnRH migration. Finally, mice lacking Ndnf showed delayed GnRH neuron migration and altered olfactory axonal projections to the olfactory bulb; both results are consistent with a role of NDNF in GnRH neuron development. Altogether, our results highlight NDNF as a gene involved in the GnRH neuron migration implicated in KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Messina
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristiina Pulli
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Santini
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James Acierno
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Johanna Känsäkoski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniele Cassatella
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Cheng Xu
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Casoni
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Unité 1172 Lille, 59045 Lille, France; Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy, Milan 20132, Italy; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Samuel A Malone
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Unité 1172 Lille, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Gaetan Ternier
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Unité 1172 Lille, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Daniele Conte
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Yisrael Sidis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Tommiska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Vaaralahti
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew Dwyer
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yoav Gothilf
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences and Sagol School of Neurosciences, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Giorgio R Merlo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Santoni
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas J Niederländer
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Unité 1172 Lille, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Taneli Raivio
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland.
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15
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Terasawa E. Mechanism of pulsatile GnRH release in primates: Unresolved questions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 498:110578. [PMID: 31518609 PMCID: PMC6944307 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pulsatility of GnRH release is essential for reproductive function. The key events in reproductive function, such as puberty onset and ovulatory cycles, are regulated by the frequency and amplitude modulation of pulsatile GnRH release. Abnormal patterns of GnRH pulsatility are seen in association with disease states, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome and anorexia nervosa. Recent studies with physiological, track-tracing, optogenetic and electrophysiological recording experiments indicate that a group of kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus are responsible for pulsatile GnRH release. Thus, the kisspeptin neuron in the ARC has been called the "GnRH pulse-generator." However, a few pieces of evidence do not quite fit into this concept. This article reviews some old works and discusses unresolved issues on the mechanism of GnRH pulse generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Terasawa
- AWisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53715, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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16
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Oleari R, Caramello A, Campinoti S, Lettieri A, Ioannou E, Paganoni A, Fantin A, Cariboni A, Ruhrberg C. PLXNA1 and PLXNA3 cooperate to pattern the nasal axons that guide gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Development 2019; 146:146/21/dev176461. [PMID: 31690636 DOI: 10.1242/dev.176461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons regulate puberty onset and sexual reproduction by secreting GnRH to activate and maintain the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. During embryonic development, GnRH neurons migrate along olfactory and vomeronasal axons through the nose into the brain, where they project to the median eminence to release GnRH. The secreted glycoprotein SEMA3A binds its receptors neuropilin (NRP) 1 or NRP2 to position these axons for correct GnRH neuron migration, with an additional role for the NRP co-receptor PLXNA1. Accordingly, mutations in SEMA3A, NRP1, NRP2 and PLXNA1 have been linked to defective GnRH neuron development in mice and inherited GnRH deficiency in humans. Here, we show that only the combined loss of PLXNA1 and PLXNA3 phenocopied the full spectrum of nasal axon and GnRH neuron defects of SEMA3A knockout mice. Together with Plxna1, the human orthologue of Plxna3 should therefore be investigated as a candidate gene for inherited GnRH deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Oleari
- University of Milan, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Caramello
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Sara Campinoti
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Antonella Lettieri
- University of Milan, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Ioannou
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Alyssa Paganoni
- University of Milan, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fantin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Anna Cariboni
- University of Milan, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy .,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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17
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Cho HJ, Shan Y, Whittington NC, Wray S. Nasal Placode Development, GnRH Neuronal Migration and Kallmann Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:121. [PMID: 31355196 PMCID: PMC6637222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of Gonadotropin releasing hormone-1 (GnRH) neurons is important for a functional reproduction system in vertebrates. Disruption of GnRH results in hypogonadism and if accompanied by anosmia is termed Kallmann Syndrome (KS). From their origin in the nasal placode, GnRH neurons migrate along the olfactory-derived vomeronasal axons to the nasal forebrain junction and then turn caudally into the developing forebrain. Although research on the origin of GnRH neurons, their migration and genes associated with KS has identified multiple factors that influence development of this system, several aspects still remain unclear. This review discusses development of the olfactory system, factors that regulate GnRH neuron formation and development of the olfactory system, migration of the GnRH neurons from the nose into the brain, and mutations in humans with KS that result from disruption of normal GnRH/olfactory systems development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Cho
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yufei Shan
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Niteace C Whittington
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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18
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Malone SA, Papadakis GE, Messina A, Mimouni NEH, Trova S, Imbernon M, Allet C, Cimino I, Acierno J, Cassatella D, Xu C, Quinton R, Szinnai G, Pigny P, Alonso-Cotchico L, Masgrau L, Maréchal JD, Prevot V, Pitteloud N, Giacobini P. Defective AMH signaling disrupts GnRH neuron development and function and contributes to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. eLife 2019; 8:47198. [PMID: 31291191 PMCID: PMC6620045 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a condition characterized by absent puberty and infertility due to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency, which is often associated with anosmia (Kallmann syndrome, KS). We identified loss-of-function heterozygous mutations in anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and its receptor, AMHR2, in 3% of CHH probands using whole-exome sequencing. We showed that during embryonic development, AMH is expressed in migratory GnRH neurons in both mouse and human fetuses and unconvered a novel function of AMH as a pro-motility factor for GnRH neurons. Pathohistological analysis of Amhr2-deficient mice showed abnormal development of the peripheral olfactory system and defective embryonic migration of the neuroendocrine GnRH cells to the basal forebrain, which results in reduced fertility in adults. Our findings highlight a novel role for AMH in the development and function of GnRH neurons and indicate that AMH signaling insufficiency contributes to the pathogenesis of CHH in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Andrew Malone
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center (JPArc), Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1, 000 Days for Health, Lille, France
| | - Georgios E Papadakis
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Messina
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nour El Houda Mimouni
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center (JPArc), Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1, 000 Days for Health, Lille, France
| | - Sara Trova
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center (JPArc), Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1, 000 Days for Health, Lille, France
| | - Monica Imbernon
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center (JPArc), Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1, 000 Days for Health, Lille, France
| | - Cecile Allet
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center (JPArc), Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1, 000 Days for Health, Lille, France
| | - Irene Cimino
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center (JPArc), Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France
| | - James Acierno
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Cassatella
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cheng Xu
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Quinton
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gabor Szinnai
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Pigny
- CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie, Lille, France
| | - Lur Alonso-Cotchico
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Masgrau
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Vincent Prevot
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center (JPArc), Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1, 000 Days for Health, Lille, France
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center (JPArc), Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1, 000 Days for Health, Lille, France
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19
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Muratori L, Fregnan F, Ronchi G, Haastert-Talini K, Metzen J, Bertolo R, Porpiglia F, Geuna S. New basic insights on the potential of a chitosan-based medical device for improving functional recovery after radical prostatectomy. BJU Int 2019; 124:1063-1076. [PMID: 31134718 DOI: 10.1111/bju.14834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate: (i) the neuro-regenerative potential of chitosan membrane (CS-Me) on acutely axotomised autonomic neurones in vitro; (ii) to exclude the possibility that a pro-regenerative biomaterial could interfere with the proliferation activity of prostate cancer cell lines; (iii) to provide an in vivo proof of the biocompatibility and regeneration promoting effect of CS-Me in a standardised rat model of peripheral nerve injury and repair; (iv) finally, to evaluate the tissue reaction induced by the degrading material; as previous studies have shown promising effects of CS-Me for protection of the neurovascular bundles for potency recovery in patients that undergo nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy (RP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Addressing aim (i), the neuro-regenerative potential, organotypic cultures derived from primary sympathetic ganglia were cultured on CS-Me over 3 days and neurite extension and axonal sprouting were evaluated. Addressing aim (ii), effects of CS on cancer cells, different human prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, DU-145, LN-Cap) were seeded on CS-coated plates or cultured in the presence of CS-Me dissolution products. Addressing aims (iii) and (iv), functional recovery of peripheral nerve fibres and tissue reaction with the biomaterial, CS-Me and CS nerve guides were used to repair a median nerve injury in the rat. Functional recovery was evaluated during the post-recovery time by the behavioural grasping test. RESULTS CS-Me significantly stimulated axon elongation from autonomic ganglia in comparison to control conditions in organotypic three-dimensional cultures. CS coating, as well as the dissolution products of CS-Me, led to a significantly lower proliferation rate of prostate cancer cell lines in vitro. Tissue reaction towards CS-Me and standard CS nerve guides was similar in the rat median nerve model, as was the outcome of nerve fibre regeneration and functional recovery. CONCLUSION The results of this study provide the first experimental evidence in support of the clinical safety of CS-Me and of their postulated effectiveness for improving functional recovery after RP. The presented results are coherent in demonstrating that acutely axotomised autonomic neurones show increased neurite outgrowth on CS-Me substrate, whilst the same substrate reduces prostate cancer cell line proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, CS-Me do not demonstrate any disadvantage for peripheral nerve repair in a standard animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Muratori
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Federica Fregnan
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Giulia Ronchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer Metzen
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Riccardo Bertolo
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Francesco Porpiglia
- Division of Urology, Department of Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
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20
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Saadi H, Shan Y, Marazziti D, Wray S. GPR37 Signaling Modulates Migration of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Cells in Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:200. [PMID: 31143101 PMCID: PMC6521704 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, regulate reproduction. Prenatally, GnRH neurons migrate into the brain from the nasal placode along terminal nerve fibers, intermixed with olfactory sensory axons and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). An expression analysis from embryonic GnRH neurons identified the G protein-coupled receptor 37 (GPR37 or PAEL-r). GPR37 has been linked to (1) juvenile Parkinson's disease in humans, (2) oligodendrocyte differentiation, and (3) Wnt/β-catenin signaling during neurogenesis. In this study, the role of GPR37 was investigated in the developing GnRH/olfactory system. PCR and immunocytochemistry confirmed expression of GPR37 in migrating GnRH neurons as well as in OECs. Inhibition of GPR37 signaling in nasal explants attenuated GnRH neuronal migration and OEC movement. Examination of GPR37 deficient mice revealed a decrease in the olfactory bulb nerve layer and attenuated/delayed maturation and migration of GnRH neurons into the brain. These data demonstrate a developmental role for GPR37 signaling in neural migration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reproduction is controlled by gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons located in the central nervous system. Embryonically, GnRH neurons originate in the nasal/olfactory placode and migrate into the brain on axonal tracks from cells in the vomeronasal organ, intermixed with olfactory sensory axons and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). An expression analysis from embryonic GnRH neurons identified the G protein-coupled receptor 37. Here we show that inhibition of GPR37 signaling in nasal explants and mutant mice attenuated GnRH neuronal migration. Signaling via GPR37 also perturbed OEC movement, resulting in a decrease in the olfactory bulb nerve layer in vivo. Together, these results identify a new role for GPR37 signaling during development - modulating cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Saadi
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yufei Shan
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniela Marazziti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Emma-Infrafrontier-Impc, Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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21
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Schwerdtfeger LA, Tobet SA. From organotypic culture to body-on-a-chip: A neuroendocrine perspective. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12650. [PMID: 30307079 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The methods used to study neuroendocrinology have been as diverse as the discoveries to come out of the field. Maintaining live neurones outside of a body in vitro was important from the beginning, building on methods that dated back to at least the first decade of the 20th Century. Neurosecretion defines an essential foundation of neuroendocrinology based on work that began in the 1920s and 1930s. Throughout the first half of the 20th Century, many paradigms arose for studying everything from single neurones to whole organs in vitro. Two of these survived as preeminent systems for use throughout the second half of the century: cell cultures and explant systems. Slice cultures and explants that emerged as organotypic technologies included such neuroendocrine organs such as the brain, pituitary, adrenals and intestine. The vast majority of these studies were carried out in static cultures for which media were changed over a time scale of days. Tissues were used for experimental techniques such as electrical recording of neuronal physiology in single cells and observation by live microscopy. When maintained in vitro, many of these systems only partially capture the in vivo physiology of the organ system of interest, often because of a lack of cellular diversity (eg, neuronal cultures lacking glia). Modern microfluidic methodologies show promise for organ systems, ranging from the reproductive to the gastrointestinal to the brain. Moving forward and striving to understand the mechanisms that drive neuroendocrine signalling centrally and peripherally, there will always be a need to consider the heterogeneous cellular compositions of organs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Schwerdtfeger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Stuart A Tobet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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22
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Pandolfi EC, Hoffmann HM, Schoeller EL, Gorman MR, Mellon PL. Haploinsufficiency of SIX3 Abolishes Male Reproductive Behavior Through Disrupted Olfactory Development, and Impairs Female Fertility Through Disrupted GnRH Neuron Migration. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8709-8727. [PMID: 29589282 PMCID: PMC6156938 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mating behavior in males and females is dependent on olfactory cues processed through both the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and the vomeronasal organ (VNO). Signaling through the MOE is critical for the initiation of male mating behavior, and the loss of MOE signaling severely compromises this comportment. Here, we demonstrate that dosage of the homeodomain gene Six3 affects the degree of development of MOE but not the VNO. Anomalous MOE development in Six3 heterozygote mice leads to hyposmia, specifically disrupting male mounting behavior by impairing detection of volatile female estrus pheromones. Six3 is highly expressed in the MOE, main olfactory bulb (MOB), and hypothalamus; all regions essential in the proper migration of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, a key reproductive neuronal population that migrates along olfactory axons from the developing nose into the brain. Interestingly, we find that the reduction in Six3 expression in Six3 heterozygote mice compromises development of the MOE and MOB, resulting in mis-migration of GnRH neurons due to improper olfactory axon targeting. This reduction in the hypothalamic GnRH neuron population, by 45% in adulthood, leads to female subfertility, but does not impact male hormone levels, suggesting that male infertility is not related to GnRH neuron numbers, but exclusively linked to abnormal olfaction. We here determine that Six3 is haploinsufficient for MOE development, GnRH neuron migration, and fertility, and represents a novel candidate gene for Kallmann syndrome, a form of inherited infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C Pandolfi
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0674, USA
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hanne M Hoffmann
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0674, USA
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Erica L Schoeller
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0674, USA
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael R Gorman
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Pamela L Mellon
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0674, USA.
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Constantin S, Wray S. Nociceptin/Orphanin-FQ Inhibits Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons via G-Protein-Gated Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO.0161-18.2018. [PMID: 30627649 PMCID: PMC6325553 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0161-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a key feature of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) trigger GnRH neuronal activity, but how GnRH neurons return to baseline electrical activity is unknown. Nociceptin/orphanin-FQ (OFQ) is an inhibitory neuromodulator. ARC proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, known to receive inputs from ARC kisspeptin neurons, contact GnRH neurons and coexpress OFQ in the rat. In the present study, the effect of OFQ(1-13) on GnRH neurons was determined in the mouse. We identified transcripts for the OFQ receptor [opioid receptor like 1 (ORL1)] in GnRH neurons, and, using two-model systems (explants and slices), we found that OFQ exerted a potent inhibition on GnRH neurons, with or without excitatory inputs. We confirmed that the inhibition was mediated by ORL1 via Gi/o-protein coupling. The inhibition, occurring independently of levels of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate, was sensitive to inwardly rectifying potassium channels. The only specific blocker of Gi/o-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels, tertiapin-Q (TPNQ), was ineffective in the inhibition of OFQ. Two GIRK activators, one sharing the binding site of TPNQ and one active only on GIRK1-containing GIRK channels, failed to trigger an inhibition. In contrast, protein kinase C phosphorylation activation, known to inhibit GIRK2-mediated currents, prevented the OFQ inhibition. These results indicate a specific combination of GIRK subunits, GIRK2/3 in GnRH neurons. In vivo, double-labeled OFQ/POMC fibers were found in the vicinity of GnRH neurons, and OFQ fibers apposed GnRH neurons. Together, this study brings to light a potent neuromodulator of GnRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Constantin
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3703
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3703
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Dairaghi L, Flannery E, Giacobini P, Saglam A, Saadi H, Constantin S, Casoni F, Howell BW, Wray S. Reelin Can Modulate Migration of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Neurons via the Canonical Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:228. [PMID: 30127721 PMCID: PMC6088185 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
One key signaling pathway known to influence neuronal migration involves the extracellular matrix protein Reelin. Typically, signaling of Reelin occurs via apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), and the cytoplasmic adapter protein disabled 1 (Dab1). However, non-canonical Reelin signaling has been reported, though no receptors have yet been identified. Cariboni et al. (2005) indicated Dab1-independent Reelin signaling impacts gonadotropin releasing hormone-1 (GnRH) neuronal migration. GnRH cells are essential for reproduction. Prenatal migration of GnRH neurons from the nasal placode to the forebrain, juxtaposed to olfactory axons and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), has been well documented, and it is clear that alterations in migration of these cells can cause delayed or absent puberty. This study was initiated to delineate the non-canonical Reelin signaling pathways used by GnRH neurons. Chronic treatment of nasal explants with CR-50, an antibody known to interfere with Reelin homopolymerization and Dab1 phosphorylation, decreased the distance GnRH neurons and OECs migrated. Normal migration of these two cell types was observed when Reelin was co-applied with CR-50. Immunocytochemistry was performed to determine if OECs might transduce Reelin signals via the canonical pathway, and subsequently indirectly altering GnRH neuronal migration. We show that in mouse: (1) both OECs and GnRH cells express ApoER2, VLDLR and Dab1, and (2) GnRH neurons and OECs show a normal distribution in the brain of two mutant reeler lines. These results indicate that the canonical Reelin pathway is present in GnRH neurons and OECs, but that Reelin is not essential for development of these two systems in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Dairaghi
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ellen Flannery
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean Pierre Aubert Research Centre, INSERM U1172, Lille, France
| | - Aybike Saglam
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hassan Saadi
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stephanie Constantin
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Filippo Casoni
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Brian W. Howell
- Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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25
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Fornaro M, Sharthiya H, Tiwari V. Adult Mouse DRG Explant and Dissociated Cell Models to Investigate Neuroplasticity and Responses to Environmental Insults Including Viral Infection. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29578527 DOI: 10.3791/56757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes an ex vivo model of mouse-derived dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explant and in vitro DRG-derived co-culture of dissociated sensory neurons and glial satellite cells. These are useful and versatile models to investigate a variety of biological responses associated with physiological and pathological conditions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) ranging from neuron-glial interaction, neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, and viral infection. The usage of DRG explant is scientifically advantageous compared to simplistic single cells models for multiple reasons. For instance, as an organotypic culture, the DRG explant allows ex vivo transfer of an entire neuronal network including the extracellular microenvironment that play a significant role in all the neuronal and glial functions. Further, DRG explants can also be maintained ex vivo for several days and the culture conditions can be perturbed as desired. In addition, the harvested DRG can be further dissociated into an in vitro co-culture of primary sensory neurons and satellite glial cells to investigate neuronal-glial interaction, neuritogenesis, axonal cone interaction with the extracellular microenvironment, and more general, any aspect associated with the neuronal metabolism. Therefore, the DRG-explant system offers a great deal of flexibility to study a wide array of events related to biological, physiological, and pathological conditions in a cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fornaro
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine (CCOM), Midwestern University;
| | - Harsh Sharthiya
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine (CCOM), Midwestern University
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine (CCOM), Midwestern University
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26
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Hoffmann HM, Gong P, Tamrazian A, Mellon PL. Transcriptional interaction between cFOS and the homeodomain-binding transcription factor VAX1 on the GnRH promoter controls Gnrh1 expression levels in a GnRH neuron maturation specific manner. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 461:143-154. [PMID: 28890143 PMCID: PMC5756504 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is required for pubertal onset and reproduction, thus the control of GnRH transcription is tightly regulated during development and adulthood. GnRH neuron development depends on transcription factors of the homeodomain family. For example, Ventral anterior homeobox 1 (Vax1) is necessary to maintain GnRH expression after embryonic day 13 in the mouse. To further our understanding of the mechanisms by which VAX1 regulates GnRH gene expression, we asked whether VAX1 interacts with other transcription factors to modify GnRH expression levels. Using the GnRH cell lines, GN11 and GT1-7, we found that activation of PKC enhances expression of the immediate early gene cFos in both GN11, and GT1-7, and represses expression of Vax1 in GT1-7. Further, VAX1 interacts with cFOS while bound to the GnRH promoter. In immature GN11 cells, VAX1 and cFOS enhance GnRH expression, whereas VAX1 and cFOS have a repressive role in the mature GT1-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne M Hoffmann
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Ping Gong
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Anika Tamrazian
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Pamela L Mellon
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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27
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Geller S, Lomet D, Caraty A, Tillet Y, Duittoz A, Vaudin P. Rostro-caudal maturation of glial cells in the accessory olfactory system during development: involvement in outgrowth of GnRH neurites. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2596-2607. [PMID: 28973792 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
During mammalian embryonic development, GnRH neurones differentiate from the nasal placode and migrate through the nasal septum towards the forebrain. We previously showed that a category of glial cells, the olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC), forms the microenvironment of migrating GnRH neurones. Here, to characterize the quantitative and qualitative importance of this glial, we investigated the spatiotemporal maturation of glial cells in situ and the role of maturing glia in GnRH neurones development ex vivo. More than 90% of migrating GnRH neurones were found to be associated with glial cells. There was no change in the cellular microenvironment of GnRH neurones in the regions crossed during embryonic development as glial cells formed the main microenvironment of these neurones (53.4%). However, the phenotype of OEC associated with GnRH neurones changed across regions. The OEC progenitors immunoreactive to brain lipid binding protein formed the microenvironment of migrating GnRH neurones from the vomeronasal organ to the telencephalon and were also present in the diencephalon. However, during GnRH neurone migration, maturation of OEC to [GFAP+] state (glial fibrillary acid protein) was only observed in the nasal septum. Inducing depletion of OEC in maturation, using transgenic mice expressing herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase driven by the GFAP promoter, had no impact on neurogenesis or on triggering GnRH neurones migration in nasal explant culture. Nevertheless, depletion of [GFAP+] cells decreased GnRH neurites outgrowth by 57.4%. This study suggests that specific maturation of OEC in the nasal septum plays a role in morphological differentiation of GnRH neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Geller
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 0085 INRA, 7247 CNRS, Université François Rabelais de Tours, IFCE, SFR FED4226 Neuroimagerie, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Didier Lomet
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 0085 INRA, 7247 CNRS, Université François Rabelais de Tours, IFCE, SFR FED4226 Neuroimagerie, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Alain Caraty
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 0085 INRA, 7247 CNRS, Université François Rabelais de Tours, IFCE, SFR FED4226 Neuroimagerie, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Tillet
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 0085 INRA, 7247 CNRS, Université François Rabelais de Tours, IFCE, SFR FED4226 Neuroimagerie, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anne Duittoz
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 0085 INRA, 7247 CNRS, Université François Rabelais de Tours, IFCE, SFR FED4226 Neuroimagerie, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Vaudin
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 0085 INRA, 7247 CNRS, Université François Rabelais de Tours, IFCE, SFR FED4226 Neuroimagerie, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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Withdrawn: Discovering Genes Essential to the Hypothalamic Regulation of Human Reproduction Using a Human Disease Model: Adjusting to Life in the "-Omics" Era. Endocr Rev 2017. [PMID: 27454361 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1045.2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction is an intricate process requiring the exquisite coordination of an assortment of cellular networks, all converging on the GnRH neurons. These neurons have a complex life history, migrating mainly from the olfactory placode into the hypothalamus, where GnRH is secreted and acts as the master regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Much of what we know about the biology of the GnRH neurons has been aided by discoveries made using the human disease model of isolated GnRH deficiency (IGD), a family of rare Mendelian disorders that share a common failure of secretion and/or action of GnRH causing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Over the last 30 years, research groups around the world have been investigating the genetic basis of IGD using different strategies based on complex cases that harbor structural abnormalities or single pleiotropic genes, endogamous pedigrees, candidate gene approaches as well as pathway gene analyses. Although such traditional approaches, based on well-validated tools, have been critical to establish the field, new strategies, such as next-generation sequencing, are now providing speed and robustness, but also revealing a surprising number of variants in known IGD genes in both patients and healthy controls. Thus, before the field moves forward with new genetic tools and continues discovery efforts, we must reassess what we know about IGD genetics and prepare to hold our work to a different standard. The purpose of this review is to: 1) look back at the strategies used to discover the "known" genes implicated in the rare forms of IGD; 2) examine the strengths and weaknesses of the methodologies used to validate genetic variation; 3)substantiate the role of known genes in the pathophysiology of the disease; and 4) project forward as we embark upon a widening use of these new and powerful technologies for gene discovery. (Endocrine Reviews 36: 603-621, 2015).
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Sharthiya H, Seng C, Van Kuppevelt TH, Tiwari V, Fornaro M. HSV-1 interaction to 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate in mouse-derived DRG explant and profiles of inflammatory markers during virus infection. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:483-491. [PMID: 28326469 PMCID: PMC5440488 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry and the associated inflammatory response in the nervous system remain poorly understood. Using mouse-derived ex vivo dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explant model and single cell neurons (SCNs), in this study, we provided a visual evidence for the expression of heparan sulfate (HS) and 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (3-OS HS) followed by their interactions with HSV-1 glycoprotein B (gB) and glycoprotein D (gD) during cell entry. Upon heparanase treatment of DRG-derived SCN, a significant inhibition of HSV-1 entry was observed suggesting the involvement of HS role during viral entry. Finally, a cytokine array profile generated during HSV-1 infection in DRG explant indicated an enhanced expression of chemokines (LIX, TIMP-2, and M-CSF)—known regulators of HS. Taken together, these results highlight the significance of HS during HSV-1 entry in DRG explant. Further investigation is needed to understand which isoforms of 3-O-sulfotransferase (3-OST)-generated HS contributed during HSV-1 infection and associated cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Sharthiya
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Chanmoly Seng
- Department of Biomedical sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - T H Van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
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30
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Constantin S. Progress and Challenges in the Search for the Mechanisms of Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:180. [PMID: 28790978 PMCID: PMC5523686 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertility relies on the proper functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The hormonal cascade begins with hypothalamic neurons secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) into the hypophyseal portal system. In turn, the GnRH-activated gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary release gonadotropins, which then act on the gonads to regulate gametogenesis and sex steroidogenesis. Finally, sex steroids close this axis by feeding back to the hypothalamus. Despite this seeming straightforwardness, the axis is orchestrated by a complex neuronal network in the central nervous system. For reproductive success, GnRH neurons, the final output of this network, must integrate and translate a wide range of cues, both environmental and physiological, to the gonadotrophs via pulsatile GnRH secretion. This secretory profile is critical for gonadotropic function, yet the mechanisms underlying these pulses remain unknown. Literature supports both intrinsically and extrinsically driven GnRH neuronal activity. However, the caveat of the techniques supporting either one of the two hypotheses is the gap between events recorded at a single-cell level and GnRH secretion measured at the population level. This review aims to compile data about GnRH neuronal activity focusing on the physiological output, GnRH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Constantin
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephanie Constantin,
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Casoni F, Malone SA, Belle M, Luzzati F, Collier F, Allet C, Hrabovszky E, Rasika S, Prevot V, Chédotal A, Giacobini P. Development of the neurons controlling fertility in humans: new insights from 3D imaging and transparent fetal brains. Development 2016; 143:3969-3981. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.139444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fertility in mammals is controlled by hypothalamic neurons that secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). These neurons differentiate in the olfactory placodes during embryogenesis and migrate from the nose to the hypothalamus before birth. Information regarding this process in humans is sparse. Here, we adapted new tissue-clearing and whole-mount immunohistochemical techniques to entire human embryos/fetuses to meticulously study this system during the first trimester of gestation in the largest series of human fetuses examined to date. Combining these cutting-edge techniques with conventional immunohistochemistry, we provide the first chronological and quantitative analysis of GnRH neuron origins, differentiation and migration, as well as a 3D atlas of their distribution in the fetal brain. We reveal not only that the number of GnRH-immunoreactive neurons in humans is significantly higher than previously thought, but that GnRH cells migrate into several extrahypothalamic brain regions in addition to the hypothalamus. Their presence in these areas raises the possibility that GnRH has non-reproductive roles, creating new avenues for research on GnRH functions in cognitive, behavioral and physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Casoni
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille 59000, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille 59000, France
| | - Samuel A. Malone
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille 59000, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille 59000, France
| | - Morgane Belle
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France
| | - Federico Luzzati
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Turin, Turin 10123, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano 10043, Italy
| | - Francis Collier
- FHU 1,000 Days for Health, University of Lille, School of Medicine, Lille 5900, France
- CHU Lille, Gynaecology Service - Hospital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille 59000, France
| | - Cecile Allet
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille 59000, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille 59000, France
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | | | - Vincent Prevot
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille 59000, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille 59000, France
- FHU 1,000 Days for Health, University of Lille, School of Medicine, Lille 5900, France
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille 59000, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille 59000, France
- FHU 1,000 Days for Health, University of Lille, School of Medicine, Lille 5900, France
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Constantin S, Wray S. Galanin Activates G Protein Gated Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels and Suppresses Kisspeptin-10 Activation of GnRH Neurons. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3197-212. [PMID: 27359210 PMCID: PMC4967115 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
GnRH neurons are regulated by hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons. Recently, galanin was identified in a subpopulation of kisspeptin neurons. Although the literature thoroughly describes kisspeptin activation of GnRH neurons, little is known about the effects of galanin on GnRH neurons. This study investigated whether galanin could alter kisspeptin signaling to GnRH neurons. GnRH cells maintained in explants, known to display spontaneous calcium oscillations, and a long-lasting calcium response to kisspeptin-10 (kp-10), were used. First, transcripts for galanin receptors (GalRs) were examined. Only GalR1 was found in GnRH neurons. A series of experiments was then performed to determine the action of galanin on kp-10 activated GnRH neurons. Applied after kp-10 activation, galanin 1-16 (Gal1-16) rapidly suppressed kp-10 activation. Applied with kp-10, Gal1-16 prevented kp-10 activation until its removal. To determine the mechanism by which galanin inhibited kp-10 activation of GnRH neurons, Gal1-16 and galanin were applied to spontaneously active GnRH neurons. Both inhibited GnRH neuronal activity, independent of GnRH neuronal inputs. This inhibition was mimicked by a GalR1 agonist but not by GalR2 or GalR2/3 agonists. Although Gal1-16 inhibition relied on Gi/o signaling, it was independent of cAMP levels but sensitive to blockers of G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels. A newly developed bioassay for GnRH detection showed Gal1-16 decreased the kp-10-evoked GnRH secretion below detection threshold. Together, this study shows that galanin is a potent regulator of GnRH neurons, possibly acting as a physiological break to kisspeptin excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Constantin
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3703
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3703
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Abstract
Peripheral feedback of gonadal estrogen to the hypothalamus is critical for reproduction. Bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental pollutant with estrogenic actions, can disrupt this feedback and lead to infertility in both humans and animals. GnRH neurons are essential for reproduction, serving as an important link between brain, pituitary, and gonads. Because GnRH neurons express several receptors that bind estrogen, they are potential targets for endocrine disruptors. However, to date, direct effects of BPA on GnRH neurons have not been shown. This study investigated the effects of BPA on GnRH neuronal activity using an explant model in which large numbers of primary GnRH neurons are maintained and express many of the receptors found in vivo. Because oscillations in intracellular calcium have been shown to correlate with electrical activity in GnRH neurons, calcium imaging was used to assay the effects of BPA. Exposure to 50μM BPA significantly decreased GnRH calcium activity. Blockage of γ-aminobutyric acid ergic and glutamatergic input did not abrogate the inhibitory BPA effect, suggesting direct regulation of GnRH neurons by BPA. In addition to estrogen receptor-β, single-cell RT-PCR analysis confirmed that GnRH neurons express G protein-coupled receptor 30 (G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1) and estrogen-related receptor-γ, all potential targets for BPA. Perturbation studies of the signaling pathway revealed that the BPA-mediated inhibition of GnRH neuronal activity occurred independent of estrogen receptors, GPER, or estrogen-related receptor-γ, via a noncanonical pathway. These results provide the first evidence of a direct effect of BPA on GnRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Klenke
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section (U.K., S.C., S.W.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3703
| | - Stephanie Constantin
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section (U.K., S.C., S.W.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3703
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section (U.K., S.C., S.W.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3703
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Hutchins BI, Kotan LD, Taylor-Burds C, Ozkan Y, Cheng PJ, Gurbuz F, Tiong JDR, Mengen E, Yuksel B, Topaloglu AK, Wray S. CCDC141 Mutation Identified in Anosmic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Kallmann Syndrome) Alters GnRH Neuronal Migration. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1956-66. [PMID: 27014940 PMCID: PMC4870868 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The first mutation in a gene associated with a neuronal migration disorder was identified in patients with Kallmann Syndrome, characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. This pathophysiological association results from a defect in the development of the GnRH and the olfactory system. A recent genetic screening of Kallmann Syndrome patients revealed a novel mutation in CCDC141. Little is known about CCDC141, which encodes a coiled-coil domain containing protein. Here, we show that Ccdc141 is expressed in GnRH neurons and olfactory fibers and that knockdown of Ccdc141 reduces GnRH neuronal migration. Our findings in human patients and mouse models predict that CCDC141 takes part in embryonic migration of GnRH neurons enabling them to form a hypothalamic neuronal network to initiate pulsatile GnRH secretion and reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ian Hutchins
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - L Damla Kotan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Carol Taylor-Burds
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ozkan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Paul J Cheng
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Gurbuz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Jean D R Tiong
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Eda Mengen
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Bilgin Yuksel
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - A Kemal Topaloglu
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Susan Wray
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
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Stamou MI, Cox KH, Crowley WF. Withdrawn: Discovering Genes Essential to the Hypothalamic Regulation of Human Reproduction Using a Human Disease Model: Adjusting to Life in the "-Omics" Era. Endocr Rev 2016; 2016:4-22. [PMID: 27454361 PMCID: PMC6958992 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1045.2016.1.test] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction is an intricate process requiring the exquisite coordination of an assortment of cellular networks, all converging on the GnRH neurons. These neurons have a complex life history, migrating mainly from the olfactory placode into the hypothalamus, where GnRH is secreted and acts as the master regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Much of what we know about the biology of the GnRH neurons has been aided by discoveries made using the human disease model of isolated GnRH deficiency (IGD), a family of rare Mendelian disorders that share a common failure of secretion and/or action of GnRH causing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Over the last 30 years, research groups around the world have been investigating the genetic basis of IGD using different strategies based on complex cases that harbor structural abnormalities or single pleiotropic genes, endogamous pedigrees, candidate gene approaches as well as pathway gene analyses. Although such traditional approaches, based on well-validated tools, have been critical to establish the field, new strategies, such as next-generation sequencing, are now providing speed and robustness, but also revealing a surprising number of variants in known IGD genes in both patients and healthy controls. Thus, before the field moves forward with new genetic tools and continues discovery efforts, we must reassess what we know about IGD genetics and prepare to hold our work to a different standard. The purpose of this review is to: 1) look back at the strategies used to discover the "known" genes implicated in the rare forms of IGD; 2) examine the strengths and weaknesses of the methodologies used to validate genetic variation; 3)substantiate the role of known genes in the pathophysiology of the disease; and 4) project forward as we embark upon a widening use of these new and powerful technologies for gene discovery. (Endocrine Reviews 36: 603-621, 2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Stamou
- Harvard National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - K H Cox
- Harvard National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - William F Crowley
- Harvard National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Novel role for anti-Müllerian hormone in the regulation of GnRH neuron excitability and hormone secretion. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10055. [PMID: 26753790 PMCID: PMC4729924 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) plays crucial roles in sexual differentiation and gonadal functions. However, the possible extragonadal effects of AMH on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis remain unexplored. Here we demonstrate that a significant subset of GnRH neurons both in mice and humans express the AMH receptor, and that AMH potently activates the GnRH neuron firing in mice. Combining in vivo and in vitro experiments, we show that AMH increases GnRH-dependent LH pulsatility and secretion, supporting a central action of AMH on GnRH neurons. Increased LH pulsatility is an important pathophysiological feature in many cases of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common cause of female infertility, in which circulating AMH levels are also often elevated. However, the origin of this dysregulation remains unknown. Our findings raise the intriguing hypothesis that AMH-dependent regulation of GnRH release could be involved in the pathophysiology of fertility and could hold therapeutic potential for treating PCOS. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) plays a role in sexual differentiation and gonadal function, but extra-gonadal effects of AMH are not known. Here Cimino et al. show that AMH activates a subset of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-releasing neurons, contributing to luteinizing hormone secretion from the pituitary gland.
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Pinet-Charvet C, Geller S, Desroziers E, Ottogalli M, Lomet D, Georgelin C, Tillet Y, Franceschini I, Vaudin P, Duittoz A. GnRH Episodic Secretion Is Altered by Pharmacological Blockade of Gap Junctions: Possible Involvement of Glial Cells. Endocrinology 2016; 157:304-22. [PMID: 26562259 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Episodic release of GnRH is essential for reproductive function. In vitro studies have established that this episodic release is an endogenous property of GnRH neurons and that GnRH secretory pulses are associated with synchronization of GnRH neuron activity. The cellular mechanisms by which GnRH neurons synchronize remain largely unknown. There is no clear evidence of physical coupling of GnRH neurons through gap junctions to explain episodic synchronization. However, coupling of glial cells through gap junctions has been shown to regulate neuron activity in their microenvironment. The present study investigated whether glial cell communication through gap junctions plays a role in GnRH neuron activity and secretion in the mouse. Our findings show that Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein-expressing glial cells located in the median eminence in close vicinity to GnRH fibers expressed Gja1 encoding connexin-43. To study the impact of glial-gap junction coupling on GnRH neuron activity, an in vitro model of primary cultures from mouse embryo nasal placodes was used. In this model, GnRH neurons possess a glial microenvironment and were able to release GnRH in an episodic manner. Our findings show that in vitro glial cells forming the microenvironment of GnRH neurons expressed connexin-43 and displayed functional gap junctions. Pharmacological blockade of the gap junctions with 50 μM 18-α-glycyrrhetinic acid decreased GnRH secretion by reducing pulse frequency and amplitude, suppressed neuronal synchronization and drastically reduced spontaneous electrical activity, all these effects were reversed upon 18-α-glycyrrhetinic acid washout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pinet-Charvet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA); UMR7247 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); and Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE) (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37380 Nouzilly, France; Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC) UMR7247 INRA CNRS IFCE (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.) and CNRS UMR7350 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Physiques Théoriques, Université François Rabelais, F-37041 Tours, France; Fédération Denis Poisson (C.G.), F-37000 Tours, France; Structure Fédérative de Recherche (SFR) FED4226 Neuro-Imagerie Fonctionnelle (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37044 Tours, France; and Université de Poitiers (C.P.-C.), Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) Pharmacie, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Sarah Geller
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA); UMR7247 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); and Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE) (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37380 Nouzilly, France; Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC) UMR7247 INRA CNRS IFCE (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.) and CNRS UMR7350 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Physiques Théoriques, Université François Rabelais, F-37041 Tours, France; Fédération Denis Poisson (C.G.), F-37000 Tours, France; Structure Fédérative de Recherche (SFR) FED4226 Neuro-Imagerie Fonctionnelle (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37044 Tours, France; and Université de Poitiers (C.P.-C.), Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) Pharmacie, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Elodie Desroziers
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA); UMR7247 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); and Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE) (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37380 Nouzilly, France; Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC) UMR7247 INRA CNRS IFCE (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.) and CNRS UMR7350 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Physiques Théoriques, Université François Rabelais, F-37041 Tours, France; Fédération Denis Poisson (C.G.), F-37000 Tours, France; Structure Fédérative de Recherche (SFR) FED4226 Neuro-Imagerie Fonctionnelle (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37044 Tours, France; and Université de Poitiers (C.P.-C.), Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) Pharmacie, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Monique Ottogalli
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA); UMR7247 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); and Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE) (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37380 Nouzilly, France; Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC) UMR7247 INRA CNRS IFCE (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.) and CNRS UMR7350 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Physiques Théoriques, Université François Rabelais, F-37041 Tours, France; Fédération Denis Poisson (C.G.), F-37000 Tours, France; Structure Fédérative de Recherche (SFR) FED4226 Neuro-Imagerie Fonctionnelle (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37044 Tours, France; and Université de Poitiers (C.P.-C.), Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) Pharmacie, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Didier Lomet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA); UMR7247 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); and Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE) (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37380 Nouzilly, France; Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC) UMR7247 INRA CNRS IFCE (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.) and CNRS UMR7350 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Physiques Théoriques, Université François Rabelais, F-37041 Tours, France; Fédération Denis Poisson (C.G.), F-37000 Tours, France; Structure Fédérative de Recherche (SFR) FED4226 Neuro-Imagerie Fonctionnelle (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37044 Tours, France; and Université de Poitiers (C.P.-C.), Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) Pharmacie, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Christine Georgelin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA); UMR7247 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); and Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE) (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37380 Nouzilly, France; Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC) UMR7247 INRA CNRS IFCE (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.) and CNRS UMR7350 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Physiques Théoriques, Université François Rabelais, F-37041 Tours, France; Fédération Denis Poisson (C.G.), F-37000 Tours, France; Structure Fédérative de Recherche (SFR) FED4226 Neuro-Imagerie Fonctionnelle (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37044 Tours, France; and Université de Poitiers (C.P.-C.), Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) Pharmacie, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Yves Tillet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA); UMR7247 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); and Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE) (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37380 Nouzilly, France; Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC) UMR7247 INRA CNRS IFCE (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.) and CNRS UMR7350 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Physiques Théoriques, Université François Rabelais, F-37041 Tours, France; Fédération Denis Poisson (C.G.), F-37000 Tours, France; Structure Fédérative de Recherche (SFR) FED4226 Neuro-Imagerie Fonctionnelle (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37044 Tours, France; and Université de Poitiers (C.P.-C.), Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) Pharmacie, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Isabelle Franceschini
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA); UMR7247 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); and Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE) (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37380 Nouzilly, France; Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC) UMR7247 INRA CNRS IFCE (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.) and CNRS UMR7350 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Physiques Théoriques, Université François Rabelais, F-37041 Tours, France; Fédération Denis Poisson (C.G.), F-37000 Tours, France; Structure Fédérative de Recherche (SFR) FED4226 Neuro-Imagerie Fonctionnelle (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37044 Tours, France; and Université de Poitiers (C.P.-C.), Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) Pharmacie, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Pascal Vaudin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA); UMR7247 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); and Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE) (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37380 Nouzilly, France; Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC) UMR7247 INRA CNRS IFCE (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.) and CNRS UMR7350 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Physiques Théoriques, Université François Rabelais, F-37041 Tours, France; Fédération Denis Poisson (C.G.), F-37000 Tours, France; Structure Fédérative de Recherche (SFR) FED4226 Neuro-Imagerie Fonctionnelle (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37044 Tours, France; and Université de Poitiers (C.P.-C.), Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) Pharmacie, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Anne Duittoz
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA); UMR7247 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); and Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE) (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37380 Nouzilly, France; Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC) UMR7247 INRA CNRS IFCE (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.) and CNRS UMR7350 (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Physiques Théoriques, Université François Rabelais, F-37041 Tours, France; Fédération Denis Poisson (C.G.), F-37000 Tours, France; Structure Fédérative de Recherche (SFR) FED4226 Neuro-Imagerie Fonctionnelle (C.P.-C., S.G., E.D., M.O., D.L., Y.T., I.F., P.V., A.D.), F-37044 Tours, France; and Université de Poitiers (C.P.-C.), Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) Pharmacie, F-86000 Poitiers, France
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Soga T, Lim WL, Khoo ASB, Parhar IS. Kisspeptin Activates Ankrd 26 Gene Expression in Migrating Embryonic GnRH Neurons. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:15. [PMID: 26973595 PMCID: PMC4771921 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin, a newly discovered neuropeptide, regulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Kisspeptins are a large RF-amide family of peptides. The kisspeptin coded by KiSS-1 gene is a 145-amino acid protein that is cleaved to C-terminal peptide kisspeptin-10. G-protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) has been identified as a kisspeptin receptor, and it is expressed in GnRH neurons and in a variety of cancer cells. In this study, enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) labeled GnRH cells with migratory properties, which express GPR54, served as a model to study the effects of kisspeptin on cell migration. We monitored EGFP-GnRH neuronal migration in brain slide culture of embryonic day 14 transgenic rat by live cell imaging system and studied the effects of kisspeptin-10 (1 nM) treatment for 36 h on GnRH migration. Furthermore, to determine kisspeptin-induced molecular pathways related with apoptosis and cytoskeletal changes during neuronal migration, we studied the expression levels of candidate genes in laser-captured EGFP-GnRH neurons by real-time PCR. We found that there was no change in the expression level of genes related to cell proliferation and apoptosis. The expression of ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein (ankrd) 26 in EGFP-GnRH neurons was upregulated by the exposure to kisspeptin. These studies suggest that ankrd 26 gene plays an unidentified role in regulating neuronal movement mediated by kisspeptin-GPR54 signaling, which could be a potential pathway to suppress cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Soga
- Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Wei Ling Lim
- Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Alan Soo-Beng Khoo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar S. Parhar
- Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Ishwar S. Parhar,
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Stamou MI, Cox KH, Crowley WF. Discovering Genes Essential to the Hypothalamic Regulation of Human Reproduction Using a Human Disease Model: Adjusting to Life in the "-Omics" Era. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:603-21. [PMID: 26394276 PMCID: PMC4702497 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction is an intricate process requiring the exquisite coordination of an assortment of cellular networks, all converging on the GnRH neurons. These neurons have a complex life history, migrating mainly from the olfactory placode into the hypothalamus, where GnRH is secreted and acts as the master regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Much of what we know about the biology of the GnRH neurons has been aided by discoveries made using the human disease model of isolated GnRH deficiency (IGD), a family of rare Mendelian disorders that share a common failure of secretion and/or action of GnRH causing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Over the last 30 years, research groups around the world have been investigating the genetic basis of IGD using different strategies based on complex cases that harbor structural abnormalities or single pleiotropic genes, endogamous pedigrees, candidate gene approaches as well as pathway gene analyses. Although such traditional approaches, based on well-validated tools, have been critical to establish the field, new strategies, such as next-generation sequencing, are now providing speed and robustness, but also revealing a surprising number of variants in known IGD genes in both patients and healthy controls. Thus, before the field moves forward with new genetic tools and continues discovery efforts, we must reassess what we know about IGD genetics and prepare to hold our work to a different standard. The purpose of this review is to: 1) look back at the strategies used to discover the "known" genes implicated in the rare forms of IGD; 2) examine the strengths and weaknesses of the methodologies used to validate genetic variation; 3) substantiate the role of known genes in the pathophysiology of the disease; and 4) project forward as we embark upon a widening use of these new and powerful technologies for gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Stamou
- Harvard National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - K H Cox
- Harvard National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - William F Crowley
- Harvard National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Chloride Accumulators NKCC1 and AE2 in Mouse GnRH Neurons: Implications for GABAA Mediated Excitation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131076. [PMID: 26110920 PMCID: PMC4482508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A developmental “switch” in chloride transporters occurs in most neurons resulting in GABAA mediated hyperpolarization in the adult. However, several neuronal cell subtypes maintain primarily depolarizing responses to GABAA receptor activation. Among this group are gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH) neurons, which control puberty and reproduction. NKCC1 is the primary chloride accumulator in neurons, expressed at high levels early in development and contributes to depolarization after GABAA receptor activation. In contrast, KCC2 is the primary chloride extruder in neurons, expressed at high levels in the adult and contributes to hyperpolarization after GABAA receptor activation. Anion exchangers (AEs) are also potential modulators of responses to GABAA activation since they accumulate chloride and extrude bicarbonate. To evaluate the mechanism(s) underlying GABAA mediated depolarization, GnRH neurons were analyzed for 1) expression of chloride transporters and AEs in embryonic, pre-pubertal, and adult mice 2) responses to GABAA receptor activation in NKCC1-/- mice and 3) function of AEs in these responses. At all ages, GnRH neurons were immunopositive for NKCC1 and AE2 but not KCC2 or AE3. Using explants, calcium imaging and gramicidin perforated patch clamp techniques we found that GnRH neurons from NKCC1-/- mice retained relatively normal responses to the GABAA agonist muscimol. However, acute pharmacological inhibition of NKCC1 with bumetanide eliminated the depolarization/calcium response to muscimol in 40% of GnRH neurons from WT mice. In the remaining GnRH neurons, HCO3- mediated mechanisms accounted for the remaining calcium responses to muscimol. Collectively these data reveal mechanisms responsible for maintaining depolarizing GABAA mediated transmission in GnRH neurons.
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Commissural axonal corridors instruct neuronal migration in the mouse spinal cord. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7028. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Morano M, Wrobel S, Fregnan F, Ziv-Polat O, Shahar A, Ratzka A, Grothe C, Geuna S, Haastert-Talini K. Nanotechnology versus stem cell engineering: in vitro comparison of neurite inductive potentials. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:5289-306. [PMID: 25484582 PMCID: PMC4238897 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s71951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Innovative nerve conduits for peripheral nerve reconstruction are needed in order to specifically support peripheral nerve regeneration (PNR) whenever nerve autotransplantation is not an option. Specific support of PNR could be achieved by neurotrophic factor delivery within the nerve conduits via nanotechnology or stem cell engineering and transplantation. Methods Here, we comparatively investigated the bioactivity of selected neurotrophic factors conjugated to iron oxide nanoparticles (np-NTFs) and of bone marrow-derived stem cells genetically engineered to overexpress those neurotrophic factors (NTF-BMSCs). The neurite outgrowth inductive activity was monitored in culture systems of adult and neonatal rat sensory dorsal root ganglion neurons as well as in the cell line from rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cell sympathetic culture model system. Results We demonstrate that np-NTFs reliably support numeric neurite outgrowth in all utilized culture models. In some aspects, especially with regard to their long-term bioactivity, np-NTFs are even superior to free NTFs. Engineered NTF-BMSCs proved to be less effective in induction of sensory neurite outgrowth but demonstrated an increased bioactivity in the PC-12 cell culture system. In contrast, primary nontransfected BMSCs were as effective as np-NTFs in sensory neurite induction and demonstrated an impairment of neuronal differentiation in the PC-12 cell system. Conclusion Our results evidence that nanotechnology as used in our setup is superior over stem cell engineering when it comes to in vitro models for PNR. Furthermore, np-NTFs can easily be suspended in regenerative hydrogel matrix and could be delivered that way to nerve conduits for future in vivo studies and medical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Morano
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Orbassano, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Sandra Wrobel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany ; Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
| | - Federica Fregnan
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Orbassano, Piemonte, Italy
| | | | | | - Andreas Ratzka
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany ; Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Orbassano, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany ; Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
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Vastagh C, Schwirtlich M, Kwakowsky A, Erdélyi F, Margolis FL, Yanagawa Y, Katarova Z, Szabó G. The spatiotemporal segregation of GAD forms defines distinct GABA signaling functions in the developing mouse olfactory system and provides novel insights into the origin and migration of GnRH neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:249-70. [PMID: 25125027 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has a dual role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult central nervous system (CNS) and as a signaling molecule exerting largely excitatory actions during development. The rate-limiting step of GABA synthesis is catalyzed by two glutamic acid decarboxylase isoforms GAD65 and GAD67 coexpressed in the GABAergic neurons of the CNS. Here we report that the two GADs show virtually nonoverlapping expression patterns consistent with distinct roles in the developing peripheral olfactory system. GAD65 is expressed exclusively in undifferentiated neuronal progenitors confined to the proliferative zones of the sensory vomeronasal and olfactory epithelia In contrast GAD67 is expressed in a subregion of the nonsensory epithelium/vomeronasal organ epithelium containing the putative Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) progenitors and GnRH neurons migrating from this region through the frontonasal mesenchyme into the basal forebrain. Only GAD67+, but not GAD65+ cells accumulate detectable GABA. We further demonstrate that GAD67 and its embryonic splice variant embryonic GAD (EGAD) concomitant with GnRH are dynamically regulated during GnRH neuronal migration in vivo and in two immortalized cell lines representing migratory (GN11) and postmigratory (GT1-7) stage GnRH neurons, respectively. Analysis of GAD65/67 single and double knock-out embryos revealed that the two GADs play complementary (inhibitory) roles in GnRH migration ultimately modulating the speed and/or direction of GnRH migration. Our results also suggest that GAD65 and GAD67/EGAD characterized by distinct subcellular localization and kinetics have disparate functions during olfactory system development mediating proliferative and migratory responses putatively through specific subcellular GABA pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Vastagh
- Division of Medical Gene Technology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that the cellular microenvironment, in particular the extracellular matrix, plays an important role in regulating cell function. However, the extracellular matrix is extraordinarily complex in both its makeup and its physical properties. Therefore, there is a need to develop model systems to independently evaluate the effect of specific extracellular matrix features upon cells. Here we describe a model system to evaluate one aspect of the extracellular matrix, its fibrous topology. We describe how to generate bio-mimetic nanofibers by electrospinning, how to grow cells on these fibers, and also some methods for fixing and visualizing cells grown on these fibers. These methods can be used to investigate a wide range of biological questions, including, but not limited to, cell-extracellular matrix adhesion and cell motility on extracellular matrix.
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Raucci F, Tiong JD, Wray S. P75 nerve growth factor receptors modulate development of GnRH neurons and olfactory ensheating cells. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:262. [PMID: 24409113 PMCID: PMC3873506 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal and spatial localization of nerve growth factor receptor (p75NGFR) in the developing olfactory system and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH) system was characterized and its role analyzed using p75NGFR null mice and nasal explants. Prenatally, p75NGFR was expressed by GnRH neurons and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). In p75NGFR null mice, no change in the number of GnRH cells was detected as compared to wild-type. However, in null mice, a shift in the distribution of GnRH neurons was found, with a small population of GnRH cells migrating further caudally toward the median eminence. Additionally, a reduction of both GAD67 positive olfactory axons and GFAP positive OEC fibers occurred. Acute administration of a p75NGFR blocker to GnRH cells maintained in vitro increased migration rate, consistent with the change in distribution detected in p75NGFR null mice. Chronic inhibition of p75NGFR caused an attenuation of olfactory axon fasciculation and a decrease in OEC density, again mimicking the changes detected in null mice. However, a reduction in GnRH cell number was found after chronic treatment that not observed in KO animals suggesting indirect changes occur during chronic treatment in vitro and/or a compensatory mechanism occurs in vivo that prevents loss of GnRH neurons in the absence of p75NGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Raucci
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jean D Tiong
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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In vivo recordings of GnRH neuron firing reveal heterogeneity and dependence upon GABAA receptor signaling. J Neurosci 2013; 33:9394-401. [PMID: 23719807 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0533-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are the key cells regulating fertility in all mammalian species. The scattered distribution of these neurons has made investigation of their properties extremely difficult and the key goal of recording their electrical activity in vivo near impossible. The caudal-most extension of the GnRH neuron continuum brings some cells very close to the base of the brain at the level of the anterior hypothalamic area. Taking insight from this, we developed an experimental procedure in anesthetized GnRH-GFP mice that allows the electrical activity of these GnRH neurons to be recorded in vivo. On-cell recordings revealed that the majority of GnRH neurons (86%) were spontaneously active, exhibiting a range of firing patterns, although only a minority (15%) exhibited burst firing. Mean firing frequencies ranged from 0.06 to 3.65 Hz, with the most common interspike interval being ~500 ms. All GnRH neurons tested were activated by AMPA and kisspeptin. Whereas the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol evoked excitatory, inhibitory, or mixed effects on GnRH neuron firing, the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin resulted in a consistent suppression of firing. These observations represent the first electrical recordings of GnRH neurons in vivo. They reveal that GnRH neurons in vivo exhibit considerable heterogeneity in their firing patterns with both similarities and differences to firing in vitro. These variable patterns of firing in vivo are found to be critically dependent upon ongoing GABAA receptor signaling.
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Suppression of β1-integrin in gonadotropin-releasing hormone cells disrupts migration and axonal extension resulting in severe reproductive alterations. J Neurosci 2013; 32:16992-7002. [PMID: 23175850 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3057-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction in mammals is dependent on the function of hypothalamic neurons whose axons project to the hypothalamic median eminence (ME) where they release gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) into a specialized capillary network for delivery to the anterior pituitary. These neurons originate prenatally in the nasal placode and migrate into the forebrain along the olfactory-vomeronasal nerves. The complex developmental events leading to the correct establishment of the GnRH system are tightly regulated by the specific spatiotemporal expression patterns of guidance cues and extracellular matrix molecules, the functions of which, in part, are mediated by their binding to β1-subunit-containing integrins. To determine the biological role of these cell-surface proteins in reproduction, Cre/LoxP technology was used to generate GnRH neuron-specific β1-integrin conditional KO (GnRH-Itgb1(-/-)) mice. Loss of β1-integrin signaling impaired migration of GnRH neurons, their axonal extension to the ME, timing of pubertal onset, and fertility in these mice. These results identify β1-integrin as a gene involved in normal development of the GnRH system and demonstrate a fundamental role for this protein in acquisition of normal reproductive competence in female mice.
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Larco DO, Cho-Clark M, Mani SK, Wu TJ. The metabolite GnRH-(1-5) inhibits the migration of immortalized GnRH neurons. Endocrinology 2013; 154:783-95. [PMID: 23321696 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The decapeptide GnRH is an important regulator of reproductive behavior and function. In the extracellular matrix, GnRH is metabolized by the endopeptidase EC3.4.24.15 (EP24.15) to generate the pentapeptide GnRH-(1-5). In addition to its expression in the adult hypothalamus, EP24.15 is expressed along the migratory path of GnRH-expressing neurons during development. Although we have previously demonstrated a role for EP24.15 in the generation of the biologically active pentapeptide GnRH-(1-5) in regulating GnRH expression and mediating sexual behavior during adulthood in rodents, the modulatory role of GnRH-(1-5) in the migration of GnRH neurons during development remains unknown. To address this information gap, we examined the effect of GnRH-(1-5) on the cellular migration of a premigratory GnRH-secreting neuronal cell line, the GN11 cell, using a wound-healing assay. Dose- and time-response studies demonstrated that GnRH-(1-5) significantly delayed wound closure. We then sought to identify the mechanism by which GnRH-(1-5) inhibits migration. Because the cognate GnRH receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor, we examined whether GnRH-(1-5) regulates migration by also activating a G protein-coupled receptor. Using a high-throughput β-arrestin recruitment assay, we identified an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPR173) that was specifically activated by GnRH-(1-5). Interestingly, small interfering RNA to GPR173 reversed the GnRH-(1-5)-mediated inhibition on migration of GN11 neurons. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that the GnRH-(1-5)-activated GPR173-dependent signal transduction pathway involves the activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in GnRH migration. These findings indicate a potential regulatory role for GnRH-(1-5) in GnRH neuronal migration during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwin O Larco
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Geller S, Kolasa E, Tillet Y, Duittoz A, Vaudin P. Olfactory ensheathing cells form the microenvironment of migrating GnRH-1 neurons during mouse development. Glia 2013; 61:550-66. [PMID: 23404564 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
During development, GnRH-1 neurons differentiate extracerebraly from the nasal placode and migrate from the vomeronasal organ to the forebrain along vomeronasal and terminal nerves. Numerous studies have described the influence of different molecules on the migration of GnRH-1 neurons, however, the role of microenvironment cells remains poorly understood. This study used GFAP-GFP transgenic mice to detect glial cells at early developmental stages. Using nasal explant cultures, the comigration of glial cells with GnRH-1 neurons was clearly demonstrated. This in vitro approach showed that glial cells began migrating from the explants before GnRH-1 neurons. They remained ahead of the GnRH-1 migratory front and stopped migrating after the GnRH-1 neurons. The association of these glial cells with the axons combined with gene expression analysis of GFAP-GFP sorted cells enabled them to be identified as olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of multiple glial cell-type markers showing several OEC subpopulations surrounding GnRH-1 neurons. Moreover, these OEC expressed genes whose products are involved in the migration of GnRH-1 neurons, such as Nelf and Semaphorin 4. In situ data confirmed that the majority of the GnRH-1 neurons were associated with glial cells along the vomeronasal axons in nasal septum and terminal nerves in the nasal forebrain junction as early as E12.5. Overall, these data demonstrate an OEC microenvironment for migrating GnRH-1 neurons during mouse development. The fact that this glial cell type precedes GnRH-1 neurons and encodes for molecules involved in their nasal migration suggests that it participates in the GnRH-1 system ontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Geller
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 0085 INRA, 6175 CNRS, Université François Rabelais de Tours, IFCE, IFR135 Imagerie Fonctionnelle 37380, Nouzilly, France
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Kurian JR, Terasawa E. Epigenetic control of gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:61. [PMID: 23750154 PMCID: PMC3664328 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications to the genome, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, occur in response to external stimuli. Reproductive function is highly sensitive to environmental conditions including season, diet, hormonal changes, and exposure to chemical contaminants. GnRH neurons, which play a key role in reproduction, are particularly sensitive to various environmental stimuli. We recently reported that the rhesus monkey GnRH gene exhibits distinct epigenetic changes during embryonic development. More recently, we further found that a similar epigenetic phenomenon occurs across puberty. In this article we highlight recent findings, including those of afferent inputs, to describe the epigenetic control of GnRH circuit development as a link between the environment and reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Kurian
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- *Correspondence: Joseph R. Kurian, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1220 Capitol Ct, Madison, WI 53705, USA. e-mail:
| | - Ei Terasawa
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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