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López-García I, Oh S, Chaney C, Tsunezumi J, Drummond I, Oxburgh L, Carroll T, Marciano DK. Epithelial tubule interconnection driven by HGF-Met signaling in the kidney. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.03.597185. [PMID: 38895378 PMCID: PMC11185679 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.03.597185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The formation of functional epithelial tubules is a central feature of many organ systems. Although the process of tubule formation by epithelial cells is well-studied, the way in which tubules connect with each other (i.e. anastomose) to form functional networks both in vivo and in vitro is not well understood. A key, unanswered question in the kidney is how the renal vesicles of the embryonic kidney connect with the nascent collecting ducts to form a continuous urinary system. We performed a ligand-receptor pair analysis on single cell RNA-seq data from embryonic mouse kidney tubules undergoing anastomosis to select candidates that might mediate this process in vivo. This analysis identified hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which has known roles in cell proliferation, migration, and tubulogenesis, as one of several possible candidates. To test this possibility, we designed a novel assay to quantitatively examine epithelial tubule anastomosis in vitro using epithelial spheroids with fluorescently-tagged apical surfaces to enable direct visualization of anastomosis. This revealed that HGF is a potent inducer of tubule anastomosis. Tubule anastomosis occurs through a proliferation-independent mechanism that acts through the MAPK signaling cascade and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), the latter suggestive of a role in extracellular matrix turnover. Accordingly, treatment of explanted embryonic mouse kidneys with HGF and collagenase was sufficient to induce kidney tubule anastomosis. These results lay the groundwork for investigating how to promote functional interconnections between tubular epithelia, which have important clinical implications for utilizing in vitro grown kidney tissue in transplant medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel López-García
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Sunhee Oh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Chris Chaney
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Jun Tsunezumi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Iain Drummond
- Mount Dessert Island Biological Laboratory, Maine, USA
| | - Leif Oxburgh
- Kidney Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Rogosin Institute, New York, 10021, USA
| | - Thomas Carroll
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Denise K. Marciano
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
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2
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Barlow HR, Ahuja N, Bierschenk T, Htike Y, Fassetta L, Azizoglu DB, Flores J, Gao N, de la O S, Sneddon JB, Marciano DK, Cleaver O. Rab11 is essential to pancreas morphogenesis, lumen formation and endocrine mass. Dev Biol 2023; 499:59-74. [PMID: 37172642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular links between tissue-level morphogenesis and the differentiation of cell lineages in the pancreas remain elusive despite a decade of studies. We previously showed that in pancreas both processes depend on proper lumenogenesis. The Rab GTPase Rab11 is essential for epithelial lumen formation in vitro, however few studies have addressed its functions in vivo and none have tested its requirement in pancreas. Here, we show that Rab11 is critical for proper pancreas development. Co-deletion of the Rab11 isoforms Rab11A and Rab11B in the developing pancreatic epithelium (Rab11pancDKO) results in ∼50% neonatal lethality and surviving adult Rab11pancDKO mice exhibit defective endocrine function. Loss of both Rab11A and Rab11B in the embryonic pancreas results in morphogenetic defects of the epithelium, including defective lumen formation and lumen interconnection. In contrast to wildtype cells, Rab11pancDKO cells initiate the formation of multiple ectopic lumens, resulting in a failure to coordinate a single apical membrane initiation site (AMIS) between groups of cells. This results in a failure to form ducts with continuous lumens. Here, we show that these defects are due to failures in vesicle trafficking, as apical and junctional components remain trapped within Rab11pancDKO cells. Together, these observations suggest that Rab11 directly regulates epithelial lumen formation and morphogenesis. Our report links intracellular trafficking to organ morphogenesis in vivo and presents a novel framework for decoding pancreatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley R Barlow
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, USA.
| | - Neha Ahuja
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, USA
| | - Tyler Bierschenk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, USA
| | - Yadanar Htike
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, USA
| | - Luke Fassetta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, USA
| | - D Berfin Azizoglu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Beckman Center, 279 W. Campus Drive, B300, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Juan Flores
- Rutgers University Microbiome Program, 679 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Rutgers University Microbiome Program, 679 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Sean de la O
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Department of Anatomy, Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Julie B Sneddon
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Department of Anatomy, Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Denise K Marciano
- Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, USA.
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3
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Study on the Expansion Dynamics of MDCK Epithelium by Interstitial Flow Using a Traction Force-Measurable Microfluidic Chip. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14040935. [PMID: 33669345 PMCID: PMC7920282 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The movement of collective cells is affected through changes in physical interactions of cells in response to external mechanical stimuli, including fluid flow. Most tissues are affected by fluid flow at the interstitial level, but few studies have investigated the physical effects in collective cells affected by a low flow rate. In this study, collective cell migration of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells was investigated under static or interstitial flow (0, 0.1, and 1 μL/min) using a traction microfluidic device. The optimization of calculation of cellular traction forces was first achieved by changing interrogation window size from the fluorescent bead images. Migration analysis of cell collectives patterned with a 700 μm circular shape reveals that cells under the slow flow (0.1 and 1 μL/min) showed the inhibitory migration by decreasing cell island size and cellular speed compared to that of static condition. Analysis of cellular forces shows that level of traction forces was lower in the slow flow condition (~20 Pa) compared to that of static condition (~50 Pa). Interestingly, the standard deviation of traction force of cells was dramatically decreased as the flow rate increased from 0 to 1 μL/min, which indicates that flow affects the distribution of cellular traction forces among cell collectives. Cellular tension was increased by 50% in the cells under the fluid flow rate of 1 μL/min. Treatment of calcium blocker increased the migratory speed of cells under the flow condition, whereas there is little change of cellular forces. In conclusion, it has been shown that the interstitial flow inhibited the collective movement of epithelial cells by decreasing and re-distributing cellular forces. These findings provide insights into the study of the effect of interstitial flow on cellular behavior, such as development, regeneration, and morphogenesis.
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Kajiwara K, Yamano S, Aoki K, Okuzaki D, Matsumoto K, Okada M. CDCP1 promotes compensatory renal growth by integrating Src and Met signaling. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/4/e202000832. [PMID: 33574034 PMCID: PMC7893822 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CDCP1 promotes HGF-induced compensatory renal growth by focally and temporally integrating Src and Met-STAT3 signaling in lipid rafts. Compensatory growth of organs after loss of their mass and/or function is controlled by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), but the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) promotes HGF-induced compensatory renal growth. Using canine kidney cells as a model of renal tubules, we found that HGF-induced temporal up-regulation of Src activity and its scaffold protein, CDCP1, and that the ablation of CDCP1 robustly abrogated HGF-induced phenotypic changes, such as morphological changes and cell growth/proliferation. Mechanistic analyses revealed that up-regulated CDCP1 recruits Src into lipid rafts to activate STAT3 associated with the HGF receptor Met, and activated STAT3 induces the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and mitogenic factors. After unilateral nephrectomy in mice, the Met-STAT3 signaling is transiently up-regulated in the renal tubules of the remaining kidney, whereas CDCP1 ablation attenuates regenerative signaling and significantly suppresses compensatory growth. These findings demonstrate that CDCP1 plays a crucial role in controlling compensatory renal growth by focally and temporally integrating Src and Met signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kajiwara
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shotaro Yamano
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Division of Quantitative Biology, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kunio Matsumoto
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masato Okada
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Zhang Y, Zegers MMP, Nagelkerke A, Rowan AE, Span PN, Kouwer PHJ. Tunable Hybrid Matrices Drive Epithelial Morphogenesis and YAP Translocation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003380. [PMID: 33511022 PMCID: PMC7816720 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis is a tightly-regulated developmental process by which tissues acquire the morphology that is critical to their function. For example, epithelial cells exhibit different 2D and 3D morphologies, induced by distinct biochemical and biophysical cues from their environment. In this work, novel hybrid matrices composed of a Matrigel and synthetic oligo(ethylene glycol)-grafted polyisocyanides (PICs) hydrogels are used to form a highly tailorable environment. Through precise control of the stiffness and cell-matrix interactions, while keeping other properties constant, a broad range of morphologies induced in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells is observed. At relatively low matrix stiffness, a large morphological shift from round hollow cysts to 2D monolayers is observed, without concomitant translocation of the mechanotransduction protein Yes-associated protein (YAP). At higher stiffness levels and enhanced cell-matrix interactions, tuned by controlling the adhesive peptide density on PIC, the hybrid hydrogels induce a flattened cell morphology with simultaneous YAP translocation, suggesting activation. In 3D cultures, the latter matrices lead to the formation of tubular structures. Thus, mixed synthetic and natural gels, such as the hybrids presented here, are ideal platforms to dissect how external physical factors can be used to regulate morphogenesis in MDCK model system, and in the future, in more complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 135Nijmegen6525 AJThe Netherlands
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation OncologyRadboud University Medical CenterGeert Grooteplein 32Nijmegen6525 GAThe Netherlands
| | - Mirjam M. P. Zegers
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterGeert Grooteplein 28Nijmegen6525 GAThe Netherlands
| | - Anika Nagelkerke
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation OncologyRadboud University Medical CenterGeert Grooteplein 32Nijmegen6525 GAThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenP.O. Box 196, XB20Groningen9700 ADThe Netherlands
| | - Alan E. Rowan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Paul N. Span
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation OncologyRadboud University Medical CenterGeert Grooteplein 32Nijmegen6525 GAThe Netherlands
| | - Paul H. J. Kouwer
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 135Nijmegen6525 AJThe Netherlands
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6
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Narayanan V, Schappell LE, Mayer CR, Duke AA, Armiger TJ, Arsenovic PT, Mohan A, Dahl KN, Gleghorn JP, Conway DE. Osmotic Gradients in Epithelial Acini Increase Mechanical Tension across E-cadherin, Drive Morphogenesis, and Maintain Homeostasis. Curr Biol 2020; 30:624-633.e4. [PMID: 31983640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells spontaneously form acini (also known as cysts or spheroids) with a single, fluid-filled central lumen when grown in 3D matrices. The size of the lumen is dependent on apical secretion of chloride ions, most notably by the CFTR channel, which has been suggested to establish pressure in the lumen due to water influx. To study the cellular biomechanics of acini morphogenesis and homeostasis, we used MDCK-2 cells. Using FRET-force biosensors for E-cadherin, we observed significant increases in the average tension per molecule for each protein in mature 3D acini as compared to 2D monolayers. Increases in CFTR activity resulted in increased E-cadherin forces, indicating that ionic gradients affect cellular tension. Direct measurements of pressure revealed that mature acini experience significant internal hydrostatic pressure (37 ± 10.9 Pa). Changes in CFTR activity resulted in pressure and/or volume changes, both of which affect E-cadherin tension. Increases in CFTR chloride secretion also induced YAP signaling and cellular proliferation. In order to recapitulate disruption of acinar homeostasis, we induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). During the initial stages of EMT, there was a gradual decrease in E-cadherin force and lumen pressure that correlated with lumen infilling. Strikingly, increasing CFTR activity was sufficient to block EMT. Our results show that ion secretion is an important regulator of morphogenesis and homeostasis in epithelial acini. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that, for closed 3D cellular systems, ion gradients can generate osmotic pressure or volume changes, both of which result in increased cellular tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani Narayanan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Laurel E Schappell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Carl R Mayer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Ashley A Duke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Travis J Armiger
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paul T Arsenovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Abhinav Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Kris N Dahl
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jason P Gleghorn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Daniel E Conway
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
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7
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Lipschutz JH. The role of the exocyst in renal ciliogenesis, cystogenesis, tubulogenesis, and development. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2019; 38:260-266. [PMID: 31284362 PMCID: PMC6727897 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.19.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The exocyst is a highly conserved eight-subunit protein complex (EXOC1–8) involved in the targeting and docking of exocytic vesicles translocating from the trans-Golgi network to various sites in renal cells. EXOC5 is a central exocyst component because it connects EXOC6, bound to the vesicles exiting the trans-Golgi network via the small GTPase RAB8, to the rest of the exocyst complex at the plasma membrane. In the kidney, the exocyst complex is involved in primary ciliognesis, cystogenesis, and tubulogenesis. The exocyst, and its regulators, have also been found in urinary extracellular vesicles, and may be centrally involved in urocrine signaling and repair following acute kidney injury. The exocyst is centrally involved in the development of other organs, including the eye, ear, and heart. The exocyst is regulated by many different small GTPases of the RHO, RAL, RAB, and ARF families. The small GTPases, and their guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins, likely give the exocyst specificity of function. The recent development of a floxed Exoc5 mouse line will aid researchers in studying the role of the exocyst in multiple cells and organ types by allowing for tissue-specific knockout, in conjunction with Cre-driver mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
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8
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Zuinen T, Tsutsumi K, Ohta Y. FilGAP regulates distinct stages of epithelial tubulogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:742-749. [PMID: 31078260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells form a globular organ-like multi-cellular structure called cyst when cultured in extracellular matrix. The cyst generates extension followed by cell chains and tubules in response to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). The Rho family small GTPases play essential roles for tubulogenesis. FilGAP, a Rac specific Rho GTPase-activating protein, is highly expressed in kidney. In this study, we examined the role of FilGAP in the tubulogenesis of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. HGF induces basolateral extensions from cysts. Depletion of FilGAP by siRNA increased the number of extensions in response to HGF, whereas forced expression of FilGAP decreased the number of the extensions. FilGAP is phosphorylated and activated downstream of Rho-ROCK-signaling. Overexpression of phospho-mimic FilGAP (ST/D) mutant blocked formation of the membrane extensions induced by HGF in the presence of ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632. On the other hand, treatment of the tubules with Y27632 induced scattering of the cells, but FilGAP (ST/D) blocked cell scattering and promoted lumen formation. Taken together, our study suggests that FilGAP may suppress formation of extensions whereas stabilize tubule formation downstream of Rho-ROCK-signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Zuinen
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Koji Tsutsumi
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ohta
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
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9
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Søgaard PP, Ito N, Sato N, Fujita Y, Matter K, Itoh Y. Epithelial polarization in 3D matrix requires DDR1 signaling to regulate actomyosin contractility. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/1/e201800276. [PMID: 30760555 PMCID: PMC6374992 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
For epithelial cells to establish epithelial polarity in a 3D matrix, signaling of a collagen receptor tyrosine kinase, DDR1, plays a crucial role. DDR1 signaling controls actomyosin contractility at the cell–cell junction through suppression of ROCK activity. Epithelial cells form sheets and tubules in various epithelial organs and establish apicobasal polarity and asymmetric vesicle transport to provide functionality in these structures. However, the molecular mechanisms that allow epithelial cells to establish polarity are not clearly understood. Here, we present evidence that the kinase activity of the receptor tyrosine kinase for collagen, discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), is required for efficient establishment of epithelial polarity, proper asymmetric protein secretion, and execution of morphogenic programs. Lack of DDR1 protein or inhibition of DDR1 kinase activity disturbed tubulogenesis, cystogenesis, and the establishment of epithelial polarity and caused defects in the polarized localization of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), GP135, primary cilia, laminin, and the Golgi apparatus. Disturbed epithelial polarity and cystogenesis upon DDR1 inhibition was caused by excess ROCK (rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase)-driven actomyosin contractility, and pharmacological inhibition of ROCK was sufficient to correct these defects. Our data indicate that a DDR1-ROCK signaling axis is essential for the efficient establishment of epithelial polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noriko Ito
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nanami Sato
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Karl Matter
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yoshifumi Itoh
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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10
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Mathew B, Muñoz-Descalzo S, Corujo-Simon E, Schröter C, Stelzer EHK, Fischer SC. Mouse ICM Organoids Reveal Three-Dimensional Cell Fate Clustering. Biophys J 2018; 116:127-141. [PMID: 30514631 PMCID: PMC6341222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During mammalian preimplantation, cells of the inner cell mass (ICM) adopt either an embryonic or an extraembryonic fate. This process is tightly regulated in space and time and has been studied previously in mouse embryos and embryonic stem cell models. Current research suggests that cell fates are arranged in a salt-and-pepper pattern of random cell positioning or a spatially alternating pattern. However, the details of the three-dimensional patterns of cell fate specification have not been investigated in the embryo nor in in vitro systems. We developed ICM organoids as a, to our knowledge, novel three-dimensional in vitro stem cell system to model mechanisms of fate decisions that occur in the ICM. ICM organoids show similarities to the in vivo system that arise regardless of the differences in geometry and total cell number. Inspecting ICM organoids and mouse embryos, we describe a so far unknown local clustering of cells with identical fates in both systems. These findings are based on the three-dimensional quantitative analysis of spatiotemporal patterns of NANOG and GATA6 expression in combination with computational rule-based modeling. The pattern identified by our analysis is distinct from the current view of a salt-and-pepper pattern. Our investigation of the spatial distributions both in vivo and in vitro dissects the contributions of the different parts of the embryo to cell fate specifications. In perspective, our combination of quantitative in vivo and in vitro analyses can be extended to other mammalian organisms and thus creates a powerful approach to study embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biena Mathew
- Physikalische Biologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Silvia Muñoz-Descalzo
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias, Universidad Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Elena Corujo-Simon
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias, Universidad Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Christian Schröter
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ernst H K Stelzer
- Physikalische Biologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sabine C Fischer
- Physikalische Biologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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11
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Benedetti V, Brizi V, Guida P, Tomasoni S, Ciampi O, Angeli E, Valbusa U, Benigni A, Remuzzi G, Xinaris C. Engineered Kidney Tubules for Modeling Patient-Specific Diseases and Drug Discovery. EBioMedicine 2018; 33:253-268. [PMID: 30049385 PMCID: PMC6085557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of engineering systems able to faithfully reproduce complex kidney structures in vitro has made it difficult to efficiently model kidney diseases and development. Using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) scaffolds and a kidney-derived cell line we developed a system to rapidly engineer custom-made 3D tubules with typical renal epithelial properties. This system was successfully employed to engineer patient-specific tubules, to model polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and test drug efficacy, and to identify a potential new pharmacological treatment. By optimizing our system we constructed functional ureteric bud (UB)-like tubules from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and identified a combination of growth factors that induces budding morphogenesis like embryonic kidneys do. Finally, we applied this assay to investigate budding defects in UB-like tubules derived from a patient with a PAX2 mutation. Our system enables the modeling of human kidney disease and development, drug testing and discovery, and lays the groundwork for engineering anatomically correct kidney tissues in vitro and developing personalized medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Benedetti
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Valerio Brizi
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Guida
- Nanomed Laboratories, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Susanna Tomasoni
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Osele Ciampi
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Elena Angeli
- Nanomed Laboratories, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Ugo Valbusa
- Nanomed Laboratories, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy; 'L. Sacco' Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Christodoulos Xinaris
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy.
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12
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Nishimura R, Kato K, Fujiwara S, Ohashi K, Mizuno K. Solo and Keratin Filaments Regulate Epithelial Tubule Morphology. Cell Struct Funct 2018; 43:95-105. [DOI: 10.1247/csf.18010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nishimura
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Kagayaki Kato
- Bioimage Informatics Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS)
- Department of Imaging Science, Center for Novel Science Initiatives (CNSI), National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS)
- Division of Evolutionary Biology Biodiversity, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB)
| | - Sachiko Fujiwara
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University
| | - Kazumasa Ohashi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Kensaku Mizuno
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
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13
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Imanishi A, Murata T, Sato M, Hotta K, Imayoshi I, Matsuda M, Terai K. A Novel Morphological Marker for the Analysis of Molecular Activities at the Single-cell Level. Cell Struct Funct 2018; 43:129-140. [DOI: 10.1247/csf.18013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Imanishi
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
| | | | - Masaya Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meijo University
| | - Kazuhiro Hotta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meijo University
| | - Itaru Imayoshi
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Kenta Terai
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
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14
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Hirashima T, Hoshuyama M, Adachi T. In vitro tubulogenesis of Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) spheroids occurs depending on constituent cell number and scaffold gel concentration. J Theor Biol 2017; 435:110-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Tyrosine dephosphorylated cortactin downregulates contractility at the epithelial zonula adherens through SRGAP1. Nat Commun 2017; 8:790. [PMID: 28983097 PMCID: PMC5629210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00797-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Contractile adherens junctions support cell−cell adhesion, epithelial integrity, and morphogenesis. Much effort has been devoted to understanding how contractility is established; however, less is known about whether contractility can be actively downregulated at junctions nor what function this might serve. We now identify such an inhibitory pathway that is mediated by the cytoskeletal scaffold, cortactin. Mutations of cortactin that prevent its tyrosine phosphorylation downregulate RhoA signaling and compromise the ability of epithelial cells to generate a contractile zonula adherens. This is mediated by the RhoA antagonist, SRGAP1. We further demonstrate that this mechanism is co-opted by hepatocyte growth factor to promote junctional relaxation and motility in epithelial collectives. Together, our findings identify a novel function of cortactin as a regulator of RhoA signaling that can be utilized by morphogenetic regulators for the active downregulation of junctional contractility. Epithelial cell-cell adhesions are contractile junctions, but whether contractility can be down-regulated is not known. Here the authors report how tyrosine dephosphorylation of the cytoskeletal scaffold, cortactin, recruits the RhoA antagonist SRGAP1 to relax adherens junctions in response to HGF.
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16
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Ernandez T, Komarynets O, Chassot A, Sougoumarin S, Soulié P, Wang Y, Montesano R, Feraille E. Primary cilia control the maturation of tubular lumen in renal collecting duct epithelium. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C94-C107. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00290.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The key role of the primary cilium in developmental processes is illustrated by ciliopathies resulting from genetic defects of its components. Ciliopathies include a large variety of dysmorphic syndromes that share in common the presence of multiple kidney cysts. These observations suggest that primary cilia may control morphogenetic processes in the developing kidney. In this study, we assessed the role of primary cilium in branching tubulogenesis and/or lumen development using kidney collecting duct-derived mCCDN21 cells that display spontaneous tubulogenic properties when grown in collagen-Matrigel matrix. Tubulogenesis and branching were not altered when cilium body growth was inhibited by Kif3A or Ift88 silencing. In agreement with the absence of a morphogenetic effect, proliferation and wound-healing assay revealed that neither cell proliferation nor migration were altered by cilium body disruption. The absence of cilium following Kif3A or Ift88 silencing in mCCDN21 cells did not alter the initial stages of tubular lumen generation while lumen maturation and enlargement were delayed. This delay in tubular lumen maturation was not observed after Pkd1 knockdown in mCCDN21 cells. The delayed lumen maturation was explained by neither defective secretion or increased reabsorption of luminal fluid. Our results indicate that primary cilia do not control early morphogenetic processes in renal epithelium. Rather, primary cilia modulate tubular lumen maturation and enlargement resulting from luminal fluid accumulation in tubular structures derived from collecting duct cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ernandez
- Service of Nephrology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; and
| | - Olga Komarynets
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Chassot
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Soushma Sougoumarin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Priscilla Soulié
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yubao Wang
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Montesano
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Feraille
- Service of Nephrology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; and
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Burute M, Prioux M, Blin G, Truchet S, Letort G, Tseng Q, Bessy T, Lowell S, Young J, Filhol O, Théry M. Polarity Reversal by Centrosome Repositioning Primes Cell Scattering during Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Dev Cell 2017; 40:168-184. [PMID: 28041907 PMCID: PMC5497078 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cells lining the tissue periphery break up their cohesion to migrate within the tissue. This dramatic reorganization involves a poorly characterized reorientation of the apicobasal polarity of static epithelial cells into the front-rear polarity of migrating mesenchymal cells. To investigate the spatial coordination of intracellular reorganization with morphological changes, we monitored centrosome positioning during EMT in vivo, in developing mouse embryos and mammary gland, and in vitro, in cultured 3D cell aggregates and micropatterned cell doublets. In all conditions, centrosomes moved from their off-centered position next to intercellular junctions toward extracellular matrix adhesions on the opposite side of the nucleus, resulting in an effective internal polarity reversal. This move appeared to be supported by controlled microtubule network disassembly. Sequential release of cell confinement using dynamic micropatterns, and modulation of microtubule dynamics, confirmed that centrosome repositioning was responsible for further cell disengagement and scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila Burute
- CytoMorpho Lab, A2T, UMRS1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, INSERM/AP-HP/Université Paris Diderot, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France; CYTOO SA, 7 Parvis Louis Néel, 38040 Grenoble, France
| | - Magali Prioux
- CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Blin
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sandrine Truchet
- GABI, INRA/AgroParisTech/Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gaëlle Letort
- CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Qingzong Tseng
- CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Bessy
- CytoMorpho Lab, A2T, UMRS1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, INSERM/AP-HP/Université Paris Diderot, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Sally Lowell
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Joanne Young
- CYTOO SA, 7 Parvis Louis Néel, 38040 Grenoble, France
| | - Odile Filhol
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, UMRS1036, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INSERM/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Manuel Théry
- CytoMorpho Lab, A2T, UMRS1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, INSERM/AP-HP/Université Paris Diderot, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France.
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18
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Aznar N, Patel A, Rohena CC, Dunkel Y, Joosen LP, Taupin V, Kufareva I, Farquhar MG, Ghosh P. AMP-activated protein kinase fortifies epithelial tight junctions during energetic stress via its effector GIV/Girdin. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27813479 PMCID: PMC5119889 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of epithelial polarity impacts organ development and function; it is also oncogenic. AMPK, a key sensor of metabolic stress stabilizes cell-cell junctions and maintains epithelial polarity; its activation by Metformin protects the epithelial barrier against stress and suppresses tumorigenesis. How AMPK protects the epithelium remains unknown. Here, we identify GIV/Girdin as a novel effector of AMPK, whose phosphorylation at a single site is both necessary and sufficient for strengthening mammalian epithelial tight junctions and preserving cell polarity and barrier function in the face of energetic stress. Expression of an oncogenic mutant of GIV (cataloged in TCGA) that cannot be phosphorylated by AMPK increased anchorage-independent growth of tumor cells and helped these cells to evade the tumor-suppressive action of Metformin. This work defines a fundamental homeostatic mechanism by which the AMPK-GIV axis reinforces cell junctions against stress-induced collapse and also provides mechanistic insight into the tumor-suppressive action of Metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Aznar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Arjun Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Cristina C Rohena
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Ying Dunkel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Linda P Joosen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Vanessa Taupin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Marilyn G Farquhar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
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19
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Pifer PM, Farris JC, Thomas AL, Stoilov P, Denvir J, Smith DM, Frisch SM. Grainyhead-like 2 inhibits the coactivator p300, suppressing tubulogenesis and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2479-92. [PMID: 27251061 PMCID: PMC4966987 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-04-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
GRHL2 suppresses EMT to give a default epithelial phenotype. GRHL2 inhibits this process through the histone acetyltransferase coactivator p300, repressing the partial EMT and preventing induction of MMPs. The results demonstrate novel roles for p300 and GRHL2 in promoting or suppressing EMT in morphogenesis and tumor progression. Developmental morphogenesis and tumor progression require a transient or stable breakdown of epithelial junctional complexes to permit programmed migration, invasion, and anoikis resistance, characteristics endowed by the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). The epithelial master-regulatory transcription factor Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) suppresses and reverses EMT, causing a mesenchymal–epithelial transition to the default epithelial phenotype. Here we investigated the role of GRHL2 in tubulogenesis of Madin–Darby canine kidney cells, a process requiring transient, partial EMT. GRHL2 was required for cystogenesis, but it suppressed tubulogenesis in response to hepatocyte growth factor. Surprisingly, GRHL2 suppressed this process by inhibiting the histone acetyltransferase coactivator p300, preventing the induction of matrix metalloproteases and other p300-dependent genes required for tubulogenesis. A 13–amino acid region of GRHL2 was necessary for inhibition of p300, suppression of tubulogenesis, and interference with EMT. The results demonstrate that p300 is required for partial or complete EMT occurring in tubulogenesis or tumor progression and that GRHL2 suppresses EMT in both contexts through inhibition of p300.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M Pifer
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Joshua C Farris
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Alyssa L Thomas
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Peter Stoilov
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - James Denvir
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755
| | - David M Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Steven M Frisch
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
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20
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Urdy S, Goudemand N, Pantalacci S. Looking Beyond the Genes: The Interplay Between Signaling Pathways and Mechanics in the Shaping and Diversification of Epithelial Tissues. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 119:227-90. [PMID: 27282028 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The core of Evo-Devo lies in the intuition that the way tissues grow during embryonic development, the way they sustain their structure and function throughout lifetime, and the way they evolve are closely linked. Epithelial tissues are ubiquitous in metazoans, covering the gut and internal branched organs, as well as the skin and its derivatives (ie, teeth). Here, we discuss in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies on epithelial tissues to illustrate the conserved, dynamical, and complex aspects of their development. We then explore the implications of the dynamical and nonlinear nature of development on the evolution of their size and shape at the phenotypic and genetic levels. In rare cases, when the interplay between signaling and mechanics is well understood at the cell level, it is becoming clear that the structure of development leads to covariation of characters, an integration which in turn provides some predictable structure to evolutionary changes. We suggest that such nonlinear systems are prone to genetic drift, cryptic genetic variation, and context-dependent mutational effects. We argue that experimental and theoretical studies at the cell level are critical to our understanding of the phenotypic and genetic evolution of epithelial tissues, including carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Urdy
- University of Zürich, Institute of Physics, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - N Goudemand
- Univ Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, UMR 5242, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - S Pantalacci
- Univ Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Lyon Cedex 07, France
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21
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Baek JI, Kwon SH, Zuo X, Choi SY, Kim SH, Lipschutz JH. Dynamin Binding Protein (Tuba) Deficiency Inhibits Ciliogenesis and Nephrogenesis in Vitro and in Vivo. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8632-43. [PMID: 26895965 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.688663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of renal primary cilia leads to polycystic kidney disease. We previously showed that the exocyst, a protein trafficking complex, is essential for ciliogenesis and regulated by multiple Rho and Rab family GTPases, such as Cdc42. Cdc42 deficiency resulted in a disruption of renal ciliogenesis and a polycystic kidney disease phenotype in zebrafish and mice. Here we investigate the role of Dynamin binding protein (also known as Tuba), a Cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, in ciliogenesis and nephrogenesis using Tuba knockdown Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and tuba knockdown in zebrafish. Tuba depletion resulted in an absence of cilia, with impaired apical polarization and inhibition of hepatocyte growth factor-induced tubulogenesis in Tuba knockdown Madin-Darby canine kidney cell cysts cultured in a collagen gel. In zebrafish, tuba was expressed in multiple ciliated organs, and, accordingly, tuba start and splice site morphants showed various ciliary mutant phenotypes in these organs. Co-injection of tuba and cdc42 morpholinos at low doses, which alone had no effect, resulted in genetic synergy and led to abnormal kidney development with highly disorganized pronephric duct cilia. Morpholinos targeting two other guanine nucleotide exchange factors not known to be in the Cdc42/ciliogenesis pathway and a scrambled control morpholino showed no phenotypic effect. Given the molecular nature of Cdc42 and Tuba, our data strongly suggest that tuba and cdc42 act in the same ciliogenesis pathway. Our study demonstrates that Tuba deficiency causes an abnormal renal ciliary and morphogenetic phenotype. Tuba most likely plays a critical role in ciliogenesis and nephrogenesis by regulating Cdc42 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-In Baek
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Sang-Ho Kwon
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Xiaofeng Zuo
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Soo Young Choi
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and the Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29401
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22
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Yoshizaki H, Ogiso H, Okazaki T, Kiyokawa E. Comparative lipid analysis in the normal and cancerous organoids of MDCK cells. J Biochem 2016; 159:573-84. [PMID: 26783265 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial organs are made of a well-polarized monolayer of epithelial cells, and their morphology is maintained strictly for their proper functioning. The roles of lipids are not only to generate the membrane, but also to provide the specific domains for signal transduction, or to transmit signals as second messengers. By using a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS method, we here analyzed sphingolipids in MDCK cysts under various conditions. Our result showed that, compared to the three-dimensional cyst, the two-dimensional MDCK sheet is relatively enriched in sphingolipids. During cystogenesis, the contents of sphingomyelin (SM) and lactocylceramide (LacCer)-but, none those of ceramide, hexocylceramide, or GM3-are altered depending on their acyl chains. While the total SM is decreased more efficiently by SMS-1 knockdown than by SMS-2 knockdown, depletion of SMS-2, but not SMS-1, inhibits cyst growth. Finally upon the switching on of activated K-Ras expression which induces luminal cell filling, ceramide and LacCer are increased. Our parallel examinations of the microarray data for mRNA of sphingolipid metabolic enzymes failed to fully explain the remodelling of the sphingolipids of MDCK cysts. However, these results should be useful to investigate the cell-type- and structure-specific lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hideo Ogiso
- Department of Hematology/Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Toshiro Okazaki
- Department of Hematology/Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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23
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Regulation of Ripply1 expression in MDCK organoids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:337-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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24
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Kim M, M Shewan A, Ewald AJ, Werb Z, Mostov KE. p114RhoGEF governs cell motility and lumen formation during tubulogenesis through a ROCK-myosin-II pathway. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4317-27. [PMID: 26483385 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.172361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubulogenesis is fundamental to the development of many epithelial organs. Although lumen formation in cysts has received considerable attention, less is known about lumenogenesis in tubes. Here, we utilized tubulogenesis induced by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in MDCK cells, which form tubes enclosing a single lumen. We report the mechanism that controls tubular lumenogenesis and limits each tube to a single lumen. Knockdown of p114RhoGEF (also known as ARHGEF18), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RhoA, did not perturb the early stages of tubulogenesis induced by HGF. However, this knockdown impaired later stages of tubulogenesis, resulting in multiple lumens in a tube. Inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK) or myosin IIA, which are downstream of RhoA, led to formation of multiple lumens. We studied lumen formation by live-cell imaging, which revealed that inhibition of this pathway blocked cell movement, suggesting that cell movement is necessary for consolidating multiple lumens into a single lumen. Lumen formation in tubules is mechanistically quite different from lumenogenesis in cysts. Thus, we demonstrate a new pathway that regulates directed cell migration and formation of a single lumen during epithelial tube morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kim
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Annette M Shewan
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew J Ewald
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Keith E Mostov
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA Department of Biochemistry/Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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25
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Li R, Knight JF, Park M, Pendergast AM. Abl Kinases Regulate HGF/Met Signaling Required for Epithelial Cell Scattering, Tubulogenesis and Motility. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124960. [PMID: 25946048 PMCID: PMC4422589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is crucial for normal development and homeostasis. Dysregulation of RTKs signaling is associated with diverse pathological conditions including cancer. The Met RTK is the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and is dysregulated in numerous human tumors. Here we show that Abl family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, comprised of Abl (ABL1) and Arg (ABL2), are activated downstream of the Met receptor, and that inhibition of Abl kinases dramatically suppresses HGF-induced cell scattering and tubulogenesis. We uncover a critical role for Abl kinases in the regulation of HGF/Met-dependent RhoA activation and RhoA-mediated actomyosin contractility and actin cytoskeleton remodeling in epithelial cells. Moreover, treatment of breast cancer cells with Abl inhibitors markedly decreases Met-driven cell migration and invasion. Notably, expression of a transforming mutant of the Met receptor in the mouse mammary epithelium results in hyper-activation of both Abl and Arg kinases. Together these data demonstrate that Abl kinases link Met activation to Rho signaling and Abl kinases are required for Met-dependent cell scattering, tubulogenesis, migration, and invasion. Thus, inhibition of Abl kinases might be exploited for the treatment of cancers driven by hyperactivation of HGF/Met signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Morag Park
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ann Marie Pendergast
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Harada K, Negishi M, Katoh H. HGF-induced serine 897 phosphorylation of EphA2 regulates epithelial morphogenesis of MDCK cells in 3D culture. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1912-21. [PMID: 25908849 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.163790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of EphA2 is upregulated in various cancers that are derived from epithelial cells and correlates with the ability of a cancer cell to undergo migration and invasion. Here we have investigated the role of EphA2 in the epithelial morphogenesis of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in three-dimensional culture. We show that EphA2 is phosphorylated on serine residue 897 through hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulation using a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-dependent mechanism and that this phosphorylation is required for the formation of extensions, the first step of tubulogenesis, in MDCK cysts. By contrast, stimulation using the ligand ephrinA1 dephosphorylates EphA2 on serine residue 897 and suppresses the HGF-induced morphological change. Furthermore, activation of the small GTPase RhoG is involved in the HGF-induced formation of extensions downstream of EphA2. These observations suggest that a ligand-independent activity of EphA2 contributes to epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Harada
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Manabu Negishi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hironori Katoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Barriga EH, Mayor R. Embryonic cell-cell adhesion: a key player in collective neural crest migration. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:301-23. [PMID: 25733144 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for morphogenesis, adult tissue remodeling, wound healing, and cancer cell migration. Cells can migrate as individuals or groups. When cells migrate in groups, cell-cell interactions are crucial in order to promote the coordinated behavior, essential for collective migration. Interestingly, recent evidence has shown that cell-cell interactions are also important for establishing and maintaining the directionality of these migratory events. We focus on neural crest cells, as they possess extraordinary migratory capabilities that allow them to migrate and colonize tissues all over the embryo. Neural crest cells undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition at the same time than perform directional collective migration. Cell-cell adhesion has been shown to be an important source of planar cell polarity and cell coordination during collective movement. We also review molecular mechanisms underlying cadherin turnover, showing how the modulation and dynamics of cell-cell adhesions are crucial in order to maintain tissue integrity and collective migration in vivo. We conclude that cell-cell adhesion during embryo development cannot be considered as simple passive resistance to force, but rather participates in signaling events that determine important cell behaviors required for cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Barriga
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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28
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Wang W, Li F, Sun Y, Lei L, Zhou H, Lei T, Xia Y, Verkman AS, Yang B. Aquaporin-1 retards renal cyst development in polycystic kidney disease by inhibition of Wnt signaling. FASEB J 2015; 29:1551-63. [PMID: 25573755 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-260828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Water channel aquaporin-1 (AQP1) is expressed at epithelial cell plasma membranes in renal proximal tubules and thin descending limb of Henle. Recently, AQP1 was reported to interact with β-catenin. Here we investigated the relationship between AQP1 and Wnt signaling in in vitro and in vivo models of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD). AQP1 overexpression decreased β-catenin and cyclinD1 expression, suggesting down-regulation of Wnt signaling, and coimmunoprecipitation showed AQP1 interaction with β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase 3β, LRP6, and Axin1. AQP1 inhibited cyst development and promoted branching in matrix-grown MDCK cells. In embryonic kidney cultures, AQP1 deletion increased cyst development by up to ∼ 40%. Kidney size and cyst number were significantly greater in AQP1-null PKD mice than in AQP1-expressing PKD mice, with the difference mainly attributed to a greater number of proximal tubule cysts. Biochemical analysis revealed decreased β-catenin phosphorylation and increased β-catenin expression in AQP1-null PKD mice, suggesting enhanced Wnt signaling. These results implicate AQP1 as a novel determinant in renal cyst development that may involve inhibition of Wnt signaling by an AQP1-macromolecular signaling complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Wang
- *Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Fei Li
- *Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Yi Sun
- *Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Lei Lei
- *Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Hong Zhou
- *Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Tianluo Lei
- *Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Yin Xia
- *Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California USA
| | - A S Verkman
- *Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Baoxue Yang
- *Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California USA
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Baldanzi G, Graziani A. Physiological Signaling and Structure of the HGF Receptor MET. Biomedicines 2014; 3:1-31. [PMID: 28536396 PMCID: PMC5344233 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The "hepatocyte growth factor" also known as "scatter factor", is a multifunctional cytokine with the peculiar ability of simultaneously triggering epithelial cell proliferation, movement and survival. The combination of those proprieties results in the induction of an epithelial to mesenchymal transition in target cells, fundamental for embryogenesis but also exploited by tumor cells during metastatization. The hepatocyte growth factor receptor, MET, is a proto-oncogene and a prototypical transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor. Inhere we discuss the MET molecular structure and the hepatocyte growth factor driven physiological signaling which coordinates epithelial proliferation, motility and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department Translational Medicine, University Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Department Translational Medicine, University Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
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30
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Soulié P, Chassot A, Ernandez T, Montesano R, Féraille E. Spatially restricted hyaluronan production by Has2 drives epithelial tubulogenesis in vitro. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C745-59. [PMID: 25163516 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00047.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Generation of branched tubes from an epithelial bud is a fundamental process in development. We hypothesized that induction of hyaluronan synthase (Has) and production of hyaluronan (HA) drives tubulogenesis in response to morphogenetic cytokines. Treatment of J3B1A mammary cells with transforming growth factor-β1 or renal MDCK and mCCD-N21 cells with hepatocyte growth factor induced strong and specific expression of Has2. Immunostaining revealed that HA was preferentially produced at the tips of growing tubules. Inhibition of HA production, either by 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) or by Has2 mRNA silencing, abrogated tubule formation. HA production by J3B1A and mCCD-N21 cells was associated with sustained activation of ERK and S6 phosphorylation. However, silencing of either CD44 or RHAMM (receptor for HA-mediated motility), the major HA receptors, by RNA interference, did not alter tubulogenesis, suggesting that this process is not receptor-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Soulié
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Chassot
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ernandez
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Montesano
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Féraille
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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32
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Wang L, Ai J, Shen Y, Zhang H, Peng X, Huang M, Zhang A, Ding J, Geng M. SOMCL-863, a novel, selective and orally bioavailable small-molecule c-Met inhibitor, exhibits antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2014; 351:143-50. [PMID: 24880078 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of HGF/c-Met signaling and its driven neoplastic phenotype are associated with a variety of human malignancies. We herein reported SOMCL-863 as a novel selective c-Met inhibitor which effectively abrogated c-Met signaling pathways, thereby leading to substantial impairment of c-Met-dependent cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cell scattering and invasive growth. In EBC-1 and NCI-H1993 xenografts, SOMCL-863 exerted significant anti-tumor efficacy through anti-proliferative effects and antiangiogenic mechanisms, including reduction of tumor cell proliferation and reductions of microvessel density and secretion of proangiogenic factor IL-8. Together with the optimal pharmacokinetic properties, SOMCL-863 is a promising candidate worthy for further evaluation as a treatment of c-Met-driven human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jing Ai
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Yanyan Shen
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Haotian Zhang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xia Peng
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Min Huang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jian Ding
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Meiyu Geng
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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Carvalho A, Menendez DB, Senthivel VR, Zimmermann T, Diambra L, Isalan M. Genetically encoded sender-receiver system in 3D mammalian cell culture. ACS Synth Biol 2014; 3:264-72. [PMID: 24313393 PMCID: PMC4046804 DOI: 10.1021/sb400053b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Engineering spatial patterning in mammalian cells, employing entirely genetically encoded components, requires solving several problems. These include how to code secreted activator or inhibitor molecules and how to send concentration-dependent signals to neighboring cells, to control gene expression. The Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line is a potential engineering scaffold as it forms hollow spheres (cysts) in 3D culture and tubulates in response to extracellular hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). We first aimed to graft a synthetic patterning system onto single developing MDCK cysts. We therefore developed a new localized transfection method to engineer distinct sender and receiver regions. A stable reporter line enabled reversible EGFP activation by HGF and modulation by a secreted repressor (a truncated HGF variant, NK4). By expanding the scale to wide fields of cysts, we generated morphogen diffusion gradients, controlling reporter gene expression. Together, these components provide a toolkit for engineering cell-cell communication networks in 3D cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Carvalho
- EMBL/CRG
Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Pasqual Maragall Foundation & Barcelonabeta Brain Research Centre, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Barcena Menendez
- EMBL/CRG
Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vivek Raj Senthivel
- EMBL/CRG
Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Timo Zimmermann
- Advanced
Light Microscopy Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr.
Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Diambra
- EMBL/CRG
Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro
Regional de Estudios Genómicos, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CP:1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mark Isalan
- EMBL/CRG
Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Ponnusamy T, Chakravarty G, Mondal D, John VT. Novel "breath figure"-based synthetic PLGA matrices for in vitro modeling of mammary morphogenesis and assessing chemotherapeutic response. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:703-13. [PMID: 24132933 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) porous films are developed to support mammary cell growth and function. Such porous polymer matrices of PLGA are generated using the easily implemented water-templating "breath-figure" technique that allows water droplets to penetrate the nascent polymer films to create a rough porous polymer film. Such breath figure-based micropatterned porous films show higher epithelial differentiation and growth than the corresponding flat 2D films, and represent the first instance of using them for tissue culture. Specifically, the breath figure morphology supports robust acinar growth with almost double the number of lobular-alveolar units compared to the 2D cultures. Gene profile analysis indicates that the cells grown on porous polymer films show enhanced expressions of mammary differentiation genes (GATA3, EMA, and INTEGB4) but lower the expression of mesenchymal gene (CALLA). Hormonal stimulation of these cultures dramatically increases expression of progenitor marker gene Notch1. Importantly, cells grown on porous PLGA films exhibit an enhanced resistance to doxorubicin treatment in comparison to 2D cultures. Breath-figure PLGA films show promise in mimicking in vivo mammary functions and can potentially be used to screen chemotherapeutic drugs. The simplicity and ease of fabrication of these polymer films is especially appealing to the development of effective biomaterials to support cell culture and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruselvam Ponnusamy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - Geetika Chakravarty
- Department of Pharmacology Tulane University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Debasis Mondal
- Department of Pharmacology Tulane University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Vijay T. John
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
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Zegers MM. 3D in vitro cell culture models of tube formation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 31:132-40. [PMID: 24613912 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Building the complex architecture of tubular organs is a highly dynamic process that involves cell migration, polarization, shape changes, adhesion to neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix, physicochemical characteristics of the extracellular matrix and reciprocal signaling with the mesenchyme. Understanding these processes in vivo has been challenging as they take place over extended time periods deep within the developing organism. Here, I will discuss 3D in vitro models that have been crucial to understand many of the molecular and cellular mechanisms and key concepts underlying branching morphogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam M Zegers
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Department of Cell Biology, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Chacon-Heszele MF, Zuo X, Hellman NE, McKenna S, Choi SY, Huang L, Tobias JW, Park KM, Lipschutz JH. Novel MAPK-dependent and -independent tubulogenes identified via microarray analysis of 3D-cultured Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F1047-58. [PMID: 24573390 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00589.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystogenesis and tubulogenesis are basic building blocks for many epithelial organs, including the kidney. Most researchers have used two-dimensional (2D) cell culture to investigate signaling pathways downstream of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). We hypothesize that three-dimensional (3D) collagen-grown Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, which form cysts and then tubulate in response to HGF, are a much more in vivo-like system for the identification of novel tubulogenes. With the use of a canine microarray containing over 20,000 genes, 2,417 genes were identified as potential tubulogenes that were differentially regulated, exclusively in 3D-grown MDCK cells. Among these, 840 were dependent on MAPK signaling. Importantly, this work shows that many putative tubulogenes, previously identified via microarray analysis of 2D cultures, including by us, do not change in 3D culture and vice versa. The use of a 3D-culture system allowed for the identification of novel MAPK-dependent and -independent genes that regulate early renal tubulogenesis in vitro, e.g., matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1). Knockdown of MMP1 led to defects in cystogenesis and tubulogenesis in 3D-grown MDCK cells, most likely due to problems establishing normal polarity. We suggest that data obtained from 2D cultures, even those using MDCK cells treated with HGF, should not be automatically extrapolated to factors important for cystogenesis and tubulogenesis. Instead, 3D culture, which more closely replicates the biological environment and is therefore a more accurate model for identifying tubulogenes, is preferred. Results from the present analysis will be used to build a more accurate model of the signaling pathways that control cystogenesis and tubulogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Chacon-Heszele
- Renal, Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Rm. 405C, Clinical Research Bldg., Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
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Weaver SA, Wolters B, Ito N, Woskowicz AM, Kaneko K, Shitomi Y, Seiki M, Itoh Y. Basal localization of MT1-MMP is essential for epithelial cell morphogenesis in 3D collagen matrix. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:1203-13. [PMID: 24463815 PMCID: PMC4117704 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.135236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The membrane-anchored collagenase membrane type 1 matrix metalloprotease (MT1-MMP) has been shown to play an essential role during epithelial tubulogenesis in 3D collagen matrices; however, its regulation during tubulogenesis is not understood. Here, we report that degradation of collagen in polarized epithelial cells is post-translationally regulated by changing the localization of MT1-MMP from the apical to the basal surface. MT1-MMP predominantly localizes at the apical surface in inert polarized epithelial cells, whereas treatment with HGF induced basal localization of MT1-MMP followed by collagen degradation. The basal localization of MT1-MMP requires the ectodomains of the enzyme because deletion of the MT-loop region or the hemopexin domain inhibited basal localization of the enzyme. TGFβ is a well-known inhibitor of tubulogenesis and our data indicate that its mechanism of inhibition is, at least in part, due to inhibition of MT1-MMP localization to the basal surface. Interestingly, however, the effect of TGFβ was found to be bi-phasic: at high doses it effectively inhibited basal localization of MT1-MMP, whereas at lower doses tubulogenesis and basal localization of MT1-MMP was promoted. Taken together, these data indicate that basal localization of MT1-MMP is a key factor promoting the degradation of extracellular matrix by polarized epithelial cells, and that this is an essential part of epithelial morphogenesis in 3D collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Weaver
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
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38
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Pampaloni F, Berge U, Marmaras A, Horvath P, Kroschewski R, Stelzer EHK. Tissue-culture light sheet fluorescence microscopy (TC-LSFM) allows long-term imaging of three-dimensional cell cultures under controlled conditions. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:988-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00121d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This novel system for the long-term fluorescence imaging of live three-dimensional cultures provides minimal photodamage, control of temperature, CO2, pH, and media flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS)
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurosciences (FB15, IZN)
- Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
- D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Berge
- ETH Zürich
- Institute of Biochemistry
- CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School
- Molecular Life Science PhD program
| | | | - Peter Horvath
- ETH Zürich
- Light Microscopy Centre
- CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS)
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurosciences (FB15, IZN)
- Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
- D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Wu SK, Yap AS. Patterns in space: coordinating adhesion and actomyosin contractility at E-cadherin junctions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:201-12. [PMID: 24205985 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.856889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cadherin adhesion receptors are fundamental determinants of tissue organization in health and disease. Increasingly, we have come to appreciate that classical cadherins exert their biological actions through active cooperation with the contractile actin cytoskeleton. Rather than being passive resistors of detachment forces, cadherins can regulate the assembly and mechanics of the contractile apparatus itself. Moreover, coordinate spatial patterning of adhesion and contractility is emerging as a determinant of morphogenesis. Here we review recent developments in cadherins and actin cytoskeleton cooperativity, by focusing on E-cadherin adhesive patterning in the epithelia. Next, we discuss the underlying principles of cellular rearrangement during Drosophila germband extension and epithelial cell extrusion, as models of how planar and apical-lateral patterns of contractility organize tissue architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwin Kaixiang Wu
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Queensland , Australia
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40
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Tung JJ, Tattersall IW, Kitajewski J. Tips, stalks, tubes: notch-mediated cell fate determination and mechanisms of tubulogenesis during angiogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a006601. [PMID: 22355796 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the process of developing vascular sprouts from existing blood vessels. Luminal endothelial cells convert into "tip" cells that contribute to the development of a multicellular stalk, which then undergoes lumen formation. In this review, we consider a variety of cellular and molecular pathways that mediate these transitions. We focus first on Notch signaling in cell fate determination as a mechanism to define tip and stalk cells. We next discuss the current models of lumen formation and describe new players in this process, such as chloride intracellular channel proteins. Finally, we consider the possible medical therapeutic benefits of understanding these processes and acknowledge potential obstacles in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Tung
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Pathology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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41
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Zhang Y, Yan W, Chen X. P63 regulates tubular formation via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Oncogene 2013; 33:1548-57. [PMID: 23542170 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
P63, a p53 family member, is expressed as TA and ΔN isoforms. Interestingly, both TAp63 and ΔNp63 are transcription factors, and regulate both common and distinct sets of target genes. p63 is required for survival of some epithelial cell lineages, and lack of p63 leads to loss of epidermis and other epithelia in humans and mice. Here, we explored the role of p63 isoforms in cell proliferation, migration and tubulogenesis by using Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) tubular epithelial cells in two- or three-dimensional (2-D or 3-D) culture. We found that like downregulation of p53, downregulation of p63 and TAp63 decreases expression of growth-suppressing genes, including p21, PUMA and MIC-1, and consequently promotes cell proliferation and migration in 2-D culture. However, in 3-D culture, downregulation of p63, especially TAp63, but not p53, decapacitates MDCK cells to form a cyst structure through enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In contrast, downregulation of ΔNp63 inhibits MDCK cell proliferation and migration in 2-D culture, and delays but does not block MDCK cell cyst formation and tubulogenesis in 3-D culture. Consistent with this, downregulation of ΔNp63 markedly upregulates growth-suppressing genes, including p21, PUMA and MIC-1. Taken together, these data suggest that TAp63 is the major isoform required for tubulogenesis by maintaining an appropriate level of EMT, whereas ΔNp63 fine-tunes the rate of cyst formation and tubulogenesis by maintaining an appropriate expression level of genes involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Center for Comparative Oncology, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - W Yan
- Center for Comparative Oncology, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - X Chen
- Center for Comparative Oncology, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Abstract
Cell polarity is fundamental for the architecture and function of epithelial tissues. Epithelial polarization requires the intervention of several fundamental cell processes, whose integration in space and time is only starting to be elucidated. To understand what governs the building of epithelial tissues during development, it is essential to consider the polarization process in the context of the whole tissue. To this end, the development of three-dimensional organotypic cell culture models has brought new insights into the mechanisms underlying the establishment and maintenance of higher-order epithelial tissue architecture, and in the dynamic remodeling of cell polarity that often occurs during development of epithelial organs. Here we discuss some important aspects of mammalian epithelial morphogenesis, from the establishment of cell polarity to epithelial tissue generation.
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Mori Y, Yagi S, Sakurai A, Matsuda M, Kiyokawa E. Insufficient ability of Rac1b to perturb cystogenesis. Small GTPases 2013; 4:9-15. [PMID: 23411476 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.23311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1b is frequently expressed in a number of human cancer cells. It is still unclear, however, whether Rac1b causes morphological abnormalities in epithelial tissues. To investigate whether Rac1b induces morphological changes in 3-dimensional epithelial structures, we utilized an auxin-dependent protein expression system, which enabled us to rapidly induce and evaluate Rac1b function in MDCK (Madin-Darby Canine Kidney) cysts, a model for polarized epithelial structure. Cells carrying the wild-type Rac1, Rac1b and constitutively active Rac1V12 gene were morphologically indistinguishable from normal, when their coding proteins were not expressed. However, upon protein induction, Rac1V12, but not the wild-type Rac1 or Rac1b, significantly induced the luminal cell accumulation. Live cell imaging with cell cycle indicators showed that expression of Rac1V12, but not the wild-type Rac1 or Rac1b, promoted cell cycle progression. From these results, we concluded that the expression of Rac1b per se cannot induce cell proliferation. Rather, it is considered that Rac1b expression may participate in progression of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Mori
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Yao G, Luyten A, Takakura A, Plomann M, Zhou J. The cytoplasmic protein Pacsin 2 in kidney development and injury repair. Kidney Int 2012; 83:426-37. [PMID: 23235565 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase C and casein kinase 2 substrate in neurons (Pacsin) is a subfamily of membrane-binding proteins that participates in vesicle trafficking and cytoskeleton organization. Here, we studied Pacsin 2 in kidney development and repair following injury. In the postnatal developing kidneys, Pacsin 2 was found to be expressed in both ureteric bud- and mesenchyme-derived structures including proximal and distal tubules, Bowman's capsule, and the glomerular tuft. In the adult kidney, its expression was decreased in proximal tubules but increased in glomerular tuft when compared to that in the developing kidneys. Interestingly, Pacsin 2 expression was significantly upregulated during the repair phase after ischemia-reperfusion injury, especially on the apical brush border of proximal tubules that experienced massive damage. Pacsin 2 localized to the primary cilia of renal epithelial cells. Knockdown of Pacsin 2 by shRNA did not affect the cell cycle or cell polarity; however, it increased the length of primary cilia, and resulted in significant tubulogenic defects in three-dimensional cell culture. Thus, we propose that Pacsin 2 contributes to kidney development and repair in a nephron-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yao
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Sakurai A, Matsuda M, Kiyokawa E. Activated Ras protein accelerates cell cycle progression to perturb Madin-Darby canine kidney cystogenesis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:31703-11. [PMID: 22829590 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.377804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In a number of human cancer cells, K-RAS is frequently mutated and activated constitutively, culminating in the induction of continuous cell growth, a hallmark of cancer cells. It is still unclear, however, how the mutated K-RAS induces morphological abnormalities in cancerous tissues. To investigate the mechanism underlying the K-RAS-induced morphological changes, we utilized an auxin-dependent protein expression system, which enabled us to rapidly induce and evaluate constitutively active K-Ras in MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney) cysts, a model for polarized epithelial structure. Cells carrying the constitutively active KRasV12 gene were morphologically indistinguishable from normal cells in two-dimensional culture. However, in a gel of extracellular matrix, KRasV12-expressing cells failed to form a spherical cyst. When KRasV12 induction was delayed until after cyst formation, some cells in the cyst wall lost polarity and were extruded into and accumulated in the luminal space. With effector-specific mutants of KRasV12 and inhibitors for MEK and PI3-kinase, we found that both the Raf-MEK-ERK and PI3-kinase axes are necessary and sufficient for this phenotype. Live cell imaging with cell cycle indicators showed that KRasV12 expression promoted cell cycle progression, which was prevented by either MEK or PI3-kinase inhibitors. From these results, we provide a model wherein active-Ras induces cell cycle progression leading to apical cell extrusion through Raf and PI3-kinase in a cooperative manner. The system developed here can be applied to drug screening for various cancers originating from epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuro Sakurai
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Jung YS, Liu XW, Chirco R, Warner RB, Fridman R, Kim HRC. TIMP-1 induces an EMT-like phenotypic conversion in MDCK cells independent of its MMP-inhibitory domain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38773. [PMID: 22701711 PMCID: PMC3372473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous inhibitors (TIMPs) regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) critical for the development of epithelial organs as well as cancer cell invasion. TIMP-1 is frequently overexpressed in several types of human cancers and serves as a prognostic marker. The present study investigates the roles of TIMP-1 on the EMT process and formation of the lumen-like structure in a 3D Matrigel culture of MDCK cells. We show that TIMP-1 overexpression effectively prevents cell polarization and acinar-like structure formation. TIMP-1 induces expression of the developmental EMT transcription factors such as SLUG, TWIST, ZEB1 and ZEB2, leading to downregulation of epithelial marker and upregulation of mesenchymal markers. Importantly, TIMP-1's ability to induce the EMT-like process is independent of its MMP-inhibitory domain. To our surprise, TIMP-1 induces migratory and invasive properties in MDCK cells. Here, we present a novel finding that TIMP-1 signaling upregulates MT1-MMP and MMP-2 expression, and potentiates MT1-MMP activation of pro-MMP-2, contributing to tumor cell invasion. In spite of the fact that TIMP-1, as opposed to TIMP-2, does not interact with and inhibit MT1-MMP, TIMP-1 may act as a key regulator of MT1-MMP/MMP-2 axis. Collectively, our findings suggest a model in which TIMP-1 functions as a signaling molecule and also as an endogenous inhibitor of MMPs. This concept represents a paradigm shift in the current view of TIMP-1/MT1-MMP interactions and functions during cancer development/progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Suk Jung
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xu-Wen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie Chirco
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Warner
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rafael Fridman
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hyeong-Reh Choi Kim
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Eastburn DJ, Zegers MM, Mostov KE. Scrib regulates HGF-mediated epithelial morphogenesis and is stabilized by Sgt1-HSP90. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4147-57. [PMID: 22623728 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Scribble was originally identified as a Drosophila protein that regulates epithelial polarity and formation of the basolateral surface. The mammalian orthologue, Scrib, is evolutionarily conserved, but does not appear to be necessary for apical-basolateral epithelial polarity. Instead, it is implicated in the regulation of cell survival, protein trafficking, adhesion and migration. A key issue is to understand the molecular pathway by which Scrib participates in these processes. We have investigated Scrib using a three-dimensional epithelial cell culture system. We show a novel association between the leucine-rich repeat domain of Scrib and the co-chaperone Sgt1 and demonstrate that these proteins are necessary for epithelial morphogenesis and tubulogenesis following hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulation. The molecular chaperone HSP90 is also required for Sgt1 association with Scrib, and both Sgt1 and HSP90 are needed to ensure proper Scrib protein levels. Furthermore, reduced Scrib stability, following inhibition of Sgt1-HSP90, lowers the cellular abundance of the Scrib-βPix-PAK complex. Inhibition of any member of this complex, Scrib, βPix or PAK, is sufficient to block HGF-mediated epithelial morphogenesis. The identification of Scrib as an Sgt1-HSP90 client protein required for three-dimensional cell migration suggests that chaperone-mediated regulation of polarity protein stability and homeostasis is an unappreciated mechanism underlying dynamic rearrangements during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Eastburn
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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49
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Petrova YI, Spano MM, Gumbiner BM. Conformational epitopes at cadherin calcium-binding sites and p120-catenin phosphorylation regulate cell adhesion. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:2092-108. [PMID: 22513089 PMCID: PMC3364174 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-12-1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity state of E-cadherin is controlled by conformational epitopes at interfaces between different EC domains, which are coupled to p120-catenin phosphorylation. Dephosphorylation activates adhesion, whereas phosphorylation inhibits activation. p120-dependent changes in the physical state of E-cadherin regulate epithelial cell morphogenesis. We investigated changes in cadherin structure at the cell surface that regulate its adhesive activity. Colo 205 cells are nonadhesive cells with a full but inactive complement of E-cadherin–catenin complexes at the cell surface, but they can be triggered to adhere and form monolayers. We were able to distinguish the inactive and active states of E-cadherin at the cell surface by using a special set of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Another set of mAbs binds E-cadherin and strongly activates adhesion. In other epithelial cell types these activating mAbs inhibit growth factor–induced down-regulation of adhesion and epithelial morphogenesis, indicating that these phenomena are also controlled by E-cadherin activity at the cell surface. Both types of mAbs recognize conformational epitopes at different interfaces between extracellular cadherin repeat domains (ECs), especially near calcium-binding sites. Activation also induces p120-catenin dephosphorylation, as well as changes in the cadherin cytoplasmic domain. Moreover, phospho-site mutations indicate that dephosphorylation of specific Ser/Thr residues in the N-terminal domain of p120-catenin mediate adhesion activation. Thus physiological regulation of the adhesive state of E-cadherin involves physical and/or conformational changes in the EC interface regions of the ectodomain at the cell surface that are mediated by catenin-associated changes across the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya I Petrova
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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50
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Zhou H, Gao J, Zhou L, Li X, Li W, Li X, Xia Y, Yang B. Ginkgolide B inhibits renal cyst development in in vitro and in vivo cyst models. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 302:F1234-42. [PMID: 22338085 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00356.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common inherited disease characterized by massive enlargement of fluid-filled cysts in the kidney. However, there is no effective therapy yet for this disease. To examine whether ginkgolide B, a natural compound, inhibits cyst development, a Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cyst model, an embryonic kidney cyst model, and a PKD mouse model were used. Interestingly, ginkgolide B significantly inhibited MDCK cyst formation dose dependently, with up to 69% reduction by 2 μM ginkgolide B. Ginkgolide B also significantly inhibited cyst enlargement in the MDCK cyst model, embryonic kidney cyst model, and PKD mouse model. To determine the underlying mechanisms, the effect of ginkgolide B on MDCK cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, chloride transporter CFTR activity, and intracellular signaling pathways were also studied. Ginkgolide B did not affect cell viability, proliferation, and expression and activity of the chloride transporter CFTR that mediates cyst fluid secretion. Ginkgolide B induced cyst cell differentiation and altered the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ginkgolide B inhibits renal cyst formation and enlargement, suggesting that ginkgolide B might be developed into a novel candidate drug for ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Dept. of Pharmacology. School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Univ., 38 Xueyuan Lu, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
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