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Elsheikh AA, Shalaby AM, Alabiad MA, Abd-Almotaleb NA, Alorini M, Alnasser SM, Elhasadi I, El-Nagdy SA. Trigonelline Chloride Ameliorated Triphenyltin-Induced Testicular Autophagy, Inflammation, and Apoptosis: Role of Recovery. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024; 30:133-150. [PMID: 38156731 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Triphenyltin chloride (TPT-Cl) is an organometallic organotin. This study aimed to investigate the role of trigonelline (TG) along with the impact of TPT withdrawal on the testicular toxicity induced by TPT-Cl. Thirty-six adult male albino rats were divided into control, TG (40 mg/kg/day), TPT-Cl (0.5 mg/kg/day), TG + TPT-Cl, and recovery groups. Animals were daily gavaged for 12 weeks. Both TG and TPT-Cl withdrawal improved TPT-Cl-induced testicular toxicity features involving testis and relative testis weight reduction, luteinizing hormone, follicular stimulating hormone, and sex hormone-binding globulin elevation, reduction of inhibin B, free testosterone levels, and sperm count reduction with increased abnormal sperm forms. Moreover, both TG and TPT-Cl withdrawal reduced inflammatory activin A, follistatin, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, and proapoptotic Bax and elevated antiapoptotic Bcl2 in testicular tissues mediated by TPT-Cl. TG and TPT-Cl withdrawal restored the excessive autophagy triggered by TPT-Cl via elevation of mTOR, AKT, PI3K, and P62/SQSTM1 and reduction of AMPK, ULK1, Beclin1, and LC3 mRNA gene expressions and regained the deteriorated testicular structure. In conclusion, TG and TPT-Cl withdrawal had an ameliorative role in partially reversing TPT-Cl-induced testicular toxicity. However, the findings indicated that the use of TG as an adjunctive factor is more favorable than TPT-Cl withdrawal, suggesting the capability of the testis for partial self-improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa A Elsheikh
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Amany Mohamed Shalaby
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ali Alabiad
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Noha Ali Abd-Almotaleb
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alorini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Mohammed Alnasser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibtesam Elhasadi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Samah A El-Nagdy
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Svanholm S, Brouard V, Roza M, Marini D, Karlsson O, Berg C. Impaired spermatogenesis and associated endocrine effects of azole fungicides in peripubertal Xenopus tropicalis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115876. [PMID: 38154155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Early life exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been suggested to adversely affect reproductive health in humans and wildlife. Here, we characterize endocrine and adverse effects on the reproductive system after juvenile exposure to propiconazole (PROP) or imazalil (IMZ), two common azole fungicides with complex endocrine modes of action. Using the frog Xenopus tropicalis, two short-term (2-weeks) studies were conducted. I: Juveniles (2 weeks post metamorphosis (PM)) were exposed to 0, 17 or 178 µg PROP/L. II: Juveniles (6 weeks PM) were exposed to 0, 1, 12 or 154 µg IMZ/L. Histological analysis of the gonads revealed an increase in the number of dark spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs)/testis area, and in the ratio secondary spermatogonia: dark SSCs were increased in all IMZ groups compared to control. Key genes in gametogenesis, retinoic acid and sex steroid pathways were also analysed in the gonads. Testicular levels of 3β-hsd, ddx4 were increased and cyp19 and id4 levels were decreased in the IMZ groups. In PROP exposed males, increased testicular aldh1a2 levels were detected, but no histological effects observed. Although no effects on ovarian histology were detected, ovarian levels of esr1, rsbn1 were increased in PROP groups, and esr1 levels were decreased in IMZ groups. In conclusion, juvenile azole exposure disrupted testicular expression of key genes in retinoic acid (PROP) and sex steroid pathways and in gametogenesis (IMZ). Our results further show that exposure to environmental concentrations of IMZ disrupted spermatogenesis in the juvenile testis, which is a cause for concern as it may lead to impaired fertility. Testicular levels of id4, ddx4 and the id4:ddx4 ratio were associated with the number of dark SSCs and secondary spermatogonia suggesting that they may serve as a molecular markers for disrupted spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Svanholm
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, SE-754 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Vanessa Brouard
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, SE-754 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mauricio Roza
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 114 18, Sweden
| | - Daniele Marini
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, SE-754 36 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Oskar Karlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 114 18, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Berg
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, SE-754 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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Montes-Garrido R, Anel-Lopez L, Riesco MF, Neila-Montero M, Palacin-Martinez C, Soriano-Úbeda C, Boixo JC, de Paz P, Anel L, Alvarez M. Does Size Matter? Testicular Volume and Its Predictive Ability of Sperm Production in Rams. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3204. [PMID: 37893928 PMCID: PMC10603633 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, testicular volume has been used to evaluate the reproductive capacity of rams and the effects of different factors related to reproductive performance. The aim of this study was to determine the most suitable tool and formula to calculate testicular volume under field conditions to guarantee a more accurate determination of sperm production. First, testicles from 25 rams (n = 50) were measured in vivo and postmortem using calipers and ultrasonography during the breeding season (BS). The accurate testicular volume (ATV) was calculated through water displacement. In addition, the sexual status of donor rams was evaluated during a period of four years in a reproduction center, and the three most crucial groups in terms of genetic value and seminal collections were studied in the second part of this experiment: ER-NBS (Elite rams during the non-breeding season), ER-BS-S (Elite rams with a standard frequency of seminal collection), and ER-BS-O (Elite rams with a high frequency of seminal collection). The total testicular volume (TTV), testosterone (T), and total spermatozoa obtained from two consecutive ejaculates in the same day (SPERM) were measured, and the relationship between SPERM and TTV and T was analyzed to predict SPERM. Although all published formulas revealed statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) from the ATV, our proposed formula (ItraULE) (Testicular volume = L × W × D × 0.61) did not show significant differences. In the second part of the study, in the ER as a model donor ram for its high genetic value and high demand from farmers, TTV and T showed strong positive correlations with SPERM (r = 0.587, p = 0.007 NBS; r = 0.684, p = 0.001 BS-S; r = 0.773, p < 0.0001 BS-O). Moreover, formulas were established to predict SPERM in these practical scenarios. In conclusion, the use of ultrasonography and a new formula adapted to rams could improve the prediction of SPERM considering crucial factors such as season and semen collection frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Montes-Garrido
- ITRAULE, Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery, and Anatomy, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (R.M.-G.); (M.N.-M.); (C.P.-M.); (C.S.-Ú.); (J.C.B.); (L.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Luis Anel-Lopez
- ITRAULE, Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery, and Anatomy, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Marta F. Riesco
- ITRAULE, Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.F.R.); (P.d.P.)
| | - Marta Neila-Montero
- ITRAULE, Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery, and Anatomy, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (R.M.-G.); (M.N.-M.); (C.P.-M.); (C.S.-Ú.); (J.C.B.); (L.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Cristina Palacin-Martinez
- ITRAULE, Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery, and Anatomy, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (R.M.-G.); (M.N.-M.); (C.P.-M.); (C.S.-Ú.); (J.C.B.); (L.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Cristina Soriano-Úbeda
- ITRAULE, Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery, and Anatomy, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (R.M.-G.); (M.N.-M.); (C.P.-M.); (C.S.-Ú.); (J.C.B.); (L.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Juan Carlos Boixo
- ITRAULE, Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery, and Anatomy, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (R.M.-G.); (M.N.-M.); (C.P.-M.); (C.S.-Ú.); (J.C.B.); (L.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Paulino de Paz
- ITRAULE, Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.F.R.); (P.d.P.)
| | - Luis Anel
- ITRAULE, Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery, and Anatomy, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (R.M.-G.); (M.N.-M.); (C.P.-M.); (C.S.-Ú.); (J.C.B.); (L.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Mercedes Alvarez
- ITRAULE, Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery, and Anatomy, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (R.M.-G.); (M.N.-M.); (C.P.-M.); (C.S.-Ú.); (J.C.B.); (L.A.); (M.A.)
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Svanholm S, Roza M, Marini D, Brouard V, Karlsson O, Berg C. Pubertal sexual development and endpoints for disrupted spermatogenesis in the model Xenopus tropicalis. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 120:108435. [PMID: 37400040 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Peripubertal models to determine effects of anti-androgenic endocrine disrupting chemicals are needed. Using the toxicological model species Xenopus tropicalis, the aims of the study were to 1) provide data on sexual maturation and 2) characterise effects of short-term exposure to an anti-androgenic model substance. Juvenile (2.5 weeks post metamorphosis old) X. tropicalis were exposed to 0, 250, 500 or 1000 µg flutamide/L (nominal) for 2.5 weeks. Upon exposure termination, histology of gonads and Müllerian ducts was characterised in detail. New sperm stages were identified: pale and dark spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). The testes of control males contained spermatozoa, indicating pubertal onset. The ovaries were immature, and composed of non-follicular and pre-vitellogenic follicular oocytes. The Müllerian ducts were more mature in females than males indicating development/regression in the females and males, respectively. In the 500 µg/L group, the number of dark SSCs per testis area was decreased and the number of secondary spermatogonia was increased. No treatment effects on ovaries or Müllerian ducts were detected. To conclude, our present data provide new knowledge on spermatogenesis, and pubertal onset in X. tropicalis. New endpoints for evaluating spermatogenesis are suggested to be added to existing assays used in endocrine and reproductive toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Svanholm
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 754 36, Sweden.
| | - Mauricio Roza
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 114 18, Sweden
| | - Daniele Marini
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 754 36, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06126, Italy
| | - Vanessa Brouard
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 754 36, Sweden
| | - Oskar Karlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 114 18, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Berg
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 754 36, Sweden
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Kasimanickam VR, Kasimanickam RK. In Silico Analysis of miRNA-Mediated Genes in the Regulation of Dog Testes Development from Immature to Adult Form. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091520. [PMID: 37174557 PMCID: PMC10177090 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput in-silico techniques help us understand the role of individual proteins, protein-protein interaction, and their biological functions by corroborating experimental data as epitomized biological networks. The objective of this investigation was to elucidate the association of miRNA-mediated genes in the regulation of dog testes development from immature to adult form by in-silico analysis. Differentially expressed (DE) canine testis miRNAs between healthy immature (2.2 ± 0.13 months; n = 4) and mature (11 ± 1.0 months; n = 4) dogs were utilized in this investigation. In silico analysis was performed using miRNet, STRING, and ClueGo programs. The determination of mRNA and protein expressions of predicted pivotal genes and their association with miRNA were studied. The results showed protein-protein interaction for the upregulated miRNAs, which revealed 978 enriched biological processes GO terms and 127 KEGG enrichment pathways, and for the down-regulated miRNAs revealed 405 significantly enriched biological processes GO terms and 72 significant KEGG enrichment pathways (False Recovery Rate, p < 0.05). The in-silico analysis of DE-miRNA's associated genes revealed their involvement in the governing of several key biological functions (cell cycle, cell proliferation, growth, maturation, survival, and apoptosis) in the testis as they evolve from immature to adult forms, mediated by several key signaling pathways (ErbB, p53, PI3K-Akt, VEGF and JAK-STAT), cytokines and hormones (estrogen, GnRH, relaxin, thyroid hormone, and prolactin). Elucidation of DE-miRNA predicted genes' specific roles, signal transduction pathways, and mechanisms, by mimics and inhibitors, which could perhaps offer diagnostic and therapeutic targets for infertility, cancer, and birth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanmathy R Kasimanickam
- Center for Reproductive Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Ramanathan K Kasimanickam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Crucial Convolution: Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms of Coiling during Epididymis Formation and Development in Embryogenesis. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10020025. [PMID: 35735916 PMCID: PMC9225329 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As embryonic development proceeds, numerous organs need to coil, bend or fold in order to establish their final shape. Generally, this occurs so as to maximise the surface area for absorption or secretory functions (e.g., in the small and large intestines, kidney or epididymis); however, mechanisms of bending and shaping also occur in other structures, notably the midbrain–hindbrain boundary in some teleost fish models such as zebrafish. In this review, we will examine known genetic and molecular factors that operate to pattern complex, coiled structures, with a primary focus on the epididymis as an excellent model organ to examine coiling. We will also discuss genetic mechanisms involving coiling in the seminiferous tubules and intestine to establish the final form and function of these coiled structures in the mature organism.
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Shima Y. Functional Importance of Mini-Puberty in Spermatogenic Stem Cell Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:907989. [PMID: 35573691 PMCID: PMC9096082 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.907989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells nesting in the fetal testis give rise to gonocytes. The gonocytes then transform into spermatogenic stem cells (SSCs) during the neonatal period and thereafter serve as a lifetime source of spermatogenesis. Therefore, gonocyte to SSC transformation is quite an important process that supports fertility in males. During the gonocyte to SSC transformation, morphological and transcriptomic changes sequentially occur and gonocytes migrate from the center to the peripheral region of the seminiferous tubules. However, extrinsic signals which trigger the transcriptomic changes as well as the migration are not yet fully clarified. Recent studies have drawn attention to the temporal activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis during the neonatal stage which occurs concurrently with SSC formation. This phenomenon is called mini-puberty, and recent studies on human cryptorchid patients as well as animal models partially support the hypothesis that mini-puberty plays pivotal roles in gonocyte-to-SSC transformation. Focusing on this point, here, we aimed to discuss the latest knowledge on the importance of mini-puberty in spermatogenesis in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Shima
- Division of Microscopic and Developmental Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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In Vitro Propagation of XXY Undifferentiated Mouse Spermatogonia: Model for Fertility Preservation in Klinefelter Syndrome Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010173. [PMID: 35008599 PMCID: PMC8745151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is characterized by a masculine phenotype, supernumerary sex chromosomes (usually XXY), and spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) loss in their early life. Affecting 1 out of every 650 males born, KS is the most common genetic cause of male infertility, and new fertility preservation strategies are critically important for these patients. In this study, testes from 41, XXY prepubertal (3-day-old) mice were frozen-thawed. Isolated testicular cells were cultured and characterized by qPCR, digital PCR, and flow cytometry analyses. We demonstrated that SSCs survived and were able to be propagated with testicular somatic cells in culture for up to 120 days. DNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) showed the presence of XXY spermatogonia at the beginning of the culture and a variety of propagated XY, XX, and XXY spermatogonia at the end of the culture. These data provide the first evidence that an extra sex chromosome was lost during innate SSC culture, a crucial finding in treating KS patients for preserving and propagating SSCs for future sperm production, either in vitro or in vivo. This in vitro propagation system can be translated to clinical fertility preservation for KS patients.
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Search for Associations of FSHR, INHA, INHAB, PRL, TNP2 and SPEF2 Genes Polymorphisms with Semen Quality in Russian Holstein Bulls (Pilot Study). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102882. [PMID: 34679903 PMCID: PMC8532936 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to search for new mutations in the previously studied gene loci of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), inhibin α (INHA), inhibin β A (INHAB), prolactin (PRL), transition protein 2 (TNP2), and sperm flagella 2 (SPEF2) by sequencing, as well as the search for associations of previously identified mutations at these loci with fresh semen quality in Russian Holstein bulls. Phenotypic data from 189 bulls was collected. Data was analyzed for most bulls for three years of semen collection. The maximum value of each semen quality indicator (doublet ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, progressive motility and total number of spermatozoa) were selected. SNPs were identified in the FSHR, INHA, INHAB, TNP2, SPEF2 genes. The PRL gene did not have polymorphism. Significant (p < 0.05) associations of polymorphisms in the FSHR gene with double ejaculate volume, concentration and total number of spermatozoa were identified. Polymorphism in the INHA gene was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with sperm concentration. Polymorphism in the INHAB gene was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with doublet ejaculate volume and total number of spermatozoa. Polymorphisms in the TNP2 and SPEF2 genes did not have significant associations with semen quality. The SNPs studied in our pilot work may be considered as candidate genetic markers in the selection of bulls.
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Recchia K, Jorge AS, Pessôa LVDF, Botigelli RC, Zugaib VC, de Souza AF, Martins DDS, Ambrósio CE, Bressan FF, Pieri NCG. Actions and Roles of FSH in Germinative Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10110. [PMID: 34576272 PMCID: PMC8470522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced by the pituitary gland in a coordinated hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis event, plays important roles in reproduction and germ cell development during different phases of reproductive development (fetal, neonatal, puberty, and adult life), and is consequently essential for fertility. FSH is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone of two dissociable subunits, α and β. The FSH β-subunit (FSHβ) function starts upon coupling to its specific receptor: follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR). FSHRs are localized mainly on the surface of target cells on the testis and ovary (granulosa and Sertoli cells) and have recently been found in testicular stem cells and extra-gonadal tissue. Several reproduction disorders are associated with absent or low FSH secretion, with mutation of the FSH β-subunit or the FSH receptor, and/or its signaling pathways. However, the influence of FSH on germ cells is still poorly understood; some studies have suggested that this hormone also plays a determinant role in the self-renewal of germinative cells and acts to increase undifferentiated spermatogonia proliferation. In addition, in vitro, together with other factors, it assists the process of differentiation of primordial germ cells (PGCLCs) into gametes (oocyte-like and SSCLCs). In this review, we describe relevant research on the influence of FSH on spermatogenesis and folliculogenesis, mainly in the germ cell of humans and other species. The possible roles of FSH in germ cell generation in vitro are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiana Recchia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01001-010, Brazil; (K.R.); (F.F.B.)
| | - Amanda Soares Jorge
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.S.J.); (L.V.d.F.P.); (R.C.B.); (V.C.Z.); (D.d.S.M.); (C.E.A.)
| | - Laís Vicari de Figueiredo Pessôa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.S.J.); (L.V.d.F.P.); (R.C.B.); (V.C.Z.); (D.d.S.M.); (C.E.A.)
| | - Ramon Cesar Botigelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.S.J.); (L.V.d.F.P.); (R.C.B.); (V.C.Z.); (D.d.S.M.); (C.E.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cristiane Zugaib
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.S.J.); (L.V.d.F.P.); (R.C.B.); (V.C.Z.); (D.d.S.M.); (C.E.A.)
| | - Aline Fernanda de Souza
- Department Biomedical Science, Ontary Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Daniele dos Santos Martins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.S.J.); (L.V.d.F.P.); (R.C.B.); (V.C.Z.); (D.d.S.M.); (C.E.A.)
| | - Carlos Eduardo Ambrósio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.S.J.); (L.V.d.F.P.); (R.C.B.); (V.C.Z.); (D.d.S.M.); (C.E.A.)
| | - Fabiana Fernandes Bressan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01001-010, Brazil; (K.R.); (F.F.B.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.S.J.); (L.V.d.F.P.); (R.C.B.); (V.C.Z.); (D.d.S.M.); (C.E.A.)
| | - Naira Caroline Godoy Pieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.S.J.); (L.V.d.F.P.); (R.C.B.); (V.C.Z.); (D.d.S.M.); (C.E.A.)
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Dhakal P, Tsunoda N, Nambo Y, Taniyama H, Nagaoka K, Watanabe G, Taya K. Circulating activin A during equine gestation and immunolocalization of its receptors system in utero-placental tissues and fetal gonads. J Equine Sci 2021; 32:39-48. [PMID: 34220270 PMCID: PMC8240525 DOI: 10.1294/jes.32.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although equine gestation is unique from the standpoint of fetal gonadal enlargement and
regression, the activator of this process is still unknown. The present study aimed to
show a possible role of activin during equine gestation. In the first experiment, weekly
plasma samples from six pregnant mares were used to measure activin A. In the second
experiment, eight pregnant mares carrying female (gestational days 110, 140, 180, and 270)
and male fetuses (gestational days 120, 180, 225, and 314) were used for
immunohistochemistry of activin receptors (IA, IB, IIA, IIB), and their intracellular
mediators (Smad2, Smad3, Smad4). Activin A levels in maternal circulation remained low
until fourth weeks of gestation, thereafter, started to increase, and peaked first at 11
weeks of gestation. The second significant peak was observed on the day of parturition.
Activin receptors type IA, IB, IIA, and IIB were immunostained in interstitial and germ
cells of fetal ovaries and testes along with utero-placental tissues. Smad2, Smad3, and
Smad4 were also immunolocalized in all these organs. These results demonstrated the
activin-producing capacity of utero-placental tissues, and also evidenced the existence of
activin receptors and functional signaling molecules in these organs. The first increment
in circulating activin A in maternal circulation coinciding with the timing of initiation
of fetal gonadal enlargement suggests that activin from the utero-placental tissues may
have a stimulatory role in fetal gonad enlargement and utero-placental development in
mares, whereas the second peak could be important to follicular development in the
maternal ovary for foal heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Dhakal
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | | | - Yasuo Nambo
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Taniyama
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences (Doctoral Program), Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Gen Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences (Doctoral Program), Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Taya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Shadai Corporation, Hokkaido 059-1432, Japan
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12
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Aldahhan RA, Stanton PG, Ludlow H, de Kretser DM, Hedger MP. Experimental Cryptorchidism Causes Chronic Inflammation and a Progressive Decline in Sertoli Cell and Leydig Cell Function in the Adult Rat Testis. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:2916-2928. [PMID: 34008157 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00616-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cryptorchidism causes spermatogenic failure and reduced serum androgen levels, as well as testicular oedema and fibrosis, which are hallmarks of inflammation. However, the role of inflammation and the effects of cryptorchidism on Sertoli cell and Leydig cell function at the molecular level remain ill-defined. Bilateral cryptorchidism was surgically induced in adult rats for 7 and 14 weeks. Testis weights decreased to 40% of normal within 7 weeks, due to loss of all developing spermatogenic cells except spermatogonia, but did not decrease further at 14 weeks. Serum FSH and LH were increased at both time points, consistent with a loss of feedback by inhibin and testosterone. This damage was accompanied by progressive accumulation of interstitial fluid and peritubular fibrosis, and a progressive decline of several critical Sertoli cell genes (Sox9, Inha (inhbin α-subunit), Cldn11 (claudin 11), Gja1 (connexin 43), and Il1a (interleukin-1α)) and the Leydig cell steroidogenic enzymes, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, and Hs17b3. Activin B and the activin-binding protein, follistatin, also declined, but the intratesticular concentration of activin A, which is a regulator of inflammatory responses, was largely unaffected at either time point. Expression of genes involved in inflammation (Tnf, Il10, Il1b, Mcp1) and fibrosis (Acta2, Col1a1) were considerably elevated at both time points. These data indicate that induction of experimental cryptorchidism, which causes complete failure of spermatogenesis in the adult rat, also induces chronic testicular inflammation, manifesting in oedema and fibrosis, and a progressive decline of Sertoli and Leydig cell gene expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid A Aldahhan
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 2114, Dammam, 31541, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Peter G Stanton
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - David M de Kretser
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark P Hedger
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Xu J, He L, Zhang Y, Hu Z, Su Y, Fang Y, Peng M, Fan Z, Liu C, Zhao K, Zhang H. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Male Reproduction: Relationship, Explanations, and Clinical Remedies. Front Physiol 2021; 12:651408. [PMID: 33935803 PMCID: PMC8079781 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.651408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been an ongoing pandemic and worldwide public health emergency, having drawn a lot of attention around the world. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is characterized by infecting angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-expressing cells, including testis-specific cells, namely, Leydig, Sertoli, and spermatogenic cells, which are closely related to male reproduction. This leads to aberrant hyperactivation of the immune system generating damage to the infected organs. An impairment in testicular function through uncontrolled immune responses alerts more attention to male infertility. Meanwhile, the recent clinical data indicate that the infection of the human testis with SARS-CoV-2 may impair male germ cell development, leading to germ cell loss and higher immune cell infiltration. In this review, we investigated the evidence of male reproductive dysfunction associated with the infection with SARS-CoV-2 and its possible immunological explanations and clinical remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liting He
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufang Su
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiwei Fang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Peng
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zunpan Fan
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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14
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Xu A, Li X, Li K, Zhang J, Li Y, Gong D, Zhao G, Zheng Q, Yuan M, Lin P, Huang L. Linoleic acid promotes testosterone production by activating Leydig cell GPR120/ ERK pathway and restores BPA-impaired testicular toxicity. Steroids 2020; 163:108677. [PMID: 32585208 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) [2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane] has attracted increasing attention over the past few decades as an endocrine-disrupting chemicals that causes low testosterone levels. Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential fatty acid and GPR120 agonist. Herein, we are the first to report that LA induces the expression of GPR120 in mouse Leydig cells to directly promote testosterone production. In addition, we demonstrated that the activated GPR120 / ERK signaling pathway was involved in upregulating the expression of 3β-HSD and StAR for testosterone production by stimulation of LA. Interestingly, although BPA failed to affect GPR120 expression, LA restored the testosterone levels decreased by BPA in Leydig cells in vitro. Furthermore, the in vivo restoration of testosterone levels and testicular structure was also observed in BPA-impaired mice fed LA. As a result, the sperm functions of BPA-impaired mice returned to normal levels. At the same time, the damaged blood-testis barrier and infertility were also resolved by LA. Our study indicates a novel and safe strategy that utilizes LA to repair reproductive damage caused by low testosterone levels through activating the GPR120/ERK pathway in Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Xu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 1 Keyuan 4 Road, Gaopeng Avenue, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Division of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 1 Keyuan 4 Road, Gaopeng Avenue, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Division of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 1 Keyuan 4 Road, Gaopeng Avenue, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Di Gong
- Division of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 1 Keyuan 4 Road, Gaopeng Avenue, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Division of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 1 Keyuan 4 Road, Gaopeng Avenue, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qianwen Zheng
- Division of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 1 Keyuan 4 Road, Gaopeng Avenue, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Miao Yuan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ping Lin
- Division of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 1 Keyuan 4 Road, Gaopeng Avenue, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Lugang Huang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, China.
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15
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Giuliani A, Zuccarini M, Cichelli A, Khan H, Reale M. Critical Review on the Presence of Phthalates in Food and Evidence of Their Biological Impact. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5655. [PMID: 32764471 PMCID: PMC7460375 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are a huge class of chemicals with a wide spectrum of industrial uses, from the manufacture of plastics to food contact applications, children's toys, and medical devices. People and animals can be exposed through different routes (i.e., ingestion, inhalation, dermal, or iatrogenic exposure), as these compounds can be easily released from plastics to water, food, soil, air, making them ubiquitous environmental contaminants. In the last decades, phthalates and their metabolites have proven to be of concern, particularly in products for pregnant women or children. Moreover, many authors reported high concentrations of phthalates in soft drinks, mineral waters, wine, oil, ready-to-eat meals, and other products, as a possible consequence of their accumulation along the food production chain and their accidental release from packaging materials. However, due to their different physical and chemical properties, phthalates do not have the same human and environmental impacts and their association to several human diseases is still under debate. In this review we provide an overview of phthalate toxicity, pointing out the health and legal issues related to their occurrence in several types of food and beverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Giuliani
- "G.d'Annunzio" School of Advanced Studies, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Angelo Cichelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Interuniversity Center on Interactions between Electromagnetic Fields and Biosystems, National Research Council-Institute for Electromagnetic Detection of The Environment, (ICEMB-CNR-IREA), 80124 Naples, Italy
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16
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Betaglycan (TβRIII) is a Key Factor in TGF-β2 Signaling in Prepubertal Rat Sertoli Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246214. [PMID: 31835434 PMCID: PMC6941059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) signal after binding to the TGF-β receptors TβRI and TβRII. Recently, however, betaglycan (BG) was identified as an important co-receptor, especially for TGF-β2. Both proteins are involved in several testicular functions. Thus, we analyzed the importance of BG for TGF-β1/2 signaling in Sertoli cells with ELISAs, qRT-PCR, siRNA silencing and BrdU assays. TGF-β1 as well as TGF-β2 reduced shedding of membrane-bound BG (mBG), thus reducing the amount of soluble BG (sBG), which is often an antagonist to TGF-β signaling. Treatment of Sertoli cells with GM6001, a matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) inhibitor, also counteracted BG shedding, thus suggesting MMPs to be mainly involved in shedding. Interestingly, TGF-β2 but not TGF-β1 enhanced secretion of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3), a potent inhibitor of MMPs. Furthermore, recombinant TIMP3 attenuated BG shedding. Co-stimulation with TIMP3 and TGF-β1 reduced phosphorylation of Smad3, while a combination of TIMP3/TGF-β2 increased it. Silencing of BG as well as TIMP3 reduced TGF-β2-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 significantly, once more highlighting the importance of BG for TGF-β2 signaling. In contrast, this effect was not observed with TIMP3/TGF-β1. Silencing of BG and TIMP3 decreased significantly Sertoli cell proliferation. Taken together, BG shedding serves a major role in TGF-β2 signaling in Sertoli cells.
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17
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Aldahhan RA, Stanton PG, Ludlow H, de Kretser DM, Hedger MP. Acute heat-treatment disrupts inhibin-related protein production and gene expression in the adult rat testis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 498:110546. [PMID: 31422101 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Heat reversibly disrupts spermatogenesis, but the effects on Sertoli cell (SC) function and inhibin/activin-related proteins are less well-defined. Adult rat testis weights decreased by 40% within 2 weeks after heat-treatment (43 °C, 15 min), due to loss of pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids. Coincident effects were reduced SC nuclear volume at one week and >50% reduction in expression of several critical SC genes (Inha, Cld11, Gja1, Tjp1, Cldn3) by 2 weeks. Leydig cell steroidogenic enzymes, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, were also reduced. Activin gene expression was unaffected at this time, but expression of the activin-binding protein, follistatin (Fst), increased >2-fold. At 4-8 weeks, coincident with the recovery of spermatocytes and early spermatids, but progressive loss of elongated spermatids, most SC genes had recovered; however, testicular activin A was reduced and activin B increased. At 8 weeks, serum inhibin was decreased and, consequently, serum FSH increased. Crucially, germ cell damage was not associated with a significant inflammatory response. At 14 weeks, most testicular parameters had returned to normal, but testis weights remained slightly reduced. These data indicate that, following acute heat-treatment, expression of several key Sertoli and Leydig cell genes declined in parallel with the initial loss of meiotic germ cells, whereas activins were responsive to the subsequent loss of mature spermatids, leading to an increase in testicular activin B production relative to activin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid A Aldahhan
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Peter G Stanton
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - David M de Kretser
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark P Hedger
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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18
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The beneficial effect of equine chorionic gonadotropin hormone (eCG) on the in vitro co-culture of bovine spermatogonial stem cell with Sertoli cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-019-02944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Chiappalupi S, Salvadori L, Luca G, Riuzzi F, Calafiore R, Donato R, Sorci G. Do porcine Sertoli cells represent an opportunity for Duchenne muscular dystrophy? Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12599. [PMID: 30912260 PMCID: PMC6536415 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sertoli cells (SeC) are responsible for the immunoprivileged status of the testis thanks to which allogeneic or xenogeneic engraftments can survive without pharmacological immune suppression if co‐injected with SeC. This peculiar ability of SeC is dependent on secretion of a plethora of factors including maturation factors, hormones, growth factors, cytokines and immunomodulatory factors. The anti‐inflammatory and trophic properties of SeC have been largely exploited in several experimental models of diseases, diabetes being the most studied. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal X‐linked recessive pathology in which lack of functional dystrophin leads to progressive muscle degeneration culminating in loss of locomotion and premature death. Despite a huge effort to find a cure, DMD patients are currently treated with anti‐inflammatory steroids. Recently, encapsulated porcine SeC (MC‐SeC) have been injected ip in the absence of immunosuppression in an animal model of DMD resulting in reduction of muscle inflammation and amelioration of muscle morphology and functionality, thus opening an additional avenue in the treatment of DMD. The novel protocol is endowed with the advantage of being potentially applicable to all the cohort of DMD patients regardless of the mutation. This mini‐review addresses several issues linked to the possible use of MC‐SeC injected ip in dystrophic people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Chiappalupi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Salvadori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Riuzzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Rosario Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Perugia, Italy.,Centro Universitario di Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Sorci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Perugia, Italy.,Centro Universitario di Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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20
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Meroni SB, Galardo MN, Rindone G, Gorga A, Riera MF, Cigorraga SB. Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways Involved in Sertoli Cell Proliferation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:224. [PMID: 31040821 PMCID: PMC6476933 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sertoli cells are somatic cells present in seminiferous tubules which have essential roles in regulating spermatogenesis. Considering that each Sertoli cell is able to support a limited number of germ cells, the final number of Sertoli cells reached during the proliferative period determines sperm production capacity. Only immature Sertoli cells, which have not established the blood-testis barrier, proliferate. A number of hormonal cues regulate Sertoli cell proliferation. Among them, FSH, the insulin family of growth factors, activin, and cytokines action must be highlighted. It has been demonstrated that cAMP/PKA, ERK1/2, PI3K/Akt, and mTORC1/p70SK6 pathways are the main signal transduction pathways involved in Sertoli cell proliferation. Additionally, c-Myc and hypoxia inducible factor are transcription factors which participate in the induction by FSH of various genes of relevance in cell cycle progression. Cessation of proliferation is a pre-requisite to Sertoli cell maturation accompanied by the establishment of the blood-testis barrier. With respect to this barrier, the participation of androgens, estrogens, thyroid hormones, retinoic acid and opioids has been reported. Additionally, two central enzymes that are involved in sensing cell energy status have been associated with the suppression of Sertoli cell proliferation, namely AMPK and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Among the molecular mechanisms involved in the cessation of proliferation and in the maturation of Sertoli cells, it is worth mentioning the up-regulation of the cell cycle inhibitors p21Cip1, p27Kip, and p19INK4, and of the gap junction protein connexin 43. A decrease in Sertoli cell proliferation due to administration of certain therapeutic drugs and exposure to xenobiotic agents before puberty has been experimentally demonstrated. This review focuses on the hormones, locally produced factors, signal transduction pathways, and molecular mechanisms controlling Sertoli cell proliferation and maturation. The comprehension of how the final number of Sertoli cells in adulthood is established constitutes a pre-requisite to understand the underlying causes responsible for the progressive decrease in sperm production that has been observed during the last 50 years in humans.
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21
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Kojima K, Nakamura H, Komeya M, Yamanaka H, Makino Y, Okada Y, Akiyama H, Torikai N, Sato T, Fujii T, Kimura H, Ogawa T. Neonatal testis growth recreated in vitro by two-dimensional organ spreading. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:3030-3041. [PMID: 30144353 PMCID: PMC6283240 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Organ culture experiments can be hampered by central degeneration or necrosis due to the inadequate permeation of oxygen and nutrients, which deteriorates the function and growth of cultured tissues. In the current study, we aimed to overcome this limitation of organ culture through spreading the tissue two dimensionally on an agarose gel stand and molding into a disc shape by placing a ceiling of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chip, which is highly oxygen permeable. By this, every part of the tissue can receive a sufficient supply of oxygen through PDMS as well as nutrients through the agarose gel below. This method not only prevented central necrosis of tissues, but also supported the tissue growth over time. In addition, such growth, as volume enlargement, could be easily measured. Under these conditions, we examined the effect of several factors on the growth of neonatal mouse testis, and found that follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and insulin significantly promoted the growth. These results are in good agreement with previous in vivo reports. Notably, the growth achieved over 7 days in our in vitro system is almost comparable to, about 80% of, that observed in vivo. Thus, we successfully monitored the promotion of tissue growth beyond the limits of the conventional organ culture method. This extremely simple method could offer a unique platform to evaluate the growth as well as functional properties of organs, not only the testis but also others as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Kojima
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical and Regenerative Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Life Science, Association of Medical Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakamura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Komeya
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamanaka
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Makino
- Laboratory of Pathology and Development, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Okada
- Laboratory of Pathology and Development, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Akiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Torikai
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical and Regenerative Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Life Science, Association of Medical Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takuya Sato
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical and Regenerative Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Life Science, Association of Medical Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Teruo Fujii
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ogawa
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical and Regenerative Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Life Science, Association of Medical Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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Haverfield JT, Stanton PG, Loveland KL, Zahid H, Nicholls PK, Olcorn JS, Makanji Y, Itman CM, Simpson ER, Meachem SJ. Suppression of Sertoli cell tumour development during the first wave of spermatogenesis in inhibin α-deficient mice. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:609-620. [PMID: 26488911 DOI: 10.1071/rd15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A dynamic partnership between follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and activin is required for normal Sertoli cell development and fertility. Disruptions to this partnership trigger Sertoli cells to deviate from their normal developmental pathway, as observed in inhibin α-knockout (Inha-KO) mice, which feature Sertoli cell tumours in adulthood. Here, we identified the developmental windows by which adult Sertoli cell tumourigenesis is most FSH sensitive. FSH was suppressed for 7 days in Inha-KO mice and wild-type littermates during the 1st, 2nd or 4th week after birth and culled in the 5th week to assess the effect on adult Sertoli cell development. Tumour growth was profoundly reduced in adult Inha-KO mice in response to FSH suppression during Weeks 1 and 2, but not Week 4. Proliferative Sertoli cells were markedly reduced in adult Inha-KO mice following FSH suppression during Weeks 1, 2 or 4, resulting in levels similar to those in wild-type mice, with greatest effect observed at the 2 week time point. Apoptotic Sertoli cells increased in adult Inha-KO mice after FSH suppression during Week 4. In conclusion, acute FSH suppression during the 1st or 2nd week after birth in Inha-KO mice profoundly suppresses Sertoli cell tumour progression, probably by inhibiting proliferation in the adult, with early postnatal Sertoli cells being most sensitive to FSH action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna T Haverfield
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia
| | - Peter G Stanton
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia
| | - Kate L Loveland
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia
| | - Heba Zahid
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia
| | - Peter K Nicholls
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia
| | - Justine S Olcorn
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia
| | - Yogeshwar Makanji
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia
| | - Catherine M Itman
- Priority Research Centres for Reproductive Science and Chemical Biology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Evan R Simpson
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia
| | - Sarah J Meachem
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia
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Voss JJLP, Stermer AR, Ghaffari R, Tiwary R, Richburg JH. MEHP-induced rat testicular inflammation does not exacerbate germ cell apoptosis. Reproduction 2018; 156:35-46. [PMID: 29743262 DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The testis is an organ that maintains an immune suppressive environment. We previously revealed that exposure of pre-pubertal rats to an acute dose of a well-described Sertoli cell toxicant, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), leads to an accumulation of CD11b+ immune cells in the testicular interstitial space that closely correlates with a robust incidence of germ cell (GC) apoptosis. Here, we test the hypothesis that the infiltrating immune cells contribute to GC apoptosis. Postnatal day 28 Fischer rats that received an oral dose of 700 mg/kg MEHP showed a significant infiltration of both CD11bc+/CD68+/CD163- macrophages and neutrophils. The infiltration peaked at 12 h, but had reduced by 48 h. Testicular macrophages from MEHP-treated rats showed significantly upregulated expression of Tnfa and Il6, and the Arg1/Nos2 ratio was reduced compared to controls. However, small increases in anti-inflammatory genes Il10 and Tgfb1 were also observed. Depletion of circulating monocytes with clodronate liposomes prior to MEHP treatment reduced the macrophage influx into the testis, but did not lower GC apoptosis. Additionally, depletion of neutrophils using an anti-polymorphonuclear cell antibody prevented both macrophage and neutrophil infiltration into the testis, and also did not affect GC apoptosis. Together, these results show that exposure to MEHP leads to a rapid and temporary influx of pro-inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils in the interstitium of the testis. However, with this acute dosing paradigm, these infiltrating leukocytes do not appear to contribute to MEHP-induced testicular GC apoptosis leaving the functional significance of these infiltrating cells in the pathogenesis of MEHP-induced testicular injury unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorine J L P Voss
- Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and ToxicologyDivision of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Angela R Stermer
- Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and ToxicologyDivision of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Rashin Ghaffari
- University of Texas at AustinInstitute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, The Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Richa Tiwary
- Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and ToxicologyDivision of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - John H Richburg
- Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and ToxicologyDivision of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Jabarpour M. Evaluation of the effect of follicular stimulating hormone on the in vitro bovine spermatogonial stem cells self-renewal: An experimental study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/ijrm.15.12.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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25
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Deng SL, Wang ZP, Jin C, Kang XL, Batool A, Zhang Y, Li XY, Wang XX, Chen SR, Chang CS, Cheng CY, Lian ZX, Liu YX. Melatonin promotes sheep Leydig cell testosterone secretion in a co-culture with Sertoli cells. Theriogenology 2017; 106:170-177. [PMID: 29073541 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Leydig cells synthesize and secrete testosterone, and are regulated by Sertoli cells. These two cell types may work together to regulate testicular androgen production. Studies have shown that Leydig cell androgen synthesis can be dramatically enhanced by Sertoli cells in the presence of melatonin, which can regulate the secretory function of Leydig and Sertoli cells. However, the molecular mechanism of melatonin-regulated Leydig cell androgen production via Sertoli cells remains unclear. Here, we found that 10-7 M melatonin increased testosterone production in co-cultured Leydig and Sertoli cells isolated from sheep. Melatonin increased the expression of stem cell factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 and decreased estrogen synthesis in Sertoli cells. Melatonin promoted insulin-like growth factor-1 and decreased estrogen content via the membrane melatonin receptor 1. It also enhanced stem cell factor expression via the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha. Addition of PD98059, a MEK inhibitor, to Sertoli cell culture demonstrated that the melatonin upregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 and downregulation of estrogen may be through the MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Together, these results suggest that melatonin may function through modulating melatonin receptor 1-regulated insulin-like growth factor-1 expression, as well as melatonin receptor 1-induced suppression of estrogen synthesis to increase androgen production in co-cultured Leydig and Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Long Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Zhi-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Cheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Xiao-Long Kang
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, PR China
| | - Aalia Batool
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Xiu-Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Su-Ren Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Chawn-Shang Chang
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zheng-Xing Lian
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Yi-Xun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
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26
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27
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In vitro production of functional haploid sperm cells from male germ cells of Saanen dairy goat. Theriogenology 2017; 90:120-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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29
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Vikraman J, Hutson JM, Li R, Thorup J. The undescended testis: Clinical management and scientific advances. Semin Pediatr Surg 2016; 25:241-8. [PMID: 27521715 DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Undescended testes (UDT), where one or both testes fail to migrate to the base of the scrotum, can be congenital (2-5% of newborn males) or acquired (1-2% of males). The testis may be found in any position along its usual line of descent. Cryptorchidism affects the developing testicular germ cells and increases the risk of infertility and malignancy. Clinical management aims to preserve spermatogenesis and prevent the increased risk of seminoma. Examination to document the testicular position will guide the need for imaging, medical management and the surgical approach to orchidopexy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Vikraman
- Douglas Stephens Surgical Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John M Hutson
- Douglas Stephens Surgical Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Urology, The Royal Children׳s Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Ruili Li
- Douglas Stephens Surgical Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jorgen Thorup
- Department of Paediatric Surgery and Surgical Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Namwanje M, Brown CW. Activins and Inhibins: Roles in Development, Physiology, and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a021881. [PMID: 27328872 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since their original discovery as regulators of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion and erythropoiesis, the TGF-β family members activin and inhibin have been shown to participate in a variety of biological processes, from the earliest stages of embryonic development to highly specialized functions in terminally differentiated cells and tissues. Herein, we present the history, structures, signaling mechanisms, regulation, and biological processes in which activins and inhibins participate, including several recently discovered biological activities and functional antagonists. The potential therapeutic relevance of these advances is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Namwanje
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Chester W Brown
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
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Administration of testosterone inhibits initiation of seminal tubule growth and decreases Sertoli cell number in the earliest period of rat's postnatal development. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2016; 47:S149-54. [PMID: 20067888 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-009-0094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sertoli cell (SC) number determines testes size and their capacity to produce spermatozoa. In the rat SC proliferate until 15th postnatal day (PND). Their proliferation is stimulated by FSH and inhibited by estradiol, but the role for androgens is uncertain. In this study we analyzed the effects of testosterone administration on testes growth and SC number in relation to timing of the treatment. Male rats were injected with 2.5 mg of testosterone propionate (TP) from birth until 5th PND and autopsied either on 6th PND [TP1-5(6)] or on 16th PND [TP1-5(16)] (transient administration). Other rats received TP from birth until 15th PND [TP1-15] or between 5th and 15th PND [TP5-15] continuously and were autopsied on day 16th. Control groups (C) received vehicle. In the Cs serum level of estradiol was 20-fold higher (p<0.001) and FSH was 1,7-fold higher (p<0.05) on 6th PND than on 16th PND, while testosterone did not change. After TP blood level of testosterone increased 2200-fold on 6th PND (p<0.05), and 8-fold on 16th PND. In turn, continuous TP administrations resulted on 16th PND in the increase in testosterone serum level by 2000-times of C without influence on FSH. While the treatment from birth either during initial 5 days or continuously until 15th day decreased testicular weight (p<0.001), tubule length (p<0.05) and SC number (p<0.001), the treatment initiated on 5th PND had no effects. TP reduced serum estradiol level on 6th PND by 13-fold (p<0.01), but doubled it on 16th PND. CONCLUSION Neonatal rats secrete estradiol and FSH in the amounts greatly extending those presented during further development. Testosterone inhibits testicular growth and SC number acting during first 5 neonatal days by decreasing FSH secretion, but is not effective during further development. Direct inhibitory influence of testosterone or trough its increased aromatisation to estradiol beyond neonatal period may be responsible for sustained inhibition of testes growth and SC number during infancy.
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Cortes D, Clasen-Linde E, Hutson JM, Li R, Thorup J. The Sertoli cell hormones inhibin-B and anti Müllerian hormone have different patterns of secretion in prepubertal cryptorchid boys. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:475-80. [PMID: 26452703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESES The Sertoli-cells produce inhibin-B and Anti-Müllerian-Hormone (AMH). Much is still unknown about these hormones in prepubertal cryptorchids. The Sertoli-cells are mandatory for germ cell development. The aim of the study was to investigate if there are differences in secretion pattern of Sertoli-cell hormones and their gonadotropin feed-back mechanisms. METHODS Included were 94 prepubertal cryptorchid boys 0.5-13.1years with measurements of serum-inhibin-B, Anti-Müllerian-Hormone (AMH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulation Hormone (FSH). The serum values were measured using commercially available kits. The hormonal values were related to age-matched normal values. Testicular biopsy was taken at orchiopexy. RESULTS Inhibin-B positively correlated to AMH for 1-13year-old patients (p<0.0001), but not for 0.5-1year-old patients (p=0.439). For 0.5-1year-old patients inhibin-B-values tended to decrease (p=0.055), in contrast to AMH-values (p=0.852). LH was elevated more often than FSH (p=0.014). FSH and LH were positively associated in patients both 0.5-1year (p=0.042) and 1-13years of age (p<0.0001). LH correlated positively to inhibin- B (p=0.001). In contrast, FSH did not correlate to inhibin-B or AMH (p=0.755 and p=0.528). The number of A-dark spermatogonia per tubular transverse section was positively correlated to inhibin-B serum level. CONCLUSION Our new finding of an association between LH and inhibin-B in infancy of cryptorchid boys may be essential for the transformation of gonocytes to A-dark spermatogonia. Previously, LH associated to inhibin-B was described in early puberty only. During the first year of life inhibin-B values decreased faster than AMH. The AMH-levels may just reflect the increased Sertoli cell number that occurs during the first 3months of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Cortes
- The Department of Pediatric Surgery, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen; Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Hvidovre University Hospital, Copenhagen; Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen
| | | | - John M Hutson
- Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatric Urology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne
| | - Ruili Li
- Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jorgen Thorup
- The Department of Pediatric Surgery, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen; Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen.
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Wijayarathna R, de Kretser DM. Activins in reproductive biology and beyond. Hum Reprod Update 2016; 22:342-57. [PMID: 26884470 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activins are members of the pleiotrophic family of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily of cytokines, initially isolated for their capacity to induce the release of FSH from pituitary extracts. Subsequent research has demonstrated that activins are involved in multiple biological functions including the control of inflammation, fibrosis, developmental biology and tumourigenesis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the roles of activin in reproductive and developmental biology. It also discusses interesting advances in the field of modulating the bioactivity of activins as a therapeutic target, which would undoubtedly be beneficial for patients with reproductive pathology. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was carried out using PUBMED and Google Scholar databases to identify studies in the English language which have contributed to the advancement of the field of activin biology, since its initial isolation in 1987 until July 2015. 'Activin', 'testis', 'ovary', 'embryonic development' and 'therapeutic targets' were used as the keywords in combination with other search phrases relevant to the topic of activin biology. RESULTS Activins, which are dimers of inhibin β subunits, act via a classical TGF-β signalling pathway. The bioactivity of activin is regulated by two endogenous inhibitors, inhibin and follistatin. Activin is a major regulator of testicular and ovarian development. In the ovary, activin A promotes oocyte maturation and regulates granulosa cell steroidogenesis. It is also essential in endometrial repair following menstruation, decidualization and maintaining pregnancy. Dysregulation of the activin-follistatin-inhibin system leads to disorders of female reproduction and pregnancy, including polycystic ovary syndrome, ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, fetal growth restriction, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia and pre-term birth. Moreover, a rise in serum activin A, accompanied by elevated FSH, is characteristic of female reproductive aging. In the male, activin A is an autocrine and paracrine modulator of germ cell development and Sertoli cell proliferation. Disruption of normal activin signalling is characteristic of many tumours affecting reproductive organs, including endometrial carcinoma, cervical cancer, testicular and ovarian cancer as well as prostate cancer. While activin A and B aid the progression of many tumours of the reproductive organs, activin C acts as a tumour suppressor. Activins are important in embryonic induction, morphogenesis of branched glandular organs, development of limbs and nervous system, craniofacial and dental development and morphogenesis of the Wolffian duct. CONCLUSIONS The field of activin biology has advanced considerably since its initial discovery as an FSH stimulating agent. Now, activin is well known as a growth factor and cytokine that regulates many aspects of reproductive biology, developmental biology and also inflammation and immunological mechanisms. Current research provides evidence for novel roles of activins in maintaining the structure and function of reproductive and other organ systems. The fact that activin A is elevated both locally as well as systemically in major disorders of the reproductive system makes it an important biomarker. Given the established role of activin A as a pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic agent, studies of its involvement in disorders of reproduction resulting from these processes should be examined. Follistatin, as a key regulator of the biological actions of activin, should be evaluated as a therapeutic agent in conditions where activin A overexpression is established as a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wijayarathna
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31, Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - D M de Kretser
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31, Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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GnRH-agonist implantation of prepubertal male cats affects their reproductive performance and testicular LH receptor and FSH receptor expression. Theriogenology 2015; 85:841-848. [PMID: 26620725 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of GnRH-agonist implantation in prepubertal tomcats on sexual behavior, reproductive performance, and expression of testicular LH receptor (LHR) and FSH receptor (FSHR) and also to compare the testicular characteristics, LHR and FSHR expression between prepubertal and adult tomcats. In experiment 1, 3-month-old tomcats (n = 6/group) were either treated with or left without 4.7 mg deslorelin implants. Semen collection and evaluation were performed just before castration at 48 weeks after treatment; removed testes were analyzed for mRNA and protein expression of LHR and FSHR. We were able to collect semen from six non-treated cats, whereas in treated cats, semen was uncollectable. The results revealed that sexual behavior was absent in the implanted cats throughout the study period. Testicular volume was found to decrease from 30 weeks after treatment onward in the implanted cats compared to the controls (P < 0.05). Semen production was found only in non-implanted cats. Testicular tissue score, seminiferous tubule diameter, and LHR protein expression were found lower in the implanted cats (P < 0.05), but no differences were observed in mRNA expression of LHR and protein expression of FSHR between groups. The mRNA expression of FSHR was higher in the implanted (P < 0.05) compared to control cats. In experiment 2, testes from prepubertal (n = 6) and adult (n = 6) male cats were collected after castration and analyzed for mRNA and protein expression of LHR and FSHR. No differences were observed in the protein expression of LHR and FSHR between the two groups, whereas mRNA expression of FSHR was higher in prepubertal cats (P < 0.05). Testicular and epididymal weight, diameter of seminiferous tubules, and the testicular grade were higher in the adult compared to prepubertal cats (P < 0.05). In conclusion, deslorelin implants suppressed protein expression of LHR and enhanced mRNA expression of FSHR along with suppression of reproductive function without any adverse effects for at least 48 weeks in male cats.
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Young JC, Wakitani S, Loveland KL. TGF-β superfamily signaling in testis formation and early male germline development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 45:94-103. [PMID: 26500180 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The TGF-β ligand superfamily contains at least 40 members, many of which are produced and act within the mammalian testis to facilitate formation of sperm. Their progressive expression at key stages and in specific cell types determines the fertility of adult males, influencing testis development and controlling germline differentiation. BMPs are essential for the interactive instructions between multiple cell types in the early embryo that drive initial specification of gamete precursors. In the nascent foetal testis, several ligands including Nodal, TGF-βs, Activins and BMPs, serve as key masculinizing switches by regulating male germline pluripotency, somatic and germline proliferation, and testicular vascularization and architecture. In postnatal life, local production of these factors determine adult testis size by regulating Sertoli cell multiplication and differentiation, in addition to specifying germline differentiation and multiplication. Because TGF-β superfamily signaling is integral to testis formation, it affects processes that underlie testicular pathologies, including testicular cancer, and its potential to contribute to subfertility is beginning to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Young
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shoichi Wakitani
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kate L Loveland
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Clement TM, Inselman AL, Goulding EH, Willis WD, Eddy EM. Disrupting Cyclin Dependent Kinase 1 in Spermatocytes Causes Late Meiotic Arrest and Infertility in Mice. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:137. [PMID: 26490841 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.134940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
While cyclin dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) has a critical role in controlling resumption of meiosis in oocytes, its role has not been investigated directly in spermatocytes. Unique aspects of male meiosis led us to hypothesize that its role is different in male meiosis than in female meiosis. We generated a conditional knockout (cKO) of the Cdk1 gene in mouse spermatocytes to test this hypothesis. We found that CDK1-null spermatocytes undergo synapsis, chiasmata formation, and desynapsis as is seen in oocytes. Additionally, CDK1-null spermatocytes relocalize SYCP3 to centromeric foci, express H3pSer10, and initiate chromosome condensation. However, CDK1-null spermatocytes fail to form condensed bivalent chromosomes in prophase of meiosis I and instead are arrested at prometaphase. Thus, CDK1 has an essential role in male meiosis that is consistent with what is known about the role of CDK1 in female meiosis, where it is required for formation of condensed bivalent metaphase chromosomes and progression to the first meiotic division. We found that cKO spermatocytes formed fully condensed bivalent chromosomes in the presence of okadaic acid, suggesting that cKO chromosomes are competent to condense, although they do not do so in vivo. Additionally, arrested cKO spermatocytes exhibited irregular cell shape, irregular large nuclei, and large distinctive nucleoli. These cells persist in the seminiferous epithelium through the next seminiferous epithelial cycle with a lack of stage XII checkpoint-associated cell death. This indicates that CDK1 is required upstream of a checkpoint-associated cell death as well as meiotic metaphase progression in mouse spermatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M Clement
- Gamete Biology Group, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Amy L Inselman
- Gamete Biology Group, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Eugenia H Goulding
- Gamete Biology Group, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - William D Willis
- Gamete Biology Group, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Edward M Eddy
- Gamete Biology Group, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Hong F, Zhao X, Chen M, Zhou Y, Ze Y, Wang L, Wang Y, Ge Y, Zhang Q, Ye L. TiO2 nanoparticles-induced apoptosis of primary cultured Sertoli cells of mice. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 104:124-35. [PMID: 26238530 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), as largest production and use of nanomaterials, have been demonstrated to have a potential toxicity on reproductive system. However, the mechanism underlying male reproductive toxicity of TiO2 NPs remains limited. Thus, our study was designed to examine the cellular viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and expression of apoptotic cytokines in primary cultured Sertoli cells isolated from mice under TiO2 NPs exposure. Results showed that TiO2 NPs exposure from 5 to 30 μg/mL resulted in reduction of cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase release, and induction of apoptosis or death on Sertoli cells. TiO2 NPs could migrate to Sertoli cells, which induced mitochondria-mediated or endoplasmic-reticulum-mediated apoptotic changes including elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and reductions in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and releases of cytochrome c into the cytosol. In addition, upregulation of cytochrome c, Bax, caspase-3, glucose-regulated protein 78, and C/EBP homologous protein and caspase-12 protein expression, and downregulation of bcl-2 protein expression in primary cultured Sertoli cells induced by TiO2 NPs treatment. All of the results suggested that ROS generation may play a critical role in the initiation of TiO2 NPs-induced apoptosis by mediation of the disruption of ΔΨm, the cytochrome c release, and further the activation of caspase cascade and unfolded protein response signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fashui Hong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuguan Ze
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- Library of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushuang Ge
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingqun Ye
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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Wang C, Fu W, Quan C, Yan M, Liu C, Qi S, Yang K. The role of Pten/Akt signaling pathway involved in BPA-induced apoptosis of rat Sertoli cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:793-802. [PMID: 24464975 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA), one of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, is a male reproductive toxicant. Previous studies have revealed the direct cytotoxicity of BPA in many cultured cells, such as mitotic aneuploidy in embryonic cells and somatic cells, and apoptosis in neurons and testicular Sertoli cells. To understand the action of BPA and assess its risk, the Pten/Akt pathway was investigated in cultured Sertoli cells to elucidate the mechanism of the reproductive effects of BPA. The results showed that over 50 μM BPA treatment could decrease the viability of Sertoli cells and cause more apoptosis. In addition, BPA could induce the increase in mRNA levels of Pten and Akt. The protein level of Pten was increased; however, the protein levels of phospho-Akt and procaspase-3 were decreased after BPA exposure. Taken together, observed results suggested that the Pten/Akt pathway might be involved in the apoptotic effects of BPA on Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengmin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Quan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Maosheng Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjiang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Suqin Qi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kedi Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Postnatal Germ Cell Development during Mini-Puberty in the Mouse Does Not Require Androgen Receptor: Implications for Managing Cryptorchidism. J Urol 2015; 193:1361-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Manku G, Culty M. Mammalian gonocyte and spermatogonia differentiation: recent advances and remaining challenges. Reproduction 2015; 149:R139-57. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The production of spermatozoa relies on a pool of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), formed in infancy from the differentiation of their precursor cells, the gonocytes. Throughout adult life, SSCs will either self-renew or differentiate, in order to maintain a stem cell reserve while providing cells to the spermatogenic cycle. By contrast, gonocytes represent a transient and finite phase of development leading to the formation of SSCs or spermatogonia of the first spermatogenic wave. Gonocyte development involves phases of quiescence, cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Spermatogonia, on the other hand, remain located at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules throughout their successive phases of proliferation and differentiation. Apoptosis is an integral part of both developmental phases, allowing for the removal of defective cells and the maintenance of proper germ–Sertoli cell ratios. While gonocytes and spermatogonia mitosis are regulated by distinct factors, they both undergo differentiation in response to retinoic acid. In contrast to postpubertal spermatogenesis, the early steps of germ cell development have only recently attracted attention, unveiling genes and pathways regulating SSC self-renewal and proliferation. Yet, less is known on the mechanisms regulating differentiation. The processes leading from gonocytes to spermatogonia have been seldom investigated. While the formation of abnormal gonocytes or SSCs could lead to infertility, defective gonocyte differentiation might be at the origin of testicular germ cell tumors. Thus, it is important to better understand the molecular mechanisms regulating these processes. This review summarizes and compares the present knowledge on the mechanisms regulating mammalian gonocyte and spermatogonial differentiation.
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Aly HAA, Hassan MH, El-Beshbishy HA, Alahdal AM, Osman AMM. Dibutyl phthalate induces oxidative stress and impairs spermatogenesis in adult rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2015; 32:1467-1477. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233714566877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are abundantly produced plasticizers, and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is the most widely used derivative in various consumer products and medical devices. This study was conducted to further explore the potential testicular toxicity of DBP in adult rats and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Adult male albino rats were treated orally with DBP at doses of 0, 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg/day for 15 consecutive days. Testicular weight, sperm count, and motility were significantly decreased. Treatment with DBP decreased serum follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone levels and testicular lactate dehydrogenase activity. DBP treatment also decreased serum total antioxidant capacity and the activities of the testicular antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase. Further, DBP treatment provoked degeneration with absence of spermatogenesis and sperms and necrosis in some of seminiferous tubules. These results indicated that oxidative stress and subsequent decrease in testosterone secretion were the potential underlying mechanism of DBP-induced testicular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy AA Aly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Memy H Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, El-Madinah El-Munaworah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham A El-Beshbishy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M Alahdal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel-Moneim M Osman
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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de Mello F, Streit DP, Sabin N, Gabillard JC. Identification of TGF-β, inhibin βA and follistatin paralogs in the rainbow trout genome. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 177-178:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hunter D, Anand-Ivell R, Danner S, Ivell R. Models of in vitro spermatogenesis. SPERMATOGENESIS 2014; 2:32-43. [PMID: 22553488 PMCID: PMC3341244 DOI: 10.4161/spmg.19383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that lead to the differentiation of male germ cells from their spermatogonial stem cells through meiosis to give rise to mature haploid spermatozoa has been a major quest for many decades. Unlike most other cell types this differentiation process is more or less completely dependent upon the cells being located within the strongly structured niche provided by mature Sertoli cells within an intact seminiferous epithelium. While much new information is currently being obtained through the application and description of relevant gene mutations, there is still a considerable need for in vitro models with which to explore the mechanisms involved. Not only are systems of in vitro spermatogenesis important for understanding the basic science, they have marked pragmatic value in offering ex vivo systems for the artificial maturation of immature germ cells from male infertility patients, as well as providing opportunities for the transgenic manipulation of male germ cells. In this review, we have summarized literature relating to simplistic culturing of germ cells, co-cultures of germ cells with other cell types, especially with Sertoli cells, cultures of seminiferous tubule fragments, and briefly mention the opportunities of xenografting larger testicular pieces. The majority of methods are successful in allowing the differentiation of small steps in the progress of spermatogonia to spermatozoa; few tolerate the chromosomal reduction division through meiosis, and even fewer seem able to complete the complex morphogenesis which results in freely swimming spermatozoa. However, recent progress with complex culture environments, such as 3-d matrices, suggest that possibly success is now not too far away.
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Zhao S, Zhu W, Xue S, Han D. Testicular defense systems: immune privilege and innate immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:428-37. [PMID: 24954222 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian testis possesses a special immunological environment because of its properties of remarkable immune privilege and effective local innate immunity. Testicular immune privilege protects immunogenic germ cells from systemic immune attack, and local innate immunity is important in preventing testicular microbial infections. The breakdown of local testicular immune homeostasis may lead to orchitis, an etiological factor of male infertility. The mechanisms underlying testicular immune privilege have been investigated for a long time. Increasing evidence shows that both a local immunosuppressive milieu and systemic immune tolerance are involved in maintaining testicular immune privilege status. The mechanisms underlying testicular innate immunity are emerging based on the investigation of the pattern recognition receptor-mediated innate immune response in testicular cells. This review summarizes our current understanding of testicular defense mechanisms and identifies topics that merit further investigation.
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Hai Y, Hou J, Liu Y, Liu Y, Yang H, Li Z, He Z. The roles and regulation of Sertoli cells in fate determinations of spermatogonial stem cells and spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 29:66-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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De Gendt K, Verhoeven G, Amieux PS, Wilkinson MF. Genome-wide identification of AR-regulated genes translated in Sertoli cells in vivo using the RiboTag approach. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:575-91. [PMID: 24606126 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which androgens drive spermatogenesis has been thwarted by the fact that few consistent androgen receptor (AR) target genes have been identified. Here, we addressed this issue using next-generation sequencing coupled with the RiboTag approach, which purifies translated mRNAs expressed in cells that express cyclic recombinase (CRE). Using RiboTag mice expressing CRE in Sertoli cells (SCs), we identified genes expressed specifically in SCs in both prepubertal and adult mice. Unexpectedly, this analysis revealed that the SC-specific gene program is already largely defined at the initiation of spermatogenesis despite the subsequent dramatic maturational changes known to occur in SCs. To identify AR-regulated genes, we generated triple-mutant mice in which the SCs express the RiboTag but lack ARs. RNA sequencing analysis revealed hundreds of SC-expressed AR-regulated genes that had previously gone unnoticed, including suppressed genes involved in ovarian development. Comparison of the SC-enriched dataset with that from the whole testes allowed us to classify genes in terms of their degree of expression in SCs. This revealed that a greater fraction of AR-up-regulated genes than AR-down-regulated genes were expressed predominantly in SCs. Our results also revealed that AR signaling in SCs causes a large number of genes not detectably expressed in SCs to undergo altered expression, thereby providing genome-wide evidence for wide-scale communication between SCs and other cells. Taken together, our results identified novel classes of genes expressed in a hormone-dependent manner in different testicular cell subsets and highlight a new approach to analyze cell type-specific gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel De Gendt
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Institute of Genomic Medicine (M.F.W.), University of California, La Jolla, California 92093 (K.D.G., M.F.W.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (K.D.G., G.V.); and Department of Biology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225 (P.S.A.)
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Su S, Szarek M, Vooght A, Hutson J, Li R. Gonocyte transformation to spermatogonial stem cells occurs earlier in patients with undervirilisation syndromes. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:323-7. [PMID: 24528977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Fertility post-orchidopexy is dependent on transformation of neonatal gonocytes (G) into adult dark spermatogonia at about 3 months, the same time as gonadotrophins stimulate androgen secretion. We examined how androgen blockade affects transformation of gonocytes to spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) during this period in patients with undervirilisation syndromes. METHODS Patients with undervirilisation syndromes (n=30, 1.5 weeks-16 years) underwent review of medical records, pathology reports, and H&E slides of testes (ethics HREC32164). Fluorescent immunohistochemistry against anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH, Sertoli cells), mouse VASA homologue (MVH, germ cells) and DAPI (nuclei) allowed the number of MVH-positive gonocytes/spermatogonial stem cells per seminiferous tubular cross-section (G/T or SSC/T) to be counted. RESULTS Gonocytes (MVH-positive cells in the tubular lumen) were present in 15/16 patients under 2 years old. SSC (MVH-positive cells on the tubule basement membrane) were present in 25/30 patients. With increasing age, the mean number of SSC/T decreased from ~4 to 0, and G/T decreased from ~1.5 to 0. SSC were present in CAIS and PAIS patients at 1.5 and 3.5 weeks old, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Gonocytes transform into SSC earlier than expected in patients with undervirilisation syndromes. Lack of androgens may stimulate non-androgenic regulators to trigger transformation. Understanding how gonocytes transform may enable optimization of spermatogonial development to preserve fertility post-orchidopexy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Su
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia; FD Stephens Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Maciej Szarek
- FD Stephens Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Abigail Vooght
- FD Stephens Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - John Hutson
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia; FD Stephens Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Urology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Ruili Li
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia; FD Stephens Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Culty M. Gonocytes, from the Fifties to the Present: Is There a Reason to Change the Name?1. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:46. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.110544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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