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Zhang X, Bold T, Zhang W, Zhao Q, Li Y, Zhang J, Lu L, Ji X, Zhang L, Jin Y, Tang J. Spatio-temporal distribution of cadmium levels in Chinese population and its potential risk factors. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28879. [PMID: 38596075 PMCID: PMC11002678 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a ubiquitous heavy metal, exists in numerous environmental matrices and has severe adverse effects on various human organs and tissues. This research evaluates blood and urine Cd levels in the Chinese population through data mining using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). A total of 168 scientific studies (120 on urine and 48 on blood) published between January 1980 and December 2020, reflecting a population of 109,743 individuals in China, were included in the study. The results indicate that the blood and urine Cd levels in the Chinese population exhibited a peak from 1990 to 1995 and remained stable after 1995, averaging 1.21 μg/L of blood Cd (BCd) and 0.61 μg/L of urine Cd (UCd). The spatial trend of Cd levels varied significantly. Shandong, Zhejiang, Heilongjiang, and Guangdong provinces were identified as the top provinces with high Cd levels, which were related to factors such as tobacco sales, E-waste amounts, and contaminated rice. Additionally, the study highlights that BCd concentrations are highest among preschool-aged individuals, whereas school-age and adolescent groups exhibit the lowest levels. However, no significant difference existed among the different age groups. Males showed significantly higher Cd levels than females in the general population. Moreover, exposure to smoking, drinking, and staple food preferences had an impact on Cd levels. Furthermore, this comprehensive study, using biological monitoring and data mining, provides valuable information on Cd pollution levels in the Chinese population. It presents a statistical analysis that can aid decision-makers in implementing effective measures to control potential Cd pollution and improve the health of vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglin Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250001, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tsendmaa Bold
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qianwen Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yanting Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoya Ji
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250001, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuan Jin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jinglong Tang
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250001, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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2
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Kwon JA, Park E, Kim S, Kim B. Influence of serum ferritin combined with blood cadmium concentrations on blood pressure and hypertension: From the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132469. [PMID: 34619258 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that cadmium (Cd) exposure and serum ferritin levels may influence the development of hypertension. OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether the association between blood Cd levels and the development of hypertension could be modified by serum ferritin levels in a representative sample of the adult population of South Korea. METHODS We used data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2012), a nationally representative, cross-sectional, population-based study. We included 5752 adults aged 19 years and older who had records of blood Cd and ferritin levels and blood pressure measurements. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the association between Cd exposure and the development of hypertension, as well as the modifying effects of serum ferritin. RESULTS Men had higher levels of serum ferritin, and women had higher levels of Cd. Smoking in men was significantly associated with high blood pressure and risk of hypertension. Significantly fewer women were smokers, and the combination of abnormal serum ferritin levels and high Cd levels was significantly associated with high systolic blood pressure [odds ratio (OR) = 2.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-4.28], high diastolic blood pressure (OR = 2.07; 95% CI = 1.04-4.12), and increased hypertension risk (OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.03-3.25) in women who never smoked. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide further evidence that individuals with abnormal serum ferritin levels should limit their exposure to Cd to prevent hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeoung A Kwon
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunjung Park
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyoung Kim
- National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungmi Kim
- National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Moon CS. Blood Concentrations and Dietary Intake of Cd among the General Population in South Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010152. [PMID: 35010411 PMCID: PMC8750295 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the time trends of blood Cd concentrations and their correlation with the Cd-B and the intakes of food groups as an influencing factor for Cd exposure among the general population in South Korea. During seven Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2005 to 2017, a total of 9578 individuals (4317 men and 5261 women) participated in a 24 h recall test for a dietary survey and a blood-metal survey using physical examinations performed in the same survey year. The blood Cd concentration was observed to decrease significantly (p < 0.05) from 1.51 µg/L in 2005 to 0.76 µg/L in 2017. In terms of the food groups, grains and cereals, potatoes and starch, and fruits were significantly correlated with the corresponding Cd concentrations and also showed decreased intakes. For Koreans, the observed decrease in blood Cd concentrations was probably caused by a decrease in the intake of food groups of plant origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Seok Moon
- Department of Safety and Health, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 46252, Korea
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4
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Yang X, Wang C, Huang Y, Liu B, Liu Z, Huang Y, Cheng L, Huang Y, Zhang C. Foliar application of the sulfhydryl compound 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid inhibits cadmium, lead, and arsenic accumulation in rice grains by promoting heavy metal immobilization in flag leaves. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117355. [PMID: 34049132 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mixed pollution due to heavy metals (HMs), especially cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As), seriously endangers the safety of food produced in paddy soil. In the field experiments, foliar application of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) at the flowering stage was found to significantly reduce the levels of Cd, Pb, total As, and inorganic As (iAs) in rice grains by 47.95%, 61.76%, 36.37%, and 51.24%, respectively, without affecting the concentration of metallonutrients, including Mn, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Zn. DMSA treatment significantly reduced the concentrations of Cd, Pb, and As in the panicle node, panicle neck, and rachis, while those in the flag leaves were significantly increased by up to 20.87%, 49.40%, and 32.67%, respectively. DMSA application promoted the transport of HM from roots and lower stalks to flag leaves with a maximum increase of 34.55%, 52.65%, and 46.94%, respectively, whereas inhibited the transport of HM from flag leaves to panicle, rachis, and grains. Therefore, foliar application of DMSA reduced Cd, Pb, and As accumulation in rice grains by immobilizing HMs in flag leaves. Thus, this strategy could act as a promising agronomic measure for the remediation of mixed HM contamination in paddy fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Yang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changrong Wang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongchun Huang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Liu
- Agricultural Resource and Environment Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongqi Liu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yizong Huang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liulong Cheng
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanfei Huang
- Agricultural Resource and Environment Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changbo Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Park J, Kim Y. Associations of Blood Heavy Metals with Uric Acid in the Korean General Population: Analysis of Data from the 2016-2017 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:102-112. [PMID: 32342340 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that blood heavy metal levels such as lead, cadmium, and mercury were associated with uric acid level and hyperuricemia, and that this association remains significant after adjustment for other metals. We tested this hypothesis using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Beta coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using multiple linear regression, and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were calculated using logistic regression in the cross-sectional study design. Relative to women, men had a higher geometric mean (GM) of lead (1.95 vs. 1.50 μg/dL) and mercury (3.94 vs. 2.77 μg/L), a lower GM of cadmium (0.80 vs. 1.04 μg/L), and a higher arithmetic mean (AM) of uric acid (5.84 vs. 4.40 mg/dL). Women had significant positive associations of log uric acid level with doubling of lead and mercury, and negative association with cadmium. Logistic regression analysis indicated the inverse association of serum hyperuricemia with doubling of blood metals was only significant for cadmium in women (OR = 0.641, 95% CI = 0.463 to 0.886) and the associations of serum hyperuricemia in the highest versus lowest quartiles of heavy metals were only significant for cadmium in women (OR = 0.495, 95% CI = 0.246 to 0.998). For both genders, age and estimated glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR) had negative associations with uric acid, but hypertension and triglycerides had positive associations with uric acid. In conclusion, blood lead and mercury levels were positively associated with uric acid level, but blood cadmium level was inversely associated with uric acid level and hyperuricemia in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungsun Park
- Department of Occupational Health, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Yangho Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, # 290-3 Cheonha-dong, Dong-gu, Ulsan, 44033, South Korea.
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6
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Naka KS, de Cássia Dos Santos Mendes L, de Queiroz TKL, Costa BNS, de Jesus IM, de Magalhães Câmara V, de Oliveira Lima M. A comparative study of cadmium levels in blood from exposed populations in an industrial area of the Amazon, Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134309. [PMID: 31783457 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pollution from industrial sources is one of the main problems affecting the environment. In urban areas, the emission of toxic gases and particulates to the atmosphere can damage human health. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most ecotoxic metals among these pollutants, even at low concentrations. In this study, environmental exposure to Cd was evaluated from the Cd blood levels (CdB) of the human populations living in two Amazonian districts. The first was Bairro Industrial (BIN), which is located next to the industrial complex in Barcarena City, while the second was Vila do Beja (VBJ), a control group located in the farthest area from industrial activities in Abaetetuba City. Sectional and comparative studies were applied for both districts. Sampling (N = 469) occurred in 2012 and 2013. Gender, age, residence time, drinking water source, alcohol consumption, and smoking were used as independent variables. CdB levels were analyzed by induced coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In BIN, geometric mean and median CdB levels were 0.27 and 0.43 μg∙L-1, respectively (range: ≤0.03-17.49 μg∙L-1), while in VBJ these were 0.19 and 0.23 μg∙L-1 (range: ≤0.03-2.38 μg∙L-1). The higher CdB concentration in the blood of people from BIN was similar to levels previously found in people living near other industrial areas, and showed that the BIN residents were more exposed to Cd pollution. The studies showed the need for surveillance actions to evaluate possible routes of exposure, avoiding the future worsening of the health of the population living next to industrial areas in the Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karytta Sousa Naka
- Mestre em Epidemiologia e Vigilância em Saúde, Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), Brazil; Seção de Meio Ambiente, Instituto Evandro Chagas (SAMAM/IEC), Brazil.
| | | | - Thaís Karolina Lisboa de Queiroz
- Mestre em Epidemiologia e Vigilância em Saúde, Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), Brazil; Seção de Meio Ambiente, Instituto Evandro Chagas (SAMAM/IEC), Brazil
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7
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Ahn J, Kim NS, Lee BK, Oh I, Kim Y. Changes of Atmospheric and Blood Concentrations of Lead and Cadmium in the General Population of South Korea from 2008 to 2017. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2096. [PMID: 31200504 PMCID: PMC6617041 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We measured changes in atmospheric and blood levels of lead and cadmium in the South Korean general population during the past decade. Blood data of 16,873 adults were taken from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2008-2017). Atmospheric data were taken from 66 air quality monitoring sites in 16 different regions in South Korea. From 2008 to 2017, the geometric mean (GM) blood lead level decreased from 2.37 to 1.46 μg/dL (38.4% decrease), and the atmospheric lead concentration decreased by 61.0% in the overall population. During this time, the GM blood cadmium level decreased from 0.88 to 0.72 μg/L (18.2% decrease), and the atmospheric cadmium concentration decreased by 63.6%. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that a half reduction in air lead was associated with a 0.09 μg/dL decrease in blood lead (95% CI: 0.03 to 0.15) in a subgroup of the metropolitan city population. However, a half reduction in air cadmium had no significant effect on blood cadmium. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that the decrease in blood lead level over 10 years in Korea was related to the decrease in atmospheric lead concentration. However, the decrease in blood cadmium level during this time was not significantly associated with the decrease in atmospheric cadmium concentration. Our findings suggest that inhalation is a major source of lead exposure, but not of cadmium exposure. Ingestion of dietary cadmium presumably has a stronger impact on blood cadmium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeouk Ahn
- Department of Medical IT Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Suncheonhyang-ro, Asan 31538, Korea.
| | - Nam-Soo Kim
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyang-ro, Asan 31538, Korea.
| | - Byung-Kook Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Suncheonhyang-ro, Asan 31538, Korea.
| | - Inbo Oh
- Environmental Health Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877 Bangeojinsunhwando-ro, Dong-gu, Ulsan 44033, Korea.
| | - Yangho Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877 Bangeojinsunhwando-ro, Dong-gu, Ulsan 44033, Korea.
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Ahn J, Kim NS, Lee BK, Park J, Kim Y. Association of Blood Pressure with Blood Lead and Cadmium Levels in Korean Adolescents: Analysis of Data from the 2010-2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Korean Med Sci 2018; 33:e278. [PMID: 30369859 PMCID: PMC6200904 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the association of blood pressure (BP) with blood levels of cadmium, lead, and cadmium and lead together (cadmium + lead) in a representative sample of adolescents from Korea. METHODS We used 2010-2016 data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. This cross-sectional study enrolled adolescents aged at 10-18 years-old who completed a health examination survey and had blood measurements of lead and cadmium. The association of adjusted mean differences in diastolic and systolic BP with doubling of blood lead and cadmium were estimated by regression of BP against log2-transformed blood metals and their quartiles after covariate adjustment. Adjusted odds ratio for prehypertension were calculated for log2-transformed blood levels of lead and cadmium and their quartiles. RESULTS Our analysis of adolescents in Korea indicated that blood levels of lead and cadmium were not significantly associated with increased BP or risk of prehypertension. However, the cadmium + lead level was associated with prehypertension. Previous studies showed that blood levels of lead and cadmium were associated with increased BP and risk of hypertension in adult populations. We found no such association in Korean adolescents. CONCLUSION We found that the cadmium + lead level was associated with prehypertension. The differences between adults and adolescents are because adolescents generally have lower levels of these blood metals or because adolescents only rarely have hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeouk Ahn
- Department of Medical IT Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medical Sciences, Asan, Korea
| | - Nam-Soo Kim
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - Byung-Kook Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jungsun Park
- Department of Occupational Health, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Yangho Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
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9
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Yoo BW, Kim B, Joshi P, Kwon SO, Kim Y, Oh JS, Kim J, Oh SY, Lim JA, Choi BS, Kim YM, Eom SY, Hong YS, Sohn SJ, Park KS, Pyo H, Kim H, Ha M, Park JD, Kwon HJ, Lee SA. Effect of dietary patterns on the blood/urine concentration of the selected toxic metals (Cd, Hg, Pb) in Korean children. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:1227-1237. [PMID: 30263854 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to examine the association the blood/urinary concentration of toxic metal (Hg, Pb, and Cd) with children's dietary patterns. This cross-sectional study included 1026 school children aged 8-17 years. Dietary patterns were defined using factor loading scores for 108 foods from a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. A high blood Hg level was found in boys with a high score in the 'fish' pattern (p = 0.02), and in girls with a high score in 'fruit' pattern (p = 0.04). The concentration of Pb was related to the 'imprudent' pattern in high school boys (p = 0.02). The effect of the 'vegetable' pattern on high excretion of urinary Cd was observed in low grade elementary (p = 0.04) and middle school students (p < 0.0001), and the effect of the 'fruit' pattern on the urinary Cd was observed in high grade elementary school students (p = 0.02). This study suggests that the concentration of selected toxic metals in blood/urine could be affected by children's dietary pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bom Kim
- 2Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chun-Cheon, Korea
| | - Pankaj Joshi
- 2Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chun-Cheon, Korea
| | - Sung-Ok Kwon
- 2Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chun-Cheon, Korea
| | - YeonJin Kim
- 2Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chun-Cheon, Korea
| | - Jung-Sook Oh
- Department of Beauty Art, Kyungbok University, Namyangju, Korea
| | - Jeongseon Kim
- 5Cancer Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Se-Young Oh
- 6Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701 Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Lim
- 7Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Byung-Sun Choi
- 8Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-756 Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Kim
- 9Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea.,Toxic Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Eom
- 11Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Seob Hong
- 9Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea.,Toxic Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Busan, Korea
| | - Seok-Joon Sohn
- 12Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Su Park
- 13Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heesoo Pyo
- 14Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Kim
- 15Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mina Ha
- 7Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jung-Duck Park
- 8Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-756 Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- 7Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sang-Ah Lee
- 2Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chun-Cheon, Korea.,3Vanderbilt Epidemiological Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
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10
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Lai YC, Syu CH, Wang PJ, Lee DY, Fan C, Juang KW. Field experiment for determining lead accumulation in rice grains of different genotypes and correlation with iron oxides deposited on rhizosphere soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:845-853. [PMID: 28826122 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major staple crop in Asia. However, heavy metal accumulation in paddy soil poses a health risk for rice consumption. Although plant uptake of Pb is usually low, Pb concentrations in rice plants have been increasing with Pb contamination in paddy fields. It is known that iron oxide deposits in the rhizosphere influence the absorption of soil Pb by rice plants. In this study, 14 rice cultivars bred in Taiwan, including ten japonica cultivars (HL21, KH145, TC192, TK9, TK14, TK16, TN11, TNG71, TNG84, and TY3) and four indica cultivars (TCS10, TCS17, TCSW2, and TNGS22), were used in a field experiment. We investigated the genotypic variation in rice plant Pb in relation to iron oxides deposited in the rhizosphere, as seen in a suspiciously contaminated site in central Taiwan. The results showed that the cultivars TCSW2, TN11, TNG71, and TNG84 accumulated brown rice Pb exceeding the tolerable level of 0.2mgkg-1. In contrast, the cultivars TNGS22, TK9, TK14, and TY3 accumulated much lower brown rice Pb (<0.1mgkg-1); therefore, they should be prioritized as safe cultivars for sites with potential contamination. Moreover, the iron oxides deposited on the rhizosphere soil show stronger affinity to soil-available Pb than those on the root surface to form iron plaque. The relative tendency of Pb sequestration toward rhizosphere soil was negatively correlated with the Pb concentrations in brown rice. The iron oxides deposited on the rhizosphere soil but not on the root surface to form iron plaque dominate Pb sequestration in the rhizosphere. Therefore, the enhancement of iron oxide deposits on the rhizosphere soil could serve as a barrier preventing soil Pb on the root surface and result in reduced Pb accumulation in brown rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Lai
- Department of Agronomy, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Syu
- Agricultural Chemistry Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Jie Wang
- Department of Agronomy, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Yuan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chihhao Fan
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wei Juang
- Department of Agronomy, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan.
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Kim NS, Ahn J, Lee BK, Park J, Kim Y. Environmental exposures to lead, mercury, and cadmium among South Korean teenagers (KNHANES 2010-2013): Body burden and risk factors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:468-476. [PMID: 28415041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Limited information is available on the association of age and sex with blood concentrations of heavy metals in teenagers. In addition, factors such as a shared family environment may have an association. We analyzed data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2010-2013) to determine whether blood levels of heavy metals differ by risk factors such as age, sex, and shared family environment in a representative sample of teenagers. METHODS This study used data obtained in the KNHANES 2010-2013, which had a rolling sampling design that involved a complex, stratified, multistage, probability-cluster survey of a representative sample of the non-institutionalized civilian population in South Korea. Our cross-sectional analysis was restricted to teenagers and their parents who completed the health examination survey, and for whom blood measurements of cadmium, lead, and mercury were available. The final analytical sample consisted of 1585 teenagers, and 376 fathers and 399 mothers who provided measurements of blood heavy metal concentrations. RESULTS Male teenagers had greater blood levels of lead and mercury, but sex had no association with blood cadmium level. There were age-related increases in blood cadmium, but blood lead decreased with age, and age had little association with blood mercury. The concentrations of cadmium and mercury declined from 2010 to 2013. The blood concentrations of lead, cadmium, and mercury in teenagers were positively associated with the levels in their parents after adjustment for covariates. CONCLUSION Our results show that blood heavy metal concentrations differ by risk factors such as age, sex, and shared family environment in teenagers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Soo Kim
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Jaeouk Ahn
- Department of Medical IT Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Byung-Kook Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Jungsun Park
- Department of Occupational Health, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Yangho Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, South Korea.
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Kim SH, Kim YH, An HC, Sung JH, Sim CS. Levels of blood lead and urinary cadmium in industrial complex residents in Ulsan. Ann Occup Environ Med 2017; 29:26. [PMID: 28670456 PMCID: PMC5485534 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-017-0179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Barla A, Shrivastava A, Majumdar A, Upadhyay MK, Bose S. Heavy metal dispersion in water saturated and water unsaturated soil of Bengal delta region, India. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:807-816. [PMID: 27836277 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Barla
- Earth and Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Anamika Shrivastava
- Earth and Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Arnab Majumdar
- Earth and Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Munish Kumar Upadhyay
- Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sutapa Bose
- Earth and Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India.
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Lee BK, Ahn J, Kim NS, Lee CB, Park J, Kim Y. Association of Blood Pressure with Exposure to Lead and Cadmium: Analysis of Data from the 2008-2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 174:40-51. [PMID: 27087554 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the association of blood pressure with blood levels of cadmium, lead, and their combination in a representative sample of adults from South Korea (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008-2013). This cross-sectional study enrolled subjects who were at least 19 years-old, completed a health examination survey, and had blood measurements of lead and cadmium. We estimated the adjusted mean differences in diastolic and systolic blood pressure associated with doubling of blood lead and cadmium by regression of blood pressure against log2-transformed blood metals and their tertiles after covariate adjustment. Adjusted odds ratios for hypertension and prehypertension were calculated for log2-transformed blood levels of lead and cadmium and their tertiles. In the general population of Korea, blood lead level was associated with increased BP and risk of hypertension. Blood cadmium levels had a stronger association with elevated blood pressure and risk of hypertension than blood lead levels, and these associations remained significant after statistical adjustment for blood lead. The combination of blood lead and cadmium was more strongly associated with elevated blood pressure than exposure to each individual metal. In females, there was a stronger relationship between blood pressure and blood levels of these metals by analyzing interaction model. After adjustment for confounding factors, there were significant associations of blood pressure with the level of blood lead, cadmium, and their combination in adults from South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Kook Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
- Cheonan Medical Center, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Jaeouk Ahn
- Department of Medical IT Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Nam-Soo Kim
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Chan Boo Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 290-3 Cheonha-Dong, Dong-Gu, Ulsan, 682-060, South Korea
| | - Jungsun Park
- Department of Occupational Health, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yangho Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 290-3 Cheonha-Dong, Dong-Gu, Ulsan, 682-060, South Korea.
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The cadmium and lead content of the grain produced by leading Chinese rice cultivars. Food Chem 2016; 217:217-224. [PMID: 27664629 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) content in both white and wholemeal flour milled from 110 leading rice cultivars was assessed. The white flour Cd content ranged from <0.0025 to 0.2530mg/kg (geometric mean (GM)=0.0150mg/kg), while its Pb content ranged from <0.0250 to 0.3830mg/kg (GM=0.0210mg/kg). The indica types took up higher amounts of Cd and Pb than did the japonica types. Although the heavy metal content of wholemeal flour tended to higher than that of white flour, nevertheless 84.5% (Cd) and 95.4% (Pb) of the entries were compliant with the national maximum allowable concentration of 0.2000mg/kg of each contaminant. An analysis of the Cd content in the white flour of three indica type cultivars grown in two consecutive years at two locations indicated that Cd content may be significantly affected by the conditions prevailing in the growing season.
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Kim KN, Lee MR, Choi YH, Lee BE, Hong YC. Associations of Blood Cadmium Levels With Depression and Lower Handgrip Strength in a Community-Dwelling Elderly Population: A Repeated-Measures Panel Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2016; 71:1525-1530. [PMID: 27481883 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although biologically plausible, few studies have linked cadmium exposure to depression or muscle strength. Herein, we hypothesized that blood cadmium concentrations are associated with depression and lower handgrip strength in a community-dwelling elderly population. METHODS Data from 983 elderly participants who completed up to 3 surveys between 2012 and 2015 were analyzed. At every survey, we assessed depressive status using the Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (SGDS-K) and measured handgrip strength and blood cadmium levels (mean, 1.24 μg/L). We evaluated the associations of cadmium with depression using generalized linear mixed models, and handgrip strength using linear mixed models. All models were adjusted for sociodemographic factors, lifestyle factors including active and passive smoking, weight, height, and comorbidity status. RESULTS Interquartile-range increase (0.645 μg/L) in blood cadmium levels was associated with depression defined as SGDS-K score ≥8 (odds ratio = 1.27, 95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.52) and lower handgrip strength (right hand: β = -0.40, 95% confidence interval: -0.75, -0.09; left hand: β = -0.36, 95% confidence interval: -0.69, -0.04). The association between cadmium levels and handgrip strength was robust after further adjustment for depressive status, although it attenuated in size by 14.7%-18.0%. CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for potential confounders, blood cadmium concentrations were associated with depression and lower handgrip strength in an elderly population. The participants' depressive status partially mediated the association between cadmium levels and handgrip strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Nam Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Mee-Ri Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Hyeong Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Bo-Eun Lee
- Environmental Health Research Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea. .,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, South Korea.,Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea
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Park C, Hwang M, Kim H, Ryu S, Lee K, Choi K, Paek D. Early snapshot on exposure to environmental chemicals among Korean adults—results of the first Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2009–2011). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:398-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lee BK, Kim Y. Association of Blood Cadmium Level with Metabolic Syndrome After Adjustment for Confounding by Serum Ferritin and Other Factors: 2008-2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 171:6-16. [PMID: 26343361 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We examined the association of metabolic syndrome (MS) with blood levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) using adjustment for confounding by serum ferritin, in a representative sample of the adult population of South Korea. This cross-sectional study enrolled subjects who were at least 20 years old, completed the health examination survey, and had blood measurements of Pb, Cd, and Hg. In males, adjusted odds ratios (ORs) indicated that a doubling of blood Cd resulted in a 26.4-31.0 % increased risk of MS, and subjects in the highest tertile of blood Cd were 35.8 % more likely to have MS than those in the lowest tertile after adjustment for blood Pb, blood Hg, and serum ferritin. Serum ferritin was also associated with MS. No significant results were observed in females. There were no significant associations of MS with blood Pb or blood Hg. The present study confirms our previous findings, which had a smaller sample size and a shorter study period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yangho Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 290-3 Cheonha-Dong, Dong-Gu, Ulsan, 682-060, South Korea.
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Representative levels of blood lead, mercury, and urinary cadmium in youth: Korean Environmental Health Survey in Children and Adolescents (KorEHS-C), 2012-2014. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:412-8. [PMID: 27107843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined levels of blood lead and mercury, and urinary cadmium, and associated sociodemographic factors in 3-18 year-old Korean children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the nationally representative Korean Environmental Health Survey in Children and Adolescents data for 2012-2014 and identified 2388 children and adolescents aged 3-18 years. The median and 95th percentile exposure biomarker levels with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Multivariate regression analyses were performed on log transformed exposure biomarker levels adjusted for age, sex, area, household income, and father's education level. The median exposure biomarker levels were compared with data from Germany, the US, and Canada, as well as the levels of Korean children measured at different times. RESULTS The median levels of blood lead and mercury, as well as urinary cadmium were 1.23μg/dL, 1.80μg/L, and 0.40μg/L (95% CIs, 1.21-1.25, 1.77-1.83, and 0.39-0.41, respectively). The blood lead levels were significantly higher in boys and younger children (p<0.0001) and children with less educated fathers (p=0.004) after adjusting for covariates. Urinary cadmium level increased with age (p<0.0001). The median levels of blood mercury and urinary cadmium were much higher in Korean children and adolescents than those in their peers in Germany, the US, and Canada. Blood lead levels tended to decrease with increasing age and divergence between the sexes, particularly in the early teen years. Median levels of blood lead and urinary cadmium decreased since 2010. CONCLUSION Sociodemographic factors, including age, sex, and father's education level were associated with environmental exposure to heavy metals in Korean children and adolescents. These biomonitoring data are valuable for ongoing surveillance of environmental exposure in this vulnerable population.
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Kim MH, Zhao D, Cho J, Guallar E. Cadmium exposure and age-related macular degeneration. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2016; 26:214-218. [PMID: 25388812 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) has been proposed as a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but the association between Cd exposure and AMD risk in large population studies is unknown. This study evaluated the association of Cd exposure with AMD in a large representative sample of Korean men and women. This was a cross-sectional study of 3865 Korean adults ≥ 40 years of age who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) during 2008-2011. Cd concentrations in whole blood were measured by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The presence of AMD was determined in digital non-mydriatic fundus photographs. Cd levels were higher in participants with AMD compared with those without AMD (1.3 vs 1.1 μg/l, respectively, P<0.001). In fully adjusted models, the odds ratio for AMD comparing the highest with the lowest Cd quartiles was 1.92 (95% CI=1.08-3.39; P for trend 0.029). In restricted cubic spline models, the association between Cd and AMD was approximately linear, with no evidence of threshold effects. Blood Cd concentrations were independently associated with the prevalence of AMD. If the association is proven causal, population-based preventive strategies to decrease Cd exposure could reduce the population burden of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Hun Kim
- Saevit Eye Hospital, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Di Zhao
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Juhee Cho
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eliseo Guallar
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Moon CS, Yang HR, Nakatsuka H, Ikeda M. Time trend of cadmium intake in Korea. Environ Health Prev Med 2016; 21:118-28. [PMID: 26902233 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-016-0518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to elucidate past and current levels of cadmium (Cd) intake among the general populations in Korea. METHODS For this purpose, publications reporting dietary intake of cadmium (Cd-D), cadmium concentration in blood (Cd-B) and that in urine (Cd-U) in Korea were retrieved through literature survey for a period from 1975 to 2015. RESULTS In practice, 9, 21 and 14 articles were available on Cd-D, Cd-B and Cd-Ucr (Cd-U as corrected for creatinine concentration), respectively. Linear regression analyses of the reported values as a function of years (i.e., the year when each survey was conducted) showed steady decreases in all of the three exposure markers of Cd-D, Cd-B and Cd-U(cr). Factors possibly contributing for the reduction were discussed including the government-set guideline of 0.2 mg/kg for rice and changes in food habits among general populations. CONCLUSIONS There have been steady decreases in Cd-D, Cd-B and Cd-U(cr). The current estimates for Cd-D, Cd-B and Cd-Ucr were 6.0-7.4 μg/day, 0.73-0.83 μg/L and 0.60-0.95 μg/g cr, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Seok Moon
- Department of Industrial Health, Catholic University of Busan, Busan, 609-757, Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Yang
- Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, 137-734, Korea
| | - Haruo Nakatsuka
- School of Nursing, Miyagi University, Taiwa-cho, 981-3298, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ikeda
- Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Nishinokyo-Kitatsuboicho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8472, Japan.
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Burm E, Ha M, Kwon HJ. Association between blood cadmium level and bone mineral density reduction modified by renal function in young and middle-aged men. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 32:60-5. [PMID: 26302913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The association between cadmium exposure and bone mineral density (BMD) has not been well studied in young and middle-aged men. This study examined the relationship between the level of blood Cd (BCd) and BMD in a young to middle-aged representative male population while considering renal function. Using data from the 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008-2009, 1275 adult men aged 20-64 years were analyzed. BCd was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and renal function was assessed by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with CKD-EPI formula. The risk of lower bone density was increased according to the increase in BCd levels after adjusting for eGFR and covariates, in which a significant interaction between BCd and eGFR existed. Significant negative associations between BCd and BMD were found: beta (p-value) were -0.03 (0.02), -0.04 (0.004) and -0.03 (0.04) in total femur, lumbar spine and femoral neck, respectively, which were limited to the people with eGFR≤lower 25%. Although, a causal relationship could not be determined because of a cross-sectional design in the present study, the results suggest low level Cd toxicity to bone via low eGFR and that measures to reduce environmental Cd exposure may be helpful to prevent bone loss in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunae Burm
- Department of Nursing, Moonkyung College, Daehak-gil, 161, Mungyeong, Republic of Korea; Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Dandae-ro 119, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Dandae-ro 119, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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Song D, Zhuang D, Jiang D, Fu J, Wang Q. Integrated Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Suxian County, South China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:7100-17. [PMID: 26114243 PMCID: PMC4515644 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120707100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess soil heavy metal contamination and the potential risk for local residents in Suxian county of Hunan Province, southern China. Soil, rice and vegetable samples from the areas near the mining industrial districts were sampled and analyzed. The results indicate that the anthropogenic mining activities have caused local agricultural soil contamination with As, Pb, Cu and Cd in the ranges of 8.47-341.33 mg/kg, 19.91-837.52 mg/kg, 8.41-148.73 mg/kg and 0.35-6.47 mg/kg, respectively. GIS-based mapping shows that soil heavy metal concentrations abruptly diminish with increasing distance from the polluting source. The concentrations of As, Pb, Cu and Cd found in rice were in the ranges of 0.02-1.48 mg/kg, 0.66-5.78 mg/kg, 0.09-6.75 mg/kg, and up to 1.39 mg/kg, respectively. Most of these concentrations exceed their maximum permissible levels for contaminants in foods in China. Heavy metals accumulate to significantly different levels between leafy vegetables and non-leafy vegetables. Food consumption and soil ingestion exposure are the two routes that contribute to the average daily intake dose of heavy metals for local adults. Moreover, the total hazard indices of As, Pb and Cd are greater than or close to the safety threshold of 1. Long-term As, Pb and Cd exposure through the regular consumption of the soil, rice and vegetables in the investigated area poses potential health problems to residents in the vicinity of the mining industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daping Song
- Key Lab for Resources Use and Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Dafang Zhuang
- Key Lab for Resources Use and Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Dong Jiang
- Key Lab for Resources Use and Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jingying Fu
- Key Lab for Resources Use and Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Qiao Wang
- Satellite Environmental Application Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100094, China.
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Watanabe T, Kim ES, Ko YS, Yang HR, Moon CS, Nakatsuka H, Shimbo S, Ikeda M. Food intake survey of kindergarten children in Korea: Part 3 cadmium and lead burden. Environ Health Prev Med 2015; 20:307-13. [PMID: 25995118 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-015-0467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was initiated to elucidate the extent of dietary exposure of children in Korea to two pollutant metals of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). Possible urban-rural difference was also examined. METHODS Food duplicate and morning spot urine samples were collected from 108 children in 4 kindergartens (KG) (1 KG in Seoul and 3 KGs in Jeju Island), as reported in a previous publication. The samples were analyzed for Cd and Pb by ICP-MS. RESULTS Cd and Pb in food duplicate and urine samples were distributed approximately log-normally. Geometric means for Cd and Pb in food duplicate samples were 12.4 and 5.8 μg/day, or 0.58 and 0.27 μg/kg body weight/day, respectively, and the values for Cd and Pb in urine (as observed, i.e., with no correction for urine density) were 0.91 and 1.64 μg/L, respectively. 2.41 and 0.30 μg/day of Cd and Pb (accounting for 19.5 and 5.1%) came from boiled rice, the staple food. The levels of Cd and Pb burden among the children in the present survey were essentially the same with the levels reported for children in Pusan. The reasons for difference in the rank in Cd-D and Cd-U among the 4 KGs need further study. CONCLUSIONS The observed levels of Cd and Pb exposure were more or less similar to what were reported for children in Pusan. No apparent urban-rural difference could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Watanabe
- Department of Childhood Education, Faculty of Human Sciences, Tohoku Bunkyo University, Yamagata, 990-2316, Japan
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Rahmdel S, Abdollahzadeh SM, Mazloomi SM, Babajafari S. Daily dietary intakes of zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium as determined by duplicate portion sampling combined with either instrumental analysis or the use of food composition tables, Shiraz, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:349. [PMID: 25968406 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Estimation of essential and toxic element intakes is crucial to evaluate the risks of deficiency or toxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate and also to compare the dietary intakes of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) by adults living in Shiraz, Iran, determined by two procedures: duplicate portion sampling of 21 hospital meals combined with either instrumental analysis (voltammetric measurement) or the use of food composition tables (FCTs). The level of exposure to lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) was evaluated as well. The daily Zn intakes of both methods were not significantly different and were higher than the RDA values except the value measured by the instrumental analysis which was lower than the RDA established for a male adult. Daily intake of Cu determined by instrumental analysis was significantly lower and closer to RDA for adults compared with the value estimated by FCTs. The dietary intakes of Pb and Cd were 313 and 61% of the respective provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWIs), respectively. The accuracy of two methods used for estimation of Zn intake was similar. In the case of Cu, the use of FCTs, in which the influence of environmental conditions and dietary habits of meal preparation is not taken into account, overestimated dietary intake. The risk of zinc deficiency was found in adult males. Moreover, the estimated intake of Pb, but not Cd, could be a cause of concern for Shiraz population. Thus, conducting regular periodic studies to assess the dietary intake of mentioned elements are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samane Rahmdel
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran,
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Liu Y, Xiao T, Baveye PC, Zhu J, Ning Z, Li H. Potential health risk in areas with high naturally-occurring cadmium background in southwestern China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 112:122-31. [PMID: 25463862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In various parts of the world, high cadmium (Cd) concentrations in environment are not related to anthropogenic contamination but have natural origins. Less is known about health risks that arise under these conditions. This study aimed to discuss the pollution of Cd with natural sources, and to investigate the concentration of Cd in food crops and the urine of inhabitants in an area of southwestern China. The results showed that the arable soils are moderately contaminated by Cd (I(geo)=1.51) relative to the local background, with a high ecological risk (Er=218). The chemical fractions of Cd in soils with natural sources are probably controlled by parent materials and mostly in residual phase. The average Cd concentrations were 0.68 mg kg(-1) (fresh weight) in local vegetables, 0.04 mg kg(-1) in rice, and 0.14 μg L(-1) in water. Leafy vegetable tends to accumulate more Cd than the other crops. The calculated Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) had a much higher value (4.33) for Cd, suggesting that Cd represents a significant potential risk to the local population. The urinary Cd concentrations (mean at 3.92 μg L(-1) for male and 4.85 μg L(-1) for female) of inhabitants in the study area were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those from the control area (mean at 0.8 μg L(-1) for male and 0.42 μg L(-1) for female). Male and female test subjects had similar urinary Cd levels (p>0.05), but age seemed to lead to an increase in Cd in the urine. These findings show that naturally-occurring Cd in local soils is taken up appreciably by local food crops, and that dietary exposure of Cd through vegetable ingestion is a major exposure pathway for local populations, and a potential risk to public health in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tangfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China.
| | - Philippe C Baveye
- Soil and Water Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jianming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Zengping Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Huajun Li
- Health Bureau of Wushan County, Chongqing 404700, China
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Hong YS, Lee BK, Park JD, Sakong J, Choi JW, Moon JD, Kim DS, Kim BG. Blood cadmium concentration of residents living near abandoned metal mines in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29:633-9. [PMID: 24851017 PMCID: PMC4024944 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.5.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate demographic and lifestyle variables and blood cadmium concentrations in residents living near abandoned metal mines in Korea. Blood cadmium concentrations were measured in 15,161 subjects living around abandoned metal mines (exposed group, n = 14,464) and compared with those living in designated control areas (control group, n = 697). A questionnaire was provided to all subjects to determine age, gender, mine working history, times of residence, smoking habits and dietary water type. The geometric mean (95% confidence intervals) of blood cadmium concentration (1.25 [1.24-1.27] µg/L) in the exposed group was significantly higher than in the control group (1.17 [1.13-1.22] µg/L). Mean residence time and mine working history in the exposed group were significantly higher than in the control group. Blood cadmium concentrations increased with increasing age, and residence time in both groups, and blood cadmium concentrations were higher in current-smokers than in non-smokers in both groups. This study shows the geometric mean of blood cadmium concentration in abandoned mining areas are higher than in non-mining areas in the general adult Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Seoub Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea. ; Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Byung-Kook Lee
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - Jung-Duck Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Sakong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jai-Dong Moon
- Department of Preventive and Occupational Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Dae-Seon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| | - Byoung-Gwon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea. ; Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
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Du Y, Hu XF, Wu XH, Shu Y, Jiang Y, Yan XJ. Affects of mining activities on Cd pollution to the paddy soils and rice grain in Hunan province, Central South China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:9843-56. [PMID: 23775460 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Located in Central South China, Hunan province is rich in mineral resources. To study the influence of mining on Cd pollution to local agricultural eco-system, the paddy soils and rice grain of Y county in northern Hunan province were intensively monitored. The results were as follows: (1) Total Cd (T-Cd) content in the soils of the county ranges from 0.13 to 6.02 mg kg(-1), with a mean of 0.64 mg kg(-1), of which 57.5% exceed the allowable limit specified by the China Soil Environmental Quality Standards. T-Cd in the soils varies largely, with the coefficient of variation reaching 146.4%. The spatial distribution of T-Cd in the soils quite matches with that of mining and industries. The content of HCl-extractable Cd (HCl-Cd) in the soils ranges from 0.02 to 2.17 mg kg(-1), with a mean of 0.24 mg kg(-1). A significant positive correlation exists between T-Cd and HCl-Cd in the soils (r = 0.770, ρ < 0.01). (2) Cd content in the rice produced in Y county ranges from 0.01 to 2.77 mg kg(-1), with a mean of 0.46 mg kg(-1). The rate of rice with Cd exceeding the allowable limit specified by the Chinese Grain Security Standards reaches 59.6%; that with Cd exceeding 1 mg kg(-1), called as "Cd rice," reaches 11.1%. (3) Cd content in the rice of Y county is positively significantly correlated with HCl-Cd (r = 0.177, ρ < 0.05) but not significantly with T-Cd in the soils (r = 0.091, ρ > 0.05), which suggests that the amount of Cd accumulating in the rice is more affected by its availability in the soils, rather than the total content. (4) The dietary intake of Cd via rice consumption in Y county is estimated to be 179.9 μg day(-1) person(-1) on average, which is far beyond the allowable limit specified by FAO/WHO and the target hazard quotients of Cd much higher than 1, suggesting the high risk on human health from Cd exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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Ha M, Kwon HJ, Leem JH, Kim HC, Lee KJ, Park I, Lim YW, Lee JH, Kim Y, Seo JH, Hong SJ, Choi YH, Yu J, Kim J, Yu SD, Lee BE. Korean Environmental Health Survey in Children and Adolescents (KorEHS-C): survey design and pilot study results on selected exposure biomarkers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 217:260-70. [PMID: 23831304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
For the first nationwide representative survey on the environmental health of children and adolescents in Korea, we designed the Korean Environmental Health Survey in Children and Adolescents (KorEHS-C) as a two-phase survey and planned a sampling strategy that would represent the whole population of Korean children and adolescents, based on the school unit for the 6-19 years age group and the household unit for the 5 years or less age group. A pilot study for 351 children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years in elementary, middle, and high school of two cities was performed to validate several measurement methods and tools, as well as to test their feasibility, and to elaborate the protocols used throughout the survey process. Selected exposure biomarkers, i.e., lead, mercury, cadmium in blood, and bisphenol A, metabolites of diethylhexyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate and cotinine in urine were analyzed. We found that the levels of blood mercury (Median: 1.7 ug/L) and cadmium (Median: 0.30 ug/L) were much higher than those of subjects in Germany and the US, while metabolites of phthalates and bisphenol A showed similar levels and tendencies by age; the highest levels of phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A occurred in the youngest group of children. Specific investigations to elucidate the exposure pathways of major environmental exposure need to be conducted, and the KorEHS-C should cover as many potential environmental hazards as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Dandae-ro 119, Cheonan, Korea.
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Dandae-ro 119, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jong-Han Leem
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hwan-Cheol Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kee Jae Lee
- Department of Information Statistics, College of Natural Science, Korean National Open University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inho Park
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Young-Wook Lim
- Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Lee
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Protection, NeoEnBiz Co., Bucheon, Korea
| | - Yeni Kim
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Jong Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn-Hee Choi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jeesuk Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jeongseon Kim
- Cancer Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seung-Do Yu
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| | - Bo-Eun Lee
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
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Lee BK, Kim Y. Blood cadmium, mercury, and lead and metabolic syndrome in South Korea: 2005-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Ind Med 2013; 56:682-92. [PMID: 22911659 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We present data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2010 regarding the association between levels of blood cadmium, mercury, and lead and metabolic syndrome (MS) in a representative sample of the adult South Korean population. MS is defined as a cluster of disorders including central obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high triglycerides. METHODS The analysis was restricted to participants ≥20 years of age who completed the health examination survey, including blood lead, cadmium, and mercury measurements. Odds ratios (ORs) for MS were calculated for log2 -transformed blood metal levels and tertiles thereof after covariate adjustment. RESULTS No significant results were observed in females. In males, adjusted ORs indicated that a doubling of blood cadmium resulted in a 23.0% increase in the risk of MS. Male subjects in the highest tertile of blood cadmium were 36.7% more likely to have MS versus those in the lowest tertile. There were no significant ORs for having MS or its components in any of the models of blood lead and mercury levels after covariate adjustment. CONCLUSION The association between blood cadmium level and MS was significant regardless of the type of variable (continuous or categorical) among men with lower blood cadmium levels. Thus, blood cadmium levels were robust risk factors for MS in men. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an association between cadmium exposure and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Kook Lee
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Choongnam, South Korea
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Lee BK, Kim Y. Association of blood cadmium with hypertension in the Korean general population: analysis of the 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Am J Ind Med 2012; 55:1060-7. [PMID: 22692952 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We present data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2010 regarding the association between blood cadmium levels and blood pressure in a representative sample of the adult South Korean population. METHODS We restricted the analysis to participants ≥20 years of age who completed the health examination survey, including blood cadmium measurements (n = 5,919). We performed multivariate linear regression analyses to estimate adjusted mean differences in diastolic and systolic blood pressure associated with doubling of, or quartiles of, cadmium levels after covariate adjustment. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) for hypertension and prehypertension for log-transformed blood cadmium levels and quartiles thereof after covariate adjustment. RESULTS We observed a twofold increase in blood cadmium associated with 0.755 and 1.007 mmHg increases in diastolic pressure in women and men, respectively. We observed 2.243 and 1.975 mmHg increases in diastolic pressure in women and men, respectively, in the highest compared with the lowest quartile of blood cadmium. Systolic pressure showed results similar to those of diastolic pressure. Based on ORs, a doubling of blood cadmium resulted in 18.6% and 31.5% increases in the risk of hypertension in women and men, respectively. Doubling of blood cadmium resulted in a 23.5% and 22.9% increase in the risk of prehypertension in women and men, respectively. CONCLUSION We found a significant association between blood cadmium levels and elevated blood pressure regardless of the type of variable (continuous or categorical) in women and men with a lower blood cadmium level compared to previous Korean studies. This study also showed that blood cadmium levels were robust risk factors for prehypertension in both women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Kook Lee
- Institute of Environmental & Occupational Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 646 Eupnae-ri, Shinchang-myun, Asan-si, Choongnam 336-745, South Korea
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Myong JP, Kim HR, Baker D, Choi B. Blood cadmium and moderate-to-severe glomerular dysfunction in Korean adults: analysis of KNHANES 2005-2008 data. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2012; 85:885-93. [PMID: 22252222 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-012-0737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between blood cadmium (Cd) and moderate-to-severe glomerular dysfunction in a Korean population using a representative sample. METHODS A cross-sectional study was used to evaluate the association between blood Cd and glomerular dysfunction. Based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2008), individual blood Cd was measured in 2,992 adults, aged between 20 and 65. RESULTS After adjusting for survey years, age, sociodemographic factors, and health behaviors, the odds ratio for moderate-to-severe glomerular dysfunction (<60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)) was 1.97 (95% CI: 1.28-3.07) when comparing the highest with the lowest blood Cd quartile in Korean women. However, in Korean men, there was no association between blood Cd and moderate-to-severe glomerular dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the consideration of Cd as a risk factor for glomerular dysfunction in the female population. Furthermore, environmental heavy metal monitoring and an institutional strategy should be implemented to reduce Cd exposure in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Pyo Myong
- Graduate School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Shakerian A, Rahimi E, Ahmadi M. Cadmium and lead content in several brands of rice grains (Oryza sativa) in central Iran. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 28:955-60. [PMID: 22258626 DOI: 10.1177/0748233711430979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) content of several commercially available brands of rice grains (Oryza sativa) in central Iran. A total of 67 samples of the most widely consumed brands of rice grains were purchased from local bazaar markets in Shahrekord, Iran. The first step, grains of raw rice were digested by acid digestion method and then were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometer. The results showed that Cd concentration in rice grains ranged from 0.0378 to 0.1225 ppm dry weight and its average concentration was 0.062 ± 0.019 ppm and Pb content ranged from 0.0405 to 0.1281 ppm dry weight and its average concentration was 0.068 ± 0.0185 ppm. Cd and Pb concentrations in the sampled rice grains were lower in comparison with their upper limits (0.2 and 0.2 ppm for Cd and Pb, respectively) approved by food sanitary standard. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no health problems due to the consumption of brands of rice grains, for these two elements. The results indicated that weekly intake of Cd and Pb from rice grains was below the provisional tolerable weekly intakes recommended by WHO/FAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shakerian
- Department of Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Moon CS, Lee CK, Lee JT, Kim JM, Paik JM, Ikeda M. Time trends in dietary cadmium intake of Korean women. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tx00002d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Hwangbo Y, Weaver VM, Tellez-Plaza M, Guallar E, Lee BK, Navas-Acien A. Blood cadmium and estimated glomerular filtration rate in Korean adults. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1800-5. [PMID: 21835726 PMCID: PMC3261971 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium is a nephrotoxicant at high exposure levels. Few studies have evaluated the role of cadmium in kidney function at low-exposure levels. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association of blood cadmium with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the Korean adult population. METHODS We evaluated 1,909 adults ≥ 20 years of age who participated in the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and had blood cadmium determinations. eGFR was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. RESULTS Blood cadmium geometric means were 1.57 μg/L for men and 1.49 μg/L for women. The difference in eGFR levels that compared participants in the highest versus lowest cadmium tertiles, after multivariable adjustment, was -1.85 [95% confidence interval (CI): -3.55, -0.16] mL/min per 1.73 m2 in women and 0.67 (-1.16, 2.50) mL/min per 1.73 m2 in men. Among men, the association between blood cadmium and eGFR was modified by blood lead levels (p-value for interaction = 0.048). The fully adjusted differences in eGFR levels for a 2-fold increase in blood cadmium levels were -1.14 (-3.35, 1.07) and 1.84 (0.54, 3.14) mL/min per 1.73 m2 in men with blood lead levels below and above the median (2.75 μg/dL), respectively. CONCLUSION Elevated blood cadmium levels were associated with lower eGFR in women, which supports the role of cadmium as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease. In men, there was no overall association, although elevated blood cadmium levels were associated with higher eGFR levels in men with high blood lead levels and nonstatistically associated with lower eGFR levels in men with low blood lead levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hwangbo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Niisoe T, Harada KH, Hitomi T, Watanabe T, Hung NN, Ishikawa H, Wang Z, Koizumi A. Environmental ecological modeling of human blood lead levels in East Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:2856-2862. [PMID: 21355531 DOI: 10.1021/es103666e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Environmental ecological modeling (EEM), which unifies models simulating transport of chemicals and exposure of humans to chemicals, was used to simulate long-term trends of female adult human blood lead levels (BLLs) and historical exposure to the atmospheric lead in four East Asian countries: Japan, Korea, China, and Vietnam. Anthropogenic lead emissions to the atmosphere in Vietnam were estimated from energy statistics to be 1931 t yr(-1). Calculated BLLs generally agreed with those observed in samples collected in these countries as the error factors were less than 2. The model results revealed that BLLs decreased significantly in Tokyo (by 58%) and Seoul (by 45%) in recent decades and confirmed the effects of efforts to reduce environmental lead in Japan and Korea. The model results also revealed that BLLs in Beijing did not decrease in this decade as much as in Tokyo and Seoul, despite the phasing out of leaded gasoline, and that the contribution from the atmospheric component was increasing (43% in 2009). Finally, we applied EEM to simulate BLLs of children in Hanoi. The probability of children having BLLs greater than 50 μg L(-1) was 7.5%, which was greater than those observed in developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamon Niisoe
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Ikeda M, Shimbo S, Watanabe T, Ohashi F, Fukui Y, Sakuragi S, Moriguchi J. Estimation of dietary Pb and Cd intake from Pb and Cd in blood or urine. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 139:269-86. [PMID: 20422312 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Successful trials were made to estimate the dietary daily intake of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) via foods from the levels of the metals in blood or urine. In practice, 14 and 15 reports were available for Pb and Cd in blood (Pb-B and Cd-B), urine (Pb-U and Cd-U) and 24-h diet duplicates (Pb-D and Cd-D), respectively, from which 68 pairs each of Pb or Cd in blood and food duplicates [each being geometric mean (GM) values for the survey sites] were obtained. Regression analysis revealed that there was a significant correlation between Pb-B and Pb-D, and also between Cd-B and Cd-D, suggesting that it should be possible to estimate both Pb-D and Cd-D from Pb-B and Cd-B, respectively. For Cd-U, the number of available cases was limited (20 pairs), but a significant correlation was detected between Cd-U (as Cd-U(cr), or Cd levels in urine as corrected for creatinine concentration) and Cd-D. Care should be taken in estimating Pb-D from Pb-B, as the ratio of Pb-D over Pb-B may decrease as a function of increasing Pb-B levels. The Pb-D (μg/day) for typical Japanese women with Pb-B of 15 μg/l was best estimated to be 13.5 μg/day. No Cd-B- or Cd-U(cr)-dependent change was detected in case of Cd. The best estimate of Cd-D for Cd-B at 1.5 μg/l should be about 19.4 μg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ikeda
- Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Nishinokyo-Kitatsuboicho, Nakagyo-ku, Japan.
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Qian Y, Chen C, Zhang Q, Li Y, Chen Z, Li M. Concentrations of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic in Chinese market milled rice and associated population health risk. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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39
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National estimates of blood lead, cadmium, and mercury levels in the Korean general adult population. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2010; 84:53-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-010-0522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Dietary exposure estimates of twenty-one trace elements from a Total Diet Study carried out in Pavia, Northern Italy. Br J Nutr 2008; 101:1200-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508055670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The significant role of trace elements in human health is well documented. Trace elements are those compounds that need to be present in the human diet to maintain normal physiological functions. However, some microelements may become harmful at high levels of exposure, or, on the other hand, may give rise to malnutrition, when their exposure is too low. The aim of the present study was to provide a reliable estimate of the dietary exposure of twenty-one trace elements in a Northern Italian area. For this purpose, trace element analyses were undertaken on total diet samples collected from a university cafeteria in Pavia, Northern Italy. The average daily exposure for the adult people was calculated on the basis of food consumption frequency, portion size and trace element levels in foodstuffs. The mean exposure values satisfy the Italian RDA for all the essential trace elements, except for Fe exposure in females, and are well below the Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake for all the toxic compounds, showing that the probability of dietary exposure to health risks is overall small. As far as Fe exposure is concerned, a potential risk of anaemia in the female adult population should be considered, then studies aimed at evaluating the Fe nutritional status of adult Italian women should be addressed. In conclusion, while not excluding the possibility that the daily exposure determined in the present study may not be representative of the population as a whole, this study provides a good estimate of the Italian adult consumer exposure to twenty-one trace elements.
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Cheng F, Zhao N, Xu H, Li Y, Zhang W, Zhu Z, Chen M. Cadmium and lead contamination in japonica rice grains and its variation among the different locations in southeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006; 359:156-66. [PMID: 16266740 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of a large-scale survey with 269 sampling sites and a field experiment with 12 cultivars grown at 3 ecologically different locations, Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) contamination in milled rice grains and its variation among different locations were investigated in the area of southeast China. The objective of this study was mainly to assess the present situation of Cd and Pb contamination in rice grains harvested locally and find out the variation of Cd and Pb background levels in rice grains among the diverse regional locations. The results showed that: a) Cd concentrations in milled rice grains ranged from trace (below 10 ng/g) to 340 ng/g, with the means of 81.4 ng/g (AM) and 55.2 ng/g (GM) for the 269 samples, whereas Pb concentrations ranged from trace (below 10 ng/g) to 1136 ng/g, with the means of 113.5 ng/g (AM) and 51.0 ng/g (GM), respectively. High frequency was observed for both the Cd and Pb concentrations ranging from trace to 200 ng/g, with 95.9% for Cd and 84.8% for Pb, respectively. b) ANOVA for the AMs and GMs among 269 sampling sites indicated that there were significant differences among the different spatial locations in Cd or Pb concentrations. c) The Cd concentrations in milled rice grains were poorly correlated with Pb concentration among the 269 sampling sites surveyed, and no significant difference (P>0.05) in the AMs or GMs of Cd and Pb concentration was observed among different cities within a range of the same provinces, only with an exception for 1-2 provinces. d) Variance analysis of Cd, Pb concentrations for 12 rice cultivars grown in three locations showed that the great difference in coefficients of variation (CV) was observed both among cultivars grown in the same location and among locations of cultivars planted, in which locations showed much more contribution to the variation of Cd or Pb concentration in milled rice grains as compared with cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmin Cheng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China.
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Kawada T, Suzuki S. A Review on the Cadmium Content of Rice, Daily Cadmium Intake, and Accumulation in the Kidneys. J Occup Health 2006. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.40.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kawada
- Department of Public HealthGunma University School of MedicineMaebashiJapan
| | - Shosuke Suzuki
- Department of Public HealthGunma University School of MedicineMaebashiJapan
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Rubio C, Hardisson A, Reguera JI, Revert C, Lafuente MA, González-Iglesias T. Cadmium dietary intake in the Canary Islands, Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 100:123-9. [PMID: 16337849 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2004] [Revised: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) in the human diet constitutes a potential chronic hazard to health. In the nonsmoking general population, diet is the major source of cadmium exposure; therefore, it is important to monitor the dietary intake of this heavy metal to quantify and improve the understanding of Cd accumulation in the human body. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of Cd in a range of food and drink commonly consumed in the Canary Islands. Food samples (420) were analyzed for Cd by atomic absorption spectrometry. The most recent nutritional survey conducted for the Canarian population was used to define the food and drink groups analyzed. The measured Cd concentrations combined with the food consumption data resulted in a total Cd intake in the Canary Islands of 0.16 microg/kg of body weight/day, which is well below the respective provisional tolerable weekly intake of Cd of 1 microg/kg of body weight per day determined by the FAO/WHO. The results are also compared with values reported for other national and international communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rubio
- Toxicology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Ofra, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife, Spain.
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Muñoz O, Bastias JM, Araya M, Morales A, Orellana C, Rebolledo R, Velez D. Estimation of the dietary intake of cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic by the population of Santiago (Chile) using a Total Diet Study. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:1647-55. [PMID: 15975702 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dietary intake of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) by the population of Santiago (Chile) was determined using a Total Diet Study in the market basket modality. After conducting a survey of the foods consumed in the last 24 h, the most consumed food products were included in the basket. Subsequently, they were cooked or prepared according to typical Chilean procedures and grouped into 17 food categories according to their chemical characteristics. The fish and shellfish group had the highest contents of As (1351 ng/g wet weight, ww), Cd (277 ng/g ww), and Hg (48 ng/g ww), while the sugar group had the highest content of Pb (251 ng/g ww). For a person with a body weight of 68 kg, the dietary intakes of As (77 microg/day), Cd (20 microg/day), Hg (5 microg/day), and Pb (206 microg/day) are lower than the provisional tolerable weekly intake values established by the FAO/WHO. Consequently, the total intakes of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in Santiago (Chile) are within the limits estimated as safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ociel Muñoz
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago de Chile, 33074 Correo 33, Chile.
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Jung MC, Yun ST, Lee JS, Lee JU. Baseline study on essential and trace elements in polished rice from South Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2005; 27:455-64. [PMID: 16237601 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-005-4221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In 2000, 63 (polished) white rice samples were collected in eight administrative areas all over South Korea and analyzed for 16 elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Potassium had the highest content, next to Mg, Ca, Si, Zn, Na, Al and Fe. Most of the samples contained worldwide average concentrations of essential and trace elements in rice grains reported by various researches. For inter-area differences in those elements in the rice, the statistical analysis showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the eight administrative areas, suggesting that inter-area differences were not substantial in most cases. Thus, the present data can be used as national background levels of elements in rice produced in South Korea. Using the published data on daily consumption of rice in South Korea, it was possible to estimate the daily intake of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn via rice. The results showed that a regular consumption of rice produced in Korea plays an important role in accumulation of essential and trace elements in Korean, especially for farm-households consuming relatively large amounts of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Chae Jung
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Geotechnics Engineering, Semyung University, 390-711 Jecheon, Choongbuk, South Korea.
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Heikens A, Widianarko B, Dewi IC, De Boer JLM, Seinen W, van Leeuwen K. The impact of the hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake. Part I: Concentrations of elements in crops and soil. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2005; 27:409-18. [PMID: 16237597 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-005-0827-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In Asembagus (East Java, Indonesia) irrigation water is contaminated with effluent from the hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake resulting in a low pH and high levels of various elements. As a first step towards a risk assessment, locally produced food items (rice, maize, cassava leaf, cassava root, peanuts) were collected and concentrations of As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn were compared to samples from a reference area and with literature values. Further, concentrations in rice were compared to total soil concentrations in paddy fields. Compared to the reference area, food items produced in the contaminated area had increased levels of Cd, Co, Ni and Mn in particular, while levels of Mo were lower. In contrast, total soil concentrations of Cd and Mn in particular have decreased whereas especially Mo was increased. In combination with the observed soil acidification, it is likely that the bioavailable concentration of most elements in the contaminated soil is higher (except for Mo) due to an increased weathering rate and/or input via the contaminated irrigation water. In terms of human health, concentrations in foods were generally within normal literature values. However, it was observed that essential elements (in particular Fe) known for their inhibitory effects on e.g. Cd and Mn toxicity did not accumulate in crops whereas Cd and Mn did.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Heikens
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Yalelaan 2, PO Box 80176, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Storelli MM, Barone G, Marcotrigiano GO. Cadmium in cephalopod molluscs: implications for public health. J Food Prot 2005; 68:577-80. [PMID: 15771185 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-68.3.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium concentrations were measured in the flesh and hepatopancreas (digestive gland) of 1,392 specimens of different species of cephalopod molluscs (broadtail squid, spider octopus, curled octopus, horned octopus, elegant cuttlefish, and pink cuttlefish) to determine whether maximum levels fixed by the European Commission were exceeded. In all species, mean cadmium concentrations were higher in hepatopancreas than in flesh. Large differences among the different species were also observed. Pink cuttlefish and spider octopus had the highest concentrations for both flesh (spider octopus, 0.77 microg g(-1); pink cuttlefish, 0.87 microg g(-1)) and hepatopancreas (spider octopus, 9.65 microg g(-1); pink cuttlefish, 18.03 microg g(-1)), and the lowest concentrations were encountered in broadtail squid (flesh, 0.13 microg g(-1); hepatopancreas, 2.48 microg g(-1)). The other species had intermediate concentrations of 0.20 to 0.30 microg g(-1) in flesh and 5.46 to 8.01 microg g(-1) in hepatopancreas. Concentrations exceeding the limit proposed by the European Commission (1.00 microg g(-1)) were observed in 44.4 and 40.0% of flesh samples of spider octopus and pink cuttlefish, respectively. The estimated weekly intake, 0.09 to 0.66 microg/kg body weigh, was below the provisional tolerable weekly intake set by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Storelli
- Department of Pharmacology-Biology, Chemistry and Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
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Erzen I, Zaletel Kragelj L. Exposure assessment of male recruits in Slovenia to cadmium and lead due to biological monitoring. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2004; 14:385-90. [PMID: 15361897 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In Slovenia, there were no data available for an assessment of cadmium and lead levels in the population till 2001. The present study was conducted to evaluate the cadmium and lead burden from all sources (air, food, water) with the aim of obtaining initial information on cadmium and lead levels in blood of healthy and occupationally unexposed young males. METHODS There were 464 participants included in the analysis of blood cadmium and lead levels, aged between 18 and 27 years, the median age being 20 years. Blood samples of maximum 2 ml were taken from the cubital vein for analysis of cadmium and lead levels. RESULTS There were 463 blood samples analyzed for cadmium and 464 for lead. Of all tested persons, 38.2% had less than 0.5 microg/l of cadmium in their blood and 28.2% up to 1 microg/l. The median level of blood cadmium was 0.5 microg/l. The percentage of recruits with blood lead level over 100 microg was 3.1%. The median level of blood lead was 35 microg/l. The differences in blood levels of both pollutants were statistically significant with regard to the region of permanent residence (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results of the study give a good assessment of cadmium and lead burdening of young Slovene male population. The information obtained provides a foundation for further comparative research at the international level as well as for further study and risk assessment of individual population groups exposed to greater risk due to their lifestyle and eating habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Erzen
- Institute of Public Health Celje, Ipavceva 18, Celje SI-3000, Slovenia.
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Horiguchi H, Oguma E, Sasaki S, Miyamoto K, Ikeda Y, Machida M, Kayama F. Dietary exposure to cadmium at close to the current provisional tolerable weekly intake does not affect renal function among female Japanese farmers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2004; 95:20-31. [PMID: 15068927 DOI: 10.1016/s0013-9351(03)00142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2003] [Revised: 06/02/2003] [Accepted: 07/07/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dietary cadmium (Cd) exposure and renal tubular function were investigated in 1381 female farmers from five districts in Japan (Japanese Multi-centered Environmental Toxicant Study project; JMETS). Dietary Cd exposure of the five populations was assessed from the individual Cd concentrations of the rice consumed by the study participants and the quantities of rice consumed daily. The populations showed a sequential difference in dietary Cd exposure, ranging from a level as low as that of the general Japanese population to one close to the current provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). The levels of urinary Cd excretion, an indicator of Cd accumulation in the kidneys, increased along the same sequential pattern as dietary Cd exposure. However, no differences were observed among the populations in levels of urinary alpha 1-microglobulin and beta 2-microglobulin excretion, which are indicators of renal tubular function. These results indicate that the current PTWI is sufficient to prevent Cd-induced renal dysfunction among the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyogo Horiguchi
- Department of Health Science, Division of Environmental Immunology and Toxicology, Jichi Medical School, Yakushiji, Tochigi, Japan
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Fewtrell LJ, Prüss-Ustün A, Landrigan P, Ayuso-Mateos JL. Estimating the global burden of disease of mild mental retardation and cardiovascular diseases from environmental lead exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2004; 94:120-33. [PMID: 14757375 DOI: 10.1016/s0013-9351(03)00132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The disease burden from exposure to lead resulting in mild mental retardation (due to IQ point decreases) and cardiovascular outcomes (due to increases in blood pressure) was estimated at a global level. Blood lead levels were compiled from the literature for 14 geographical regions defined by the World Health Organization according to location and adult and child mortality rates. Adjustments were applied to these levels, where appropriate, to account for recent changes relating to the implementation of lead-reduction programs and the lower levels seen in rural populations. It is estimated that mild mental retardation and cardiovascular outcomes resulting from exposure to lead amount to almost 1% of the global burden of disease, with the highest burden in developing regions. This estimate can be used to assess the magnitude of the benefits that could be accrued by increasing the global coverage of lead-reduction programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Fewtrell
- Centre for Research into Environment and Health, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK
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