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Lee ZY, Lee WH, Lim JS, Ali AAA, Loo JSE, Wibowo A, Mohammat MF, Foo JB. Golgi apparatus targeted therapy in cancer: Are we there yet? Life Sci 2024; 352:122868. [PMID: 38936604 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking within the Golgi apparatus plays a pivotal role in the intracellular transportation of lipids and proteins. Dysregulation of this process can give rise to various pathological manifestations, including cancer. Exploiting Golgi defects, cancer cells capitalise on aberrant membrane trafficking to facilitate signal transduction, proliferation, invasion, immune modulation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Despite the identification of several molecular signalling pathways associated with Golgi abnormalities, there remains a lack of approved drugs specifically targeting cancer cells through the manipulation of the Golgi apparatus. In the initial section of this comprehensive review, the focus is directed towards delineating the abnormal Golgi genes and proteins implicated in carcinogenesis. Subsequently, a thorough examination is conducted on the impact of these variations on Golgi function, encompassing aspects such as vesicular trafficking, glycosylation, autophagy, oxidative mechanisms, and pH alterations. Lastly, the review provides a current update on promising Golgi apparatus-targeted inhibitors undergoing preclinical and/or clinical trials, offering insights into their potential as therapeutic interventions. Significantly more effort is required to advance these potential inhibitors to benefit patients in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Hwei Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jing Sheng Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Afiqah Ali Ajmel Ali
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jason Siau Ee Loo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Digital Health and Medical Advancements Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Agustono Wibowo
- Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Pahang, Jengka Campus, 26400 Bandar Tun Abdul Razak Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fazli Mohammat
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jhi Biau Foo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Digital Health and Medical Advancements Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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Zhang JM, Jiang YY, Huang QF, Lu XX, Wang GH, Shao CL, Liu M. Brefeldin A delivery nanomicelles in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy: Characterization, cytotoxic evaluation in vitro, and antitumor efficiency in vivo. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105800. [PMID: 34363949 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the major cancers with high mortality rate. Traditional drugs used in clinic are usually limited by the drug resistance and side effect and novel agents are still needed. Macrolide brefeldin A (BFA) is a well-known lead compound in cancer chemotherapy, however, with poor solubility and instability. In this study, to overcome these disadvantages, BFA was encapsulated in mixed nanomicelles based on TPGS and F127 copolymers (M-BFA). M-BFA was conferred high solubility, colloidal stability, and capability of sustained release of intact BFA. In vitro, M-BFA markedly inhibited the proliferation, induced G0/G1 phase arrest, and caspase-dependent apoptosis in human liver carcinoma HepG2 cells. Moreover, M-BFA also induced autophagic cell death via Akt/mTOR and ERK pathways. In HepG2 tumor-bearing xenograft mice, indocyanine green (ICG) as a fluorescent probe loaded in M-BFA distributed to the tumor tissue rapidly, prolonged the blood circulation, and improved the tumor accumulation capacity. More importantly, M-BFA (10 mg/kg) dramatically delayed the tumor progression and induced extensive necrosis of the tumor tissues. Taken together, the present work suggests that M-BFA has promising potential in HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Man Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yao-Yao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qun-Fa Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xu-Xiu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guan-Hai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Chang-Lun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China.
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Sadeghian M, Rahmani S, Khalesi S, Hejazi E. A review of fasting effects on the response of cancer to chemotherapy. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:1669-1681. [PMID: 33153820 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Studies suggest that fasting before or during chemotherapy may induce differential stress resistance, reducing the adverse effects of chemotherapy and enhancing the efficacy of drugs. In this article, we review the effects of fasting, including intermittent, periodic, water-only short-term fasting, and caloric restriction on the responsiveness of tumor cells to cytotoxic drugs, their protective effect on normal cells, and possible mechanisms of action. METHODS We could not perform a systematic review due to the wide variation in the study population, design, dependent measures, and outcomes (eg, type of cancer, treatment variation, experimental setting, etc.). However, a systematic approach to search and review literature was used. The electronic databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, and Embase were searched up to July 2020. RESULTS Fasting potentially improves the response of tumor cells to chemotherapy by (1) repairing DNA damage in normal tissues (but not tumor cells); (2) upregulating autophagy flux as a protection against damage to organelles and some cancer cells; (3) altering apoptosis and increasing tumor cells' sensitivity to the apoptotic stimuli, and preventing apoptosis-mediated damage to normal cells; (4) depleting regulatory T cells and improving the stimulation of CD8 cells; and (5) accumulating unfolded proteins and protecting cancer cells from immune surveillance. We also discuss how 'fasting-mimicking diet' as a modified form of fasting enables patients to eat a low calorie, low protein, and low sugar diet while achieving similar metabolic outcomes of fasting. CONCLUSION This review suggests the potential benefits of fasting in combination with chemotherapy to reduce tumor progression and increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy. However, with limited human trials, it is not possible to generalize the findings from animal and in vitro studies. More human studies with adequate sample size and follow-ups are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sadeghian
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Rahmani
- Department of Nutrition, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saman Khalesi
- Physical Activity Research Group, Appleton Institute & School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ehsan Hejazi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Frisbie CP, Lushnikov AY, Krasnoslobodtsev AV, Riethoven JJM, Clarke JL, Stepchenkova EI, Petrosyan A. Post-ER Stress Biogenesis of Golgi Is Governed by Giantin. Cells 2019; 8:E1631. [PMID: 31847122 PMCID: PMC6953117 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Golgi apparatus undergoes disorganization in response to stress, but it is able to restore compact and perinuclear structure under recovery. This self-organization mechanism is significant for cellular homeostasis, but remains mostly elusive, as does the role of giantin, the largest Golgi matrix dimeric protein. METHODS In HeLa and different prostate cancer cells, we used the model of cellular stress induced by Brefeldin A (BFA). The conformational structure of giantin was assessed by proximity ligation assay and atomic force microscopy. The post-BFA distribution of Golgi resident enzymes was examined by 3D SIM high-resolution microscopy. RESULTS We detected that giantin is rather flexible than an extended coiled-coil dimer and BFA-induced Golgi disassembly was associated with giantin monomerization. A fusion of the nascent Golgi membranes after BFA washout is forced by giantin re-dimerization via disulfide bond in its luminal domain and assisted by Rab6a GTPase. GM130-GRASP65-dependent enzymes are able to reach the nascent Golgi membranes, while giantin-sensitive enzymes appeared at the Golgi after its complete recovery via direct interaction of their cytoplasmic tail with N-terminus of giantin. CONCLUSION Post-stress recovery of Golgi is conducted by giantin dimer and Golgi proteins refill membranes according to their docking affiliation rather than their intra-Golgi location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole P. Frisbie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA;
| | - Alexander Y. Lushnikov
- Nanoimaging Core Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA; (A.Y.L.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Alexey V. Krasnoslobodtsev
- Nanoimaging Core Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA; (A.Y.L.); (A.V.K.)
- Department of Physics, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0266, USA
| | - Jean-Jack M. Riethoven
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0665, USA;
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA;
| | - Jennifer L. Clarke
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA;
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0963, USA
| | - Elena I. Stepchenkova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Saint-Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia;
- Department of Genetics, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Armen Petrosyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA;
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA;
- The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
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5
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Park S, Ko W, Park S, Lee HS, Shin I. Evaluation of the Interaction between Bax and Hsp70 in Cells by Using a FRET System Consisting of a Fluorescent Amino Acid and YFP as a FRET Pair. Chembiochem 2019; 21:59-63. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong‐Hyun Park
- Department of ChemistryYonsei University Seoul 03722 South Korea
| | - Wooseok Ko
- Department of ChemistrySogang University Seoul 04107 South Korea
| | - Sang‐Hyun Park
- Department of ChemistryYonsei University Seoul 03722 South Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Department of ChemistrySogang University Seoul 04107 South Korea
| | - Injae Shin
- Department of ChemistryYonsei University Seoul 03722 South Korea
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Alborzinia H, Ignashkova TI, Dejure FR, Gendarme M, Theobald J, Wölfl S, Lindemann RK, Reiling JH. Golgi stress mediates redox imbalance and ferroptosis in human cells. Commun Biol 2018; 1:210. [PMID: 30511023 PMCID: PMC6262011 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic activities of several Golgi-dispersing compounds including AMF-26/M-COPA, brefeldin A and golgicide A have previously been shown to induce autophagy or apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate that these Golgi disruptors also trigger ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic form of cell death characterized by iron-dependent oxidative degradation of lipids. Inhibitors of ferroptosis not only counteract cell death, but they also protect from Golgi dispersal and inhibition of protein secretion in response to several Golgi stress agents. Furthermore, the application of sublethal doses of ferroptosis-inducers such as erastin and sorafenib, low cystine growth conditions, or genetic knockdown of SLC7A11 and GPX4 all similarly protect cells from Golgi stress and lead to modulation of ACSL4, SLC7A5, SLC7A11 or GPX4 levels. Collectively, this study suggests a previously unrecognized function of the Golgi apparatus, which involves cellular redox control and prevents ferroptotic cell death. Hamed Alborzinia et al. show that Golgi-dispersing compounds trigger iron-dependent oxidative degradation of lipids, inducing a non-apoptotic cell death called ferroptosis. This study provides insight into the role of Golgi apparatus for preventing ferroptotic cell death through its cellular redox control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Alborzinia
- BioMed X Innovation Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 583, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,4Present Address: Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Francesca R Dejure
- BioMed X Innovation Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 583, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathieu Gendarme
- BioMed X Innovation Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 583, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jannick Theobald
- 2Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- 2Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph K Lindemann
- 3Translational Innovation Platform Oncology, Merck Biopharma, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan H Reiling
- BioMed X Innovation Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 583, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,5Present Address: Institute for Applied Cancer Science and Center for Co-Clinical Trials, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
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7
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Huang H, Liu T, Guo J, Yu L, Wu X, He Y, Li D, Liu J, Zhang K, Zheng X, Goodin S. Brefeldin A enhances docetaxel-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in prostate cancer cells in monolayer and 3D cultures. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2286-2291. [PMID: 28462831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Docetaxel is a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug for patients with late stage prostate cancer. However, serious side effect and drug resistance limit its clinical success. Brefeldin A is a 16-membered macrolide antibiotic from mangrove-derived Fungus Aspergillus sp. (9Hu), which exhibited potent cytotoxicity against human cancer cells. In the present study, we determined the effect of brefeldin A on docetaxel-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Brefeldin A in combination with docetaxel inhibited the growth of PC-3 cells in monolayer and in three dimensional cultures. The combination also potently stimulated apoptosis in PC-3 cells as determined by propidium iodide staining and morphological assessment. Mechanistic studies showed that growth inhibition and apoptosis in PC-3 cells treated with brefeldin A and docetaxel were associated with decrease in the level of Bcl-2. The present study indicates that combined brefeldin A with docetaxel may represent a novel approach for improving the efficacy of docetaxel, and Bcl-2 may serve as a target for brefeldin A to enhance the effects of docetaxel chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarong Huang
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ting Liu
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junxi Guo
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lin Yu
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan He
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dongli Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 510060, China
| | - Junlei Liu
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
| | - Susan Goodin
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States
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Heterologous expression of equine CYP3A94 and investigation of a tunable system to regulate co-expressed NADPH P450 oxidoreductase levels. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113540. [PMID: 25415624 PMCID: PMC4240602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes depends on the enzyme NADPH P450 oxidoreductase (POR). The aim of this study was to investigate the activity of the equine CYP3A94 using a system that allows to regulate the POR protein levels in mammalian cells. CYP3A94 and the equine POR were heterologously expressed in V79 cells. In the system used, the POR protein regulation is based on a destabilizing domain (DD) that transfers its instability to a fused protein. The resulting fusion protein is therefore degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Addition of “Shield-1” prevents the DD fusion protein from degradation. The change of POR levels at different Shield-1 concentrations was demonstrated by cytochrome c reduction, Western immunoblot analysis, and immunocytochemistry. The alteration of CYP3A94 activity was investigated using a substrate (BFC) known to detect CYP3A4 activity. Equine CYP3A94 was demonstrated to be metabolically active and its activity could be significantly elevated by co-expression of POR. Cytochrome c reduction was significantly increased in V79-CYP3A94/DD-POR cells compared to V79-CYP3A94 cells. Surprisingly, incubation with different Shield-1 concentrations resulted in a decrease in POR protein shown by Western immunoblot analysis. Cytochrome c reduction did not change significantly, but the CYP3A94 activity decreased more than 4-fold after incubation with 500 nM and 1 µM Shield-1 for 24 hours. No differences were obtained when V79-CYP3A94 POR cells with and without Shield-1 were compared. The basal activity levels of V79-CYP3A94/DD-POR cells were unexpectedly high, indicating that DD/POR is not degraded without Shield-1. Shield-1 decreased POR protein levels and CYP3A94 activity suggesting that Shield-1 might impair POR activity by an unknown mechanism. Although regulation of POR with the pPTuner system could not be obtained, the cell line V79-CYP3A94/DD-POR system can be used for further experiments to characterize the equine CYP3A94 since the CYP activity was significantly enhanced with co-expressed POR.
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9
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Yadav RK, Chae SW, Kim HR, Chae HJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and cancer. J Cancer Prev 2014; 19:75-88. [PMID: 25337575 PMCID: PMC4204165 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2014.19.2.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the principal organelle responsible for multiple cellular functions including protein folding and maturation and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. ER stress is activated by a variety of factors and triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), which restores homeostasis or activates cell death. Multiple studies have clarified the link between ER stress and cancer, and particularly the involvement of the UPR. The UPR seems to adjust the paradoxical microenvironment of cancer and, as such, is one of resistance mechanisms against cancer therapy. This review describes the activity of different UPRs involved in tumorigenesis and resistance to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk, Korea
| | - Soo-Wan Chae
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk, Korea
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Korea
| | - Han Jung Chae
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk, Korea
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10
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Abbas W, Khan KA, Kumar A, Tripathy MK, Dichamp I, Keita M, Mahlknecht U, Rohr O, Herbein G. Blockade of BFA-mediated apoptosis in macrophages by the HIV-1 Nef protein. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1080. [PMID: 24556695 PMCID: PMC3944234 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Nef protein has key roles at almost all stages of the viral life cycle. We assessed the role of Nef and of the translation elongation factor eEF1A in primary human macrophages. Nuclear retention experiments and inhibition of the exportin-t (Exp-t) pathway suggested that cytoplasmic relocalization of eEF1A, mediated by Exp-t occurs in Nef-treated monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). We observed the presence of tRNA in the Nef/eEF1A complexes. Nucleocytoplasmic relocalization of the Nef/eEF1A complexes prevented stress-induced apoptosis of MDMs treated with brefeldin A. Blockade of stress-induced apoptosis of MDMs treated with HIV-1 Nef resulted from enhanced nucleocytoplasmic transport of eEF1A with decreased release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, and from increased tRNA binding to cytochrome c, ultimately leading to an inhibition of caspase activation. Our results indicate that HIV-1 Nef, through the nucleocytoplasmic relocalization of eEF1A and tRNAs, enhances resistance to stress-induced apoptosis in primary human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Abbas
- Department of Virology, Pathogens & Inflammation Laboratory, University of Franche-Comte, EA 4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besancon, Besançon F-25030, France
| | - K A Khan
- Department of Virology, Pathogens & Inflammation Laboratory, University of Franche-Comte, EA 4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besancon, Besançon F-25030, France
| | - A Kumar
- Department of Virology, Pathogens & Inflammation Laboratory, University of Franche-Comte, EA 4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besancon, Besançon F-25030, France
| | - M K Tripathy
- Department of Virology, Pathogens & Inflammation Laboratory, University of Franche-Comte, EA 4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besancon, Besançon F-25030, France
| | - I Dichamp
- Department of Virology, Pathogens & Inflammation Laboratory, University of Franche-Comte, EA 4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besancon, Besançon F-25030, France
| | - M Keita
- Department of Virology, Pathogens & Inflammation Laboratory, University of Franche-Comte, EA 4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besancon, Besançon F-25030, France
| | - U Mahlknecht
- University of Heidelberg Medical Center, St. Lukas Klinik Solingen, Solingen D-42697, Germany
| | - O Rohr
- Institut de Parasitologie et Pathologie Tropicale, EA 4438, Strasbourg University, 3 rue Koeberlé, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - G Herbein
- Department of Virology, Pathogens & Inflammation Laboratory, University of Franche-Comte, EA 4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besancon, Besançon F-25030, France
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11
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Liu W, Wei J, Huo P, Lu Y, Chen Y, Wei Y. Controlled release of brefeldin A from electrospun PEG–PLLA nanofibers and their in vitro antitumor activity against HepG2 cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:2513-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Abbas W, Khan KA, Tripathy MK, Dichamp I, Keita M, Rohr O, Herbein G. Inhibition of ER stress-mediated apoptosis in macrophages by nuclear-cytoplasmic relocalization of eEF1A by the HIV-1 Nef protein. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e292. [PMID: 22476100 PMCID: PMC3358010 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Nef protein has key roles at almost all stages of the viral life cycle. We assessed the role of the Nef/eEF1A (eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1-alpha) complex in nucleocytoplasmic shuttling in primary human macrophages. Nuclear retention experiments and inhibition of the exportin-t (Exp-t) pathway suggested that cytoplasmic relocalization of eEF1A, mediated by Exp-t, occurs in Nef-treated monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). We observed the presence of tRNA in the Nef/eEF1A complexes. Nucleocytoplasmic relocalization of the Nef/eEF1A complexes prevented stress-induced apoptosis of MDMs treated with brefeldin-A. Blockade of stress-induced apoptosis of MDMs treated with HIV-1 Nef resulted from enhanced nucleocytoplasmic transport of eEF1A with decreased release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, and from increased tRNA binding to cytochrome c, ultimately leading to an inhibition of caspase activation. Our results indicate that HIV-1 Nef, through the nucleocytoplasmic relocalization of eEF1A and tRNAs, enhances resistance to stress-induced apoptosis in primary human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Abbas
- Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comte, EA 4266, INSERM IFR 133, CHU Besancon, Besançon F-25030, France
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Moon JL, Kim SY, Shin SW, Park JW. Regulation of brefeldin A-induced ER stress and apoptosis by mitochondrial NADP⁺-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 417:760-4. [PMID: 22197820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Brefeldin A (BFA), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi transport inhibitor, has been shown to cause accumulation of proteins in the ER, ER stress, and ultimately apoptosis. In this paper, we demonstrate that the knockdown of mitochondrial NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDPm), a mitochondrial NADPH-generating enzyme, by small interfering RNA (siRNA) enhanced BFA-induced apoptosis. However, attenuated IDPm activity results in the suppression of ER stress response, presumably, via the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Collectively, our data suggest that the association of IDPm expression and ER stress confers a survival mechanism in A549 cells against BFA-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Lee Moon
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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Chen X, Ran ZH, Tong JL, Nie F, Zhu MM, Xu XT, Xiao SD. RNA interference (RNAi) of Ufd1 protein can sensitize a hydroxycamptothecin-resistant colon cancer cell line SW1116/HCPT to hydroxycamptothecin. J Dig Dis 2011; 12:110-6. [PMID: 21401896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2011.00478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether RNA interference (RNAi) of the ubiquitin fusion-degradation 1-like protein (Ufd1) could sensitize hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT)-resistant colon cancer cell line SW1116/HCPT to the cytotoxic effect of HCPT. METHODS SW1116/HCPT cells were transfected with plasmids containing Ufd1-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) (Ufd1 knockdown cells) and non-specific siRNA (control cells). A drug sensitivity analysis, 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazol (-z-y1)-3,5-di- phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) assay was performed on Ufd1 knockdown cells and control cells. After treating the cells with HCPT, a caspase-3 and caspase-4 activity assay, flow cytometric analysis and Western blot for detecting phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), phosphorylated protein kinases B (p-Akt), P53, ubiquitin, GADD 153 and Grp78/Bip were performed. RESULTS According to the MTT assay, the survival rate of knockdown cells was significantly lower than that of the control cells (P < 0.01). Both caspase-3 and caspase-4 activity assay showed higher activation level in Ufd1 knockdown cells than that in the control cells (P < 0.01). A flow cytometric analysis revealed more severe S-phase arrest in the Ufd1 knockdown cells than that in the control cells (P < 0.05). The Western blot showed that increasing the concentration of HCPT resulted in a higher expression level of p-JNK, P53, ubiquitin, GADD 153 and Grp78/Bip in the Ufd1 knockdown cells than that in the control cells. CONCLUSION Ufd1 plays a key role in HCPT resistance of SW1116/HCPT and RNAi of Ufd1 can sensitize SW1116/HCPT to the cytotoxic effect of HCPT via strengthening the activation of caspase-3 pathway and disturbing endoplasmic reticulum functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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Verfaillie T, Garg AD, Agostinis P. Targeting ER stress induced apoptosis and inflammation in cancer. Cancer Lett 2010; 332:249-64. [PMID: 20732741 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Disturbance in the folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), caused by a variety of endogenous and exogenous insults, prompts a cellular stress condition known as ER stress. ER stress is initially shaped to re-establish ER homeostasis through the activation of an integrated intracellular signal transduction pathway termed as unfolded protein response (UPR). However, when ER stress is too severe or prolonged, the pro-survival function of the UPR turns into a toxic signal, which is predominantly executed by mitochondrial apoptosis. Moreover, accumulating evidence implicates ER stress pathways in the activation of various 'classical' inflammatory processes in and around the tumour microenvironment. In fact, ER stress pathways evoked by certain conventional or experimental anticancer modalities have been found to promote anti-tumour immunity by enhancing immunogenicity of dying cancer cells. Thus, the ER functions as an essential sensing organelle capable of coordinating stress pathways crucially involved in maintaining the cross-talk between the cancer cell's intracellular and extracellular environment. In this review we discuss the emerging link between ER stress, cell fate decisions and immunomodulation and the potential therapeutic benefit of targeting this multifaceted signaling pathway in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Verfaillie
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
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Pihakaski-Maunsbach K, Nonaka S, Vorum H, Maunsbach AB. Response of IMCD3 cells to hypertonic challenges as analyzed by electron microscopy. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 2010; 59:481-494. [PMID: 20670932 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfq061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This work defines the ultrastructural responses of immortalized cells from the inner medullary collecting duct cells (IMCD3 cells) to hypertonic challenges. The cultured cells were either acutely exposed to hypertonic medium (550 mOsm/kgH₂O) for 24-72 h or gradually adapted to 600 or 900 mOsm/kgH₂O media with sodium chloride. After short (24 h) hypertonic challenges, there was an expansion of the Golgi apparatus with distinct expression of the γ subunit of Na,K-ATPase. The frequency of active caspase-3-positive cells was unchanged as was also the measured activity of caspase-3. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that active caspase-3 in the positive cells was localized in cytoplasmic bodies 0.5-1 μm in diameter but not in other structures. Apoptotic bodies with the nuclei were only rarely observed following acute hypertonicity for 24 to 72 h. Following prolonged hypertonic challenges, some cells showed condensation of the chromatin but still few apoptotic bodies. Gradual hypertonicity to 900 mOsm/kgH₂O led to a decrease of microvilli, dilated cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), increased abundance of free ribosomes and longitudinal mitochondrial cristae. Virus particles were present inside and outside the cells in all experimental conditions and appeared unrelated to the apoptotic process. The results suggest that cultured IMCD3 cells are resistant to short hypertonic challenge or gradual adaptation to moderate hypertonicity and only rarely exhibit more ultrastructural apoptotic changes than control cells. The presence of caspase-3-containing bodies is a novel finding, and we suggest that they arise from the ER and are involved in the apoptotic signaling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaarina Pihakaski-Maunsbach
- The Water and Salt Research Center, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Torrentes-Carvalho A, Azeredo EL, Reis SRI, Miranda AS, Gandini M, Barbosa LS, Kubelka CF. Dengue-2 infection and the induction of apoptosis in human primary monocytes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104:1091-9. [PMID: 20140369 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000800005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages are important targets for dengue virus (DENV) replication; they induce inflammatory mediators and are sources of viral dissemination in the initial phase of the disease. Apoptosis is an active process of cellular destruction genetically regulated, in which a complex enzymatic pathway is activated and may be trigged by many viral infections. Since the mechanisms of apoptotic induction in DENV-infected target cells are not yet defined, we investigated the virus-cell interaction using a model of primary human monocyte infection with DENV-2 with the aim of identifying apoptotic markers. Cultures analyzed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy yielded DENV antigen positive cells with rates that peaked at the second day post infection (p.i.), decayed afterwards and produced the apoptosis-related cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-10. Phosphatidylserine, an early marker for apoptosis, was increased at the cell surface and the Fas death receptor was upregulated at the second day p.i. at significantly higher rates in DENV infected cell cultures than controls. However, no detectable changes were observed in the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in infected cultures. Our data support virus modulation of extrinsic apoptotic factors in the in vitro model of human monocyte DENV-2 infection. DENV may be interfering in activation and death mechanisms by inducing apoptosis in target cells.
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Epp E, Vanier G, Harcus D, Lee AY, Jansen G, Hallett M, Sheppard DC, Thomas DY, Munro CA, Mullick A, Whiteway M. Reverse genetics in Candida albicans predicts ARF cycling is essential for drug resistance and virulence. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000753. [PMID: 20140196 PMCID: PMC2816695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, the major fungal pathogen of humans, causes life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals. Due to limited available therapy options, this can frequently lead to therapy failure and emergence of drug resistance. To improve current treatment strategies, we have combined comprehensive chemical-genomic screening in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and validation in C. albicans with the goal of identifying compounds that can couple with the fungistatic drug fluconazole to make it fungicidal. Among the genes identified in the yeast screen, we found that only AGE3, which codes for an ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase activating effector protein, abrogates fluconazole tolerance in C. albicans. The age3 mutant was more sensitive to other sterols and cell wall inhibitors, including caspofungin. The deletion of AGE3 in drug resistant clinical isolates and in constitutively active calcineurin signaling mutants restored fluconazole sensitivity. We confirmed chemically the AGE3-dependent drug sensitivity by showing a potent fungicidal synergy between fluconazole and brefeldin A (an inhibitor of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for ADP ribosylation factors) in wild type C. albicans as well as in drug resistant clinical isolates. Addition of calcineurin inhibitors to the fluconazole/brefeldin A combination only initially improved pathogen killing. Brefeldin A synergized with different drugs in non-albicans Candida species as well as Aspergillus fumigatus. Microarray studies showed that core transcriptional responses to two different drug classes are not significantly altered in age3 mutants. The therapeutic potential of inhibiting ARF activities was demonstrated by in vivo studies that showed age3 mutants are avirulent in wild type mice, attenuated in virulence in immunocompromised mice and that fluconazole treatment was significantly more efficacious when ARF signaling was genetically compromised. This work describes a new, widely conserved, broad-spectrum mechanism involved in fungal drug resistance and virulence and offers a potential route for single or improved combination therapies. Candida albicans is a fungus that normally resides as part of the microflora in the human gut. Candida species can cause superficial infections like thrush in the healthy human population and life-threatening invasive infections in immunocompromised patients. Fungal infections are often treated with azole drugs, but due to the fungistatic nature of these agents, C. albicans can develop drug resistance, leading to therapy failure. To improve the action of azoles and convert them into fungicidal drugs, we first systematically analyzed the genetic requirements for tolerance to one such azole drug, fluconazole. We show, both genetically and pharmacologically, that components of the ARF cycling machinery are critical in mediating both azole and echinocandin tolerance in C. albicans as well as several other pathogenic Candida species and in the pathogenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus. We highlight the importance of ARF cycling in drug resistance by showing that genetic compromise of ARF functions overrides common drug resistance mechanisms in clinical samples and other key regulators of azole/echinocandin tolerance. We validated the therapeutic potential of ARF cycling in two mouse models and provide evidence that drug treatment is more efficacious when ARF activities are genetically compromised. Our study demonstrates a new mechanism involved in two important aspects of the biology of human fungal pathogens and provides a potential route for improved antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Epp
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ghyslaine Vanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Doreen Harcus
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anna Y. Lee
- McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gregor Jansen
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael Hallett
- McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Don C. Sheppard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David Y. Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Carol A. Munro
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Alaka Mullick
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Malcolm Whiteway
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Rajamahanty S, Alonzo C, Aynehchi S, Choudhury M, Konno S. Growth inhibition of androgen-responsive prostate cancer cells with brefeldin A targeting cell cycle and androgen receptor. J Biomed Sci 2010; 17:5. [PMID: 20102617 PMCID: PMC2843609 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Androgen ablation is one of the viable therapeutic options for patients with primary hormone (androgen)-dependent prostate cancer. However, an antibiotic brefeldin A (BFA) has been shown to exhibit the growth inhibitory effect on human cancer cells. We thus investigated if BFA might inhibit proliferation of androgen-responsive prostate cancer LNCaP cells and also explored how it would be carried out, focusing on cell cycle and androgen receptor (AR). Methods Androgen-mediated cellular events in LNCaP cells were induced using 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) as an androgenic mediator. Effects of BFA on non-DHT-stimulated or DHT-stimulated cell growth were assessed. Its growth inhibitory mechanism(s) was further explored; performing cell cycle analysis on a flow cytometer, assessing AR activity by AR binding assay, and analyzing AR protein expression using Western blot analysis. Results DHT (1 nM) was capable of stimulating LNCaP cell growth by ~40% greater than non-stimulated controls, whereas BFA (30 ng/ml) completely inhibited such DHT-stimulated proliferation. Cell cycle analysis showed that this BFA-induced growth inhibition was associated with a ~75% reduction in the cell number in the S phase and a concomitant increase in the G1 cell number, indicating a G1 cell cycle arrest. This was further confirmed by the modulations of specific cell cycle regulators (CDK2, CDK4, cyclin D1, and p21WAF1), revealed by Western blots. In addition, the growth inhibition induced by BFA was accompanied by a profound (~90%) loss in AR activity, which would be presumably attributed to the significantly reduced cellular AR protein level. Conclusions This study demonstrates that BFA has a potent growth inhibitory activity, capable of completely inhibiting DHT (androgen)-stimulated LNCaP proliferation. Such inhibitory action of BFA appears to target cell cycle and AR: BFA led to a G1 cell cycle arrest and the down-regulation of AR activity/expression, possibly accounting for its primary growth inhibitory mechanism. Thus, it is conceivable that BFA may provide a more effective therapeutic modality for patients with hormone-dependent prostate cancer.
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Targeting the endoplasmic reticulum-stress response as an anticancer strategy. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 625:234-46. [PMID: 19835867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of synthesis and folding of secretory and membrane bound proteins. The capacity of the ER to process proteins is limited and the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins can lead to ER stress which has been associated with a wide range of diseases including cancer. In this review we initially provide an overview of our current understanding of how cells respond to ER stress at the molecular level and the key players involved in mediating the unfolded protein response (UPR). We review the evidence suggesting that the ER stress response could be important for the growth and development of tumors under stressful growth conditions such as hypoxia or glucose deprivation, which are commonly encountered by most solid tumors, and we analyse how it may be possible to exploit the unfolded protein response as an anticancer strategy. Two approaches to target the unfolded protein response are proposed-the first involves inhibiting components of the unfolded protein response so cells cannot adapt to stressful conditions and the second involves overloading the unfolded protein response so the cell is unable to cope, leading to cell death. We focused on proteins with an enzymatic activity that can be targeted by small molecule inhibitors as this is one of the most common approaches utilized by drug discovery companies. Finally, we review drugs currently in clinical development that affect the ER stress response and that may have potential as anti-tumor agents alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutics.
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Wang SH, Shih YL, Lee CC, Chen WL, Lin CJ, Lin YS, Wu KH, Shih CM. The role of endoplasmic reticulum in cadmium-induced mesangial cell apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 181:45-51. [PMID: 19442655 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 04/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cd is an industrial and environmental pollutant that affects many organs in humans and other mammals. However, the molecular mechanisms of Cd-induced nephrotoxicity are unclear. In this study, we show that endoplasmic reticula (ER) played a pivotal role in Cd-induced apoptosis in mesangial cells. Using Fluo-3 AM, the intracellular concentration of calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) was detected as being elevated as time elapsed after Cd treatment. Co-treatment with BAPTA-AM, a calcium chelator, was able to significantly suppress Cd-induced apoptosis. Calcineurin is a cytosolic phosphatase, which was able to dephosphorylate the inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP(3)R) calcium channel to prevent the release of calcium from ER. Cyclosporine A, a calcineurin inhibitor, increased both [Ca(2+)](i) and the percentage of Cd-induced apoptosis. However, EGTA and the IP(3)R inhibitor, 2-APB, were able to partially modulate Cd cytotoxicity. These results led us to suggest that the extracellular and ER-released calcium plays a crucial role in Cd-induced apoptosis in mesangial cells. Following this line, we further detected the ER stress after Cd treatment since ER is one of the major calcium storage organelles. After Cd exposure, GADD153, a hallmark of ER stress, was upregulated (at 4h of exposure), followed by activation of ER-specific caspase-12 and its downstream molecule caspase-3 (at 16h of exposure). The pan caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD, and BAPTA-AM were able to reverse the Cd-induced cell death and ER stress, respectively. Furthermore, the mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) was depolarized significantly and cytochrome c was released after 24h of exposure to Cd and followed by mild activation of caspase-9 at the 36-h time point, indicating that mitochondria stress is a late event. Therefore, we concluded that ER is the major killer organelle in Cd-induced mesangial cell apoptosis and that calcium oscillation plays a pivotal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hao Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC
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Pan H, Yu J, Zhang L, Carpenter A, Zhu H, Li L, Ma D, Yuan J. A novel small molecule regulator of guanine nucleotide exchange activity of the ADP-ribosylation factor and golgi membrane trafficking. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:31087-96. [PMID: 18799457 PMCID: PMC2576541 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806592200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An image-based phenotypic screen was developed to identify small molecule regulators of intracellular traffic. Using this screen we found that AG1478, a previously known inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor, had epidermal growth factor receptor-independent activity in inducing the disassembly of the Golgi in human cells. Similar to brefeldin A (BFA), a known disrupter of the Golgi, AG1478 inhibits the activity of small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor. Unlike BFA, AG1478 exhibits low cytotoxicity and selectively targets the cis-Golgi without affecting endosomal compartment. We show that AG1478 inhibits GBF1, a large nucleotide exchange factor for the ADP-ribosylation factor, in a Sec7 domain-dependent manner and mimics the phenotype of a GBF1 mutant that has an inactive mutation. The treatment with AG1478 leads to the recruitment of GBF1 to the vesicular-tubular clusters adjacent to the endoplasmic reticulum exit sites, a step only transiently observed previously in the presence of BFA. We propose that the treatment with AG1478 delineates a membrane trafficking intermediate step that depends upon the Sec7 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heling Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Brefeldin A activates CHOP promoter at the AARE, ERSE and AP-1 elements. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 319:203-8. [PMID: 18679584 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Brefeldin A induces apoptosis in PC-3 and MCF-7 cells at a concentration of 30 ng/ml. RT-PCR analyses showed up-regulation of CHOP/GADD153 and splicing of XBP-1 mRNA in brefeldin A-treated cells. CHOP promoter-luciferase reporter assays demonstrated activation of AARE, ERSE, and AP-1 elements of CHOP promoter by brefeldin A treatment. The activation of these elements was not affected by preincubation of cells with N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), L: -buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor (SP600125), suggesting that activation of CHOP promoter by brefeldin A may not involve oxidative stress or JNK signaling pathway. On the other hand, brefeldin A-induced apoptosis was not affected by NAC and BSO pretreatment, but was completely suppressed by JNK inhibitor pretreatment. Our results suggest that although CHOP is up-regulated by brefeldin A, it is not a major mediator of brefeldin A-induced apoptosis.
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Hwang JH, Kim JY, Cha MR, Ryoo IJ, Choo SJ, Cho SM, Tsukumo Y, Tomida A, Shin-Ya K, Hwang YI, Yoo ID, Park HR. Etoposide-resistant HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells during glucose deprivation are sensitive to piericidin A, a GRP78 down-regulator. J Cell Physiol 2008; 215:243-50. [PMID: 17941090 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucose deprivation, a pathophysiological cell condition, causes up-regulation of GRP78 and induction of etoposide resistance in human cancer cells. The induction of drug resistance can be partly explained by the fact that GRP78 can block activation of caspase-7 induced by treatment with etoposide. Therefore, downregulating GRP78 expression may be a novel strategy anticancer drug development. Based on that premise, we established a screening program for anticancer agents that exhibit preferential cytotoxic activity for etoposide-resistant cancer cells under glucose-deprived conditions. We recently isolated an active compound, AR-054, from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp., which prevents stress-induced etoposide resistance in vitro. AR-054 was identified as piericidin A, a prototypical compound, by ESI-MS analysis and various NMR spectroscopic methods. Here, we showed that piericidin A suppressed the accumulation of GRP78 protein and was also highly toxic to etoposide-resistant HT-29 cells, with IC50 values for colony formation of 6.4 and 7.7 nM under 2-deoxyglucose supplemented and glucose-deprived conditions, respectively. Interestingly, piericidin A had no effect under normal growth conditions. Therefore, we suggest that piericidin A prevents up-regulation of GRP78, and exhibits cytotoxicity in glucose-deprived HT-29 cells that are resistant to etoposide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hwan Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungnam University, Masan, Korea
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Yu LCH, Huang CY, Kuo WT, Sayer H, Turner JR, Buret AG. SGLT-1-mediated glucose uptake protects human intestinal epithelial cells against Giardia duodenalis-induced apoptosis. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:923-34. [PMID: 18281046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Giardia duodenalis is one of the most common causes of waterborne diarrheal disease worldwide. Mechanisms of pathogenesis and host response in giardiasis remain incompletely understood. Previous studies have shown that exposure to G. duodenalis products induce apoptosis in enterocytes. We recently discovered that sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter (SGLT)-1-mediated glucose uptake modulates enterocytic cell death induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The aim of this study was to examine whether enhanced epithelial SGLT-1 activity may constitute a novel mechanism of host defense against G. duodenalis-induced apoptosis. SGLT-1-transfected Caco-2 cells were exposed to G. duodenalis products in low (5mM) or high (25mM) glucose media. In low glucose environments, G. duodenalis-induced caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation in these cells. These apoptotic phenomena were abolished in the presence of high glucose. A soluble proteolytic fraction of G. duodenalis was found to upregulate SGLT-1-mediated glucose uptake in a dose- and time-dependent manner, in association with increased apical SGLT-1 expression on epithelial cells. Kinetic analysis showed that this phenomenon resulted from an increase in the maximal rate of sugar transport (V(max)) by SGLT-1, with no change in the affinity constant (K(m)). The addition of phloridzin (a competitive inhibitor for glucose binding to SGLT-1) abolished the anti-apoptotic effects exerted by high glucose. Together, the findings indicate that SGLT-1-dependent glucose uptake may represent a novel epithelial cell rescue mechanism against G. duodenalis-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda C H Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
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High levels of intracellular IL-4 are expressed in circulating apoptotic T cells in patients with tuberculosis and in community controls. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2007; 88:21-30. [PMID: 17977794 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Data concerning T helper cell phenotypes in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection remain controversial. T lymphocyte intracellular interleukin-4 production in response to CD3 stimulation was determined by flow cytometry in 21 TB patients and 14 community controls. In supplementary experiments the association of interleukin-4 expression with apoptosis was investigated. A low percentage of CD4 T cells in both patients and controls expressed high levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4(high)). A larger subset of both CD4 and CD8 T cells of all subjects expressed low levels of intracellular IL-4 (IL-4(low)). Stimulated and unstimulated cells expressed IL-4(low) and IL-4(high). IL-4(low) percentages were lower in TB patients at diagnosis compared to controls while IL-4(high) percentages were higher in patients. Most IL-4(high) cells co-expressed active caspase-3, a marker for apoptosis. This co-expression was also shown in experimentally induced apoptotic Jurkat cells and peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes. IL-4 levels may therefore not necessarily indicate a skewed Th cell phenotype, as our data suggest that IL-4 production by CD4 and CD8 T cells can occur constitutively in healthy controls with latent TB infection and in TB patients. Cellular IL-4 production may represent a normal cellular growth factor mechanism which is disturbed at the onset of apoptosis.
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Ogata M, Inanami O, Nakajima M, Nakajima T, Hiraoka W, Kuwabara M. Ca2+-dependent and Caspase-3-independent Apoptosis Caused by Damage in Golgi Apparatus due to 2,4,5,7-Tetrabromorhodamine 123 Bromide-induced Photodynamic Effects ¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0780241cacacb2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wlodkowic D, Skommer J, Pelkonen J. Brefeldin A triggers apoptosis associated with mitochondrial breach and enhances HA14-1- and anti-Fas-mediated cell killing in follicular lymphoma cells. Leuk Res 2007; 31:1687-700. [PMID: 17428536 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) remains a fatal disease of increasing worldwide incidence. Since patients with FL eventually develop resistance to conventional anticancer agents, and due to BCL-2 overexpression present with profoundly compromised execution of mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, targeting alternative pathways of cell demise may appear therapeutically beneficial. Herein we report for the first time the effects of an ER-Golgi transport inhibitor, Brefeldin A (BFA), alone and in combination with a small molecule Bcl-2 inhibitor HA14-1 or agonistic anti-Fas mAb, in the recently established human FL cell lines. All cell lines tested were sensitive to BFA-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Moreover BFA-induced cell death was associated with profound ER stress, mitochondrial breach and subsequent caspase cascade activation, including caspase 2 activation. Interestingly, BFA-induced ER stress did not result in appearance of autophagic morphology in FL cells. Of importance, small molecule Bcl-2 antagonist, HA14-1 and agonistic anti-Fas mAb significantly enhanced BFA-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis, revealing novel and previously unexplored means to enhance ER stress-mediated cell killing in follicular lymphoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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29
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Park HR, Ryoo IJ, Choo SJ, Hwang JH, Kim JY, Cha MR, Shin-Ya K, Yoo ID. Glucose-deprived HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells are sensitive to verrucosidin as a GRP78 down-regulator. Toxicology 2006; 229:253-61. [PMID: 17161515 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucose deprivation, a feature of poorly vascularized solid tumors, activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) which is a stress-signaling pathway in tumor cells that is associated with the molecular chaperone GRP78 and induction of GRP78 has been shown to protect them against programmed cell death. Thus, targeting glucose-deprived conditions may be a novel strategy in anticancer drug development. Based on that, we established a novel screening program for chaperone modulators that preferentially cytotoxic activity in cancer cells under glucose-deprived conditions. During the course of our screening system, we recently isolated an active compound, 326-2, from Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium and identified it as a down-regulator of the grp78 gene. As expected, 326-2 inhibited the expression of the GRP78 promoter under glucose-deprived conditions in a dose-dependent manner with an IC(50) value of 50nM. Furthermore, 326-2 was identified as verrucosidin, a pyrone-type polyketide, by ESI-MS analyses and various NMR spectroscopic methods. We found that verrucosidin prevents UPR-induced expression of protein, such as GRP78, whose expression is induced by glucose-deprived or by 2-deoxyglucose; this effect is not seen under normal growth conditions. The GRP78-inhibitory action of verrucosidin was dependent on strict hypoglycemic conditions and resulted in selective cell death of glucose-deprived HT-29 human colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ryong Park
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungnam University, Masan 631-701, Republic of Korea
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30
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Yu LCH, Turner JR, Buret AG. LPS/CD14 activation triggers SGLT-1-mediated glucose uptake and cell rescue in intestinal epithelial cells via early apoptotic signals upstream of caspase-3. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:3276-86. [PMID: 16860318 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that enhanced glucose uptake protects enterocytes from excessive apoptosis and barrier defects induced by LPS exposure. The aim of this study was to characterize the mechanisms responsible for increased sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter (SGLT)-1 activity in enterocytes challenged with LPS. SGLT-1-transfected Caco-2 cells were incubated with LPS in high glucose media. LPS increased SGLT-1 activity in dose- and time-dependent fashion, and is due to increased V(max) of the cotransporter. Elevated apical expression of SGLT-1 was also demonstrated. This LPS-induced effect was colchicine-inhibitable, suggesting microtubule-dependent translocation of SGLT-1 onto apical surface. Immunofluorescence staining showed expression of CD14 on the apical surface, but no TLR-4, on these cells. Neutralizing anti-CD14 decreased the LPS-induced upregulation of SGLT-1 activity, whereas anti-TLR-4 had no effect. Pharmacological studies indicated that signaling for LPS-mediated SGLT-1 glucose uptake depends on caspase-8 and -9 activation, but occurs independently of caspase-3. The findings describe a novel feedback mechanism within the apoptotic signaling pathway for SGLT-1-dependent cytoprotection. The observation suggests a new function for CD14 on enterocytes, involving the induction of the caspase-dependent SGLT-1 activity, which ultimately leads to cell rescue. The understanding of these signaling events may shed light on enterocytic cytoprotection and homeostasis mechanism upon pro-apoptotic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda C H Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, BI 117 Mucosal Inflammation Research Group, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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31
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Ryoo IJ, Park HR, Choo SJ, Hwang JH, Park YM, Bae KH, Shin-Ya K, Yoo ID. Selective cytotoxic activity of valinomycin against HT-29 Human colon carcinoma cells via down-regulation of GRP78. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:817-20. [PMID: 16595926 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucose deprivation is a fundamental feature of poorly vascularized solid tumors and leads to activation of the molecular chaperone GRP78, which is associated with the unfolded protein response (UPR), a stress-signaling pathway, in tumor cells. We recently isolated an active compound, M126, that inhibits transcription from a GRP78 promoter reporter construct. M126 was identified as valinomycin by various spectroscopic methods. We found that valinomycin prevents UPR-induced protein expression, such as GRP78 and GRP94. The GRPs-inhibitory action of valinomycin severe hypoglycemic and results in selective cell death of the stressed cancer cells. Our findings demonstrate that GRP78 may be an excellent target for the use of cancer chemotherapy in the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Ja Ryoo
- Laboratory of Antioxidant, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
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32
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Islam S, Hassan F, Tumurkhuu G, Ito H, Koide N, Mori I, Yoshida T, Yokochi T. Lipopolysaccharide prevents apoptosis induced by brefeldin A, an endoplasmic reticulum stress agent, in RAW 264.7 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 340:589-96. [PMID: 16380090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the cell death induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress agents in RAW 264.7 cells was studied. LPS prevented the cell death by brefeldin A, but not thapsigargin and tunicamycin. CpG DNA as well as LPS prevented brefeldin A-induced cell death whereas tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interferon-gamma did not. Brefeldin A-induced cell death was mediated with apoptotic cell death and it was significantly inhibited by LPS. LPS abolished the activation of ER stress-related caspases, such as caspases 1, 3, and 4. LPS prevented brefeldin A-induced morphological changes in RAW 264.7 cells. Further, LPS prevented brefeldin A-induced Golgi dispersion. Therefore, LPS was suggested to diminish the stress of ER/Golgi complexes induced by brefeldin A and inhibit apoptosis. The preventive action of LPS on brefeldin A-induced apoptosis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamima Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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33
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Carew JS, Nawrocki ST, Krupnik YV, Dunner K, McConkey DJ, Keating MJ, Huang P. Targeting endoplasmic reticulum protein transport: a novel strategy to kill malignant B cells and overcome fludarabine resistance in CLL. Blood 2005; 107:222-31. [PMID: 16144803 PMCID: PMC1895341 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-05-1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells exhibit certain mitochondrial abnormalities including mtDNA mutations, increased superoxide generation, and aberrant mitochondrial biogenesis, which are associated with impaired apoptosis and reduced sensitivity to fludarabine. Here we report that CLL cells and multiple myeloma cells are highly sensitive to brefeldin A, an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi protein transport currently being developed as a novel anticancer agent in a prodrug formulation. Of importance, brefeldin A effectively induced apoptosis in fludarabine-refractory CLL cells. Disruption of protein trafficking by brefeldin A caused the sequestration of the prosurvival factors APRIL and VEGF in the ER, leading to abnormal ER swelling and a decrease in VEGF secretion. Such ER stress and blockage of secretory protein traffic eventually resulted in Golgi collapse, activation of caspases, and cell death. Notably, the cellular sensitivity to this compound appeared to be independent of p53 status. Taken together, these findings suggest that malignant B cells may be highly dependent on ER-Golgi protein transport and that targeting this process may be a promising therapeutic strategy for B-cell malignancies, especially for those that respond poorly to conventional treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Carew
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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34
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Maag RS, Mancini M, Rosen A, Machamer CE. Caspase-resistant Golgin-160 disrupts apoptosis induced by secretory pathway stress and ligation of death receptors. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:3019-27. [PMID: 15829563 PMCID: PMC1142444 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-11-0971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Golgin-160 is a coiled-coil protein on the cytoplasmic face of the Golgi complex that is cleaved by caspases during apoptosis. We assessed the sensitivity of cell lines stably expressing wild-type or caspase-resistant golgin-160 to several proapoptotic stimuli. Cells expressing a caspase-resistant mutant of golgin-160 were strikingly resistant to apoptosis induced by ligation of death receptors and by drugs that induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, including brefeldin-A, dithiothreitol, and thapsigargin. However, both cell lines responded similarly to other proapoptotic stimuli, including staurosporine, anisomycin, and etoposide. The caspase-resistant golgin-160 dominantly prevented cleavage of endogenous golgin-160 after ligation of death receptors or induction of ER stress, which could be explained by a failure of initiator caspase activation. The block in apoptosis in cells expressing caspase-resistant golgin-160 could not be bypassed by expression of potential caspase cleavage fragments of golgin-160, or by drug-induced disassembly of the Golgi complex. Our results suggest that some apoptotic signals (including those initiated by death receptors and ER stress) are sensed and integrated at Golgi membranes and that golgin-160 plays an important role in transduction of these signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Maag
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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35
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Rao RV, Ellerby HM, Bredesen DE. Coupling endoplasmic reticulum stress to the cell death program. Cell Death Differ 2004; 11:372-80. [PMID: 14765132 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 728] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) regulates protein synthesis, protein folding and trafficking, cellular responses to stress and intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) levels. Alterations in Ca(2+) homeostasis and accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER cause ER stress that ultimately leads to apoptosis. Prolonged ER stress is linked to the pathogenesis of several different neurodegenerative disorders. Apoptosis is a form of cell death that involves the concerted action of a number of intracellular signaling pathways including members of the caspase family of cysteine proteases. The two main apoptotic pathways, the death receptor ('extrinsic') and mitochondrial ('intrinsic') pathways, are activated by caspase-8 and -9, respectively, both of which are found in the cytoplasm. Recent studies point to the ER as a third subcellular compartment implicated in apoptotic execution. Here, we review evidence for the contribution of various cellular molecules that contribute to ER stress and subsequent cellular death. It is hoped that dissection of the molecular components and pathways that alter ER structure and function and ultimately promote cellular death will provide a framework for understanding degenerative disorders that feature misfolded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Rao
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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36
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Rao RV, Poksay KS, Castro-Obregon S, Schilling B, Row RH, del Rio G, Gibson BW, Ellerby HM, Bredesen DE. Molecular components of a cell death pathway activated by endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:177-87. [PMID: 14561754 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304490200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis and accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cause ER stress that ultimately leads to programmed cell death. Recent studies have shown that ER stress triggers programmed cell death via an alternative intrinsic pathway of apoptosis that, unlike the intrinsic pathway described previously, is independent of Apaf-1 and cytochrome c. In the present work, we have used a set of complementary approaches, including two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nano-liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with tandem mass spectrometry, RNA interference, co-immunoprecipitation, immunodepletion of candidate proteins, and reconstitution studies, to identify mediators of the ER stress-induced cell death pathway. Our data identify two molecules, valosin-containing protein and apoptosis-linked gene-2 (ALG-2), that appear to play a role in mediating ER stress-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rammohan V Rao
- The Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, California 94945, USA
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37
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Hashimoto Y, Tomiyama T, Yamano Y, Mori H. Mutation (D472Y) in the type 3 repeat domain of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein affects its early vesicle trafficking in endoplasmic reticulum and induces apoptosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:101-10. [PMID: 12819015 PMCID: PMC1868176 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a large pentameric extracellular glycoprotein found in cartilage, tendon, and synovium, and plays structural roles in cartilage as the fifth member of the thrombospondin family. Familial mutations in type 3 repeats of COMP are known to cause pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (EDM1). Although such mutations induce enlarged rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) as a morphological change, the metabolic trafficking of mutated COMP remains unclear. In transfected COS7 cells, wild-type COMP was rapidly secreted into culture medium, while the great majority of COMP with the type 3 repeats mutation (D472Y) remained in the cells and a small portion of mutated COMP was secreted. This finding was followed up with a confocal study with an antibody specific to COMP, which demonstrated mutated COMP tightly associated with abnormally enlarged rER. Phosphorylated eIF2alpha, an ER stress protein, was expressed as a pathological reaction in virtually all COS7 cells expressing mutated but not wild-type COMP. Moreover, COS7 cells expressing mutated COMP exhibited significantly more apoptotic reaction than those expressing wild-type COMP. Pathological accumulation of COMP in rER and apoptosis in COS7 cells that were induced by the mutation (D472Y) in COMP imply that COMP mutations play a role in the pathogenesis of PSACH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hashimoto
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Gerontology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
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38
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Shimoke K, Kudo M, Ikeuchi T. MPTP-induced reactive oxygen species promote cell death through a gradual activation of caspase-3 without expression of GRP78/Bip as a preventive measure against ER stress in PC12 cells. Life Sci 2003; 73:581-93. [PMID: 12770613 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78)/Immunoglobulin binding protein (Bip) is a chaperone which functions to protect cells from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. GRP78/Bip is expressed following ER stress induced by thapsigargin, tunicamycin or chemical factors. However, the mechanism of progression of ER stress against stress factors is still obscure. We examined whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) were involved in GRP78/Bip expression and caspase-3 activity was induced in PC12 cells using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to produce ROS. We report that PC12 cells lost viability in the presence of MPTP for 24 hours as a partial effect of ROS. We also show that N-acetyl-L-cysteine diminished the MPTP-induced apoptosis with expunction of ROS. Furthermore, we observed that GRP78/Bip was not up-regulated and the caspase-3 activity was increased in the presence of MPTP. These results suggest that insubstantial ROS do not contribute to the ER stress-mediated cell death while caspase-3 is involved in ROS-promoted cell death in MPTP-treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Shimoke
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Faculty of Engineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan. /jp
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Pommepuy I, Terro F, Petit B, Trimoreau F, Bellet V, Robert S, Hugon J, Labrousse F, Yardin C. Brefeldin A induces apoptosis and cell cycle blockade in glioblastoma cell lines. Oncology 2003; 64:459-67. [PMID: 12759546 DOI: 10.1159/000070307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Brefeldin A (BFA), a fungal metabolite known to affect the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus, has recently been shown to induce apoptosis and cell growth inhibition in various human cell lines. Glioblastomas (GB) are cerebral tumors with poor prognosis, which display resistance to current therapies including radio- and chemotherapy. The objective of this study was to investigate BFA effects in three human GB cell lines (SA4, SA146 and U87MG cells). Compared with control cells, about 60% of cell growth inhibition was observed in BFA (100 ng/ml for 24 h)-exposed cells in the three cell lines. Furthermore, in SA4 and SA146 cells, BFA was able to induce a time- and dose-dependent apoptosis detected by DAPI staining, TUNEL assay and flow-cytometric analysis. Since p53 expression was not modified after BFA exposure, BFA-induced apoptosis may follow a p53-independent pathway, as already reported. In the same way, BFA did not alter Bcl-2, Bax and Mcl-1 expression. Cell cycle analysis revealed a cell cycle arrest in early G0/G1 phase with an increase in G0/G1 cell population (70% in control cells vs. 83% in exposed cells) associated with a decrease in the S cell population (14% in control cells vs. 5.5% in exposed cells). The Ki67 labeling index also confirmed the cell cycle blockade. Our results suggest that BFA may be a potent cell cycle modulator and inducer of apoptosis in GB cell lines, and therefore may become a promising candidate for the chemotherapeutic treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Pommepuy
- Department of Pathology, Limoges University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Limoges, France
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40
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Lee MJ, Park JY, Lee SY, Lee JS, Jung DK, Bae YS, Kwak JY. Modulation of constitutive and delayed apoptosis by brefeldin A in human neutrophils. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:835-43. [PMID: 12781700 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(03)00052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil apoptosis is a constitutive process that can be enhanced or delayed by various stimuli. In this study, the effect of brefeldin A (BFA), which affects the biological process of secretion, on constitutive and delayed apoptosis of neutrophils was investigated. Neutrophil apoptosis was determined after culturing for 20 h in vitro by morphological changes, annexin V staining, and DNA electrophoresis. BFA dose-dependently increased the constitutive apoptotic rate of neutrophils. The delay of apoptosis induced by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was also blocked by BFA. However, this effect of BFA was less marked when neutrophils were treated with dexamethasone, interleukin-8 (IL-8), or dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP). Moreover, the delay of neutrophil apoptosis induced by rottlerin, a specific inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC)-delta, was significantly abrogated by BFA. Although BFA-induced apoptosis was not blocked by the caspase-3 inhibitor, zDEVD-fmk, myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) expression levels were downregulated by BFA. These results suggest that derangement of vesicular protein transport may be involved in the apoptosis of neutrophils, and that the action of BFA on apoptosis is dependent on changes in the expression of Mcl-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Lee
- Medical Research Center for Cancer Molecular Therapy, Busan 602-103, South Korea
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41
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FitzGerald UF, Gilbey T, Brodie S, Barnett SC. Transcription factor expression and cellular redox in immature oligodendrocyte cell death: effect of Bcl-2. Mol Cell Neurosci 2003; 22:516-29. [PMID: 12727447 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-7431(02)00040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by the progressive damage or loss of oligodendrocytes. In an effort to better understand the causes of oligodendrocyte destruction in MS plaques, we treated immature oligodendrocytes with glucose oxidase, ceramide, or brefeldin A. These treatments model the different mechanisms by which oligodendrocytes are thought to die. We report that the AP-1 and Egr-1 transcription factors are induced within an hour of treatment. Of the AP-1 proteins studied, c-Jun was expressed at the highest level, followed by JunD, c-Fos, and Fra-2, although different treatments induced slightly different levels of expression. Bcl-2 overexpression protects against all treatments, to differing degrees. Although Bcl-2 did not have a dramatic effect on AP-1 or Egr-1 induction within the first 3 h, it caused a lowering of steady-state redox levels with a concomitant increase in cellular glutathione. We propose that the lowering of cellular redox and the upregulation of glutathione are responsible in part for the protective properties of Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una F FitzGerald
- Department of Neurology and Department of Medical Oncology, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland
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42
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LIMESAND KIRSTENH, BARZEN KATHERINEA, SANDERS LINDAA, SCLAFANI ROBERTA, RAYNOLDS MARYV, REYLAND MARYE, ANDERSON STEVENM, QUISSELL DAVIDO. Characterization of rat parotid and submandibular acinar cell apoptosis in primary culture. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2003; 39:170-7. [PMID: 14505429 PMCID: PMC2879403 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-003-0012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a highly organized cellular process that is critical for maintaining glandular homeostasis. We have used primary rat salivary acinar cells from the parotid and submandibular glands to investigate the critical regulatory events involved in apoptosis. Caspase-3 activity, cleavage of caspase substrates, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation were assayed in cells treated with etoposide, a DNA-damaging agent, or brefeldin A (BFA), a Golgi toxin. Dose-response studies showed that the sensitivity of both cell types to etoposide and BFA was similar, with 150 microM etoposide or 1.5 microM BFA inducing maximal caspase activation. However, BFA induced a more robust activation of caspase and DNA fragmentation in both cell types. Similar results were observed when the caspase cleavage of poly(adenosine 5'-diphosphate ribose) polymerase and protein kinase C delta were analyzed by Western blot. Analysis of the kinetics of apoptosis showed that caspase-3 activation was maximal at 8 h of etoposide or BFA treatment in the parotid cells and at 8-18 h in the submandibular cells. A similar time course was observed when DNA fragmentation was assayed, although maximal DNA fragmentation in BFA-treated cells was two- to threefold higher than that observed in etoposide-treated cells. Despite slight kinetic differences, it would appear that the apoptotic cascade is very similar in both primary parotid and submandibular acinar cells. Although limited in their long-term stability in culture, the use of primary, nonimmortalized salivary acinar cultures will also permit the use of specific transgenic animals to further characterize the molecular events involved in the regulation of salivary gland acinar cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- KIRSTEN H. LIMESAND
- Department of Pathology (K. H. L., S. M. A.), Department of Medicine (M. V. R.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (R. A. S.), School of Medicine, and Department of Craniofacial Biology (K. A. B., L. A. S., M. E. R., D. O. Q.), School of Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262
| | - KATHERINE A. BARZEN
- Department of Pathology (K. H. L., S. M. A.), Department of Medicine (M. V. R.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (R. A. S.), School of Medicine, and Department of Craniofacial Biology (K. A. B., L. A. S., M. E. R., D. O. Q.), School of Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262
| | - LINDA A. SANDERS
- Department of Pathology (K. H. L., S. M. A.), Department of Medicine (M. V. R.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (R. A. S.), School of Medicine, and Department of Craniofacial Biology (K. A. B., L. A. S., M. E. R., D. O. Q.), School of Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262
| | - ROBERT A. SCLAFANI
- Department of Pathology (K. H. L., S. M. A.), Department of Medicine (M. V. R.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (R. A. S.), School of Medicine, and Department of Craniofacial Biology (K. A. B., L. A. S., M. E. R., D. O. Q.), School of Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262
| | - MARY V. RAYNOLDS
- Department of Pathology (K. H. L., S. M. A.), Department of Medicine (M. V. R.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (R. A. S.), School of Medicine, and Department of Craniofacial Biology (K. A. B., L. A. S., M. E. R., D. O. Q.), School of Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262
| | - MARY E. REYLAND
- Department of Pathology (K. H. L., S. M. A.), Department of Medicine (M. V. R.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (R. A. S.), School of Medicine, and Department of Craniofacial Biology (K. A. B., L. A. S., M. E. R., D. O. Q.), School of Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262
| | - STEVEN M. ANDERSON
- Department of Pathology (K. H. L., S. M. A.), Department of Medicine (M. V. R.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (R. A. S.), School of Medicine, and Department of Craniofacial Biology (K. A. B., L. A. S., M. E. R., D. O. Q.), School of Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262
| | - DAVID O. QUISSELL
- Department of Pathology (K. H. L., S. M. A.), Department of Medicine (M. V. R.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (R. A. S.), School of Medicine, and Department of Craniofacial Biology (K. A. B., L. A. S., M. E. R., D. O. Q.), School of Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262
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43
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Limesand KH, Barzen KA, Quissell DO, Anderson SM. Synergistic suppression of apoptosis in salivary acinar cells by IGF1 and EGF. Cell Death Differ 2003; 10:345-55. [PMID: 12700634 PMCID: PMC2885155 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis requires balancing cell proliferation and programmed cell death. IGF1 significantly suppressed etoposide-induced apoptosis, measured by caspase 3 activation and quantitation of cellular subG(1) DNA content, in rat parotid salivary acinar cells (C5). Transduction of C5 cells with an adenovirus expressing a constitutively activated mutant of Akt-suppressed etoposide-induced apoptosis, whereas a kinase-inactive mutant of Akt suppressed the protective effect of IGF1. IGF1 also suppressed apoptosis induced by taxol and brefeldin A. EGF was unable to suppress apoptosis induced by etoposide, but was able to synergize with IGF1 to further suppress caspase 3 activation and DNA cleavage after etoposide treatment. The catalytic activity of Akt was significantly higher following stimulation with both growth factors compared to stimulation with IGF1 or EGF alone. These results suggest that a threshold of activated Akt is required for suppression of apoptosis and the cooperative action of growth factors in regulating salivary gland homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- KH Limesand
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | - KA Barzen
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | - DO Quissell
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | - SM Anderson
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
- Corresponding author: SM Anderson Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA. Tel: +1 303 315 4787; Fax: +1 303 315 6721;
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44
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Ogata M, Inanami O, Nakajima M, Nakajima T, Hiraoka W, Kuwabara M. Ca2+-dependent and Caspase-3–independent Apoptosis Caused by Damage in Golgi Apparatus due to 2,4,5,7-Tetrabromorhodamine 123 Bromide–induced Photodynamic Effects¶. Photochem Photobiol 2003; 78:241-7. [PMID: 14556310 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)078<0241:cacacb>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the role of the Golgi apparatus in photodynamic therapy-induced apoptosis, its signaling pathway was studied after photodynamic treatment of human cervix carcinoma cell line HeLa, in which a photosensitizer, 2,4,5,7-tetrabromorhodamine 123 bromide (TBR), was incorporated into the Golgi apparatus. Laser scanning microscopic analysis of TBR-loaded HeLa cells confirmed that TBR was exclusively located in the Golgi apparatus. HeLa cells incubated with TBR for 1 h were then exposed to visible light using an Xe lamp. Light of wavelength below 670 nm was eliminated with a filter. Morphological observation of nuclei stained with Hoechst 33342 revealed that apoptosis of cells was induced by exposure to light. Electron spin resonance spectrometry showed that light-exposed TBR produced both singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide anion (O2-). Apoptosis induction by TBR was inhibited by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an O2- scavenger, but not by NaN3, a quencher of 1O2. Furthermore, TBR-induced apoptosis was inhibited by aurintricarboxylic acid and ZnCl2, which are known as inhibitors of deoxyribonuclease (DNase) gamma, and (acetoxymethyl)-1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, a chelator of Ca2+, but not by acetyl Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde, an inhibitor of caspase-3. These results suggested that O2- was responsible for TBR-induced apoptosis, and Ca(2+)-dependent and caspase-3-independent nuclease such as DNase gamma played an important role in apoptotic signaling triggered by Golgi dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Ogata
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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45
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Meintières S, Biola A, Pallardy M, Marzin D. Using CTLL-2 and CTLL-2 bcl2 cells to avoid interference by apoptosis in the in vitro micronucleus test. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2003; 41:14-27. [PMID: 12552588 DOI: 10.1002/em.10126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In vitro assays for chromosome aberrations (i.e., in vitro micronucleus and in vitro metaphase analysis tests) frequently produce false-positive or exaggerated-positive results. Our previous work suggested that apoptosis interferes with these tests, producing misleading results. These previous studies were conducted by performing the in vitro micronucleus test in CTLL-2 cells and a CTLL-2 cell derivative stably transfected with the apoptosis inhibitor gene bcl2. In the present study, these previous observations were extended by examining micronucleus induction with a larger number of compounds in both CTLL-2 and CTLL-2 bcl2 cells and measuring apoptosis with annexin V-FITC. Both cell lines were treated with different classes of compounds that were anticipated to be exclusively apoptosis inducers, or compounds known to be clastogens or aneugens, some of which were anticipated to be both genotoxic and apoptotic. We were able to confirm that compounds that are only apoptogenic induced micronuclei in CTLL-2 but not CTLL-2 bcl2 cells, indicating that the positive responses are due to apoptosis in CTLL-2 cells. Some genotoxins (clastogens and aneugens) did not produce apoptosis by the annexin V assay and gave similar responses in CTLL-2 and CTLL-2 bcl2 cells. Finally, higher responses were induced in CTLL-2 cells compared to CTLL-2 bcl2 cells that were treated with aneugens or clastogens that were also apoptosis inducers, suggesting that the greater response in CTLL-2 cells is a consequence of both genotoxicity and apoptosis. Finally, it was demonstrated that just eliminating CTLL-2 cells having three or more micronuclei from scoring was not adequate for correctly evaluating agents that only produce apoptosis. The results indicate that coupling the in vitro micronucleus test in both CTLL-2 and CTLL-2 bcl2 cells with the measurement of apoptosis is able to distinguish the genotoxic effects of a test compound from its apoptotic potential and is able to avoid interference from apoptosis in the in vitro micronucleus test. These observations may provide the basis for a useful genotoxicity assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Meintières
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Pr Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
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Elyaman W, Terro F, Suen KC, Yardin C, Chang RCC, Hugon J. BAD and Bcl-2 regulation are early events linking neuronal endoplasmic reticulum stress to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2002; 109:233-8. [PMID: 12531534 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(02)00582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mediated apoptosis in neurons was examined. Using primary cortical neurons, we show that nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and brefeldin A (BFA), two ER stressors, induce early ER stress as shown by Western blotting of the eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha (eIF2alpha), an ER stress marker. This event was associated with an enhancement of neuronal apoptosis as demonstrated by the time-dependent increase in caspase-3 activity and by nuclear fragmentation. The study of the apoptotic signaling showed the translocation of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol. Further evaluation of the apoptotic process revealed that NDGA and BFA induced a rapid dephosphorylation of BAD and decrease expression of Bcl-2. Altogether, our results indicate that neuronal ER stress is associated with an apoptotic cascade involving the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Elyaman
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong
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47
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Nojiri H, Yamana H, Shirouzu G, Suzuki T, Isono H. Glycotherapy for cancer: remodeling of ganglioside pattern as an effective approach for cancer therapy. CANCER DETECTION AND PREVENTION 2002; 26:114-20. [PMID: 12102145 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-090x(02)00033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have found that an increase in the ganglioside GM3 is a prerequisite for the induction of terminal differentiation, cuhninating in death by apoptosis, of human colonic carcinoma cells in vitro. To evaluate the therapeutic effect of increasing GM3 in human colonic carcinoma cells, we examined whether treated cells lose their tumorigenic activity and whether this approach is effective against cancer cells growing in vivo. Cells of the human colonic carcinoma cell line HCT 116 not only differentiated but also lost their tumorigenic activity by an artificial increase in GM3. When HCT 116 tumors growing in nude mice were treated with a drug that increases GM3, an appreciable increase in GM3 and induction of apoptosis were clearly observed. The growth of treated tumors was greatly suppressed. These results suggest that the modulation of ganglioside expression to introduce gangliosides with biological activity into cancer cells could be a novel effective approach for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Nojiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tsukui-gun, Kanagawa, Japan.
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48
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Foo NC, Ahn BY, Ma X, Hyun W, Yen TSB. Cellular vacuolization and apoptosis induced by hepatitis B virus large surface protein. Hepatology 2002. [PMID: 12447865 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840360616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis (FCH) is a rapidly progressive form of viral hepatitis B that occurs in severely immunosuppressed patients. Pathologically, the liver in FCH is characterized by widespread hepatocyte vacuolization and apoptosis, which, in contrast to more common forms of hepatitis B, is only rarely associated with significant inflammation. Therefore, it has been proposed that, in FCH, hepatocytes may be injured by a direct cytopathic effect of the virus rather than by the host immune response. In support of this hypothesis, we present evidence that cultured hepatoma cells that had been transfected with a plasmid selectively expressing the viral large surface protein form numerous large vacuoles and undergo apoptosis. The similarity of the cytopathology in FCH in vivo and in these transfected cells in vitro strongly implicates the large surface protein as the direct cause of this acute liver disease. This conclusion is further supported by the published demonstration that hepatocytes tend to accumulate large surface protein in FCH, which may reflect its overexpression by the virus. In conclusion, our data implicate the large surface protein as a major cause of hepatocyte injury in fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngee-Chih Foo
- Pathology Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Xie Q, Khaoustov VI, Chung CC, Sohn J, Krishnan B, Lewis DE, Yoffe B. Effect of tauroursodeoxycholic acid on endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced caspase-12 activation. Hepatology 2002; 36:592-601. [PMID: 12198651 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.35441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of death receptors and mitochondrial damage are well-described common apoptotic pathways. Recently, a novel pathway via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been reported. We assessed the role of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) in inhibition of caspase-12 activation and its effect on calcium homeostasis in an ER stress-induced model of apoptosis. The human liver-derived cell line, Huh7, was treated with thapsigargin (TG) to induce ER stress. Typical morphologic changes of ER stress preceded development of apoptotic changes, including DNA fragmentation and cleavage of poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP), as well as activation of caspase-3 and -7. Elevation of intracellular calcium levels without loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was shown using Fluo-3/Fura-red labeling and flow cytometry, and confirmed by induction of Bip/GRP78, a calcium-dependent chaperon of ER lumen. These changes were accompanied by procaspase-12 processing. TUDCA abolished TG-induced markers of ER stress; reduced calcium efflux, induction of Bip/GRP78, and caspase-12 activation; and subsequently inhibited activation of effector caspases and apoptosis. In conclusion, we propose that mitochondria play a secondary role in ER-mediated apoptosis and that TUDCA prevents apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. This novel mechanism of TUDCA action suggests new intervention methods for ER stress-induced liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xie
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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50
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Kim BC, Kim HT, Mamura M, Ambudkar IS, Choi KS, Kim SJ. Tumor necrosis factor induces apoptosis in hepatoma cells by increasing Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum and suppressing Bcl-2 expression. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:31381-9. [PMID: 12077131 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203465200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays an import role in the control of apoptosis. The most well known apoptotic pathway regulated by TNF involves the TNFR1-associated death domain protein, Fas-associated death domain protein, and caspase-8. This study examines the mechanism of TNF-induced apoptosis in FaO rat hepatoma cells. TNF treatment significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells. TNF did not activate caspase-8 but activated caspase-3, -10, and -12. The effect of TNF on the expression of different members of the Bcl-2 family in these cells was studied. We observed no detectable changes in the steady-state levels of Bcl-X(L), Bax, and Bid, although TNF suppresses Bcl-2 expression. Dantrolene suppressed the inhibitory effect of TNF on Bcl-2 expression. TNF induced release of Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that was blocked by dantrolene. Importantly, the expression of Bcl-2 blocked TNF-induced apoptosis and decreased TNF-induced Ca(2+) release. These results suggest that TNF induces apoptosis by a mechanism that involves increasing Ca(2+) release from the ER and suppression of Bcl-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Chul Kim
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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