1
|
Marinova D, Ivanov M, Yamashima T, Tonchev A. Quantity, distribution and phenotype of newly generated cells in the intact spinal cord of adult macaque monkeys. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28856. [PMID: 38596108 PMCID: PMC11002253 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The existence of proliferating cells in the intact spinal cord, their distribution and phenotype, are well studied in rodents. A limited number of studies also address the proliferation after spinal cord injury, in non-human primates. However, a detailed description of the quantity, distribution and phenotype of proliferating cells at different anatomical levels of the intact adult non-human primate spinal cord is lacking at present. In the present study, we analyzed normal spinal cord tissues from adult macaque monkeys (Macaca fuscata), infused with Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), and euthanized at 2h, 2 weeks, 5 weeks and 10 weeks after BrdU. We found a significantly higher density of BrdU + cells in the gray matter of cervical segments as compared to thoracic or lumbar segments, and a significantly higher density of proliferating cells in the posterior as compared to the anterior horn of the gray matter. BrdU + cells exhibited phenotype of microglia or endothelial cells (∼50%) or astroglial and oligodendroglial cells (∼40%), including glial progenitor phenotypes marked by the transcription factors Sox9 and Sox10. BrdU + cells also co-expressed other transcription factors known for their involvement in embryonic development, including Emx2, Sox1, Sox2, Ngn1, Olig1, Olig2, Olig3. In the central canal, BrdU + cells were located along the dorso-ventral axis and co-labeled for the markers Vimentin and Nestin. These results reveal the extent of cellular plasticity in the spinal cord of non-human primates under normal conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Marinova
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Marin Drinov str. 55, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - M.N. Ivanov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Marin Drinov str. 55, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - T. Yamashima
- Departnent of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - A.B. Tonchev
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Marin Drinov str. 55, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jaberi R, Mirsadeghi S, Kiani S. In vitro characterization of subventricular zone isolated neural stem cells, from adult monkey and rat brain. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1311-1321. [PMID: 33566222 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent, self-renewable cells who are capable of differentiating into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. NSCs reside at the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult brain permanently to guarantee a lifelong neurogenesis during neural network plasticity or undesirable injuries. Although the specious inaccessibility of adult NSCs niche hampers their in vivo identification, researchers have been seeking ways to optimize adult NSCs isolation, expansion, and differentiation, in vitro. NSCs were isolated from rhesus monkey SVZ, expanded in vitro and then characterized for NSCs-specific markers expression by immunostaining, real-time PCR, flow cytometry, and cell differentiation assessments. Moreover, cell survival as well as self-renewal capacity were evaluated by TUNEL, Live/Dead and colony assays, respectively. In the next step, to validate SVZ-NSCs identity in other species, a similar protocol was applied to isolate NSCs from adult rat's SVZ as well. Our findings revealed that isolated SVZ-NSCs from both monkey and rat preserve proliferation capacity in at least nine passages as confirmed by Ki67 expression. Additionally, both SVZ-NSCs sources are capable of self-renewal in addition to NESTIN, SOX2, and GFAP expression. The mortality was measured meager with over 95% viability according to TUNEL and Live/Dead assay results. Eventually, the multipotency of SVZ-NSCs appraised authentic after their differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. In this study, we proposed a reliable method for SVZ-NSCs in vitro maintenance and identification, which, we believe is a promising cell source for therapeutic approach to recover neurological disorders and injuries condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Jaberi
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Mirsadeghi
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Kiani
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Potential of Adult Endogenous Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in the Spinal Cord to Contribute to Remyelination in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091025. [PMID: 31484369 PMCID: PMC6769975 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelination and remyelination play pivotal roles in the pathological process of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a well-established animal model of MS. Although increasing evidence shows that various stimuli can promote the activation/induction of endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in the central nervous system, the potential contributions of these cells to remyelination following inflammatory injury remain to be fully investigated. In the present study, using an adult mouse model of EAE induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide, we investigated whether adult NSPCs in the spinal cord can lead to remyelination under inflammatory conditions. Immunohistochemistry showed that cells expressing the NSPC marker Nestin appeared after MOG peptide administration, predominantly at the sites of demyelination where abundant inflammatory cells had accumulated, whereas Nestin+ cells were rarely present in the spinal cord of PBS-treated control mice. In vitro, Nestin+ NSPCs obtained from EAE mice spinal cords could differentiate into multiple neural lineages, including neurons, astrocytes, and myelin-producing oligodendrocytes. Using the Cre-LoxP system, we established a mouse strain expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) under the control of the Nestin promoter and investigated the expression patterns of YFP-expressing cells in the spinal cord after EAE induction. At the chronic phase of the disease, immunohistochemistry showed that YFP+ cells in the injured regions expressed markers for various neural lineages, including myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. These results show that adult endogenous NSPCs in the spinal cord can be subject to remyelination under inflammatory conditions, such as after EAE, suggesting that endogenous NSPCs represent a therapeutic target for MS treatment.
Collapse
|
4
|
Covacu R, Brundin L. Endogenous spinal cord stem cells in multiple sclerosis and its animal model. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 331:4-10. [PMID: 27884460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The adult mammalian spinal cord (SC) harbors neural stem cells (NSCs). The SC-NSCs are mostly quiescent during physiological conditions but are quickly activated in traumatic injury models. The SC-NSCs generate mostly glia, but are able to differentiate into neurons when affected by favourable conditions. An example is the inflammatory milieu in the SC of rat EAE, where the SC-NSCs migrate into demyelinated lesions and give rise to both glia and neurons. In MS, cells with progenitor phenotypes accumulate in inflammatory lesions both in brain and SC, but the extent to which these cells contribute to repair remains to be revealed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Covacu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neurology R3:04, Center of Molecular Medicine, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lou Brundin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neurology R3:04, Center of Molecular Medicine, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Smith DK, He M, Zhang CL, Zheng JC. The therapeutic potential of cell identity reprogramming for the treatment of aging-related neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 157:212-229. [PMID: 26844759 PMCID: PMC5848468 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural cell identity reprogramming strategies aim to treat age-related neurodegenerative disorders with newly induced neurons that regenerate neural architecture and functional circuits in vivo. The isolation and neural differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells provided the first in vitro models of human neurodegenerative disease. Investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell pluripotency revealed that somatic cells could be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and these cells could be used to model Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington disease, and Parkinson disease. Additional neural precursor and direct transdifferentiation strategies further enabled the induction of diverse neural linages and neuron subtypes both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we highlight neural induction strategies that utilize stem cells, iPSCs, and lineage reprogramming to model or treat age-related neurodegenerative diseases, as well as, the clinical challenges related to neural transplantation and in vivo reprogramming strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek K Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Family Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Q, Zhang S, Zheng Y, Wen H, Han X, Zhang M, Guan W. Differentiation potential of neural stem cells derived from fetal sheep. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2017; 21:233-240. [PMID: 30460074 PMCID: PMC6138347 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2017.1354915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into many cell types in vitro. In this study, we isolated and established an NSC line from fetal Ovis aries. Based on the results of immunofluorescence staining, NSCs expressed Nestin, Pax6 and MAP2. Moreover, a reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction assay was used to biologically characterize the cell line. NSCs were induced to differentiate into neurogenic cells in vitro. They expressed MAP2, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and myelin basic protein (MBP). In this study, we successfully isolated and cultivated NSCs from the hippocampal tissue of fetal sheep. NSCs not only displayed a self-renewal capacity but also had the potential to differentiate into neurons and glial cells. This study provided valuable experimental data for NSC transplant research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Scientific Experiment Research Center, Harbin Institute of Physical Education, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yanjie Zheng
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hebao Wen
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiao Han
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Minghai Zhang
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Weijun Guan
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang L, Li G, Ye J, Lu D, Chen Z, Xiang AP, Jiang MH. Substance P enhances endogenous neurogenesis to improve functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 89:110-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
8
|
Lin CR, Wu PC, Shih HC, Cheng JT, Lu CY, Chou AK, Yang LC. Intrathecal Spinal Progenitor Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/096020198389744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to, or dysfunction of, the nervous system can lead to spontaneous pain, hyperalgesia, and/or allodynia. It is believed that the number and activity of GABAergic neurons gradually decreases over the dorsal horn. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) immunocompetence has been demonstrated on spinal progenitor cells (SPCs) cultivated in vitro. The intrathecal implantation of these cultivated progenitor cells may provide a means of alleviating neuropathic pain. Chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve was used to induce chronic neuropathic pain in the hind paw of rats. SPCs (1 × 106) were implanted intrathecally on the third day after the CCI surgery. The behavioral response to thermal hyperalgesia was observed and recorded during the 14 days postsurgery. Various techniques were utilized to trace the progenitor cells, confirm the differentiation, and identify the neurotransmitters involved. GAD immunoactivity was revealed for 65% of the cultivated spinal progenitor cells in our study. We also determined that transplanted cells could survive more than 3 weeks postintrathecal implantation. Significant reductions were demonstrated for responses to thermal stimuli for the CCI rats that had received intrathecal SPC transplantation. A novel intrathecal delivery with SPCs reduced CCI-induced neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ren Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital 833, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences Department, National Sun-Yat Sen University, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ching Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital 833, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Chang Shih
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital 833, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Tsuey Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences Department, National Sun-Yat Sen University, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuan Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital 833, Taiwan
| | - An-Kuo Chou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital 833, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Cheng Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital 833, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mizumoto H, Mizumoto K, Whiteley SJO, Shatos M, Klassen H, Young MJ. Transplantation of Human Neural Progenitor Cells to the Vitreous Cavity of the Royal College of Surgeons Rat. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000001783986936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Mizumoto
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Keiko Mizumoto
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Simon J. O. Whiteley
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Marie Shatos
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Henry Klassen
- CHOC Research, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA 92868
| | - Michael J. Young
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have been proposed as a promising cellular source for the treatment of diseases in nervous systems. NSCs can self-renew and generate major cell types of the mammalian central nervous system throughout adulthood. NSCs exist not only in the embryo, but also in the adult brain neurogenic region: the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle. Embryonic stem (ES) cells acquire NSC identity with a default mechanism. Under the regulations of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and fibroblast growth factors, the NSCs then become neural progenitors. Neurotrophic and differentiation factors that regulate gene expression for controlling neural cell fate and function determine the differentiation of neural progenitors in the developing mammalian brain. For clinical application of NSCs in neurodegenerative disorders and damaged neurons, there are several critical problems that remain to be resolved: 1) how to obtain enough NSCs from reliable sources for autologous transplantation; 2) how to regulate neural plasticity of different adult stem cells; 3) how to control differentiation of NSCs in the adult nervous system. In order to understand the mechanisms that control NSC differentiation and behavior, we review the ontogeny of NSCs and other stem cell plasticity of neuronal differentiation. The role of NSCs and their regulation by neurotrophic factors in CNS development are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Hsu
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Jhunan, Taiwan
| | - Don-Ching Lee
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Jhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Jhunan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Institute of Medical Technology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
During vertebrate embryonic development, the spinal cord is formed by the neural derivatives of a neuromesodermal population that is specified at early stages of development and which develops in concert with the caudal regression of the primitive streak. Several processes related to spinal cord specification and maturation are coupled to this caudal extension including neurogenesis, ventral patterning and neural crest specification and all of them seem to be crucially regulated by Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) signaling, which is prominently active in the neuromesodermal region and transiently in its derivatives. Here we review the role of FGF signaling in those processes, trying to separate its different functions and highlighting the interactions with other signaling pathways. Finally, these early functions of FGF signaling in spinal cord development may underlay partly its ability to promote regeneration in the lesioned spinal cord as well as its action promoting specific fates in neural stem cell cultures that may be used for therapeutical purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Diez Del Corral
- Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain.,Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the UnknownLisbon, Portugal
| | - Aixa V Morales
- Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Marotta M, Fernández-Martín A, Oria M, Fontecha CG, Giné C, Martínez-Ibáñez V, Carreras E, Belfort MA, Pelizzo G, Peiró JL. Isolation, characterization, and differentiation of multipotent neural progenitor cells from human cerebrospinal fluid in fetal cystic myelomeningocele. Stem Cell Res 2017; 22:33-42. [PMID: 28578005 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite benefits of prenatal in utero repair of myelomeningocele, a severe type of spina bifida aperta, many of these patients will still suffer mild to severe impairment. One potential source of stem cells for new regenerative medicine-based therapeutic approaches for spinal cord injury repair is neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). To this aim, we extracted CSF from the cyst surrounding the exposed neural placode during the surgical repair of myelomeningocele in 6 fetuses (20 to 26weeks of gestation). In primary cultured CSF-derived cells, neurogenic properties were confirmed by in vitro differentiation into various neural lineage cell types, and NPC markers expression (TBR2, CD15, SOX2) were detected by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR analysis. Differentiation into three neural lineages was corroborated by arbitrary differentiation (depletion of growths factors) or explicit differentiation as neuronal, astrocyte, or oligodendrocyte cell types using specific induction mediums. Differentiated cells showed the specific expression of neural differentiation markers (βIII-tubulin, GFAP, CNPase, oligo-O1). In myelomeningocele patients, CSF-derived cells could become a potential source of NPCs with neurogenic capacity. Our findings support the development of innovative stem-cell-based therapeutics by autologous transplantation of CSF-derived NPCs in damaged spinal cords, such as myelomeningocele, thus promoting neural tissue regeneration in fetuses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Marotta
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Translational Research in Fetal Surgery for Congenital Malformations Laboratory, The Center for Fetal, Cellular, and Molecular Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alejandra Fernández-Martín
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Oria
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Translational Research in Fetal Surgery for Congenital Malformations Laboratory, The Center for Fetal, Cellular, and Molecular Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Cesar G Fontecha
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Giné
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Martínez-Ibáñez
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Carreras
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael A Belfort
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gloria Pelizzo
- Department of the Mother and Child Health, Pediatric Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia and University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Jose L Peiró
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Translational Research in Fetal Surgery for Congenital Malformations Laboratory, The Center for Fetal, Cellular, and Molecular Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Araújo MR, Kyrylenko S, Spejo AB, Castro MV, Ferreira Junior RS, Barraviera B, Oliveira ALR. Transgenic human embryonic stem cells overexpressing FGF2 stimulate neuroprotection following spinal cord ventral root avulsion. Exp Neurol 2017; 294:45-57. [PMID: 28450050 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ventral root avulsion (VRA) triggers a strong glial reaction which contributes to neuronal loss, as well as to synaptic detachment. To overcome the degenerative effects of VRA, treatments with neurotrophic factors and stem cells have been proposed. Thus, we investigated neuroprotection elicited by human embryonic stem cells (hESC), modified to overexpress a human fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), on motoneurons subjected to VRA. Lewis rats were submitted to VRA (L4-L6) and hESC/FGF-2 were applied to the injury site using a fibrin scaffold. The spinal cords were processed to evaluate neuronal survival, synaptic stability, and glial reactivity two weeks post lesion. Then, qRT-PCR was used to assess gene expression of β2-microglobulin (β2m), TNFα, IL1β, IL6 and IL10 in the spinal cord in vivo and FGF2 mRNA levels in hESC in vitro. The results indicate that hESC overexpressing FGF2 significantly rescued avulsed motoneurons, preserving synaptic covering and reducing astroglial reactivity. The cells were also shown to express BDNF and GDNF at the site of injury. Additionally, engraftment of hESC led to a significant reduction in mRNA levels of TNFα at the spinal cord ventral horn, indicating their immunomodulatory properties. Overall, the present data suggest that hESC overexpressing FGF2 are neuroprotective and can shift gene expression towards an anti-inflammatory environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rocha Araújo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergiy Kyrylenko
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aline Barroso Spejo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus Vidigal Castro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira Junior
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista), São Paulo State, Brazil; Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista), São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista), São Paulo State, Brazil; Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista), São Paulo State, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Iyer NR, Wilems TS, Sakiyama-Elbert SE. Stem cells for spinal cord injury: Strategies to inform differentiation and transplantation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:245-259. [PMID: 27531038 PMCID: PMC5642909 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The complex pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI), involving a cascade of secondary events and the formation of inhibitory barriers, hampers regeneration across the lesion site and often results in irreversible loss of motor function. The limited regenerative capacity of endogenous cells after SCI has led to a focus on the development of cell therapies that can confer both neuroprotective and neuroregenerative benefits. Stem cells have emerged as a candidate cell source because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into a multitude of specialized cell types. While ethical and safety concerns impeded the use of stem cells in the past, advances in isolation and differentiation methods have largely mitigated these issues. A confluence of work in stem cell biology, genetics, and developmental neurobiology has informed the directed differentiation of specific spinal cell types. After transplantation, these stem cell-derived populations can replace lost cells, provide trophic support, remyelinate surviving axons, and form relay circuits that contribute to functional recovery. Further refinement of stem cell differentiation and transplantation methods, including combinatorial strategies that involve biomaterial scaffolds and drug delivery, is critical as stem cell-based treatments enter clinical trials. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 245-259. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha R Iyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton St., Stop C0800 BME 3.314, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Thomas S Wilems
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton St., Stop C0800 BME 3.314, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Shelly E Sakiyama-Elbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton St., Stop C0800 BME 3.314, Austin, Texas 78712
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brinn M, O'Neill K, Musgrave I, Freeman BJC, Henneberg M, Kumaratilake J. An optimized method for obtaining adult rat spinal cord motor neurons to be used for tissue culture. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 273:128-137. [PMID: 27596045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of detailed methods describing how to harvest and process motor neurons obtained from the adult rat spinal cord. NEW METHOD Removal of intra-cardiac perfusion step. The spinal cord is extruded intact from the rat in under 60s post-decapitation then processed without differentiation of ventral and dorsal regions. The temperature during processing was maintained at room temperature (22°C) except during the Papain processing step where the temperature was increased to 30°C. RESULTS Cell debris interfered with the counting of cells at the time of plating. Also, cell types could not be identified since they appear rounded structures with no projections. Cell viability counts reduced to 91% and 63% from day 7 to day 14 and days 7-28 respectively. Red blood cell counts in stepped density gradient layers 2 and 3 were low. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) No requirement for intra-cardiac perfusion. No requirement to cool to 4°C post harvesting, No requirement for specialized substrates. Reduces processing time by at least 2h and reduces the potential for processing errors through a reduction in complexity. Procedures are also explained suitable for those new to the culture of primary adult motor neurons. CONCLUSIONS Cell viability counts indicate that removal of the perfusion step has a minimal effect on the viability of the cultured nerve cells, which may be due to the reduction in the spinal cord harvesting time and the inclusion of Hibernate based media during extrusion and processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Brinn
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Katie O'Neill
- Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ian Musgrave
- Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Brian J C Freeman
- Department of Spinal Surgery Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia; Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jaliya Kumaratilake
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gonzalez-Fernandez C, Arevalo-Martin A, Paniagua-Torija B, Ferrer I, Rodriguez FJ, Garcia-Ovejero D. Wnts Are Expressed in the Ependymal Region of the Adult Spinal Cord. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6342-6355. [PMID: 27722925 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt family of proteins plays key roles during central nervous system development and in several physiological processes during adulthood. Recently, experimental evidence has linked Wnt-related genes to regulation and maintenance of stem cells in the adult neurogenic niches. In the spinal cord, the ependymal cells surrounding the central canal form one of those niches, but little is known about their Wnt expression patterns. Using microdissection followed by TaqMan® low-density arrays, we show here that the ependymal regions of young, mature rats and adult humans express several Wnt-related genes, including ligands, conventional and non-conventional receptors, co-receptors, and soluble inhibitors. We found 13 genes shared between rats and humans, 4 exclusively expressed in rats and 9 expressed only in humans. Also, we observed a reduction with age on spontaneous proliferation of ependymal cells in rats paralleled by a decrease in the expression of Fzd1, Fzd8, and Fzd9. Our results suggest a role for Wnts in the regulation of the adult spinal cord neurogenic niche and provide new data on the specific differences in this region between humans and rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gonzalez-Fernandez
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Angel Arevalo-Martin
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Paniagua-Torija
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Serveid'AnatomiaPatològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Francisco J Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
| | - Daniel Garcia-Ovejero
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Götz M, Nakafuku M, Petrik D. Neurogenesis in the Developing and Adult Brain-Similarities and Key Differences. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a018853. [PMID: 27235475 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain is often viewed as a continuation of neurogenesis at earlier, developmental stages. Here, we will critically review the extent to which this is the case highlighting similarities as well as key differences. Although many transcriptional regulators are shared in neurogenesis at embryonic and adult stages, recent findings on the molecular mechanisms by which these neuronal fate determinants control fate acquisition and maintenance have revealed profound differences between development and adulthood. Importantly, adult neurogenesis occurs in a gliogenic environment, hence requiring adult-specific additional and unique mechanisms of neuronal fate specification and maintenance. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular logic for continuous adult neurogenesis provides important clues to develop strategies to manipulate endogenous stem cells for the purpose of repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Götz
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany Synergy, Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Masato Nakafuku
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45140 Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - David Petrik
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mitra SS, Feroze AH, Gholamin S, Richard C, Esparza R, Zhang M, Azad TD, Alrfaei B, Kahn SA, Hutter G, Guzman R, Creasey GH, Plant GW, Weissman IL, Edwards MSB, Cheshier S. Neural Placode Tissue Derived From Myelomeningocele Repair Serves as a Viable Source of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells. Neurosurgery 2016. [PMID: 26225855 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence, characteristics, and potential clinical relevance of neural progenitor populations within the neural placodes of myelomeningocele patients remain to be studied. Neural stem cells are known to reside adjacent to ependyma-lined surfaces along the central nervous system axis. OBJECTIVE Given such neuroanatomic correlation and regenerative capacity in fetal development, we assessed myelomeningocele-derived neural placode tissue as a potentially novel source of neural stem and progenitor cells. METHODS Nonfunctional neural placode tissue was harvested from infants during the surgical repair of myelomeningocele and subsequently further analyzed by in vitro studies, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. To assess lineage potential, neural placode-derived neurospheres were subjected to differential media conditions. Through assessment of platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) and CD15 cell marker expression, Sox2+Olig2+ putative oligodendrocyte progenitor cells were successfully isolated. RESULTS PDGFRαCD15 cell populations demonstrated the highest rate of self-renewal capacity and multipotency of cell progeny. Immunofluorescence of neural placode-derived neurospheres demonstrated preferential expression of the oligodendrocyte progenitor marker, CNPase, whereas differentiation to neurons and astrocytes was also noted, albeit to a limited degree. CONCLUSION Neural placode tissue contains multipotent progenitors that are preferentially biased toward oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and presents a novel source of such cells for use in the treatment of a variety of pediatric and adult neurological disease, including spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and metabolic leukoencephalopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha S Mitra
- ‡Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; §Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; ¶Department of Neurosurgery, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California; ∥Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gao Y, Yang Z, Li X. Regeneration strategies after the adult mammalian central nervous system injury-biomaterials. Regen Biomater 2016; 3:115-22. [PMID: 27047678 PMCID: PMC4817328 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbw004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has very restricted intrinsic regeneration ability under the injury or disease condition. Innovative repair strategies, therefore, are urgently needed to facilitate tissue regeneration and functional recovery. The published tissue repair/regeneration strategies, such as cell and/or drug delivery, has been demonstrated to have some therapeutic effects on experimental animal models, but can hardly find clinical applications due to such methods as the extremely low survival rate of transplanted cells, difficulty in integrating with the host or restriction of blood–brain barriers to administration patterns. Using biomaterials can not only increase the survival rate of grafts and their integration with the host in the injured CNS area, but also sustainably deliver bioproducts to the local injured area, thus improving the microenvironment in that area. This review mainly introduces the advances of various strategies concerning facilitating CNS regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhaoyang Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China,; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China,; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nagai MK, Marquez-Chin C, Popovic MR. Why Is Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy Capable of Restoring Motor Function Following Severe Injury to the Central Nervous System? Transl Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7654-3_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
21
|
Long-distance effects of inflammation on differentiation of adult spinal cord neural stem/progenitor cells. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 288:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
22
|
Salewski RP, Mitchell RA, Shen C, Fehlings MG. Transplantation of neural stem cells clonally derived from embryonic stem cells promotes recovery after murine spinal cord injury. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:36-50. [PMID: 25119334 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI) makes it appropriate for cell-based therapies. Treatments using neural stem cells (NSCs) in animal models of SCI have shown positive outcomes, although uncertainty remains regarding the optimal cell source. Pluripotent cell sources such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) provide a limitless supply of therapeutic cells. NSCs derived using embryoid bodies (EB) from ESCs have shown tumorigenic potential. Clonal neurosphere generation is an alternative method to generate safer and more clinically relevant NSCs without the use of an EB stage for use in cell-based therapies. We generated clonally derived definitive NSCs (dNSCs) from ESC. These cells were transplanted into a mouse thoracic SCI model. Embryonic stem cell-derived definitive neural stem cell (ES-dNSC)-transplanted mice were compared with controls using behavioral measures and histopathological analysis of tissue. In addition, the role of remyelination in injury recovery was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. The SCI group that received ES-dNSC transplantation showed significant improvements in locomotor function compared with controls in open field and gait analysis. The cell treatment group had a significant enhancement of spared neural tissue. Immunohistological assessments showed that dNSCs differentiated primarily to oligodendrocytes. These cells were shown to express myelin basic protein, associate with axons, and support nodal architecture as well as display proper compact, multilayer myelination in electron microscopic analysis. This study provides strong evidence that dNSCs clonally derived from pluripotent cells using the default pathway of neuralization improve motor function after SCI and enhance sparing of neural tissue, while remaining safe and clinically relevant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Salewski
- 1 Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Suresh Kumar MA, Peluso M, Chaudhary P, Dhawan J, Beheshti A, Manickam K, Thapar U, Pena L, Natarajan M, Hlatky L, Demple B, Naidu M. Fractionated Radiation Exposure of Rat Spinal Cords Leads to Latent Neuro-Inflammation in Brain, Cognitive Deficits, and Alterations in Apurinic Endonuclease 1. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26208353 PMCID: PMC4514622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation causes degeneration of myelin, the insulating sheaths of neuronal axons, leading to neurological impairment. As radiation research on the central nervous system has predominantly focused on neurons, with few studies addressing the role of glial cells, we have focused our present research on identifying the latent effects of single/ fractionated -low dose of low/ high energy radiation on the role of base excision repair protein Apurinic Endonuclease-1, in the rat spinal cords oligodendrocyte progenitor cells’ differentiation. Apurinic endonuclease-1 is predominantly upregulated in response to oxidative stress by low- energy radiation, and previous studies show significant induction of Apurinic Endonuclease-1 in neurons and astrocytes. Our studies show for the first time, that fractionation of protons cause latent damage to spinal cord architecture while fractionation of HZE (28Si) induce increase in APE1 with single dose, which then decreased with fractionation. The oligodendrocyte progenitor cells differentiation was skewed with increase in immature oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, which likely cause the observed decrease in white matter, increased neuro-inflammation, together leading to the observed significant cognitive defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Suresh Kumar
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Peluso
- GeneSys Research Institute/ Center for Cancer Systems Biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pankaj Chaudhary
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jasbeer Dhawan
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- GeneSys Research Institute/ Center for Cancer Systems Biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Krishnan Manickam
- Department of Pathology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Upasna Thapar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Louis Pena
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohan Natarajan
- Department of Pathology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn Hlatky
- GeneSys Research Institute/ Center for Cancer Systems Biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce Demple
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Mamta Naidu
- GeneSys Research Institute/ Center for Cancer Systems Biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sethi R, Sethi R, Redmond A, Lavik E. Olfactory ensheathing cells promote differentiation of neural stem cells and robust neurite extension. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015; 10:772-85. [PMID: 24996386 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The goal of this study was to gain insight into the signaling between olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and neural stem cells (NSCs). We sought to understand the impact of OECs on NSC differentiation and neurite extension and to begin to elucidate the factors involved in these interactions to provide new targets for therapeutic interventions. MATERIALS AND METHODS We utilized lines of OECs that have been extremely well characterized in vitro and in vivo along with well studied NSCs in gels to determine the impact of the coculture in three dimensions. To further elucidate the signaling, we used conditioned media from the OECs as well as fractioned components on NSCs to determine the molecular weight range of the soluble factors that was most responsible for the NSC behavior. RESULTS We found that the coculture of NSCs and OECs led to robust NSC differentiation and extremely long neural processes not usually seen with NSCs in three dimensional gels in vitro. Through culture of NSCs with fractioned OEC media, we determined that molecules larger than 30 kDa have the greatest impact on the NSC behavior. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings suggest that cocultures of NSCs and OECs may be a novel combination therapy for neural injuries including spinal cord injury (SCI). Furthermore, we have identified a class of molecules which plays a substantial role in the behavior that provides new targets for investigating pharmacological therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosh Sethi
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Garcia-Ovejero D, Arevalo-Martin A, Paniagua-Torija B, Florensa-Vila J, Ferrer I, Grassner L, Molina-Holgado E. The ependymal region of the adult human spinal cord differs from other species and shows ependymoma-like features. Brain 2015; 138:1583-97. [PMID: 25882650 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several laboratories have described the existence of undifferentiated precursor cells that may act like stem cells in the ependyma of the rodent spinal cord. However, there are reports showing that this region is occluded and disassembled in humans after the second decade of life, although this has been largely ignored or interpreted as a post-mortem artefact. To gain insight into the patency, actual structure, and molecular properties of the adult human spinal cord ependymal region, we followed three approaches: (i) with MRI, we estimated the central canal patency in 59 control subjects, 99 patients with traumatic spinal cord injury, and 26 patients with non-traumatic spinal cord injuries. We observed that the central canal is absent from the vast majority of individuals beyond the age of 18 years, gender-independently, throughout the entire length of the spinal cord, both in healthy controls and after injury; (ii) with histology and immunohistochemistry, we describe morphological properties of the non-lesioned ependymal region, which showed the presence of perivascular pseudorosettes, a common feature of ependymoma; and (iii) with laser capture microdissection, followed by TaqMan® low density arrays, we studied the gene expression profile of the ependymal region and found that it is mainly enriched in genes compatible with a low grade or quiescent ependymoma (53 genes); this region is enriched only in 14 genes related to neurogenic niches. In summary, we demonstrate here that the central canal is mainly absent in the adult human spinal cord and is replaced by a structure morphologically and molecularly different from that described for rodents and other primates. The presented data suggest that the ependymal region is more likely to be reminiscent of a low-grade ependymoma. Therefore, a direct translation to adult human patients of an eventual therapeutic potential of this region based on animal models should be approached with caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garcia-Ovejero
- 1 Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Angel Arevalo-Martin
- 1 Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Paniagua-Torija
- 1 Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - José Florensa-Vila
- 2 Radiology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- 3 Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei d'Anatomia Patolo`gica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Lukas Grassner
- 4 Center for Spinal Cord Injuries, Trauma Center Murnau, Germany 5 Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, SCI-TReCS (Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eduardo Molina-Holgado
- 1 Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Siddiqui AM, Khazaei M, Fehlings MG. Translating mechanisms of neuroprotection, regeneration, and repair to treatment of spinal cord injury. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 218:15-54. [PMID: 25890131 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the big challenges in neuroscience that remains to be understood is why the central nervous system is not able to regenerate to the extent that the peripheral nervous system does. This is especially problematic after traumatic injuries, like spinal cord injury (SCI), since the lack of regeneration leads to lifelong deficits and paralysis. Treatment of SCI has improved during the last several decades due to standardized protocols for emergency medical response teams and improved medical, surgical, and rehabilitative treatments. However, SCI continues to result in profound impairments for the individual. There are many processes that lead to the pathophysiology of SCI, such as ischemia, vascular disruption, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, demyelination, and cell death. Current treatments include surgical decompression, hemodynamic control, and methylprednisolone. However, these early treatments are associated with modest functional recovery. Some treatments currently being investigated for use in SCI target neuroprotective (riluzole, minocycline, G-CSF, FGF-2, and polyethylene glycol) or neuroregenerative (chondroitinase ABC, self-assembling peptides, and rho inhibition) strategies, while many cell therapies (embryonic stem cells, neural stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, Schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, and macrophages) have also shown promise. However, since SCI has multiple factors that determine the progress of the injury, a combinatorial therapeutic approach will most likely be required for the most effective treatment of SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahad M Siddiqui
- Department of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohamad Khazaei
- Department of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Department of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Change of fate commitment in adult neural progenitor cells subjected to chronic inflammation. J Neurosci 2014; 34:11571-82. [PMID: 25164655 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0231-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) have regenerative capabilities that are activated during inflammation. We aimed at elucidating how NPCs, with special focus on the spinal cord-derived NPCs (SC-NPCs), are affected by chronic inflammation modeled by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). NPCs derived from the subventricular zone (SVZ-NPCs) were also included in the study as a reference from a distant inflammatory site. We also investigated the transcriptional and functional difference between the SC-NPCs and SVZ-NPCs during homeostatic conditions. NPCs were isolated and propagated from the SVZ and cervical, thoracic, and caudal regions of the SC from naive rats and rats subjected to EAE. Using Affymetrix microarray analyses, the global transcriptome was measured in the different NPC populations. These analyses were paralleled by NPC differentiation studies. Assessment of basal transcriptional and functional differences between NPC populations in naive rat revealed a higher neurogenic potential in SVZ-NPCs compared with SC-NPCs. Conversely, during EAE, the neurogenicity of the SC-NPCs was increased while their gliogenicity was decreased. We detected an overall increase of inflammation and neurodegeneration-related genes while the developmentally related profile was decreased. Among the decreased functions, we isolated a gliogenic signature that was confirmed by differentiation assays where the SC-NPCs from EAE generated fewer oligodendrocytes and astrocytes but more neurons than control cultures. In summary, NPCs displayed differences in fate-regulating genes and differentiation potential depending on their rostrocaudal origin. Inflammatory conditions downregulated gliogenicity in SC-NPCs, promoting neurogenicity. These findings give important insight into neuroinflammatory diseases and the mechanisms influencing NPC plasticity during these conditions.
Collapse
|
28
|
Neural stem cells in the adult spinal cord. Exp Neurol 2014; 260:44-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
29
|
Dimou L, Götz M. Glial cells as progenitors and stem cells: new roles in the healthy and diseased brain. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:709-37. [PMID: 24987003 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse functions of glial cells prompt the question to which extent specific subtypes may be devoted to a specific function. We discuss this by reviewing one of the most recently discovered roles of glial cells, their function as neural stem cells (NSCs) and progenitor cells. First we give an overview of glial stem and progenitor cells during development; these are the radial glial cells that act as NSCs and other glial progenitors, highlighting the distinction between the lineage of cells in vivo and their potential when exposed to a different environment, e.g., in vitro. We then proceed to the adult stage and discuss the glial cells that continue to act as NSCs across vertebrates and others that are more lineage-restricted, such as the adult NG2-glia, the most frequent progenitor type in the adult mammalian brain, that remain within the oligodendrocyte lineage. Upon certain injury conditions, a distinct subset of quiescent astrocytes reactivates proliferation and a larger potential, clearly demonstrating the concept of heterogeneity with distinct subtypes of, e.g., astrocytes or NG2-glia performing rather different roles after brain injury. These new insights not only highlight the importance of glial cells for brain repair but also their great potential in various aspects of regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leda Dimou
- Physiological Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, HelmholtzZentrum, Neuherberg, Germany; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, HelmholtzZentrum, Neuherberg, Germany; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang W, Wang P, Li S, Yang J, Liang X, Tang Y, Li Y, Yang R, Wu Y, Shen H. Methylprednisolone inhibits the proliferation and affects the differentiation of rat spinal cord-derived neural progenitor cells cultured in low oxygen conditions by inhibiting HIF-1α and Hes1 in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:788-95. [PMID: 24992925 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is much controversy over the use of methylprednisolone (MP), it is one of the main drugs used in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury (SCI). The induction of the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is considered a promising mode of treatment for SCI. However, the effects of MP on spinal cord-derived endogenous NPCs in a low oxygen enviroment remain to be delineated. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of MP on NPCs cultured under low oxygen conditions in vitro and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved. Fetal rat spinal cord-derived NPCs were harvested and divided into 4 groups: 2 groups of cells cultured under normal oxygen conditions and treated with or without MP, and 2 groups incubated in 3% O2 (low oxygen) treated in a similar manner. We found that MP induced suppressive effects on NPC proliferation even under low oxygen conditions (3% O2). The proportion of nestin-positive NPCs decreased from 51.8±2.46% to 36.17±3.55% following the addition of MP and decreased more significantly to 27.20±2.68% in the cells cultured in 3% O2. In addition, a smaller number of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells and a greater number of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2)-positive cells was observed following the addition of MP under both normal (normoxic) and low oxygen (hypoxic) conditions. In response to MP treatment, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and the Notch signaling pathway downstream protein, Hes1, but not the upstream Notch-1 intracelluar domain (NICD), were inhibited. After blocking NICD with a γ-secretase inhibitor (DAPT) MP still inhibited the expression of Hes1. Our results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms responsible for the MP-induced inhibition of proliferation and its effects on differentiation and suggest that HIF-1α and Hes1 play an important role in this effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Shiyuan Li
- Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Jiewen Yang
- Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Xinjun Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yuxi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Wu
- Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Huiyong Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Alfaro-Cervello C, Cebrian-Silla A, Soriano-Navarro M, Garcia-Tarraga P, Matías-Guiu J, Gomez-Pinedo U, Molina Aguilar P, Alvarez-Buylla A, Luquin MR, Garcia-Verdugo JM. The Adult Macaque Spinal Cord Central Canal Zone Contains Proliferative Cells And Closely Resembles The Human. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:1800-17. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Alfaro-Cervello
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada; Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia; CIBERNED Valencia 46980 Spain
| | - Arantxa Cebrian-Silla
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada; Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia; CIBERNED Valencia 46980 Spain
| | - Mario Soriano-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada; Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia; CIBERNED Valencia 46980 Spain
| | - Patricia Garcia-Tarraga
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada; Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia; CIBERNED Valencia 46980 Spain
| | - Jorge Matías-Guiu
- Instituto de Neurociencias; IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - Ulises Gomez-Pinedo
- Instituto de Neurociencias; IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - Pilar Molina Aguilar
- Servicio de Patología; Instituto de Medicina Legal de Valencia; Valencia 46013 Spain
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Institute for Regeneration Medicine; University of California at San Francisco; San Francisco California 94143, USA
| | - Maria-Rosario Luquin
- Laboratorio de Terapia Regenerativa, Departmento de Neurología, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigacion Médica Aplicada; Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona 31008 Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada; Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia; CIBERNED Valencia 46980 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Co-transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and nanospheres containing FGF-2 improve cell survival and neurological function in the injured rat spinal cord. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2014; 156:297-303. [PMID: 24352373 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-013-1963-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating and irreversible event, and much research using fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) has been performed to test its capacity to blunt the effects of SCI as well as to provide an environment conducive for SCI repair. METHODS We tested how the in vitro release of FGF-2 from heparin-conjugated poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-conjugated nanospheres (HCPNs) affected the growth of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs), as well as the effects of their co-transplantation in an animal model of SCI. RESULTS Our results showed that sustained, long-term release of FGF-2 from HCPNs significantly increased hBMSCs proliferation in vitro, and that their co-transplantation following rat SCI lead to increased functional improvement, a greater amount of hBMSCs surviving transplantation, and a greater density of neurofilament-positive cells in the injury epicenter. CONCLUSION These results suggest a proliferative, protective, and neural inductive potential of FGF-2 for transplanted hBMSCs, as well as a possible role for sustained FGF-2 delivery along with hBMSCs transplantation in the injured spinal cord. Future studies will be required to ascertain the safety FGF-2-containing HCPNs before clinical application.
Collapse
|
33
|
Oyarce K, Bongarzone ER, Nualart F. Unconventional Neurogenic Niches and Neurogenesis Modulation by Vitamins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [PMID: 26203401 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7633.1000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the generation of new neurons occurs in adult mammals, it has been classically described in two defined regions of the brain denominated neurogenic niches: the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. In these regions, neural stem cells give rise to new neurons and glia, which functionally integrate into the existing circuits under physiological conditions. However, accumulating evidence indicates the presence of neurogenic potential in other brain regions, from which multipotent precursors can be isolated and differentiated in vitro. In some of these regions, neuron generation occurs at low levels; however, the addition of growth factors, hormones or other signaling molecules increases the proliferation and differentiation of precursor cells. In addition, vitamins, which are micronutrients necessary for normal brain development, and whose deficiency produces neurological impairments, have a regulatory effect on neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo. In the present review, we will describe the progress that has been achieved in determining the neurogenic potential in other regions, known as unconventional niches, as well as the characteristics of the neural stem cells described for each region. Finally, we will revisit the roles of commonly known vitamins as modulators of precursor cell proliferation and differentiation, and their role in the complex and tight molecular signaling that impacts these neurogenic niches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Oyarce
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, Concepcion University, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, USA
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, Concepcion University, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Barbour HR, Plant CD, Harvey AR, Plant GW. Tissue sparing, behavioral recovery, supraspinal axonal sparing/regeneration following sub-acute glial transplantation in a model of spinal cord contusion. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:106. [PMID: 24070030 PMCID: PMC3849889 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been shown that olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) and Schwann cell (SCs) transplantation are beneficial as cellular treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI), especially acute and sub-acute time points. In this study, we transplanted DsRED transduced adult OEG and SCs sub-acutely (14 days) following a T10 moderate spinal cord contusion injury in the rat. Behaviour was measured by open field (BBB) and horizontal ladder walking tests to ascertain improvements in locomotor function. Fluorogold staining was injected into the distal spinal cord to determine the extent of supraspinal and propriospinal axonal sparing/regeneration at 4 months post injection time point. The purpose of this study was to investigate if OEG and SCs cells injected sub acutely (14 days after injury) could: (i) improve behavioral outcomes, (ii) induce sparing/regeneration of propriospinal and supraspinal projections, and (iii) reduce tissue loss. Results OEG and SCs transplanted rats showed significant increased locomotion when compared to control injury only in the open field tests (BBB). However, the ladder walk test did not show statistically significant differences between treatment and control groups. Fluorogold retrograde tracing showed a statistically significant increase in the number of supraspinal nuclei projecting into the distal spinal cord in both OEG and SCs transplanted rats. These included the raphe, reticular and vestibular systems. Further pairwise multiple comparison tests also showed a statistically significant increase in raphe projecting neurons in OEG transplanted rats when compared to SCs transplanted animals. Immunohistochemistry of spinal cord sections short term (2 weeks) and long term (4 months) showed differences in host glial activity, migration and proteoglycan deposits between the two cell types. Histochemical staining revealed that the volume of tissue remaining at the lesion site had increased in all OEG and SCs treated groups. Significant tissue sparing was observed at both time points following glial SCs transplantation. In addition, OEG transplants showed significantly decreased chondroitin proteoglycan synthesis in the lesion site, suggesting a more CNS tolerant graft. Conclusions These results show that transplantation of OEG and SCs in a sub-acute phase can improve anatomical outcomes after a contusion injury to the spinal cord, by increasing the number of spared/regenerated supraspinal fibers, reducing cavitation and enhancing tissue integrity. This provides important information on the time window of glial transplantation for the repair of the spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Barbour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Stanford University, Lorry I Lokey Stem Cell Research Building, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bone morphogenetic proteins prevent bone marrow stromal cell-mediated oligodendroglial differentiation of transplanted adult neural progenitor cells in the injured spinal cord. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:758-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
36
|
Chan WS, Sideris A, Sutachan JJ, Montoya G JV, Blanck TJJ, Recio-Pinto E. Differential regulation of proliferation and neuronal differentiation in adult rat spinal cord neural stem/progenitors by ERK1/2, Akt, and PLCγ. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:23. [PMID: 23986655 PMCID: PMC3753454 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferation of endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) has been identified in both normal and injured adult mammalian spinal cord. Yet the signaling mechanisms underlying the regulation of adult spinal cord NSPCs proliferation and commitment toward a neuronal lineage remain undefined. In this study, the role of three growth factor-mediated signaling pathways in proliferation and neuronal differentiation was examined. Adult spinal cord NSPCs were enriched in the presence of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). We observed an increase in the number of cells expressing the microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) over time, indicating neuronal differentiation in the culture. Inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase 1 and 2/ERK 1 and 2 (MEK/ERK1/2) or the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways suppressed active proliferation in adult spinal cord NSPC cultures; whereas neuronal differentiation was negatively affected only when the ERK1/2 pathway was inhibited. Inhibition of the phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) pathway did not affect proliferation or neuronal differentiation. Finally, we demonstrated that the blockade of either the ERK1/2 or PLCγ signaling pathways reduced neurite branching of MAP2+ cells derived from the NSPC cultures. Many of the MAP2+ cells expressed synaptophysin and had a glutamatergic phenotype, indicating that over time adult spinal cord NSPCs had differentiated into mostly glutamatergic neurons. Our work provides new information regarding the contribution of these pathways to the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of NSPCs derived from adult spinal cord cultures, and emphasizes that the contribution of these pathways is dependent on the origin of the NSPCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Si Chan
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Implementing neuronal plasticity in NeuroAIDS: the experience of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and other neurotrophic factors. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 9:80-91. [PMID: 23832285 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) causes mild or severe neurological problems, termed HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), even when HIV patients receive antiretroviral therapy. Thus, novel adjunctive therapies are necessary to reduce or abolish the neurotoxic effect of HIV. However, new therapies require a better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of HIV-induced neurotoxicity. HAND subjects are characterized by being profoundly depressed, and they experience deficits in memory, learning and movements. Experimental evidence has also shown that HIV reduces neurogenesis. These deficits resemble those occurring in premature brain aging or in a brain with impaired neural repair properties. Thus, it appears that HIV diminishes neuronal survival, along with reduced neuronal connections. These two phenomena should not occur in the adult and developing brain when synaptic plasticity is promoted by neurotrophic factors, polypeptides that are present in adult synapses. This review will outline experimental evidence as well as present emerging concepts for the use of neurotrophic factors and in particular brain-derived neurotrophic factor as an adjunct therapy to prevent HIV-mediated neuronal degeneration and restore the loss of synaptic connections.
Collapse
|
38
|
Sox-2 Positive Neural Progenitors in the Primate Striatum Undergo Dynamic Changes after Dopamine Denervation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66377. [PMID: 23824751 PMCID: PMC3688912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of endogenous neural progenitors in the nigrostriatal system could represent a powerful tool for restorative therapies in Parkinson's disease. Sox-2 is a transcription factor expressed in pluripotent and adult stem cells, including neural progenitors. In the adult brain Sox-2 is expressed in the neurogenic niches. There is also widespread expression of Sox-2 in other brain regions, although the neurogenic potential outside the niches is uncertain. Here, we analyzed the presence of Sox-2+ cells in the adult primate (Macaca fascicularis) brain in naïve animals (N = 3) and in animals exposed to systemic administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine to render them parkinsonian (N = 8). Animals received bromodeoxyuridine (100 mg/kg once a day during five consecutive days) to label proliferating cells and their progeny. Using confocal and electron microscopy we analyzed the Sox-2+ cell population in the nigrostriatal system and investigated changes in the number, proliferation and neurogenic potential of Sox-2+ cells, in control conditions and at two time points after MPTP administration. We found Sox-2+ cells with self-renewal capacity in both the striatum and the substantia nigra. Importantly, only in the striatum Sox-2+ was expressed in some calretinin+ neurons. MPTP administration led to an increase in the proliferation of striatal Sox-2+ cells and to an acute, concomitant decrease in the percentage of Sox-2+/calretinin+ neurons, which recovered by 18 months. Given their potential capacity to differentiate into neurons and their responsiveness to dopamine neurotoxic insults, striatal Sox-2+ cells represent good candidates to harness endogenous repair mechanisms for regenerative approaches in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
|
39
|
Rak K, Völker J, Frenz S, Scherzed A, Radeloff A, Hagen R, Mlynski R. Dynamic changes of the neurogenic potential in the rat cochlear nucleus during post-natal development. Exp Brain Res 2013; 226:393-406. [PMID: 23455726 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal stem cells have been described in the post-natal cochlear nucleus recently. The aim of the study was to analyse the neurogenic potential in the cochlear nucleus from the early post-natal days until adulthood. Cochlear nuclei from Sprague-Dawley rats from post-natal day P3 up to P40 were examined. Neurosphere assays showed persistent neurosphere formation from the early post-natal days until adulthood. The numbers of generated neurospheres were fewer in older ages. Neurospheres were smaller, but displayed the same pattern of neuronal stem cell markers. The markers GFAP, MBP and ß-III Tubulin showed differentiation of dissociated cells from the neurospheres in all cells of the neuronal lineage. BrdU incorporation could be detected, in an age-dependent decrease, in whole-mount experiments of the cochlear nucleus on all examined days. BrdU co-labelled with Atoh1 and ß-III Tubulin. In addition, gene expression and cellular distribution studies of the neuronal stem cell markers displayed an age-dependent reduction in both quantity and numbers. The presented results display a possible neurogenic potential until adulthood in the cochlear nucleus by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The fact that this potential is highest at a critical period of development reveals possible functional importance for the development of the cochlear nucleus and the auditory function. The persistent neurogenic potential displayed until adulthood could be a neurogenic niche in the adult cochlear nucleus, which might be used for potential therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Rak
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Laliberte AM, Fehlings MG. The immunological response to spinal cord injury: helpful or harmful? Exp Neurol 2013; 247:282-5. [PMID: 23333564 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of the immune response in spinal cord injury has become a frequent object of debate. Evidence exists to suggest that autoimmunity following neurotrauma can be either beneficial or detrimental to recovery. The following commentary examines the recent findings indicating that mice lacking mature B- and T-lymphocytes have improved behavioral and histological outcomes following thoracic spinal cord injury. These data, presented in the October issue of Experimental Neurology are discussed within the context of previous findings and differing viewpoints in the field of neuroimmunology. Limitations on the translation of immune modulation therapeutics, and clinical perspectives on their future potential are also examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Laliberte
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Endogenous proliferation after spinal cord injury in animal models. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:387513. [PMID: 23316243 PMCID: PMC3539424 DOI: 10.1155/2012/387513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in motor and sensory deficits, the severity of which depends on the level and extent of the injury. Animal models for SCI research include transection, contusion, and compression mouse models. In this paper we will discuss the endogenous stem cell response to SCI in animal models. All SCI animal models experience a similar peak of cell proliferation three days after injury; however, each specific type of injury promotes a specific and distinct stem cell response. For example, the transection model results in a strong and localized initial increase of proliferation, while in contusion and compression models, the initial level of proliferation is lower but encompasses the entire rostrocaudal extent of the spinal cord. All injury types result in an increased ependymal proliferation, but only in contusion and compression models is there a significant level of proliferation in the lateral regions of the spinal cord. Finally, the fate of newly generated cells varies from a mainly oligodendrocyte fate in contusion and compression to a mostly astrocyte fate in the transection model. Here we will discuss the potential of endogenous stem/progenitor cell manipulation as a therapeutic tool to treat SCI.
Collapse
|
42
|
Garcia-Ovejero D, Arevalo-Martin A, Paniagua-Torija B, Sierra-Palomares Y, Molina-Holgado E. A cell population that strongly expresses the CB1 cannabinoid receptor in the ependyma of the rat spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 2012; 521:233-51. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
43
|
Ruff CA, Wilcox JT, Fehlings MG. Cell-based transplantation strategies to promote plasticity following spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2012; 235:78-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
44
|
Neural stem cells for spinal cord repair. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:349-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
45
|
Leung C, Chan SCL, Tsang SL, Wu W, Sham MH. Cyp26b1 mediates differential neurogenicity in axial-specific populations of adult spinal cord progenitor cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2252-61. [PMID: 22214285 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Utilization of endogenous adult spinal cord progenitor cells (SCPCs) for neuronal regeneration is a promising strategy for spinal cord repair. To mobilize endogenous SCPCs for injury repair, it is necessary to understand their intrinsic properties and to identify signaling factors that can stimulate their neurogenic potential. In this study, we demonstrate that adult mouse SCPCs express distinct combinatorial Hox genes and exhibit axial-specific stem cell properties. Lumbar-derived neurospheres displayed higher primary sphere formation and greater neurogenicity compared with cervical- and thoracic-derived neurospheres. To further understand the mechanisms governing neuronal differentiation of SCPCs from specific axial regions, we examined the neurogenic responses of adult SCPCs to retinoic acid (RA), an essential factor for adult neurogenesis. Although RA is a potent inducer of neuronal differentiation, we found that RA enhanced the generation of neurons specifically in cervical- but not lumbar-derived cells. We further demonstrate that the differential RA response was mediated by the RA-degrading enzyme cytochrome P450 oxidase b1 Cyp26b1. Lumbar cells express high levels of Cyp26b1 and low levels of the RA-synthesizing enzyme retinaldehyde dehydrogenase Raldh2, resulting in limited activation of the RA signaling pathway in these cells. In contrast, low Cyp26b1 expression in cervical spinal cord progenitor cells allows RA signaling to be readily activated upon RA treatment. The intrinsic heterogeneity and signaling factor regulation among adult SCPCs suggest that different niche factor regimens are required for site-specific mobilization of endogenous SCPCs from distinct spatial regions of the spinal cord for injury repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carly Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sideris A, Bekker T, Chan WS, Montoya-Gacharna JV, Blanck TJJ, Recio-Pinto E. A Role for the Cannabinoid 1 Receptor in Neuronal Differentiation of Adult Spinal Cord Progenitors in vitro is Revealed through Pharmacological Inhibition and Genetic Deletion. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:4. [PMID: 22291615 PMCID: PMC3265030 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the adult brain, the adult spinal cord is a non-neurogenic environment. Understanding how to manipulate the spinal cord environment to promote the formation of new neurons is an attractive therapeutic strategy for spinal cord injury and disease. The cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) has been implicated as a modulator of neural progenitor cell proliferation and fate specification in the brain; however, no evidence exists for modulation of adult spinal cord progenitor cells. Using adult rat spinal cord primary cultures, we demonstrated that CB1R antagonism with AM251 significantly decreased the number of Nestin(+) cells, and increased the number of βIII tubulin(+) and DCX(+) cells, indicative of neuronal differentiation. AM251’s effect was blocked by co-application of the CB1R agonists, WIN 55, 212-2, or ACEA. Consistent with our hypothesis, cultures, and spinal cord slices derived from CB1R knock-out (CB1−/−) mice had significantly higher levels of DCX(+) cells compared to those derived from wild type (CB1+/+) mice, indicative of enhanced neuronal differentiation in CB1−/− spinal cords. Moreover, AM251 promoted neuronal differentiation in CB1+/+, but not in CB1−/− cultures. Since CB1R modulates synaptic transmission, and synaptic transmission has been shown to influence progenitor cell fate, we evaluated whether AM251-induced neuronal differentiation was affected by chronic inactivity. Either the presence of the voltage-dependent sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX), or the removal of mature neurons, inhibited the AM251-induced increase in DCX(+) cells. In summary, antagonism or absence of CB1R promotes neuronal differentiation in adult spinal cords, and this action appears to require TTX-sensitive neuronal activity. Our data suggest that the previously detected elevated levels of endocannabinoids in the injured adult spinal cord could contribute to the non-neurogenic environment and CB1R antagonists could potentially be used to enhance replacement of damaged neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sideris
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Stem Cells and Spinal Cord Injury Repair. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 760:53-73. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4090-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
48
|
Whittaker MT, Zai LJ, Lee HJ, Pajoohesh-Ganji A, Wu J, Sharp A, Wyse R, Wrathall JR. GGF2 (Nrg1-β3) treatment enhances NG2+ cell response and improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Glia 2011; 60:281-94. [PMID: 22042562 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The adult spinal cord contains a pool of endogenous glial precursor cells, which spontaneously respond to spinal cord injury (SCI) with increased proliferation. These include oligodendrocyte precursor cells that express the NG2 proteoglycan and can differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes. Thus, a potential approach for SCI treatment is to enhance the proliferation and differentiation of these cells to yield more functional mature glia and improve remyelination of surviving axons. We previously reported that soluble glial growth factor 2 (GGF2)- and basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)-stimulated growth of NG2(+) cells purified from injured spinal cord in primary culture. This study examines the effects of systemic administration of GGF2 and/or FGF2 after standardized contusive SCI in vivo in both rat and mouse models. In Sprague-Dawley rats, 1 week of GGF2 administration, beginning 24 h after injury, enhanced NG2(+) cell proliferation, oligodendrogenesis, chronic white matter at the injury epicenter, and recovery of hind limb function. In 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase-enhanced green fluorescent protein mice, GGF2 treatment resulted in increased oligodendrogenesis and improved functional recovery, as well as elevated expression of the stem cell transcription factor Sox2 by oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Although oligodendrocyte number was increased chronically after SCI in GGF2-treated mice, no evidence of increased white matter was detected. However, GGF2 treatment significantly increased levels of P0 protein-containing peripheral myelin, produced by Schwann cells that infiltrate the injured spinal cord. Our results suggest that GGF2 may have therapeutic potential for SCI by enhancing endogenous recovery processes in a clinically relevant time frame.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Whittaker
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Ohira K. Injury-induced neurogenesis in the mammalian forebrain. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1645-56. [PMID: 21042833 PMCID: PMC11115059 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been accepted that new neurons are added to the olfactory bulb and the hippocampal dentate gyrus throughout life in the healthy adult mammalian brain. Recent studies have clarified that brain insult raises the proliferation of neural stem cells/neural progenitor cells existing in the subventricular zone and the subgranular zone, which become sources of new neurons for the olfactory bulb and the dentate gyrus, respectively. Interestingly, convincing data has shown that brain insult invokes neurogenesis in various brain regions, such as the hippocampal cornu ammonis region, striatum, and cortex. These reports suggest that neural stem cells/neural progenitor cells, which can be activated by brain injury, might be broadly located in the adult brain or that new neurons may migrate widely from the neurogenic regions. This review focuses on brain insult-induced neurogenesis in the mammalian forebrain, especially in the neocortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ohira
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|