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Bou Ghanem GO, Wareham LK, Calkins DJ. Addressing neurodegeneration in glaucoma: Mechanisms, challenges, and treatments. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 100:101261. [PMID: 38527623 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness globally. The disease causes vision loss due to neurodegeneration of the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projection to the brain through the optic nerve. Glaucoma is associated with sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP). Thus, mainstay treatments seek to manage IOP, though many patients continue to lose vision. To address neurodegeneration directly, numerous preclinical studies seek to develop protective or reparative therapies that act independently of IOP. These include growth factors, compounds targeting metabolism, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents, and neuromodulators. Despite success in experimental models, many of these approaches fail to translate into clinical benefits. Several factors contribute to this challenge. Firstly, the anatomic structure of the optic nerve head differs between rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans. Additionally, animal models do not replicate the complex glaucoma pathophysiology in humans. Therefore, to enhance the success of translating these findings, we propose two approaches. First, thorough evaluation of experimental targets in multiple animal models, including nonhuman primates, should precede clinical trials. Second, we advocate for combination therapy, which involves using multiple agents simultaneously, especially in the early and potentially reversible stages of the disease. These strategies aim to increase the chances of successful neuroprotective treatment for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazi O Bou Ghanem
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Lauren K Wareham
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - David J Calkins
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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2
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Yin GS, van der Heide F, Littlejohns TJ, Kuźma E, Hayat S, Brayne C, Foster PJ, Luben R, Khawaja AP. Association Between Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Incident Dementia in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer in Norfolk Cohort. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:691-702. [PMID: 37574729 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness may reflect cerebral status. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the relationship between RNFL thickness and incident all-cause dementia in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) Eye Study. METHODS Glaucoma detection with variable corneal compensation (GDx-VCC) and Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II (HRT II) derived global mean RNFL thickness from dementia-free participants at baseline within the EPIC-Norfolk Eye Study were analyzed. Incident dementia was identified through linkage to electronic medical records. Cox proportional hazard mixed-effects regression models adjusted for key confounders were used to examine the associations between RNFL thickness and incident dementia in four separate models. RESULTS 6,239 participants were included with 322 cases of incident dementia and mean age of 67.5-years old, with 49.7% women (median follow-up 13.2-years, interquartile range (11.7 to 14.6 years). Greater RNFL thickness (GDx-VCC) was not significantly associated with a lower risk of incident dementia in the full adjusted model [HR per quartile increase 0.95; 95% CI 0.82-1.10]. Similarly, RNFL thickness assessed with HRT II was also not associated with incident dementia in any model (full adjusted model; HR per quartile increase: 1.06; [95% CI 0.93-1.19]. Gender did not modify any associations under study. CONCLUSION GDx-VCC and HRT II derived RNFL thickness are unlikely to be useful predictors of incident dementia. Higher resolution optical imaging technologies may clarify whether there are useful relationships between neuro-retinal morphology and brain measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace S Yin
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank van der Heide
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | | | - Elżbieta Kuźma
- Albertinen-Haus Centre for Geriatrics and Gerontology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shabina Hayat
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, England, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Cambridge Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul J Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Robert Luben
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Anthony P Khawaja
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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3
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Wu E, Jiang X, Sun J, Xu B, Li W, Liao Q, Zhang Y, Zhou G, Wu W. The spatial-temporal reactive changes of compressed optic nerve in a clinically relevant rabbit model of persistent compressive optic nerve axonopathy. Exp Eye Res 2023; 226:109343. [PMID: 36509163 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The optic nerve (ON) can get compressed in different diseases. However, the pathological and functional changes occurring in the compressed ON over time under constant compression are still unclear. In the present study, we implanted an artificial tube around the optic nerve of a rabbit to primarily create a clinically relevant persistent compressive optic nerve axonopathy (PCOA). Due to the protuberance on the inner ring of the tube, steady and persistent compressions were maintained. In this model, we investigated the thickness of ganglion cell complex (GCC), retinal ganglion cell (RGC) density, axon density of optic nerve, flash visual evoked potential (FVEP), and anterograde axonal transport at various times in four different groups viz. the no comp, 1/2 comp, 3/4 comp, and crush groups. The GCC thickness, RGC density, and axon density of ON were hierarchically and significantly decreased in 1/2 comp, 3/4 comp, and crush groups. Compared to no comp eyes, the P2 amplitude ratio of FVEP was significantly decreased in 3/4 comp but not in 1/2 comp eyes. Only a portion of the optic nerve lost the ability of anterograde axonal transport in the 1/2 comp group. However, it was evident at 2-wpo and more prominent at 4-wpo in 3/4 comp eyes. This study reveals that the compression only induces the homolateral ON axons impairment and the proportion of the affected axons maintains the same for mild compression for at least three months. Furthermore, an underlying threshold effect highlights that mild compression does not require urgent surgery, while the severe compression warrants immediate surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ende Wu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
| | - XiaoHui Jiang
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Jiaying Sun
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Boyue Xu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Qianling Liao
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yikui Zhang
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Guangming Zhou
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Wencan Wu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
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Rad LM, Yumashev AV, Hussen BM, Jamad HH, Ghafouri-Fard S, Taheri M, Rostami S, Niazi V, Hajiesmaeili M. Therapeutic Potential of Microvesicles in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine of Ocular Diseases With an Especial Focus on Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Microvesicles. Front Genet 2022; 13:847679. [PMID: 35422841 PMCID: PMC9001951 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.847679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
These days, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), because of immunomodulatory and pro-angiogenic abilities, are known as inevitable factors in regenerative medicine and cell therapy in different diseases such as ocular disorder. Moreover, researchers have indicated that exosome possess an essential potential in the therapeutic application of ocular disease. MSC-derived exosome (MSC-DE) have been identified as efficient as MSCs for treatment of eye injuries due to their small size and rapid diffusion all over the eye. MSC-DEs easily transfer their ingredients such as miRNAs, proteins, and cytokines to the inner layer in the eye and increase the reconstruction of the injured area. Furthermore, MSC-DEs deliver their immunomodulatory cargos in inflamed sites and inhibit immune cell migration, resulting in improvement of autoimmune uveitis. Interestingly, therapeutic effects were shown only in animal models that received MSC-DE. In this review, we summarized the therapeutic potential of MSCs and MSC-DE in cell therapy and regenerative medicine of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Moallemi Rad
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Alexey V Yumashev
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq.,Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Hazha Hadayat Jamad
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Samaneh Rostami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciecnes, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Vahid Niazi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Hajiesmaeili
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Loghman Hakin Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Salvador AFM, Kipnis J. Immune response after central nervous system injury. Semin Immunol 2022; 59:101629. [PMID: 35753867 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) affect millions of people worldwide, and they can lead to severely damaging consequences such as permanent disability and paralysis. Multiple factors can obstruct recovery after CNS injury. One of the most significant is the progressive neuronal death that follows the initial mechanical impact, leading to the loss of undamaged cells via a process termed secondary neurodegeneration. Efforts to define treatments that limit the spread of damage, while important, have been largely ineffectual owing to gaps in the mechanistic understanding that underlies the persisting neuronal cell death. Inflammation, with its influx of immune cells that occurs shortly after injury, has been associated with secondary neurodegeneration. However, the role of the immune system after CNS injury is far more complex. Studies have indicated that the immune response after CNS injury is detrimental, owing to immune cell-produced factors (e.g., pro-inflammatory cytokines, free radicals, neurotoxic glutamate) that worsen tissue damage. Our lab and others have also demonstrated the beneficial immune response that occurs after CNS injury, with the release of growth factors such as brain-derived growth factor (BDNF) and interleukin (IL-10) and the clearance of apoptotic and myelin debris by immune cells1-4. In this review, we first discuss the multifaceted roles of the immune system after CNS injury. We then speculate on how advancements in single-cell RNA technologies can dramatically change our understanding of the immune response, how the spinal cord meninges serve as an important site for hosting immunological processes critical for recovery, and how the origin of peripherally recruited immune cells impacts their function in the injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Francesca M Salvador
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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6
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Fague L, Liu YA, Marsh-Armstrong N. The basic science of optic nerve regeneration. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1276. [PMID: 34532413 PMCID: PMC8421956 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diverse insults to the optic nerve result in partial to total vision loss as the axons of retinal ganglion cells are destroyed. In glaucoma, axons are injured at the optic nerve head; in other optic neuropathies, axons can be damaged along the entire visual pathway. In all cases, as mammals cannot regenerate injured central nervous system cells, once the axons are lost, vision loss is irreversible. However, much has been learned about how retinal ganglion cells respond to axon injuries, and many of these crucial discoveries offer hope for future regenerative therapies. Here we review the current understanding regarding the temporal progression of axonal degeneration. We summarize known survival and regenerative mechanisms in mammals, including specific signaling pathways, key transcription factors, and reprogramming genes. We cover mechanisms intrinsic to retinal ganglion cells as well as their interactions with myeloid and glial cell populations in the retina and optic nerve that affect survival and regeneration. Finally, we highlight some non-mammalian species that are able to regenerate their retinal ganglion cell axons after injury, as understanding these successful regenerative responses may be essential to the rational design of future clinical interventions to regrow the optic nerve. In the end, a combination of many different molecular and cellular interventions will likely be the only way to achieve functional recovery of vision and restore quality of life to millions of patients around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Fague
- UC Davis Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yin Allison Liu
- UC Davis Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Marsh-Armstrong
- UC Davis Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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7
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Paul DA, Strawderman E, Rodriguez A, Hoang R, Schneider CL, Haber S, Chernoff BL, Shafiq I, Williams ZR, Vates GE, Mahon BZ. Empty Sella Syndrome as a Window Into the Neuroprotective Effects of Prolactin. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:680602. [PMID: 34307410 PMCID: PMC8295462 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.680602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The goal of this study was to relate diffusion MR measures of white matter integrity of the retinofugal visual pathway with prolactin levels in a patient with downward herniation of the optic chiasm secondary to medical treatment of a prolactinoma. Methods: A 36-year-old woman with a prolactinoma presented with progressive bilateral visual field defects 9 years after initial diagnosis and medical treatment. She was diagnosed with empty-sella syndrome and instructed to stop cabergoline. Hormone testing was conducted in tandem with routine clinical evaluations over 1 year and the patient was followed with diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and automated perimetry at three time points. Five healthy controls underwent a complementary battery of clinical and neuroimaging tests at a single time point. Results: Shortly after discontinuing cabergoline, diffusion metrics in the optic tracts were within the range of values observed in healthy controls. However, following a brief period where the patient resumed cabergoline (of her own volition), there was a decrease in serum prolactin with a corresponding decrease in visual ability and increase in radial diffusivity (p < 0.001). Those measures again returned to their baseline ranges after discontinuing cabergoline a second time. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the sensitivity of dMRI to detect rapid and functionally significant microstructural changes in white matter tracts secondary to alterations in serum prolactin levels. The inverse relations between prolactin and measures of white matter integrity and visual function are consistent with the hypothesis that prolactin can play a neuroprotective role in the injured nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Paul
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Emma Strawderman
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Alejandra Rodriguez
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ricky Hoang
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Colleen L. Schneider
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sam Haber
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Benjamin L. Chernoff
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ismat Shafiq
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Zoë R. Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - G. Edward Vates
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Bradford Z. Mahon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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8
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Fernández-Francos S, Eiro N, Costa LA, Escudero-Cernuda S, Fernández-Sánchez ML, Vizoso FJ. Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Cornerstone in a Galaxy of Intercellular Signals: Basis for a New Era of Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073576. [PMID: 33808241 PMCID: PMC8036553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Around 40% of the population will suffer at some point in their life a disease involving tissue loss or an inflammatory or autoimmune process that cannot be satisfactorily controlled with current therapies. An alternative for these processes is represented by stem cells and, especially, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Numerous preclinical studies have shown MSC to have therapeutic effects in different clinical conditions, probably due to their mesodermal origin. Thereby, MSC appear to play a central role in the control of a galaxy of intercellular signals of anti-inflammatory, regenerative, angiogenic, anti-fibrotic, anti-oxidative stress effects of anti-apoptotic, anti-tumor, or anti-microbial type. This concept forces us to return to the origin of natural physiological processes as a starting point to understand the evolution of MSC therapy in the field of regenerative medicine. These biological effects, demonstrated in countless preclinical studies, justify their first clinical applications, and draw a horizon of new therapeutic strategies. However, several limitations of MSC as cell therapy are recognized, such as safety issues, handling difficulties for therapeutic purposes, and high economic cost. For these reasons, there is an ongoing tendency to consider the use of MSC-derived secretome products as a therapeutic tool, since they reproduce the effects of their parent cells. However, it will be necessary to resolve key aspects, such as the choice of the ideal type of MSC according to their origin for each therapeutic indication and the implementation of new standardized production strategies. Therefore, stem cell science based on an intelligently designed production of MSC and or their derivative products will be able to advance towards an innovative and more personalized medical biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noemi Eiro
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain; (S.F.-F.); (L.A.C.)
- Correspondence: (N.E.); (F.J.V.); Tel.: +34-985320050 (ext. 84216)
| | - Luis A. Costa
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain; (S.F.-F.); (L.A.C.)
| | - Sara Escudero-Cernuda
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (S.E.-C.); (M.L.F.-S.)
| | - María Luisa Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (S.E.-C.); (M.L.F.-S.)
| | - Francisco J. Vizoso
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain; (S.F.-F.); (L.A.C.)
- Correspondence: (N.E.); (F.J.V.); Tel.: +34-985320050 (ext. 84216)
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Kim K, Choi HY, Pak K, Jeon H. Changes in brain glucose metabolism following traumatic optic neuropathy in rats. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2020.1861110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Keunyoung Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hee-young Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Kyoungjune Pak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyeshin Jeon
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
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Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes on Retinal Injury: A Review of Current Findings. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8883616. [PMID: 33082789 PMCID: PMC7556062 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8883616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, various studies have followed in the literature on the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) on damage in retinal cells. The evidence that MSCs exert their regenerative and damage reduction effect in a paracrine way, through the release of soluble factors and exosomes, is now consolidated. Exosomes are microvesicles formed by a double layer of phospholipid membrane and carry proteins and RNA, through which they play a therapeutic role on target cells. Scientific research has recently focused on the use of exosomes derived from MSC in various models of retinal damage in vitro and in vivo as they, compared to MSCs, have similar functions and at the same time have different advantages such as greater stability and handling, a lower chance of immunological rejection and no risk of malignant transformation. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the therapeutic use of exosomes derived from MSCs in retinal damage and to stimulate new clinical perspectives regarding their use.
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11
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Lam C, Li KK, Do CW, Chan H, To CH, Kwong JMK. Quantitative profiling of regional protein expression in rat retina after partial optic nerve transection using fluorescence difference two‑dimensional gel electrophoresis. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2734-2742. [PMID: 31524249 PMCID: PMC6691257 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the difference between primary and secondary retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, the protein expression at four regions of retina including superior, temporal, inferior and nasal quadrant in a rat model of partial optic nerve transection (pONT) using 2-D Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) were investigated. Unilateral pONT was performed on the temporal side of optic nerves of adult Wistar rats to separate primary and secondary RGC loss. Topographical quantification of RGCs labeled by Rbpms antibody and analysis of axonal injury by grading of optic nerve damage at 1 week (n=8) and 8 weeks (n=15) after pONT demonstrated early RGC loss at temporal region, which is considered as primary RGC degeneration and progressing RGC loss at nasal region, which is considered as secondary RGC degeneration. Early protein expression in each retinal quadrant (n=4) at 2 weeks after pONT was compared with the corresponding quadrant in the contralateral control eye by DIGE. For all comparisons, 24 differentially expressed proteins (>1.2-fold; P<0.05; ≥3 non-duplicated peptide matches) were identified by mass spectrometry (MS). Interestingly, in the nasal retina, serum albumin and members of crystallin family, including αA, αB, βA2, βA3, βB2 and γS indicating stress response were upregulated. By contrast, only αB and βA2 crystallin proteins were altered in temporal quadrant. In the superior and inferior quadrants, βB2 crystallin, keratin type I, S-arrestin and lamin-B1 were upregulated, while heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2/B1 were downregulated. In summary, the use of DIGE followed by MS is useful to detect early regional protein regulation in the retina after localized optic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen Lam
- School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P.R. China
| | - King Kit Li
- School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Chi Wai Do
- School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Henry Chan
- School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Chi Ho To
- School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jacky Man Kwong Kwong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Buckenmeyer MJ, Meder TJ, Prest TA, Brown BN. Decellularization techniques and their applications for the repair and regeneration of the nervous system. Methods 2019; 171:41-61. [PMID: 31398392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of surgical and non-surgical approaches have been used to address the impacts of nervous system injuries, which can lead to either impairment or a complete loss of function for affected patients. The inherent ability of nervous tissues to repair and/or regenerate is dampened due to irreversible changes that occur within the tissue remodeling microenvironment following injury. Specifically, dysregulation of the extracellular matrix (i.e., scarring) has been suggested as one of the major factors that can directly impair normal cell function and could significantly alter the regenerative potential of these tissues. A number of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine-based approaches have been suggested to intervene in the process of remodeling which occurs following injury. Decellularization has become an increasingly popular technique used to obtain acellular scaffolds, and their derivatives (hydrogels, etc.), which retain tissue-specific components, including critical structural and functional proteins. These advantageous characteristics make this approach an intriguing option for creating materials capable of stimulating the sensitive repair mechanisms associated with nervous system injuries. Over the past decade, several diverse decellularization methods have been implemented specifically for nervous system applications in an attempt to carefully remove cellular content while preserving tissue morphology and composition. Each application-based decellularized ECM product requires carefully designed treatments that preserve the unique biochemical signatures associated within each tissue type to stimulate the repair of brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve tissues. Herein, we review the decellularization techniques that have been applied to create biomaterials with the potential to promote the repair and regeneration of tissues within the central and peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Buckenmeyer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States.
| | - Tyler J Meder
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States.
| | - Travis A Prest
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States.
| | - Bryan N Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States.
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Yaghoubi Y, Movassaghpour A, Zamani M, Talebi M, Mehdizadeh A, Yousefi M. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells derived-exosomes in diseases treatment. Life Sci 2019; 233:116733. [PMID: 31394127 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with the size of 40-100 nm in diameter and a density of 1.13-1.19 g/mL, containing proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, and DNAs. Exosomes change the recipient cells biochemical features through biomolecules delivery and play a role in cellular communication. These vesicles are produced from body fluids and different cell types like mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Evidence suggests that mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosome (MSC-EXO) exhibit functions similar to MSCs with low immunogenicity and no tumorization. MSCs can also be isolated from a variety of sources including human umbilical cord (HUC). Because of the non-invasive collection method, higher proliferation and lower immunogenicity, HUCMSC-EXO has been frequently used in regenerative medicine and various diseases treatment compared to the other MSC-EXO resources. This review aimed to investigate the applications of HUCMSC-EXO in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoda Yaghoubi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - AliAkbar Movassaghpour
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Majid Zamani
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz university of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Talebi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mehdizadeh
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz university of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz university of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in the Treatment of Eye Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1089:47-57. [PMID: 29774506 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were, due to their immunomodulatory and pro-angiogenic characteristics, extensively explored as new therapeutic agents in cell-based therapy of uveitis, glaucoma, retinal and ocular surface diseases.Since it was recently revealed that exosomes play an important role in biological functions of MSCs, herewith we summarized current knowledge about the morphology, structure, phenotype and functional characteristics of MSC-derived exosomes emphasizing their therapeutic potential in the treatment of eye diseases.MSC-derived exosomes were as efficient as transplanted MSCs in limiting the extent of eye injury and inflammation. Immediately after intravitreal injection, MSC-derived exosomes, due to nano-dimension, diffused rapidly throughout the retina and significantly attenuated retinal damage and inflammation. MSC-derived exosomes successfully delivered trophic and immunomodulatory factors to the inner retina and efficiently promoted survival and neuritogenesis of injured retinal ganglion cells. MSC-derived exosomes efficiently suppressed migration of inflammatory cells, attenuated detrimental Th1 and Th17 cell-driven immune response and ameliorated experimental autoimmune uveitis. MSC-derived exosomes were able to fuse with the lysosomes within corneal cells, enabling delivering of MSC-derived active β-glucuronidase and consequent catabolism of accumulated glycosaminoglycans, indicating their therapeutic potential in the treatment of Mucopolysaccharidosis VII (Sly Syndrome). Importantly, beneficent effects were noticed only in animals that received MSC-derived exosomes and were not seen after therapy with fibroblasts-derived exosomes confirming specific therapeutic potential of MSCs and their products in the treatment of eye diseases.In conclusion, MSC-derived exosomes represent potentially new therapeutic agents in the therapy of degenerative and inflammatory ocular diseases.
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Biswas S, Wan KH. Review of rodent hypertensive glaucoma models. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:e331-e340. [PMID: 30549197 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a primary risk factor for the development and progression of glaucoma. Rodent models of glaucoma have greatly improved our understanding of the pathophysiology of glaucoma and served as a useful tool to investigate neuroprotective agents. An ideal glaucoma animal model should be easy to induce, reproducible, biologically plausible and predictable. Of the available animal models of glaucoma, rodents are commonly studied because they have a relatively short life span and can be genetically altered. A successful hypertensive glaucoma model should induce structural glaucomatous changes: including loss of retinal nerve fibres, retinal ganglion cells and optic-disc cupping along with IOP elevation. The level and duration of IOP elevation should be titratable depending on the targeted glaucomatous damage. This review summarizes the outcomes of induced rodent hypertensive glaucoma models including intracameral injection of microbeads, laser photocoagulation, episcleral vein cauterization, injection of hypertonic saline and hyaluronic acid. We aim to provide a detailed overview of each of the models with a focus on parameters that defines a successful glaucoma model. The induced IOP elevation and duration of elevation varied among the different models and strain of rodent; nonetheless, they all achieved a sustainable raised IOP with corresponding RGC loss. The limitations of each model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Biswas
- Department of Optometry NSHM Knowledge Campus Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology Kolkata India
| | - Kelvin H. Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong
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Matrix-bound nanovesicles prevent ischemia-induced retinal ganglion cell axon degeneration and death and preserve visual function. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3482. [PMID: 30837658 PMCID: PMC6400956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury to retinal ganglion cells (RGC), central nervous system neurons that relay visual information to the brain, often leads to RGC axon degeneration and permanently lost visual function. Herein this study shows matrix-bound nanovesicles (MBV), a distinct class of extracellular nanovesicle localized specifically to the extracellular matrix (ECM) of healthy tissues, can neuroprotect RGCs and preserve visual function after severe, intraocular pressure (IOP) induced ischemia in rat. Intravitreal MBV injections attenuated IOP-induced RGC axon degeneration and death, protected RGC axon connectivity to visual nuclei in the brain, and prevented loss in retinal function as shown by histology, anterograde axon tracing, manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and electroretinography. In the optic nerve, MBV also prevented IOP-induced decreases in growth associated protein-43 and IOP-induced increases in glial fibrillary acidic protein. In vitro studies showed MBV suppressed pro-inflammatory signaling by activated microglia and astrocytes, stimulated RGC neurite growth, and neuroprotected RGCs from neurotoxic media conditioned by pro-inflammatory astrocytes. Thus, MBV can positively modulate distinct signaling pathways (e.g., inflammation, cell death, and axon growth) in diverse cell types. Since MBV are naturally derived, bioactive factors present in numerous FDA approved devices, MBV may be readily useful, not only experimentally, but also clinically as immunomodulatory, neuroprotective factors for treating trauma or disease in the retina as well as other CNS tissues.
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Schwartz M, Yoles E. Optic Nerve Degeneration and Potential Neuroprotection: Implications for Glaucoma. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 9 Suppl 1:S9-11. [PMID: 10230599 DOI: 10.1177/112067219900901s07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the course of optic nerve degeneration and devise possible ways to achieve neuroprotection, a well-controlled, animal model of partial crush injury of the optic nerve was used. Following the controlled partial crush injury of the rat optic nerve, quantitative morphological and electrophysiological measurements were made of primary and secondary neuronal losses. The neuroprotective effects of NMDA-receptor antagonists and α2-adrenoreceptor agonists were also studied. The results suggested that the ongoing progression of the optic nerve degeneration in glaucoma might be a consequence of the toxic extracellular environment produced by neurons that degenerate as a result of the primary cause of the disease (such as increased IOP).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Liao H, Zhu Z, Peng Y. Potential Utility of Retinal Imaging for Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:188. [PMID: 29988470 PMCID: PMC6024140 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ensuing upward shift in demographic distribution due to the increase in life expectancy has resulted in a rising prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The heavy public burden of AD, along with the urgent to prevent and treat the disease before the irreversible damage to the brain, calls for a sensitive and specific screening technology to identify high-risk individuals before cognitive symptoms arise. Even though current modalities, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker, showed their potential clinical uses in early detection of AD, the high cost, narrow isotope availability of PET probes and invasive characteristics of CSF biomarker limited their broad utility. Therefore, additional tools for detection of AD are needed. As a projection of the central nervous system (CNS), the retina has been described as a "window to the brain" and a novel marker for AD. Low cost, easy accessibility and non-invasive features make retina tests suitable for large-scale population screening and investigations of preclinical AD. Furthermore, a number of novel approaches in retina imaging, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), have been developed and made it possible to visualize changes in the retina at a very fine resolution. In this review, we outline the background for AD to accelerate the adoption of retina imaging for the diagnosis and management of AD in clinical practice. Then, we focus on recent findings on the application of retina imaging to investigate AD and provide suggestions for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liao
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Chiha W, LeVaillant CJ, Bartlett CA, Hewitt AW, Melton PE, Fitzgerald M, Harvey AR. Retinal genes are differentially expressed in areas of primary versus secondary degeneration following partial optic nerve injury. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192348. [PMID: 29425209 PMCID: PMC5806857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Partial transection (PT) of the optic nerve is an established experimental model of secondary degeneration in the central nervous system. After a dorsal transection, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) with axons in ventral optic nerve are intact but vulnerable to secondary degeneration, whereas RGCs in dorsal retina with dorsal axons are affected by primary and secondary injuries. Using microarray, we quantified gene expression changes in dorsal and ventral retina at 1 and 7 days post PT, to characterize pathogenic pathways linked to primary and secondary degeneration. RESULTS In comparison to uninjured retina Cryba1, Cryba2 and Crygs, were significantly downregulated in injured dorsal retina at days 1 and 7. While Ecel1, Timp1, Mt2A and CD74, which are associated with reducing excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation, were significantly upregulated. Genes associated with oxygen binding pathways, immune responses, cytokine receptor activity and apoptosis were enriched in dorsal retina at day 1 after PT. Oxygen binding and apoptosis remained enriched at day 7, as were pathways involved in extracellular matrix modification. Fewer changes were observed in ventral retina at day 1 after PT, most associated with the regulation of protein homodimerization activity. By day 7, apoptosis, matrix organization and signal transduction pathways were enriched. Discriminant analysis was also performed for specific functional gene groups to compare expression intensities at each time point. Altered expression of selected genes (ATF3, GFAP, Ecel1, TIMP1, Tp53) and proteins (GFAP, ECEL1 and ATF3) were semi-quantitatively assessed by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively. CONCLUSION There was an acute and complex primary injury response in dorsal retina indicative of a dynamic interaction between neuroprotective and neurodegenerative events; ventral retina vulnerable to secondary degeneration showed a delayed injury response. Both primary and secondary injury resulted in the upregulation of numerous genes linked to RGC death, but differences in the nature of these changes strongly suggest that death occurred via different molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Chiha
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Chrisna J. LeVaillant
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Carole A. Bartlett
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Lions Eye Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Phillip E. Melton
- Curtin/UWA Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, School of Biomedical Science, The University of Western Australia and Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Alan R. Harvey
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Chan VTT, Tso THK, Tang F, Tham C, Mok V, Chen C, Wong TY, Cheung CY. Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29155753 DOI: 10.3791/56137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina offers a unique "window" to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central nervous system (CNS) and shares prominent similarities with the brain in terms of embryological origin, anatomical features and physiological properties. The vascular and neuronal structure in the retina can now be visualized easily and non-invasively using retinal imaging techniques, including fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT), and quantified semi-automatically using computer-assisted analysis programs. Studying the associations between vascular and neuronal changes in the retina and dementia could improve our understanding of dementia and, potentially, aid in diagnosis and risk assessment. This protocol aims to describe a method of quantifying and analyzing retinal vasculature and neuronal structure, which are potentially associated with dementia. This protocol also provides examples of retinal changes in subjects with dementia, and discusses technical issues and current limitations of retinal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor T T Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Tiffany H K Tso
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Fangyao Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Clement Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Vincent Mok
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System; Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore
| | - Tien Y Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre; Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore
| | - Carol Y Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong;
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Yan F, Guo S, Chai Y, Zhang L, Liu K, Lu Q, Wang N, Li S. Partial Optic Nerve Transection in Rats: A Model Established with a New Operative Approach to Assess Secondary Degeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29155782 PMCID: PMC5752413 DOI: 10.3791/56272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) occurs commonly in glaucoma. Partial optic nerve transection is considered a useful and reproducible model. Compared with other optic nerve injury models used commonly for assessing secondary degeneration, e.g. complete optic nerve transection and optic nerve crush models, the partial optic nerve transection model is superior as it distinguishes primary from secondary degeneration in situ. Therefore, it serves as an excellent tool for evaluating secondary degeneration. This study describes a novel operative approach of partial optic nerve transection by directly accessing the area of the retrobulbar optic nerve through the orbital lateral wall of the eyeball. Moreover, we present a newly designed, low cost surgical instrument to assist with transection. As demonstrated by the representative results in distinguishing the boundary of primary and secondary injury areas, the new approach and instrument ensures high efficiency and stability of the model by providing adequate space for surgical operation. This in turn makes it easy to separate the meningeal sheath and ophthalmic vessels from the optic nerve before transection. An additional benefit is that this space-saving operative approach improves the investigators' ability to administer drugs, carriers, or selective RGC tracers to the stump of the partially transected optic nerve, allowing the exploration of mechanisms behind secondary injury in RGCs, in a new way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fancheng Yan
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sailiang Guo
- Institute of Immunology, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yijie Chai
- Institute of Immunology, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Kegao Liu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjun Lu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Shuning Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China;
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Kreitman RR, Blanchette F. On the horizon: possible neuroprotective role for glatiramer acetate. Mult Scler 2017; 10 Suppl 1:S81-6; discussion S86-9. [PMID: 15218816 DOI: 10.1191/1352458504ms1037oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and neurodegeneration characterize the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Slow axonal degeneration, rather than acute inflammation, is considered the cause of chronic disability in MS. The signs of acute axonal damage and loss have been shown to occur early in the lesion development of patients with chronic MS and often correlate with demyelination and inflammation. While immune activity in the central nervous system has traditionally been considered to be a detrimental event in MS, recent studies have found that autoimmune T cells may play an important role in protecting neurons from the ongoing spreading damage. Neuroprotectio n in MS is a new and evolving concept, and many questions remain with regard to potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Preliminary studies, both in animals and in humans, have suggested that glatiramer acetate (GA) may confer neuroprotective activity in addition to bystander suppression. Additional research is needed to determine if these promising neuroprotective effects correlate with the long-term effect of G A in MS.
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Manthey AL, Chiu K, So KF. Effects of Lycium barbarum on the Visual System. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 135:1-27. [PMID: 28807155 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lycium barbarum (wolfberry, gogi berry, gouqizi, ) is one of the most widely used Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) and is also one of the most scientifically studied. Indeed, the polysaccharide component of this berry (LBP) has been shown to have antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiexcitotoxic, and antiapoptotic properties. These properties make it a particularly useful treatment option for the ocular environment. Although there are a handful of studies investigating the use of LBP to treat diseases affecting the lens, the vast majority of the published literature investigating LBP in the visual system focus on the retina. In this chapter, we have described what is currently understood concerning the effects of LBP treatment on various retinal diseases, including glaucoma, ischemia/reperfusion, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and diabetic retinopathy. We then describe the functions attributed to LBP using other cellular contexts to elucidate the full mechanisms this CHM utilizes in the retina. By making connections between what is known about the function of LBP in a variety of tissues and its function as a therapy for retinal degenerative diseases, we hope to further emphasize the continued use of this CHM in clinical medicine in addition to providing a platform for additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kin Chiu
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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Maciulaitiene R, Pakuliene G, Kaja S, Pauza DH, Kalesnykas G, Januleviciene I. Glioprotection of Retinal Astrocytes After Intravitreal Administration of Memantine in the Mouse Optic Nerve Crush Model. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:1173-1179. [PMID: 28265105 PMCID: PMC5352005 DOI: 10.12659/msm.899699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In glaucoma, non-intraocular pressure (IOP)-related risk factors can result in increased levels of extracellular glutamate, which triggers a cascade of neurodegeneration characterized by the excessive activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). The purpose of our study was to evaluate the glioprotective effects of memantine as a prototypic uncompetitive NMDA blocker on retinal astrocytes in the optic nerve crush (ONC) mouse model for glaucoma. Material/Methods Optic nerve crush was performed on all of the right eyes (n=8), whereas left eyes served as contralateral healthy controls (n=8) in Balb/c/Sca mice. Four randomly assigned mice received 2-μl intravitreal injections of memantine (1 mg/ml) after ONC in the experimental eye. One week after the experiment, optic nerves were dissected and stained with methylene blue. Retinae were detached from the sclera. The tissue was immunostained. Whole-mount retinae were investigated by fluorescent microscopy. Astrocyte counts for each image were performed manually. Results Histological sections of crushed optic nerves showed consistently moderate tissue damage in experimental groups. The mean number of astrocytes per image in the ONC group was significantly lower than in the healthy control group (7.13±1.5 and 10.47±1.9, respectively). Loss of astrocytes in the memantine-treated group was significantly lower (8.83±2.2) than in the ONC group. Assessment of inter-observer reliability showed excellent agreement among observations in control, ONC, and memantine groups. Conclusions The ONC is an effective method for investigation of astrocytic changes in mouse retina. Intravitreally administered memantine shows a promising glioprotective effect on mouse retinal astrocytes by preserving astrocyte count after ONC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruta Maciulaitiene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Academy of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Giedre Pakuliene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Academy of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Simon Kaja
- Vision Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.,K.,Experimentica Ltd., Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dainius Haroldas Pauza
- Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Academy of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Giedrius Kalesnykas
- Experimentica Ltd., Kuopio, Finland.,University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ingrida Januleviciene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Academy of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania
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25
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Agarwal R, Agarwal P. Rodent models of glaucoma and their applicability for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:261-270. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1281244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Agarwal
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Puneet Agarwal
- Faculty of Medicine, International Medical University, IMU Clinical Campus, Seremban, Malaysia
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Ha Y, Liu H, Zhu S, Yi P, Liu W, Nathanson J, Kayed R, Loucas B, Sun J, Frishman LJ, Motamedi M, Zhang W. Critical Role of the CXCL10/C-X-C Chemokine Receptor 3 Axis in Promoting Leukocyte Recruitment and Neuronal Injury during Traumatic Optic Neuropathy Induced by Optic Nerve Crush. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 187:352-365. [PMID: 27960090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is an acute injury of the optic nerve secondary to trauma. Loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a key pathological process in TON, yet mechanisms responsible for RGC death remain unclear. In a mouse model of TON, real-time noninvasive imaging revealed a dramatic increase in leukocyte rolling and adhesion in veins near the optic nerve (ON) head at 9 hours after ON injury. Although RGC dysfunction and loss were not detected at 24 hours after injury, massive leukocyte infiltration was observed in the superficial retina. These cells were identified as T cells, microglia/monocytes, and neutrophils but not B cells. CXCL10 is a chemokine that recruits leukocytes after binding to its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor (CXCR) 3. The levels of CXCL10 and CXCR3 were markedly elevated in TON, and up-regulation of CXCL10 was mediated by STAT1/3. Deleting CXCR3 in leukocytes significantly reduced leukocyte recruitment, and prevented RGC death at 7 days after ON injury. Treatment with CXCR3 antagonist attenuated TON-induced RGC dysfunction and cell loss. In vitro co-culture of primary RGCs with leukocytes resulted in increased RGC apoptosis, which was exaggerated in the presence of CXCL10. These results indicate that leukocyte recruitment in retinal vessels near the ON head is an early event in TON and the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis has a critical role in recruiting leukocytes and inducing RGC death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonju Ha
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Hua Liu
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Shuang Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Panpan Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jared Nathanson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Bradford Loucas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | | | - Massoud Motamedi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
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27
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Yu B, Shao H, Su C, Jiang Y, Chen X, Bai L, Zhang Y, Li Q, Zhang X, Li X. Exosomes derived from MSCs ameliorate retinal laser injury partially by inhibition of MCP-1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34562. [PMID: 27686625 PMCID: PMC5043341 DOI: 10.1038/srep34562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although accumulated evidence supports the notion that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) act in a paracrine manner, the mechanisms are still not fully understood. Recently, MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos), a type of microvesicle released from MSCs, were thought to carry functional proteins and RNAs to recipient cells and play therapeutic roles. In the present study, we intravitreally injected MSCs derived from either mouse adipose tissue or human umbilical cord, and their exosomes to observe and compare their functions in a mouse model of laser-induced retinal injury. We found that both MSCs and their exosomes reduced damage, inhibited apoptosis, and suppressed inflammatory responses to obtain better visual function to nearly the same extent in vivo. Obvious down-regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 in the retina was found after MSC-Exos injection. In vitro, MSC-Exos also down-regulated MCP-1 mRNA expression in primarily cultured retinal cells after thermal injury. It was further demonstrated that intravitreal injection of an MCP-1-neutralizing antibody promoted the recovery of retinal laser injury, whereas the therapeutic effect of exosomes was abolished when MSC-Exos and MCP-1 were administrated simultaneously. Collectively, these results suggest that MSC-Exos ameliorate laser-induced retinal injury partially through down-regulation of MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute &School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Chang Su
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute &School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yuanfeng Jiang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute &School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiteng Chen
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute &School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Lingling Bai
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute &School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute &School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Qiutang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute &School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute &School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China
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28
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Benhar I, Reemst K, Kalchenko V, Schwartz M. The retinal pigment epithelium as a gateway for monocyte trafficking into the eye. EMBO J 2016; 35:1219-35. [PMID: 27107049 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus epithelium within the brain ventricles orchestrates blood-derived monocyte entry to the central nervous system under injurious conditions, including when the primary injury site is remote from the brain. Here, we hypothesized that the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) serves a parallel role, as a gateway for monocyte trafficking to the retina following direct or remote injury. We found elevated expression of genes encoding leukocyte trafficking determinants in mouse RPE as a consequence of retinal glutamate intoxication or optic nerve crush (ONC). Blocking VCAM-1 after ONC interfered with monocyte infiltration into the retina and resulted in a local pro-inflammatory cytokine bias. Live imaging of the injured eye showed monocyte accumulation first in the RPE, and subsequently in the retina, and peripheral leukocytes formed close contact with the RPE Our findings further implied that the ocular milieu can confer monocytes a phenotype advantageous for neuroprotection. These results suggest that the eye utilizes a mechanism of crosstalk with the immune system similar to that of the brain, whereby epithelial barriers serve as gateways for leukocyte entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Benhar
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kitty Reemst
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vyacheslav Kalchenko
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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29
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Paul DA, Gaffin-Cahn E, Hintz EB, Adeclat GJ, Zhu T, Williams ZR, Vates GE, Mahon BZ. White matter changes linked to visual recovery after nerve decompression. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:266ra173. [PMID: 25504884 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the integrity of white matter tracts and cortical function in the human brain remains poorly understood. We investigate reversible white matter injury, in this case patients with compression of the optic chiasm by pituitary gland tumors, to study the structural and functional changes that attend spontaneous recovery of cortical function and visual abilities after surgical removal of the tumor and subsequent decompression of the nerves. We show that compression of the optic chiasm led to demyelination of the optic tracts, which reversed as quickly as 4 weeks after nerve decompression. Furthermore, variability across patients in the severity of demyelination in the optic tracts predicted visual ability and functional activity in early cortical visual areas. Preoperative measurements of myelination in the optic tracts predicted the magnitude of visual recovery after surgery. These data indicate that rapid regeneration of myelin in the human brain is a component of the normalization of cortical activity, and ultimately the recovery of sensory and cognitive function, after nerve decompression. More generally, our findings demonstrate the use of diffusion tensor imaging as an in vivo measure of myelination in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Paul
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Elon Gaffin-Cahn
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Eric B Hintz
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Giscard J Adeclat
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Tong Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zoë R Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - G Edward Vates
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Bradford Z Mahon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Gadani SP, Walsh JT, Lukens JR, Kipnis J. Dealing with Danger in the CNS: The Response of the Immune System to Injury. Neuron 2015; 87:47-62. [PMID: 26139369 PMCID: PMC4491143 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fighting pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis are prerequisites for survival. Both of these functions are upheld by the immune system, though the latter is often overlooked in the context of the CNS. The mere presence of immune cells in the CNS was long considered a hallmark of pathology, but this view has been recently challenged by studies demonstrating that immunological signaling can confer pivotal neuroprotective effects on the injured CNS. In this review, we describe the temporal sequence of immunological events that follow CNS injury. Beginning with immediate changes at the injury site, including death of neural cells and release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and progressing through innate and adaptive immune responses, we describe the cascade of inflammatory mediators and the implications of their post-injury effects. We conclude by proposing a revised interpretation of immune privilege in the brain, which takes beneficial neuro-immune communications into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin P Gadani
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - James T Walsh
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - John R Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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31
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Tan H, Kang X, Lu S, Liu L. The therapeutic effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells after optic nerve damage in the adult rat. Clin Interv Aging 2015; 10:487-90. [PMID: 25733825 PMCID: PMC4337419 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s75319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic nerve trauma is a common occurrence that results in irreversible blindness. Currently, no effective strategies are known to prevent optic nerve degeneration. We assessed the therapeutic effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) after optic nerve crush in the adult rat. Our results showed that BMSCs significantly promoted the regeneration of injured axons compared with phosphate buffered saline alone. Therefore, BMSC transplantation may be effective for the treatment of central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaiBo Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, RenJi Hospital, The School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Kang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Changhai Hospital Affiliated Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - ShiHeng Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, RenJi Hospital, The School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, RenJi Hospital, The School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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32
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Gadani SP, Walsh JT, Smirnov I, Zheng J, Kipnis J. The glia-derived alarmin IL-33 orchestrates the immune response and promotes recovery following CNS injury. Neuron 2015; 85:703-9. [PMID: 25661185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a prominent feature of CNS injury that heavily influences neuronal survival, yet the signals that initiate and control it remain poorly understood. Here we identify the nuclear alarmin, interleukin (IL)-33, as an important regulator of the innate immune response after CNS injury. IL-33 is expressed widely throughout the healthy brain and is concentrated in white mater due to predominant expression in post-mitotic oligodendrocytes. IL-33 is released immediately after CNS injury from damaged oligodendrocytes, acting on local astrocytes and microglia to induce chemokines critical for monocyte recruitment. Mice lacking IL-33 have impaired recovery after CNS injury, which is associated with reduced myeloid cell infiltrates and decreased induction of M2 genes at the injury site. These results demonstrate a novel molecular mediator contributing to immune cell recruitment to the injured CNS and may lead to new therapeutic insights in CNS injury and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin P Gadani
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - James T Walsh
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Igor Smirnov
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jingjing Zheng
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032 China
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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33
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Walsh JT, Hendrix S, Boato F, Smirnov I, Zheng J, Lukens JR, Gadani S, Hechler D, Gölz G, Rosenberger K, Kammertöns T, Vogt J, Vogelaar C, Siffrin V, Radjavi A, Fernandez-Castaneda A, Gaultier A, Gold R, Kanneganti TD, Nitsch R, Zipp F, Kipnis J. MHCII-independent CD4+ T cells protect injured CNS neurons via IL-4. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:699-714. [PMID: 25607842 PMCID: PMC4319416 DOI: 10.1172/jci76210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A body of experimental evidence suggests that T cells mediate neuroprotection following CNS injury; however, the antigen specificity of these T cells and how they mediate neuroprotection are unknown. Here, we have provided evidence that T cell-mediated neuroprotection after CNS injury can occur independently of major histocompatibility class II (MHCII) signaling to T cell receptors (TCRs). Using two murine models of CNS injury, we determined that damage-associated molecular mediators that originate from injured CNS tissue induce a population of neuroprotective, IL-4-producing T cells in an antigen-independent fashion. Compared with wild-type mice, IL-4-deficient animals had decreased functional recovery following CNS injury; however, transfer of CD4+ T cells from wild-type mice, but not from IL-4-deficient mice, enhanced neuronal survival. Using a culture-based system, we determined that T cell-derived IL-4 protects and induces recovery of injured neurons by activation of neuronal IL-4 receptors, which potentiated neurotrophin signaling via the AKT and MAPK pathways. Together, these findings demonstrate that damage-associated molecules from the injured CNS induce a neuroprotective T cell response that is independent of MHCII/TCR interactions and is MyD88 dependent. Moreover, our results indicate that IL-4 mediates neuroprotection and recovery of the injured CNS and suggest that strategies to enhance IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells have potential to attenuate axonal damage in the course of CNS injury in trauma, inflammation, or neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Walsh
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia
- Department of Neuroscience
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, and
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Department of Morphology and BIOMED Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Boato
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Igor Smirnov
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia
- Department of Neuroscience
| | - Jingjing Zheng
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia
- Department of Neuroscience
- Institute of Neurosciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - John R. Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia
- Department of Neuroscience
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sachin Gadani
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia
- Department of Neuroscience
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, and
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel Hechler
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Greta Gölz
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Rosenberger
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Vogt
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Vogelaar
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Siffrin
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience and Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ali Radjavi
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia
- Department of Neuroscience
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Alban Gaultier
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia
- Department of Neuroscience
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, and
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital/Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Robert Nitsch
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience and Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia
- Department of Neuroscience
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, and
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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34
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Li HY, Ruan YW, Kau PWF, Chiu K, Chang RCC, Chan HHL, So KF. Effect of Lycium barbarum (Wolfberry) on alleviating axonal degeneration after partial optic nerve transection. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:403-17. [PMID: 25622224 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x686896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous results showed that the polysaccharides extracted from Lycium barbarum (LBP) could delay secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cell bodies and improve the function of the retinas after partial optic nerve transection (PONT). Although the common degeneration mechanisms were believed to be shared by both neuronal bodies and axons, recently published data from slow Wallerian degeneration mutant (Wld(s)) mice supported the divergence in the mechanisms of them. Therefore, we want to determine if LBP could also delay the degeneration of axons after PONT. Microglia/macrophages were thought to be a source of reactive oxygen species after central nervous system (CNS) injury. After PONT, however, oxidative stress was believed to occur prior to the activation of microglia/macrophages in the areas vulnerable to secondary degeneration both in the optic nerves (ONs) and the retinas. But the results did not take into account the morphological changes of microglia/macrophages after their activation. So we examined the morphology in addition to the response magnitude of microglia/macrophages to determine their time point of activation. In addition, the effects of LBP on the activation of microglia/macrophages were investigated. The results showed that (1) LBP reduced the loss of axons in the central ONs and preserved the g-ratio (axon diameter/fiber diameter) in the ventral ONs although no significant effect was detected in the dorsal ONs; (2) microglia/macrophages were activated in the ONs by 12 h after PONT; (3) LBP decreased the response magnitude of microglia/macrophages 4 weeks after PONT. In conclusion, our results showed that LBP could delay secondary degeneration of the axons, and LBP could also inhibit the activation of microglia/macrophages. Therefore, LBP could be a promising herbal medicine to delay secondary degeneration in the CNS via modulating the function of microglia/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Li
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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35
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Raz N, Bick AS, Ben-Hur T, Levin N. Focal demyelinative damage and neighboring white matter integrity: an optic neuritis study. Mult Scler 2014; 21:562-71. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458514551452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Neuronal loss following damage is often greater than expected from the severity of injury to the nerve itself. The visual pathways, which comprise a well-defined system, and optic neuritis (ON), which is usually a discrete event, make a fine model to study this phenomenon. Objective: Understand the effect of focal optic nerve demyelination on neighboring white matter. Methods: Diffusion tensor imaging and probabilistic tractography were used to identify and characterize the optic tracts and radiations of 17 ON and matched controls. Data were correlated with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. Results: Patients’ optic tracts exhibited reduced axial diffusivity, which correlated with RNFL thickness values. Patients’ optic radiations demonstrated intact axial diffusivity but reduced fractional anisotropy and elevated radial diffusivity, which could be explained by intra-bundle lesions. No correlations were found between diffusivity measurements in patients’ optic tracts and radiations; or between RNFL thickness and optic radiations’ diffusivity. Conclusions: Following ON, chronic axonal loss develops distally in the optic tracts, demonstrating Wallerian degeneration. Degeneration did not proceed to the optic radiations, opposing anterograde trans-neuronal changes. DTI in ON provides fine in-vivo human model for studying histological abnormalities in normal appearing white matter, localized in close proximity to damaged bundle.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Raz
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Hebrew-University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - AS Bick
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Hebrew-University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - T Ben-Hur
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Hebrew-University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - N Levin
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Hebrew-University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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36
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Walsh JT, Zheng J, Smirnov I, Lorenz U, Tung K, Kipnis J. Regulatory T cells in central nervous system injury: a double-edged sword. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:5013-22. [PMID: 25320276 PMCID: PMC4225170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous research investigating the roles of T effector (T(eff)) and T regulatory (T(reg)) cells after injury to the CNS has yielded contradictory conclusions, with both protective and destructive functions being ascribed to each of these T cell subpopulations. In this work, we study this dichotomy by examining how regulation of the immune system affects the response to CNS trauma. We show that, in response to CNS injury, T(eff) and T(reg) subsets in the CNS-draining deep cervical lymph nodes are activated, and surgical resection of these lymph nodes results in impaired neuronal survival. Depletion of T(reg), not surprisingly, induces a robust T(eff) response in the draining lymph nodes and is associated with impaired neuronal survival. Interestingly, however, injection of exogenous T(reg) cells, which limits the spontaneous beneficial immune response after CNS injury, also impairs neuronal survival. We found that no T(reg) accumulate at the site of CNS injury, and that changes in T(reg) numbers do not alter the amount of infiltration by other immune cells into the site of injury. The phenotype of macrophages at the site, however, is affected: both addition and removal of T(reg) negatively impact the numbers of macrophages with alternatively activated (tissue-building) phenotype. Our data demonstrate that neuronal survival after CNS injury is impaired when T(reg) cells are either removed or added. With this exacerbation of neurodegeneration seen with both addition and depletion of T(reg), we recommend exercising extreme caution when considering the therapeutic targeting of T(reg) cells after CNS injury, and possibly in chronic neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Walsh
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Jingjing Zheng
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Institute of Neurosciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Igor Smirnov
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Ulrike Lorenz
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Kenneth Tung
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908;
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Patel S, Cohen F, Dean BJ, De La Torre K, Deshmukh G, Estrada AA, Ghosh AS, Gibbons P, Gustafson A, Huestis MP, Le Pichon CE, Lin H, Liu W, Liu X, Liu Y, Ly CQ, Lyssikatos JP, Ma C, Scearce-Levie K, Shin YG, Solanoy H, Stark KL, Wang J, Wang B, Zhao X, Lewcock JW, Siu M. Discovery of Dual Leucine Zipper Kinase (DLK, MAP3K12) Inhibitors with Activity in Neurodegeneration Models. J Med Chem 2014; 58:401-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5013984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Changyou Ma
- Department
of Chemistry, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhonglu, Wai Gao Qiao Free
Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhonglu, Wai Gao Qiao Free
Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, P. R. China
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Li HY, Ruan YW, Ren CR, Cui Q, So KF. Mechanisms of secondary degeneration after partial optic nerve transection. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:565-74. [PMID: 25206855 PMCID: PMC4146235 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.130093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary degeneration occurs commonly in the central nervous system after traumatic injuries and following acute and chronic diseases, including glaucoma. A constellation of mechanisms have been shown to be associated with secondary degeneration including apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, derangements in ionic homeostasis and calcium influx. Glial cells, such as microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, have also been demonstrated to take part in the process of secondary injury. Partial optic nerve transection is a useful model which was established about 13 years ago. The merit of this model compared with other optic nerve injury models used for glaucoma study, including complete optic nerve transection model and optic nerve crush model, is the possibility to separate primary degeneration from secondary degeneration in location. Therefore, it provides a good tool for the study of secondary degeneration. This review will focus on the research progress of the mechanisms of secondary degeneration using partial optic nerve transection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China ; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yi-Wen Ruan
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chao-Ran Ren
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qi Cui
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Ophthalmology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China ; GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Wang Y, Zhou YF, Zhao BY, Gu ZY, Li SL. Apolipoprotein E gene ε4ε4 is associated with elevated risk of primary open angle glaucoma in Asians: a meta-analysis. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 15:60. [PMID: 24885013 PMCID: PMC4035820 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-15-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene ε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism and glaucoma susceptibility. However, the published data are still inconclusive. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the impact of APOE gene ε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism on glaucoma risk by using meta-analysis. Methods A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Elsevier Science Direct and CNKI databases was conducted to identify relevant articles, with the last report up to January 5, 2014. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to assess the strength of association by using the fixed or random effect model. Results Fifteen separate studies including 2,700 cases and 2,365 controls were included in the meta-analysis. We did not detect a significant association between APOE gene ε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism and glaucoma in overall population (P > 0.0083). In Asians, we detected an association of the ε4ε4 genotype with elevated risk for glaucoma (OR = 5.22, 95% CI = 1.85-14.68, P = 0.002), mainly for primary open angle glaucoma (OR = 4.98, 95% CI = 1.75-14.20, P = 0.003). Conclusions The meta-analysis suggests that APOE gene ε4ε4 may be associated with elevated risk for primary open angle glaucoma in Asians. However, more epidemiologic studies based on larger sample size, case–control design and stratified by ethnicity as well as types of glaucoma are suggested to further clarify the relationship between APOE gene ε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism and genetic predisposition to glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shou-Ling Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China.
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Walsh JT, Watson N, Kipnis J. T cells in the central nervous system: messengers of destruction or purveyors of protection? Immunology 2014; 141:340-4. [PMID: 24708415 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the destructive effects of an overactive adaptive immune system have been well established, especially in the context of autoimmune diseases, recently an understanding of the beneficial effects of the adaptive immunity in central nervous system (CNS) injuries has emerged. CD4(+) T cells have been shown to benefit injured CNS tissue through various mechanisms; both traditional cytokine signalling and by modulating the phenotype of neural cells in the injury site. One of the major targets of the cytokine signalling in the CNS are myeloid cells, both resident microglia and monocytes, that infiltrate the tissue after injury and whose phenotype; protective or destructive, appears to be directly influenced by T cells. This cross-talk between the adaptive and innate immune systems presents potential new targets that could provide tangible benefits in pathologies that currently have few treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Walsh
- School of Medicine, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury causes optic nerve and retinal damage in a mouse model. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:345-61. [PMID: 24607965 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that long-lasting morphologic and functional consequences can be present in the human visual system after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI). The exact location and extent of the damage in this condition are not well understood. Using a recently developed mouse model of r-mTBI, we assessed the effects on the retina and optic nerve using histology and immunohistochemistry, electroretinography (ERG), and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) at 10 and 13 weeks after injury. Control mice received repetitive anesthesia alone (r-sham). We observed decreased optic nerve diameters and increased cellularity and areas of demyelination in optic nerves in r-mTBI versus r-sham mice. There were concomitant areas of decreased cellularity in the retinal ganglion cell layer and approximately 67% decrease in brain-specific homeobox/POU domain protein 3A-positive retinal ganglion cells in retinal flat mounts. Furthermore, SD-OCT demonstrated a detectable thinning of the inner retina; ERG demonstrated a decrease in the amplitude of the photopic negative response without any change in a- or b-wave amplitude or timing. Thus, the ERG and SD-OCT data correlated well with changes detected by morphometric, histologic, and immunohistochemical methods, thereby supporting the use of these noninvasive methods in the assessment of visual function and morphology in clinical cases of mTBI.
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Yang X, Bi Y, Chen E, Feng D. Overexpression of Wnt3a facilitates the proliferation and neural differentiation of neural stem cells in vitro and after transplantation into an injured rat retina. J Neurosci Res 2013; 92:148-61. [PMID: 24254835 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi‐Tao Yang
- Department of NeurosurgeryNo. 3 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai China
| | - Yong‐Yan Bi
- Department of NeurosurgeryNo. 3 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai China
| | - Er‐Tao Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryNo. 3 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai China
| | - Dong‐Fu Feng
- Department of NeurosurgeryNo. 3 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai China
- Institute of Traumatic MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai China
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Cummins N, Bartlett CA, Archer M, Bartlett E, Hemmi JM, Harvey AR, Dunlop SA, Fitzgerald M. Changes to mitochondrial ultrastructure in optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration in vivo are limited by irradiation at 670 nm. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:98. [PMID: 24011177 PMCID: PMC3844486 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic injury to the central nervous system results in damage to tissue beyond the primary injury, termed secondary degeneration. Key events thought to be associated with secondary degeneration involve aspects of mitochondrial function which may be modulated by red/near-infrared irradiation therapy (R/NIR-IT), but precisely how mitochondria are affected in vivo has not been investigated. Secondary degeneration was modelled by transecting the dorsal aspect of the optic nerve in adult rats and mitochondrial ultrastructure in intact ventral optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration investigated with transmission electron microscopy. Results Despite reported increases in fission following central nervous system injury, we saw no change in mitochondrial densities in optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration in vivo. However, in axons, frequency distributions of mitochondrial profile areas showed higher cumulative probabilities of smaller mitochondrial profiles at day 1 after injury. Glial mitochondrial profiles did not exhibit changes in area, but a more elliptical mitochondrial shape was observed at both day 1 and 7 following injury. Importantly, mitochondrial autophagic profiles were observed at days 1 and 7 in optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration in vivo. Citrate synthase activity was used as an additional measure of mitochondrial mass in ventral optic nerve and was decreased at day 7, whereas mitochondrial aconitase activity increased at day 1 and day 28 after injury in optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration. R/NIR-IT has been used to treat the injured central nervous system, with reported improvements in oxidative metabolism suggesting mitochondrial involvement, but ultrastructural information is lacking. Here we show that R/NIR-IT of injured animals resulted in distributions of mitochondrial areas and shape not significantly different from control and significantly reduced mitochondrial autophagic profiles. R/NIR-IT also resulted in decreased citrate synthase activity (day 7) and increased aconitase activity (day 1) in optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration. Conclusions These findings suggest that mitochondrial structure and activity of enzymes of the citric acid cycle are dynamically altered during secondary degeneration in vivo and R/NIR-IT may protect mitochondrial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Cummins
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia.
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Laćan G, Dang H, Middleton B, Horwitz MA, Tian J, Melega WP, Kaufman DL. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine-mediated neuroprotection is associated with regulatory T-cell induction in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1292-302. [PMID: 23907992 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that, in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD), vaccination with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) prior to MPTP exposure limited the loss of striatal dopamine (DA) and dopamine transporter (DAT) and prevented the activation of nigral microglia. Here, we conducted BCG dose studies and investigated the mechanisms underlying BCG vaccination's neuroprotective effects in this model. We found that a dose of 1 × 10(6) cfu BCG led to higher levels of striatal DA and DAT ligand binding (28% and 42%, respectively) in BCG-vaccinated vs. unvaccinated MPTP-treated mice, but without a significant increase in substantia nigra tyrosine hydroxylase-staining neurons. Previous studies showed that BCG can induce regulatory T cells (Tregs) and that Tregs are neuroprotective in models of neurodegenerative diseases. However, MPTP is lymphotoxic, so it was unclear whether Tregs were maintained after MPTP treatment and whether a relationship existed between Tregs and the preservation of striatal DA system integrity. We found that, 21 days post-MPTP treatment, Treg levels in mice that had received BCG prior to MPTP were threefold greater than those in MPTP-only-treated mice and elevated above those in saline-only-treated mice, suggesting that the persistent BCG infection continually promoted Treg responses. Notably, the magnitude of the Treg response correlated positively with both striatal DA levels and DAT ligand binding. Therefore, BCG vaccine-mediated neuroprotection is associated with Treg levels in this mouse model. Our results suggest that BCG-induced Tregs could provide a new adjunctive therapeutic approach to ameliorating pathology associated with PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Laćan
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Li H, Liang Y, Chiu K, Yuan Q, Lin B, Chang RCC, So KF. Lycium barbarum (wolfberry) reduces secondary degeneration and oxidative stress, and inhibits JNK pathway in retina after partial optic nerve transection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68881. [PMID: 23894366 PMCID: PMC3716882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our group has shown that the polysaccharides extracted from Lycium barbarum (LBP) are neuroprotective for retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in different animal models. Protecting RGCs from secondary degeneration is a promising direction for therapy in glaucoma management. The complete optic nerve transection (CONT) model can be used to study primary degeneration of RGCs, while the partial optic nerve transection (PONT) model can be used to study secondary degeneration of RGCs because primary degeneration of RGCs and secondary degeneration can be separated in location in the same retina in this model; in other situations, these types of degeneration can be difficult to distinguish. In order to examine which kind of degeneration LBP could delay, both CONT and PONT models were used in this study. Rats were fed with LBP or vehicle daily from 7 days before surgery until sacrifice at different time-points and the surviving numbers of RGCs were evaluated. The expression of several proteins related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and the c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways were detected with Western-blot analysis. LBP did not delay primary degeneration of RGCs after either CONT or PONT, but it did delay secondary degeneration of RGCs after PONT. We found that LBP appeared to exert these protective effects by inhibiting oxidative stress and the JNK/c-jun pathway and by transiently increasing production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). This study suggests that LBP can delay secondary degeneration of RGCs and this effect may be linked to inhibition of oxidative stress and the JNK/c-jun pathway in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Li
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuxiang Liang
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin Chiu
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiuju Yuan
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Lin
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- GMH Institute of Central Nervous System Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Dai Y, Lindsey JD, Duong-Polk KX, Chindasub P, Leung CKS, Weinreb RN. Brimonidine protects against loss of Thy-1 promoter activation following optic nerve crush. BMC Ophthalmol 2013; 13:26. [PMID: 23805828 PMCID: PMC3697983 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-13-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The loss of RGCs expressing Thy-1 after optic nerve injury has an initial phase of rapid decline followed by a longer phase with slower reduction rate. This study used longitudinal retinal imaging of mice expressing cyan fluorescent protein under control of the Thy-1 promoter (Thy1-CFP mice) to determine how the α2-adrenergic agonist brimonidine influences loss of Thy1 promoter activation. METHODS Baseline images of the fluorescent retinal neurons in 30 Thy1-CFP mice were obtained using a modified confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Next, brimonidine (100 ug/kg, IP) was administered either one time immediately after optic nerve crush, or immediately after optic nerve crush and then every 2 days for four weeks. A control group received a single saline injection immediately after optic nerve crush. All animals were imaged weekly for four weeks after optic nerve crush. Loss of fluorescent retinal neurons within specific retinal areas was determined by counting. RESULTS At one week after optic nerve crush, the proportion of fluorescent retinal neurons retaining fluorescence was 44±7% of baseline in control mice, 51±6% after one brimonidine treatment, and 55±6% after brimonidine treatment every other day (P<0.05 for both brimonidine treatment groups compared to the control group). Subsequently, the number of fluorescent retinal neurons in the group that received one treatment differed insignificantly from the control group. In contrast, the number of fluorescent retinal neurons in the group that received repeated brimonidine treatments was greater than the control group by 28% at two weeks after crush and by 32% at three weeks after crush (P<0.05 at both time points). Rate analysis showed that brimonidine slowed the initial rate of fluorescent cell decline in the animals that received multiple treatments (P<0.05). Differences in the rate of loss among the treatment groups were insignificant after the second week. CONCLUSION Repeated brimonidine treatments protect against loss of fluorescence within fluorescent retinal neurons of Thy1-CFP mice after optic nerve crush. As most of fluorescent retinal neurons in this system are RGCs, these findings indicate that repeated brimonidine treatments may protect RGC health following optic nerve crush.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dai
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - James D Lindsey
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karen X Duong-Polk
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Panida Chindasub
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Robert N Weinreb
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Kim KA, Shim SH, Ahn HR, Jung SH. Protective effects of the compounds isolated from the seed of Psoralea corylifolia on oxidative stress-induced retinal damage. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:109-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Hayashi T, Shimazawa M, Watabe H, Ose T, Inokuchi Y, Ito Y, Yamanaka H, Urayama SI, Watanabe Y, Hara H, Onoe H. Kinetics of neurodegeneration based on a risk-related biomarker in animal model of glaucoma. Mol Neurodegener 2013; 8:4. [PMID: 23331478 PMCID: PMC3599096 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases progress slowly and steadily over years or decades. They show significant between-subject variation in progress and clinical symptoms, which makes it difficult to predict the course of long-term disease progression with or without treatments. Recent technical advances in biomarkers have facilitated earlier, preclinical diagnoses of neurodegeneration by measuring or imaging molecules linked to pathogenesis. However, there is no established “biomarker model” by which one can quantitatively predict the progress of neurodegeneration. Here, we show predictability of a model with risk-based kinetics of neurodegeneration, whereby neurodegeneration proceeds as probabilistic events depending on the risk. Results We used five experimental glaucomatous animals, known for causality between the increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and neurodegeneration of visual pathways, and repeatedly measured IOP as well as white matter integrity by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) as a biomarker of axonal degeneration. The IOP in the glaucomatous eye was significantly increased than in normal and was varied across time and animals; thus we tested whether this measurement is useful to predict kinetics of the integrity. Among four kinds of models of neurodegeneration, constant-rate, constant-risk, variable-risk and heterogeneity models, goodness of fit of the model and F-test for model selection showed that the time course of optic nerve integrity was best explained by the variable-risk model, wherein neurodegeneration kinetics is expressed in an exponential function across cumulative risk based on measured IOP. The heterogeneity model with stretched exponential decay function also fit well to the data, but without statistical superiority to the variable-risk model. The variable-risk model also predicted the number of viable axons in the optic nerve, as assessed by immunohistochemistry, which was also confirmed to be correlated with the pre-mortem integrity of the optic nerve. In addition, the variable-risk model identified the disintegrity in the higher-order visual pathways, known to underlie the transsynaptic degeneration in this disease. Conclusions These findings indicate that the variable-risk model, using a risk-related biomarker, could predict the spatiotemporal progression of neurodegeneration. This model, virtually equivalent to survival analysis, may allow us to estimate possible effect of neuroprotection in delaying progress of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hayashi
- Functional Probe Research Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
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50
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Valproate promotes survival of retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of optic nerve crush. Neuroscience 2012; 224:282-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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