1
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Ogawa Y, Lim BC, George S, Oses-Prieto JA, Rasband JM, Eshed-Eisenbach Y, Hamdan H, Nair S, Boato F, Peles E, Burlingame AL, Van Aelst L, Rasband MN. Antibody-directed extracellular proximity biotinylation reveals that Contactin-1 regulates axo-axonic innervation of axon initial segments. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6797. [PMID: 37884508 PMCID: PMC10603070 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon initial segment (AIS) cell surface proteins mediate key biological processes in neurons including action potential initiation and axo-axonic synapse formation. However, few AIS cell surface proteins have been identified. Here, we use antibody-directed proximity biotinylation to define the cell surface proteins in close proximity to the AIS cell adhesion molecule Neurofascin. To determine the distributions of the identified proteins, we use CRISPR-mediated genome editing for insertion of epitope tags in the endogenous proteins. We identify Contactin-1 (Cntn1) as an AIS cell surface protein. Cntn1 is enriched at the AIS through interactions with Neurofascin and NrCAM. We further show that Cntn1 contributes to assembly of the AIS extracellular matrix, and regulates AIS axo-axonic innervation by inhibitory basket cells in the cerebellum and inhibitory chandelier cells in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ogawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian C Lim
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shanu George
- Division of Neuroscience, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Juan A Oses-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua M Rasband
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yael Eshed-Eisenbach
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hamdan Hamdan
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Supna Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francesco Boato
- Division of Neuroscience, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linda Van Aelst
- Division of Neuroscience, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Matthew N Rasband
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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2
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Ogawa Y, Lim BC, George S, Oses-Prieto JA, Rasband JM, Eshed-Eisenbach Y, Nair S, Boato F, Peles E, Burlingame AL, Van Aelst L, Rasband MN. Antibody-directed extracellular proximity biotinylation reveals Contactin-1 regulates axo-axonic innervation of axon initial segments. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.06.531378. [PMID: 36945454 PMCID: PMC10028829 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.06.531378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Axon initial segment (AIS) cell surface proteins mediate key biological processes in neurons including action potential initiation and axo-axonic synapse formation. However, few AIS cell surface proteins have been identified. Here, we used antibody-directed proximity biotinylation to define the cell surface proteins in close proximity to the AIS cell adhesion molecule Neurofascin. To determine the distributions of the identified proteins, we used CRISPR-mediated genome editing for insertion of epitope tags in the endogenous proteins. We found Contactin-1 (Cntn1) among the previously unknown AIS proteins we identified. Cntn1 is enriched at the AIS through interactions with Neurofascin and NrCAM. We further show that Cntn1 contributes to assembly of the AIS-extracellular matrix, and is required for AIS axo-axonic innervation by inhibitory basket cells in the cerebellum and inhibitory chandelier cells in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ogawa
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian C. Lim
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shanu George
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Division of Neuroscience, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Juan A. Oses-Prieto
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua M. Rasband
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yael Eshed-Eisenbach
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Supna Nair
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francesco Boato
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Division of Neuroscience, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Elior Peles
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alma L. Burlingame
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linda Van Aelst
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Division of Neuroscience, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Matthew N. Rasband
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Houston, TX, USA
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3
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Boato F, Guan X, Zhu Y, Ryu Y, Voutounou M, Rynne C, Freschlin CR, Zumbo P, Betel D, Matho K, Makarov SN, Wu Z, Son YJ, Nummenmaa A, Huang JZ, Edwards DJ, Zhong J. Activation of MAP2K signaling by genetic engineering or HF-rTMS promotes corticospinal axon sprouting and functional regeneration. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabq6885. [PMID: 36599003 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq6885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Facilitating axon regeneration in the injured central nervous system remains a challenging task. RAF-MAP2K signaling plays a key role in axon elongation during nervous system development. Here, we show that conditional expression of a constitutively kinase-activated BRAF in mature corticospinal neurons elicited the expression of a set of transcription factors previously implicated in the regeneration of zebrafish retinal ganglion cell axons and promoted regeneration and sprouting of corticospinal tract (CST) axons after spinal cord injury in mice. Newly sprouting axon collaterals formed synaptic connections with spinal interneurons, resulting in improved recovery of motor function. Noninvasive suprathreshold high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) activated the BRAF canonical downstream effectors MAP2K1/2 and modulated the expression of a set of regeneration-related transcription factors in a pattern consistent with that induced by BRAF activation. HF-rTMS enabled CST axon regeneration and sprouting, which was abolished in MAP2K1/2 conditional null mice. These data collectively demonstrate a central role of MAP2K signaling in augmenting the growth capacity of mature corticospinal neurons and suggest that HF-rTMS might have potential for treating spinal cord injury by modulating MAP2K signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Boato
- Molecular Regeneration and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xiaofei Guan
- Molecular Regeneration and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yanjie Zhu
- Molecular Regeneration and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Youngjae Ryu
- Molecular Regeneration and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mariel Voutounou
- Molecular Regeneration and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher Rynne
- Molecular Regeneration and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chase R Freschlin
- Molecular Regeneration and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paul Zumbo
- Applied Bioinformatics Core, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Doron Betel
- Applied Bioinformatics Core, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Katie Matho
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Sergey N Makarov
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Young-Jin Son
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Aapo Nummenmaa
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Josh Z Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dylan J Edwards
- Molecular Regeneration and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.,Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA.,Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19108, USA.,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
| | - Jian Zhong
- Molecular Regeneration and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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4
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Höltje M, Boato F. [Neuroprotection and Regeneration in the Central Nervous System]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2020; 237:128-132. [PMID: 32040975 DOI: 10.1055/a-1079-5905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of neuroprotective and regenerative therapies in the central nervous system (CNS) poses a major challenge in clinical and basic research. In contrast to the peripheral nervous system, which has a comparatively high intrinsic regenerative capacity, this characteristic is poorly developed in the adult CNS. In this review, some basic growth mechanisms of CNS neurons will be highlighted, as well as factors that prevent successful regeneration after injury. Primarily in the context of glaucoma, preclinical and clinical studies are presented which can improve the understanding of neurodegenerative processes in the optical system and thus provide the basis for current and future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Höltje
- Institut für Integrative Neuroanatomie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Francesco Boato
- Linda van Aelst Lab, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States
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5
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Schwengel K, Namsolleck P, Lucht K, Clausen BH, Lambertsen KL, Valero-Esquitino V, Thöne-Reineke C, Müller S, Widdop RE, Denton KM, Horiuchi M, Iwai M, Boato F, Dahlöf B, Hallberg A, Unger T, Steckelings UM. Angiotensin AT2-receptor stimulation improves survival and neurological outcome after experimental stroke in mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:957-66. [PMID: 26983606 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of post-stroke, direct AT2-receptor (AT2R) stimulation with the non-peptide AT2R-agonist compound 21 (C21) on infarct size, survival and neurological outcome after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice and looked for potential underlying mechanisms. C57/BL6J or AT2R-knockout mice (AT2-KO) underwent MCAO for 30 min followed by reperfusion. Starting 45 min after MCAO, mice were treated once daily for 4 days with either vehicle or C21 (0.03 mg/kg ip). Neurological deficits were scored daily. Infarct volumes were measured 96 h post-stroke by MRI. C21 significantly improved survival after MCAO when compared to vehicle-treated mice. C21 treatment had no impact on infarct size, but significantly attenuated neurological deficits. Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) (receptor for BDNF) and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) were significantly increased in the peri-infarct cortex of C21-treated mice when compared to vehicle-treated mice. Furthermore, the number of apoptotic neurons was significantly decreased in the peri-infarct cortex in mice treated with C21 compared to controls. There were no effects of C21 on neurological outcome, infarct size and expression of BDNF or GAP-43 in AT2-KO mice. From these data, it can be concluded that AT2R stimulation attenuates early mortality and neurological deficits after experimental stroke through neuroprotective mechanisms in an AT2R-specific way. Key message • AT2R stimulation after MCAO in mice reduces mortality and neurological deficits.• AT2R stimulation increases BDNF synthesis and protects neurons from apoptosis.• The AT2R-agonist C21 acts protectively when applied post-stroke and peripherally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schwengel
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Medical Faculty, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kristin Lucht
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Medical Faculty, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina H Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kate L Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Susanne Müller
- Experimental Neurology, Medical Faculty, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Kate M Denton
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Masatsugu Horiuchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masaru Iwai
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Francesco Boato
- Burke Medical Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, White Plains, USA
| | - Björn Dahlöf
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Unger
- CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - U Muscha Steckelings
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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6
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Walsh JT, Hendrix S, Boato F, Smirnov I, Zheng J, Lukens JR, Gadani S, Hechler D, Gölz G, Rosenberger K, Kammertöns T, Vogt J, Vogelaar C, Siffrin V, Radjavi A, Fernandez-Castaneda A, Gaultier A, Gold R, Kanneganti TD, Nitsch R, Zipp F, Kipnis J. MHCII-independent CD4+ T cells protect injured CNS neurons via IL-4. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2547. [PMID: 25938785 DOI: 10.1172/jci82458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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7
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Walsh JT, Hendrix S, Boato F, Smirnov I, Zheng J, Lukens JR, Gadani S, Hechler D, Gölz G, Rosenberger K, Kammertöns T, Vogt J, Vogelaar C, Siffrin V, Radjavi A, Fernandez-Castaneda A, Gaultier A, Gold R, Kanneganti TD, Nitsch R, Zipp F, Kipnis J. MHCII-independent CD4+ T cells protect injured CNS neurons via IL-4. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:699-714. [PMID: 25607842 PMCID: PMC4319416 DOI: 10.1172/jci76210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A body of experimental evidence suggests that T cells mediate neuroprotection following CNS injury; however, the antigen specificity of these T cells and how they mediate neuroprotection are unknown. Here, we have provided evidence that T cell-mediated neuroprotection after CNS injury can occur independently of major histocompatibility class II (MHCII) signaling to T cell receptors (TCRs). Using two murine models of CNS injury, we determined that damage-associated molecular mediators that originate from injured CNS tissue induce a population of neuroprotective, IL-4-producing T cells in an antigen-independent fashion. Compared with wild-type mice, IL-4-deficient animals had decreased functional recovery following CNS injury; however, transfer of CD4+ T cells from wild-type mice, but not from IL-4-deficient mice, enhanced neuronal survival. Using a culture-based system, we determined that T cell-derived IL-4 protects and induces recovery of injured neurons by activation of neuronal IL-4 receptors, which potentiated neurotrophin signaling via the AKT and MAPK pathways. Together, these findings demonstrate that damage-associated molecules from the injured CNS induce a neuroprotective T cell response that is independent of MHCII/TCR interactions and is MyD88 dependent. Moreover, our results indicate that IL-4 mediates neuroprotection and recovery of the injured CNS and suggest that strategies to enhance IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells have potential to attenuate axonal damage in the course of CNS injury in trauma, inflammation, or neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Walsh
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia
- Department of Neuroscience
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, and
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Department of Morphology and BIOMED Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Boato
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Igor Smirnov
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia
- Department of Neuroscience
| | - Jingjing Zheng
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia
- Department of Neuroscience
- Institute of Neurosciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - John R. Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia
- Department of Neuroscience
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sachin Gadani
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia
- Department of Neuroscience
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, and
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel Hechler
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Greta Gölz
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Rosenberger
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Vogt
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Vogelaar
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Siffrin
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience and Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ali Radjavi
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia
- Department of Neuroscience
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Alban Gaultier
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia
- Department of Neuroscience
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, and
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital/Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Robert Nitsch
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience and Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia
- Department of Neuroscience
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, and
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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8
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Nelissen S, Vangansewinkel T, Geurts N, Geboes L, Lemmens E, Vidal PM, Lemmens S, Willems L, Boato F, Dooley D, Pehl D, Pejler G, Maurer M, Metz M, Hendrix S. Mast cells protect from post-traumatic spinal cord damage in mice by degrading inflammation-associated cytokines via mouse mast cell protease 4. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:260-72. [PMID: 24075853 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are found abundantly in the central nervous system and play a complex role in neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis and stroke. In the present study, we show that MC-deficient Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice display significantly increased astrogliosis and T cell infiltration as well as significantly reduced functional recovery after spinal cord injury compared to wildtype mice. In addition, MC-deficient mice show significantly increased levels of MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-13 protein levels in the spinal cord. Mice deficient in mouse mast cell protease 4 (mMCP4), an MC-specific chymase, also showed increased MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-13 protein levels in spinal cord samples and a decreased functional outcome after spinal cord injury. A degradation assay using supernatant from MCs derived from either mMCP4(-/-) mice or controls revealed that mMCP4 cleaves MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-13 suggesting a protective role for MC proteases in neuroinflammation. These data show for the first time that MCs may be protective after spinal cord injury and that they may reduce CNS damage by degrading inflammation-associated cytokines via the MC-specific chymase mMCP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Nelissen
- Dept. of Morphology & Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tim Vangansewinkel
- Dept. of Morphology & Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Geurts
- Dept. of Morphology & Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Lies Geboes
- Dept. of Morphology & Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Evi Lemmens
- Dept. of Morphology & Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Pia M Vidal
- Dept. of Morphology & Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Lemmens
- Dept. of Morphology & Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Leen Willems
- Dept. of Morphology & Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Francesco Boato
- Dept. of Morphology & Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dearbhaile Dooley
- Dept. of Morphology & Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Debora Pehl
- Dept. of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Dept. of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Dept. of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Metz
- Dept. of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Dept. of Morphology & Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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9
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Boato F, Rosenberger K, Nelissen S, Geboes L, Peters EM, Nitsch R, Hendrix S. Absence of IL-1β positively affects neurological outcome, lesion development and axonal plasticity after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:6. [PMID: 23317037 PMCID: PMC3585738 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise crosstalk between the nervous and immune systems is important for neuroprotection and axon plasticity after injury. Recently, we demonstrated that IL-1β acts as a potent inducer of neurite outgrowth from organotypic brain slices in vitro, suggesting a potential function of IL-1β in axonal plasticity. Here, we have investigated the effects of IL-1β on axon plasticity during glial scar formation and on functional recovery in a mouse model of spinal cord compression injury (SCI). We used an IL-1β deficiency model (IL-1βKO mice) and administered recombinant IL-1β. In contrast to our hypothesis, the histological analysis revealed a significantly increased lesion width and a reduced number of corticospinal tract fibers caudal to the lesion center after local application of recombinant IL-1β. Consistently, the treatment significantly worsened the neurological outcome after SCI in mice compared with PBS controls. In contrast, the absence of IL-1β in IL-1βKO mice significantly improved recovery from SCI compared with wildtype mice. Histological analysis revealed a smaller lesion size, reduced lesion width and greatly decreased astrogliosis in the white matter, while the number of corticospinal tract fibers increased significantly 5 mm caudal to the lesion in IL-1βKO mice relative to controls. Our study for the first time characterizes the detrimental effects of IL-1β not only on lesion development (in terms of size and glia activation), but also on the plasticity of central nervous system axons after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Boato
- Department of Morphology & BIOMED Institute, Campus Diepenbeek, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw C, Diepenbeek, BE 3590, Belgium
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10
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Hendrix S, Kramer P, Pehl D, Warnke K, Boato F, Nelissen S, Lemmens E, Pejler G, Metz M, Siebenhaar F, Maurer M. Mast cells protect from post-traumatic brain inflammation by the mast cell-specific chymase mouse mast cell protease-4. FASEB J 2012. [PMID: 23193170 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-204800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are found abundantly in the brain and the meninges and play a complex role in neuroinflammatory diseases, such as stroke and multiple sclerosis. Here, we show that MC-deficient Kit/Kit mice display increased neurodegeneration in the lesion area after brain trauma. Furthermore, MC-deficient mice display significantly more brain inflammation, namely an increased presence of macrophages/microglia, as well as dramatically increased T-cell infiltration at days 4 and 14 after injury, combined with increased astrogliosis at day 14 following injury. The number of proliferating Ki67 macrophages/microglia and astrocytes around the lesion area is more than doubled in these MC-deficient mice. In parallel, MC-deficient Kit mice display increased presence of macrophages/microglia at day 4, and persistent astrogliosis at day 4 and 14 after brain trauma. Further analysis of mice deficient in one of the most relevant MC proteases, i.e., mouse mast cell protease 4 (mMCP-4), revealed that astrogliosis and T-cell infiltration are significantly increased in mMCP-4-knockout mice. Finally, treatment with an inhibitor of mMCP-4 significantly increased macrophage/microglia numbers and astrogliosis. These data suggest that MCs exert protective functions after trauma, at least in part via mMCP-4, by suppressing exacerbated inflammation via their proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Hendrix
- Department of Morphology and Biomedical Research Institute, Agoralaan Gebouw D, BE 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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11
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Namsolleck P, Boato F, Schwengel K, Paulis L, Matho KS, Geurts N, Thöne-Reineke C, Lucht K, Seidel K, Hallberg A, Dahlöf B, Unger T, Hendrix S, Steckelings UM. AT2-receptor stimulation enhances axonal plasticity after spinal cord injury by upregulating BDNF expression. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 51:177-91. [PMID: 23174180 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the angiotensin AT2-receptor (AT2R) has neuroprotective features. In the present study we tested pharmacological AT2R-stimulation as a therapeutic approach in a model of spinal cord compression injury (SCI) in mice using the novel non-peptide AT2R-agonist, Compound 21 (C21). Complementary experiments in primary neurons and organotypic cultures served to identify underlying mechanisms. Functional recovery and plasticity of corticospinal tract (CST) fibers following SCI were monitored after application of C21 (0.3mg/kg/dayi.p.) or vehicle for 4 weeks. Organotypic co-culture of GFP-positive entorhinal cortices with hippocampal target tissue served to evaluate the impact of C21 on reinnervation. Neuronal differentiation, apoptosis and expression of neurotrophins were investigated in primary murine astrocytes and neuronal cells. C21 significantly improved functional recovery after SCI compared to controls, and this significantly correlated with the increased number of CST fibers caudal to the lesion site. In vitro, C21 significantly promoted reinnervation in organotypic brain slice co-cultures (+50%) and neurite outgrowth of primary neurons (+25%). C21-induced neurite outgrowth was absent in neurons derived from AT2R-KO mice. In primary neurons, treatment with C21 further induced RNA expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 (+75.7%), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (+53.7%), the neurotrophin receptors TrkA (+57.4%) and TrkB (+67.9%) and a marker for neurite growth, GAP43 (+103%), but not TrkC. Our data suggest that selective AT2R-stimulation improves functional recovery in experimental spinal cord injury through promotion of axonal plasticity and through neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Thus, AT2R-stimulation may be considered for the development of a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Namsolleck
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Loske P, Boato F, Hendrix S, Piepgras J, Just I, Ahnert-Hilger G, Höltje M. Minimal essential length of Clostridium botulinum C3 peptides to enhance neuronal regenerative growth and connectivity in a non-enzymatic mode. J Neurochem 2012; 120:1084-96. [PMID: 22239108 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase is a valuable tool to study Rho-dependent cellular processes. In the current study we investigated the impact of enzyme-deficient peptides derived from Clostridium botulinum C3 transferase in the context of neuronal process elongation and branching, synaptic connectivity, and putative beneficial effects on functional outcome following traumatic injury to the CNS. By screening a range of peptidic fragments, we identified three short peptides from C3bot that promoted axon and dendrite outgrowth in cultivated hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, one of these fragments, a 26-amino acid peptide covering the residues 156-181 enhanced synaptic connectivity in primary hippocampal culture. This peptide was also effective to foster axon outgrowth and re-innervation in organotypical brain slice culture. To evaluate the potential of the 26mer to foster repair mechanisms after CNS injury we applied this peptide to mice subjected to spinal cord injury by either compression impact or hemisection. A single local administration at the site of the lesion improved locomotor recovery. In addition, histological analysis revealed an increased serotonergic input to lumbar motoneurons in treated compared with control mice. Pull-down assays showed that lesion-induced up-regulation of RhoA activity within the spinal cord was largely blocked by C3bot peptides despite the lack of enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Loske
- Center for Anatomy, Functional Cell Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Boato F, Hechler D, Rosenberger K, Lüdecke D, Peters EM, Nitsch R, Hendrix S. Interleukin-1 beta and neurotrophin-3 synergistically promote neurite growth in vitro. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:183. [PMID: 22200088 PMCID: PMC3275552 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) are considered to exert detrimental effects during brain trauma and in neurodegenerative disorders. Consistently, it has been demonstrated that IL-1β suppresses neurotrophin-mediated neuronal cell survival rendering neurons vulnerable to degeneration. Since neurotrophins are also well known to strongly influence axonal plasticity, we investigated here whether IL-1β has a similar negative impact on neurite growth. We analyzed neurite density and length of organotypic brain and spinal cord slice cultures under the influence of the neurotrophins NGF, BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4. In brain slices, only NT-3 significantly promoted neurite density and length. Surprisingly, a similar increase of neurite growth was induced by IL-1β. Additionally, both factors increased the number of brain slices displaying maximal neurite growth. Furthermore, the co-administration of IL-1β and NT-3 significantly increased the number of brain slices displaying maximal neurite growth compared to single treatments. These data indicate that these two factors synergistically stimulate two distinct aspects of neurite outgrowth, namely neurite density and neurite length from acute organotypic brain slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Boato
- Dept. of Functional Morphology & BIOMED Institute, Hasselt University, Belgium
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14
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Schmitt KRL, Boato F, Diestel A, Hechler D, Kruglov A, Berger F, Hendrix S. Hypothermia-induced neurite outgrowth is mediated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Brain Pathol 2010; 20:771-9. [PMID: 20070303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic or brain-selective hypothermia is a well-established method for neuroprotection after brain trauma. There is increasing evidence that hypothermia exerts beneficial effects on the brain and may also support regenerative responses after brain damage. Here, we have investigated whether hypothermia influences neurite outgrowth in vitro via modulation of the post-injury cytokine milieu. Organotypic brain slices were incubated: deep hypothermia (2 h at 17 degrees C), rewarming (2 h up to 37 degrees C), normothermia (20 h at 37 degrees C). Neurite density and cytokine release (IL 1beta, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha) were investigated after 24 h. For functional analysis mice deficient in NT-3/NT-4 and TNF-alpha as well as the TNF-alpha inhibitor etanercept were used. Hypothermia led to a significant increase of neurite outgrowth, which was independent of neurotrophin signaling. In contrast to other cytokines investigated, TNF-alpha secretion by organotypic brain slices was significantly increased after deep hypothermia. Moreover, hypothermia-induced neurite extension was abolished after administration of the TNF-alpha inhibitor and in TNF-alpha knockout mice. We demonstrate that TNF-alpha is responsible for inducing neurite outgrowth in the context of deep hypothermia and rewarming. These data suggest that hypothermia not only exerts protective effects in the CNS but may also support neurite outgrowth as a potential mechanism of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina R L Schmitt
- Clinic for Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum, Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Hechler D, Boato F, Nitsch R, Hendrix S. Differential regulation of axon outgrowth and reinnervation by neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4 in the hippocampal formation. Exp Brain Res 2010; 205:215-21. [PMID: 20640412 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the hypothesis whether neurotrophins have a differential influence on neurite growth from the entorhinal cortex depending on the presence or absence of hippocampal target tissue. We investigated organotypic brain slices derived from the entorhinal-hippocampal system to analyze the effects of endogenous and recombinant neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) on neurite outgrowth and reinnervation. In the reinnervation assay, entorhinal cortex explants of transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) were co-cultured with wild-type hippocampi under the influence of recombinant NT-3 and NT-4 (500 ng/ml). Both recombinant NT-3 and NT-4 significantly increased the growth of EGFP+ nerve fibers into the target tissue. Consistently, reinnervation of the hippocampi of NT-4(-/-) and NT-3(+/-)NT-4(-/-) mice was substantially reduced. In contrast, the outgrowth assay did not exhibit reduction in axon outgrowth of NT-4(-/-) or NT-3(+/-)NT-4(-/-) cortex explants, while the application of recombinant NT-3 (500 ng/ml) induced a significant increase in the neurite extension of cortex explants. Recombinant NT-4 had no effect. In summary, only recombinant NT-3 stimulates axon outgrowth from cortex explants, while both endogenous and recombinant NT-3 and NT-4 synergistically promote reinnervation of the denervated hippocampus. These results suggest that endogenous and exogenous NT-3 and NT-4 differentially influence neurite growth depending on the presence or absence of target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hechler
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité, Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Boato F, Hendrix S, Huelsenbeck SC, Hofmann F, Große G, Djalali S, Klimaschewski L, Auer M, Just I, Ahnert-Hilger G, Höltje M. C3 peptide enhances recovery from spinal cord injury by improved regenerative growth of descending fiber tracts. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:1652-62. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.066050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional recovery and regeneration of corticospinal tract (CST) fibers following spinal cord injury by compression or dorsal hemisection in mice was monitored after application of the enzyme-deficient Clostridium botulinum C3-protein-derived 29-amino-acid fragment C3bot154-182. This peptide significantly improved locomotor restoration in both injury models as assessed by the open-field Basso Mouse Scale for locomotion test and Rotarod treadmill experiments. These data were supported by tracing studies showing an enhanced regenerative growth of CST fibers in treated animals as visualized by anterograde tracing. Additionally, C3bot154-182 stimulated regenerative growth of raphespinal fibers and improved serotonergic input to lumbar α-motoneurons. These in vivo data were confirmed by in vitro data, showing an enhanced axon outgrowth of α-motoneurons and hippocampal neurons cultivated on normal or growth-inhibitory substrates after application of C3bot154-182. The observed effects were probably caused by a non-enzymatic downregulation of active RhoA by the C3 peptide as indicated by pull-down experiments. By contrast, C3bot154-182 did not induce neurite outgrowth in primary cultures of dorsal root ganglion cells. In conclusion, C3bot154-182 represents a novel, promising tool to foster axonal protection and/or repair, as well as functional recovery after traumatic CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Boato
- Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Morphology and BIOMED Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaangebouw A, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Stefanie C. Huelsenbeck
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Fred Hofmann
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gisela Große
- Center for Anatomy, Functional Cell Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susann Djalali
- Center for Anatomy, Functional Cell Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Klimaschewski
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, Müllerstraße 59, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Auer
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, Müllerstraße 59, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ingo Just
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gudrun Ahnert-Hilger
- Center for Anatomy, Functional Cell Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Höltje
- Center for Anatomy, Functional Cell Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Höltje M, Djalali S, Hofmann F, Münster-Wandowski A, Hendrix S, Boato F, Dreger SC, Grosse G, Henneberger C, Grantyn R, Just I, Ahnert-Hilger G. A 29-amino acid fragment of Clostridium botulinum C3 protein enhances neuronal outgrowth, connectivity, and reinnervation. FASEB J 2008; 23:1115-26. [PMID: 19047066 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-116855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Small GTPases of the Rho family play versatile roles in the formation and development of axons and dendrites, effects often studied by the Rho-inactivating C3 transferase (C3bot) from Clostridium botulinum. Recently, we reported that transferase-deficient C3bot also exerted axonotrophic activity. Using overlapping peptides from the C3bot sequence, we identified a small peptide of 29 amino acids (covering residues 154-182) from the C-terminal region of C3bot that promotes both axonal and dendritic growth, as well as branching of hippocampal neurons, at submicromolar concentrations. Several C3bot constructs, including the short peptide, enhanced the number of axonal segments from mid- to higher-order segments. C3bot(154-182) also increased the number of synaptophysin-expressing terminals, up-regulated various synaptic proteins, and functionally increased the glutamate uptake. Staining against the vesicular glutamate and GABA transporters further revealed that the effect was attributable to a higher number of glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs on proximal dendrites of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-transfected neurons. Using organotypical slice cultures, we also detected trophic effects of C3bot(154-182) on length and density of outgrowing fibers from the entorhinal cortex that were comparable to the effects elicited by full-length C3bot. In addition, an enhanced reinnervation was observed in a hippocampal-entorhinal lesion model. In summary, the neurotrophic effect of C3bot is executed by a C-terminal peptide fragment covering aa 154-182 of C3; it triggers dendritic and axonal growth and branching as well as increased synaptic connectivity. In contrast to full-length C3, this C3 peptide selectively acts on neurons but not on glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Höltje
- Centrum für Anatomie, AG Funktionelle Zellbiologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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