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Kim YH, Yoon SJ, Kim M, Kim HH, Song YS, Jung JW, Han D, Cho SW, Kwon SW, Park YJ. Integrative Multi-omics Analysis Reveals Different Metabolic Phenotypes Based on Molecular Characteristics in Thyroid Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:883-894. [PMID: 38088902 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thyroid cancer metabolic characteristics vary depending on the molecular subtype determined by mutational status. We aimed to investigate the molecular subtype-specific metabolic characteristics of thyroid cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN An integrative multi-omics analysis was conducted, incorporating transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics data obtained from human tissues representing distinct molecular characteristics of thyroid cancers: BRAF-like (papillary thyroid cancer with BRAFV600E mutation; PTC-B), RAS-like (follicular thyroid cancer with RAS mutation; FTC-R), and ATC-like (anaplastic thyroid cancer with BRAFV600E or RAS mutation; ATC-B or ATC-R). To validate our findings, we employed tissue microarray of human thyroid cancer tissues and performed in vitro analyses of cancer cell phenotypes and metabolomic assays after inducing genetic knockdown. RESULTS Metabolic properties differed between differentiated thyroid cancers of PTC-B and FTC-R, but were similar in dedifferentiated thyroid cancers of ATC-B/R, regardless of their mutational status. Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) were enriched with the activation of TCA cycle only in FTC-R, whereas one-carbon metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism increased in both PTC-B and FTC-R and to a great extent in ATC-B/R. However, the protein expression levels of the BCAA transporter (SLC7A5) and a key enzyme in one-carbon metabolism (SHMT2) increased in all thyroid cancers and were particularly high in ATC-B/R. Knockdown of SLC7A5 or SHMT2 inhibited the migration and proliferation of thyroid cancer cell lines differently, depending on the mutational status. CONCLUSIONS These findings define the metabolic properties of each molecular subtype of thyroid cancers and identify metabolic vulnerabilities, providing a rationale for therapies targeting its altered metabolic pathways in advanced thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Hyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
| | - Sang Jun Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
| | - Mina Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
| | - Hwan Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
| | - Young Shin Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
| | - Jin Woo Jung
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
- Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine & Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
| | - Sun Wook Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
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2
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Serra M, Di Maio A, Bassareo V, Nuzzo T, Errico F, Servillo F, Capasso M, Parekh P, Li Q, Thiolat ML, Bezard E, Calabresi P, Sulzer D, Carta M, Morelli M, Usiello A. Perturbation of serine enantiomers homeostasis in the striatum of MPTP-lesioned monkeys and mice reflects the extent of dopaminergic midbrain degeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106226. [PMID: 37451474 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of dopaminergic midbrain neurons perturbs l-serine and d-serine homeostasis in the post-mortem caudate putamen (CPu) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. However, it is unclear whether the severity of dopaminergic nigrostriatal degeneration plays a role in deregulating serine enantiomers' metabolism. Here, through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we measured the levels of these amino acids in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated monkeys and MPTP-plus-probenecid (MPTPp)-treated mice to determine whether and how dopaminergic midbrain degeneration affects the levels of serine enantiomers in various basal ganglia subregions. In addition, in the same brain regions, we measured the levels of key neuroactive amino acids modulating glutamatergic neurotransmission, including L-glutamate, glycine, l-aspartate, d-aspartate, and their precursors l-glutamine, L-asparagine. In monkeys, MPTP treatment produced severe denervation of nigrostriatal dopaminergic fibers (⁓75%) and increased the levels of serine enantiomers in the rostral putamen (rPut), but not in the subthalamic nucleus, and the lateral and medial portion of the globus pallidus. Moreover, this neurotoxin significantly reduced the protein expression of the astrocytic serine transporter ASCT1 and the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH in the rPut of monkeys. Conversely, concentrations of d-serine and l-serine, as well as ASCT1 and GAPDH expression were unaffected in the striatum of MPTPp-treated mice, which showed only mild dopaminergic degeneration (⁓30%). These findings unveil a link between the severity of dopaminergic nigrostriatal degeneration and striatal serine enantiomers concentration, ASCT1 and GAPDH expression. We hypothesize that the up-regulation of d-serine and l-serine levels occurs as a secondary response within a homeostatic loop to support the metabolic and neurotransmission demands imposed by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Anna Di Maio
- Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Francesco Salvatore, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technologies, Università Degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Valentina Bassareo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Tommaso Nuzzo
- Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Francesco Salvatore, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technologies, Università Degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesco Errico
- Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Francesco Salvatore, Naples, Italy; Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Servillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Cattolica Sacro Cuore University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Capasso
- Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Francesco Salvatore, Naples, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Pathik Parekh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Qin Li
- Motac Neuroscience, UKM15 6WE, Manchester, United Kingdom; Institute of Lab Animal Sciences, China Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Marie-Laure Thiolat
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Motac Neuroscience, UKM15 6WE, Manchester, United Kingdom; Institute of Lab Animal Sciences, China Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Department of Neuroscience, Cattolica Sacro Cuore University, Rome, Italy; Neurologia, Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - David Sulzer
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Manolo Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy; National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neuroscience, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Francesco Salvatore, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technologies, Università Degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.
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3
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Mohamed FE, Ghattas MA, Almansoori TM, Tabouni M, Baydoun I, Kizhakkedath P, John A, Alblooshi H, Shaukat Q, Al-Jasmi F. Novel compound heterozygous variants (c.971delA/c.542C > T) in SLC1A4 causes spastic tetraplegia, thin corpus callosum, and progressive microcephaly: a case report and mutational analysis. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1183574. [PMID: 37502193 PMCID: PMC10369183 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1183574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spastic tetraplegia, thin corpus callosum, and progressive microcephaly (SPATCCM) are linked to SLC1A4 genetic variants since the first reported case in 2015. SLC1A4 encodes for the neutral amino acid transporter ASCT1 which is involved in the transportation of serine between astrocytes and neurons. Although most of the reported cases are of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, SPATCCM has also been reported in Irish, Italian, Czech, Palestinian, and Pakistani ethnicities. Herein, we report two Pakistani male siblings from a non-consanguineous marriage presented with global developmental delay associated with spastic quadriplegia, microcephaly, and infantile spasm. Since infancy, both siblings suffered from microcephaly with brain MRI demonstrating generalized atrophy of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes with a prominence of the subarachnoid spaces, widening of the Sylvian fissures, and enlargement of the ventricular system not compatible with the chronological age of both patients associated with thinning of the corpus callosum. Whole-exome sequencing of both affected brothers revealed novel compound heterozygous variants in the SLC1A4 gene (NM_003038) segregating from their parents. The maternal c.971delA (p.N324Tfs*29) deletion variant disturbs the transcript reading frame leading to the generation of a premature stop codon and its subsequent degradation by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay as detected through expression analysis. The paternal c.542C > T (p.S181F) missense variant was predicted deleterious via multiple in silico prediction tools as the amino acid substitution is speculated to affect the overall ASCT1 structural confirmation due to the loss of an H-bond at the core of the protein at this position which might affect its function as concluded from the simulation analysis. The presented cases expand the genetic and clinical spectrum of ASCT1 deficiency and support the importance of including SLC1A4 gene screening in infants with unexplained global neurodevelopmental delay regardless of ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feda E. Mohamed
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad A. Ghattas
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taleb M. Almansoori
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Tabouni
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ibrahim Baydoun
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Praseetha Kizhakkedath
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anne John
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hiba Alblooshi
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qudsia Shaukat
- Department of Pediatrics, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatma Al-Jasmi
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pediatrics, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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4
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Di Maio A, Nuzzo T, Gilio L, Serra M, Buttari F, Errico F, De Rosa A, Bassi MS, Morelli M, Sasabe J, Sulzer D, Carta M, Centonze D, Usiello A. Homeostasis of serine enantiomers is disrupted in the post-mortem caudate putamen and cerebrospinal fluid of living Parkinson's disease patients. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106203. [PMID: 37336364 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
L-serine generated in astrocytes plays a pivotal role in modulating essential neurometabolic processes, while its enantiomer, D-serine, specifically regulates NMDA receptor (NMDAR) signalling. Despite their physiological relevance in modulating cerebral activity, serine enantiomers metabolism in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains elusive. Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), we measured D- and L-serine levels along with other amino acids known to modulate NMDAR function, such as L-glutamate, L-aspartate, D-aspartate, and glycine, in the post-mortem caudate putamen (CPu) and superior frontal gyrus (SFG) of PD patients. Moreover, we examined these amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of de novo living PD, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients versus subjects with other neurological disorders (OND), used as control. We found higher D-serine and L-serine levels in the CPu of PD patients but not in the SFG, a cerebral region that, in contrast to the CPu, is not innervated by nigral dopaminergic terminals. We also highlighted a significant elevation of both serine enantiomers in the CSF samples from PD but not in those of AD and ALS patients, compared with control subjects. By contrast, none or only minor changes were found in the amount of other neuroactive amino acids mentioned above. Our findings identify D-serine and L-serine level upregulation as a biochemical signature associated with nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Maio
- Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Tommaso Nuzzo
- Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Luana Gilio
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Faculty of Psychology, Uninettuno Telematic International University, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Fabio Buttari
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Francesco Errico
- Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy; Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Italy
| | - Arianna De Rosa
- Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy; National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neuroscience, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jumpei Sasabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David Sulzer
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manolo Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.
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5
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Zhang Y, Ma W, Lin H, Gu X, Xie H. The effects of esketamine on the intestinal microenvironment and intestinal microbiota in mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 2023; 42:9603271231211894. [PMID: 38116628 DOI: 10.1177/09603271231211894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the impact of esketamine on the intestinal flora and microenvironment in mice using mRNA transcriptome sequencing and 16S rRNA sequencing. METHODS Ten female mice were randomly assigned to two groups. One group received daily intramuscular injections of sterile water, while the other group received esketamine. After 24 days, the mice were sacrificed, and their intestinal tissues and contents were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing and mRNA transcriptome sequencing. The intergroup differences in the mouse intestinal flora were analyzed. Differentially expressed genes were utilized to construct ceRNA networks and transcription factor regulatory networks to assess the effects of esketamine on the intestinal flora and intestinal tissue genes. RESULTS Esketamine significantly altered the abundance of intestinal microbiota, including Adlercreutzia equolifaciens and Akkermansia muciniphila. Differential expression analysis revealed 301 significantly upregulated genes and 106 significantly downregulated genes. The ceRNA regulatory network consisted of 6 lncRNAs, 44 miRNAs, and 113 mRNAs, while the regulatory factor network included 13 transcription factors and 53 target genes. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes were primarily associated with immunity, including B-cell activation and humoral immune response mediation. The biological processes in the ceRNA regulatory network primarily involved transport, such as organic anion transport and monocarboxylic acid transport. The functional annotation of target genes in the TF network was mainly related to epithelial cells, including epithelial cell proliferation and regulation. CONCLUSION Esketamine induces changes in gut microbiota and the intestinal microenvironment, impacting the immune environment and transport modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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6
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Scalise M, Console L, Cosco J, Pochini L, Galluccio M, Indiveri C. ASCT1 and ASCT2: Brother and Sister? SLAS DISCOVERY 2021; 26:1148-1163. [PMID: 34269129 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The SLC1 family includes seven members divided into two groups, namely, EAATs and ASCTs, that share similar 3D architecture; the first one includes high-affinity glutamate transporters, and the second one includes SLC1A4 and SLC1A5, known as ASCT1 and ASCT2, respectively, responsible for the traffic of neutral amino acids across the cell plasma membrane. The physiological role of ASCT1 and ASCT2 has been investigated over the years, revealing different properties in terms of substrate specificities, affinities, and regulation by physiological effectors and posttranslational modifications. Furthermore, ASCT1 and ASCT2 are involved in pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. This has driven research in the pharmaceutical field aimed to find drugs able to target the two proteins.This review focuses on structural, functional, and regulatory aspects of ASCT1 and ASCT2, highlighting similarities and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Jessica Cosco
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lorena Pochini
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.,CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
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7
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Ryan RM, Ingram SL, Scimemi A. Regulation of Glutamate, GABA and Dopamine Transporter Uptake, Surface Mobility and Expression. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:670346. [PMID: 33927596 PMCID: PMC8076567 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.670346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitter transporters limit spillover between synapses and maintain the extracellular neurotransmitter concentration at low yet physiologically meaningful levels. They also exert a key role in providing precursors for neurotransmitter biosynthesis. In many cases, neurons and astrocytes contain a large intracellular pool of transporters that can be redistributed and stabilized in the plasma membrane following activation of different signaling pathways. This means that the uptake capacity of the brain neuropil for different neurotransmitters can be dynamically regulated over the course of minutes, as an indirect consequence of changes in neuronal activity, blood flow, cell-to-cell interactions, etc. Here we discuss recent advances in the mechanisms that control the cell membrane trafficking and biophysical properties of transporters for the excitatory, inhibitory and modulatory neurotransmitters glutamate, GABA, and dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renae M. Ryan
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan L. Ingram
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Peng X, Chen R, Cai S, Lu S, Zhang Y. SLC1A4: A Powerful Prognostic Marker and Promising Therapeutic Target for HCC. Front Oncol 2021; 11:650355. [PMID: 33777811 PMCID: PMC7991385 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.650355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC1A4, a Na-dependent neutral amino acid transporter, was considered to participate in the various pathobiological process, including tumorigenesis. However, the correlation between SLC1A4 and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. In our study, integrative bioinformatics and functional profiling were performed to reveal the prognosis and potential function of SLC1A4 in HCC. The results showed that the mRNA and protein levels of SLC1A4 were elevated in HCC, and it was a powerful independent prognostic marker for overall survival (OS). The co-expressed genes analysis and GSEA analysis showed that SLC1A4 was related to cell cycle, metabolism, cancer-related pathway. Furthermore, the functional analysis revealed that silenced SLC1A4 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, cell cycle, and promoted cell apoptosis in HCC. Next, immune analysis showed that SLC1A4 expression was positively associated with immune infiltration and immune-related chemokine expression in HCC. Silenced SLC1A4 evidently reduced these chemokines expression in HCC cells. Finally, drug sensitivity analysis revealed potential five sensitivity drugs for HCC patients with high-expressed SLC1A4. In conclusion, our results suggested that SLCIA4 could be a novel predictor prognosis and immunotherapeutic targets of HCC, and the sensitivity drugs may be effective therapeutic strategy for HCC patients with high-expressed SLC1A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Huaihua Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Novel Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, School of Public Health & Laboratory Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruochan Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shenglan Cai
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shanshan Lu
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiya Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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9
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Abdelrahman HA, Al-Shamsi A, John A, Ali BR, Al-Gazali L. A Novel SLC1A4 Mutation (p.Y191*) Causes Spastic Tetraplegia, Thin Corpus Callosum, and Progressive Microcephaly (SPATCCM) With Seizure Disorder. Child Neurol Open 2019; 6:2329048X19880647. [PMID: 31763347 PMCID: PMC6852354 DOI: 10.1177/2329048x19880647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spastic tetraplegia, thin corpus callosum, and progressive microcephaly is a recently
described very rare autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder. This disease was
first described in 2015 in several families from the Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry with a
founder mutation in SLC1A4 (p.E256K) as the underlying genetic cause.
SLC1A4 gene encodes for the amino acid transporter ASCT1 that is
necessary for serine cellular transport to neurons. We clinically evaluated 2 Pakistani
siblings with severe global developmental delay, progressive microcephaly, and seizure
disorder. We performed exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing, and segregation analysis to
identify the genetic cause of the phenotype followed by in silico analysis to evaluate the
pathogenicity of the identified mutation. We identified a novel homozygous variant
(c.573T>G) in both patients. The mutation is predicted to cause nonsense mutation
(p.Y191*) in the ASCT1 protein. Here, we report the fifth disease causing mutation in
SLC1A4 gene and review all previously reported cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanadi A Abdelrahman
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aisha Al-Shamsi
- Department of Paediatrics, Tawam Hospital, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anne John
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lihadh Al-Gazali
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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10
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Zhou Y, Danbolt NC. Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the healthy brain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:799-817. [PMID: 24578174 PMCID: PMC4133642 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the most abundant free amino acid in the brain and is at the crossroad between multiple metabolic pathways. Considering this, it was a surprise to discover that glutamate has excitatory effects on nerve cells, and that it can excite cells to their death in a process now referred to as "excitotoxicity". This effect is due to glutamate receptors present on the surface of brain cells. Powerful uptake systems (glutamate transporters) prevent excessive activation of these receptors by continuously removing glutamate from the extracellular fluid in the brain. Further, the blood-brain barrier shields the brain from glutamate in the blood. The highest concentrations of glutamate are found in synaptic vesicles in nerve terminals from where it can be released by exocytosis. In fact, glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It took, however, a long time to realize that. The present review provides a brief historical description, gives a short overview of glutamate as a transmitter in the healthy brain, and comments on the so-called glutamate-glutamine cycle. The glutamate transporters responsible for the glutamate removal are described in some detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Zhou
- The Neurotransporter Group, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1105, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - N. C. Danbolt
- The Neurotransporter Group, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1105, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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11
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Mann GE, Yudilevich DL, Sobrevia L. Regulation of amino acid and glucose transporters in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Physiol Rev 2003; 83:183-252. [PMID: 12506130 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While transport processes for amino acids and glucose have long been known to be expressed in the luminal and abluminal membranes of the endothelium comprising the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers, it is only within the last decades that endothelial and smooth muscle cells derived from peripheral vascular beds have been recognized to rapidly transport and metabolize these nutrients. This review focuses principally on the mechanisms regulating amino acid and glucose transporters in vascular endothelial cells, although we also summarize recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms controlling membrane transport activity and expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. We compare the specificity, ionic dependence, and kinetic properties of amino acid and glucose transport systems identified in endothelial cells derived from cerebral, retinal, and peripheral vascular beds and review the regulation of transport by vasoactive agonists, nitric oxide (NO), substrate deprivation, hypoxia, hyperglycemia, diabetes, insulin, steroid hormones, and development. In view of the importance of NO as a modulator of vascular tone under basal conditions and in disease and chronic inflammation, we critically review the evidence that transport of L-arginine and glucose in endothelial and smooth muscle cells is modulated by bacterial endotoxin, proinflammatory cytokines, and atherogenic lipids. The recent colocalization of the cationic amino acid transporter CAT-1 (system y(+)), nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and caveolin-1 in endothelial plasmalemmal caveolae provides a novel mechanism for the regulation of NO production by L-arginine delivery and circulating hormones such insulin and 17beta-estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni E Mann
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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12
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West AB, Zimprich A, Lockhart PJ, Farrer M, Singleton A, Holtom B, Lincoln S, Hofer A, Hill L, Müller-Myhsok B, Wszolek ZK, Hardy J, Gasser T. Refinement of the PARK3 locus on chromosome 2p13 and the analysis of 14 candidate genes. Eur J Hum Genet 2001; 9:659-66. [PMID: 11571553 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2001] [Revised: 06/07/2001] [Accepted: 06/13/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with clinical features of bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor and postural instability resulting from the deficiency of dopamine in the nigrostriatal system. Previously we mapped a susceptibility gene for an autosomal dominant form of PD to a 10.6 cM region of chromosome 2p (PARK3; OMIM 602404). A common haplotype shared by two North American kindreds (Families B and C) genealogically traced to Southern Denmark and Northern Germany suggested a founder effect. Here we report progress in the refinement of the PARK3 locus and sequence analysis of candidate genes within the region. Members of families B and C were genotyped using polymorphic markers, reducing the minimum common haplotype to eight markers spanning a physical distance of 2.5 Mb. Analysis of 14 genes within the region did not reveal any potentially pathogenic mutations segregating with the disease, implying that none of these genes are likely candidates for PARK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B West
- Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida, FL 32224, USA
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13
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Abstract
Brain tissue has a remarkable ability to accumulate glutamate. This ability is due to glutamate transporter proteins present in the plasma membranes of both glial cells and neurons. The transporter proteins represent the only (significant) mechanism for removal of glutamate from the extracellular fluid and their importance for the long-term maintenance of low and non-toxic concentrations of glutamate is now well documented. In addition to this simple, but essential glutamate removal role, the glutamate transporters appear to have more sophisticated functions in the modulation of neurotransmission. They may modify the time course of synaptic events, the extent and pattern of activation and desensitization of receptors outside the synaptic cleft and at neighboring synapses (intersynaptic cross-talk). Further, the glutamate transporters provide glutamate for synthesis of e.g. GABA, glutathione and protein, and for energy production. They also play roles in peripheral organs and tissues (e.g. bone, heart, intestine, kidneys, pancreas and placenta). Glutamate uptake appears to be modulated on virtually all possible levels, i.e. DNA transcription, mRNA splicing and degradation, protein synthesis and targeting, and actual amino acid transport activity and associated ion channel activities. A variety of soluble compounds (e.g. glutamate, cytokines and growth factors) influence glutamate transporter expression and activities. Neither the normal functioning of glutamatergic synapses nor the pathogenesis of major neurological diseases (e.g. cerebral ischemia, hypoglycemia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy and schizophrenia) as well as non-neurological diseases (e.g. osteoporosis) can be properly understood unless more is learned about these transporter proteins. Like glutamate itself, glutamate transporters are somehow involved in almost all aspects of normal and abnormal brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Danbolt
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1105, Blindern, N-0317, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Abstract
Glutamate transporters play important roles in the termination of excitatory neurotransmission and in providing cells with glutamate for metabolic purposes. In the kidney, glutamate transporters are involved in reabsorption of filtered acidic amino acids, regulation of ammonia and bicarbonate production, and protection of cells against osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hediger
- Membrane and Biology Program, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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15
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Feng Z, Chang RC, Bing G, Hudson P, Tiao N, Jin L, Hong JS. Long-term increase of Sp-1 transcription factors in the hippocampus after kainic acid treatment. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1999; 69:144-8. [PMID: 10350646 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic administration of kainic acid (KA), a glutamate receptor agonist, causes robust seizures and has been used as an excellent rodent model for human temporal lobe epilepsy. Recently, we have demonstrated that a single injection of KA increases the steady-state levels of proenkephalin (PENK) mRNA in the rat hippocampus for at least one year. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this long-term increase in PENK mRNA levels have not been clearly defined. To determine the possible involvement of the Sp-1 transcription factors in this regulation, electrophoresis mobility-shift assays were used to study the expression of Sp-1 factors in the hippocampus after KA treatment. The results showed that there are long-lasting increases in Sp-1 DNA-binding activity. The Sp-1 DNA-binding complexes were only competed by the non-radioactive Sp-1 element and not by ENKCRE2, AP-1 or CRE elements, indicating the specificity of Sp-1 DNA-binding activity. Since the expression of Sp-1 parallels the time course of long-lasting increase in the expression of PENK mRNA and mossy fiber sprouting after KA treatment, we hypothesize that the increase in Sp-1 activity may be associated with the long-term changes in the plasticity of hippocampal function after KA-induced seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Feng
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, M.D. F1-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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16
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Abstract
As the most predominant excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate has the potential to influence the function of most neuronal circuits in the central nervous system. To limit receptor activation during signaling and prevent the overstimulation of glutamate receptors that can trigger excitotoxic mechanisms and cell death, extracellular concentrations of excitatory amino acids are tightly controlled by transport systems on both neurons and glial cells. L-Glutamate is a potent neurotoxin, and the inadequate clearance of excitatory amino acids may contribute to the neurodegeneration seen in a variety of conditions, including epilepsy, ischemia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. To establish the contributions of carrier systems to the etiology of neurological disorders, and to consider their potential utility as therapeutic targets, a detailed understanding of transporter function and pharmacology is required. This review summarizes current knowledge of the structural and functional diversity of excitatory amino acid transporters and explores how they might serve as targets for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Seal
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201, USA.
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17
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Danbolt NC, Chaudhry FA, Dehnes Y, Lehre KP, Levy LM, Ullensvang K, Storm-Mathisen J. Properties and localization of glutamate transporters. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1999; 116:23-43. [PMID: 9932368 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N C Danbolt
- Department of Anatomy, University of Oslo, Norway.
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18
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Palacín M, Estévez R, Bertran J, Zorzano A. Molecular biology of mammalian plasma membrane amino acid transporters. Physiol Rev 1998; 78:969-1054. [PMID: 9790568 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.1998.78.4.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular biology entered the field of mammalian amino acid transporters in 1990-1991 with the cloning of the first GABA and cationic amino acid transporters. Since then, cDNA have been isolated for more than 20 mammalian amino acid transporters. All of them belong to four protein families. Here we describe the tissue expression, transport characteristics, structure-function relationship, and the putative physiological roles of these transporters. Wherever possible, the ascription of these transporters to known amino acid transport systems is suggested. Significant contributions have been made to the molecular biology of amino acid transport in mammals in the last 3 years, such as the construction of knockouts for the CAT-1 cationic amino acid transporter and the EAAT2 and EAAT3 glutamate transporters, as well as a growing number of studies aimed to elucidate the structure-function relationship of the amino acid transporter. In addition, the first gene (rBAT) responsible for an inherited disease of amino acid transport (cystinuria) has been identified. Identifying the molecular structure of amino acid transport systems of high physiological relevance (e.g., system A, L, N, and x(c)- and of the genes responsible for other aminoacidurias as well as revealing the key molecular mechanisms of the amino acid transporters are the main challenges of the future in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Palacín
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Huang F, Fei J, Ma SK, Zhu LH, Liu ZP, Cai GQ, Ye ZC, Guo LH. Analysis of the 5' flanking sequence of the human norepinephrine transporter gene. Cell Res 1998; 8:143-9. [PMID: 9669029 DOI: 10.1038/cr.1998.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human norepinephrine transporter (NET) gene was cloned and structurally analyzed. The far 5' fragment containing exon 1 (a non-coding exon) and exon 2 was sequenced. The transcription start site of the gene in human brain stem tissue was determined by primer extension analysis. It was found that the gene could be transcribed from multiple starting points. The 5' flanking sequence contains a proximal G-C rich region, one possible GSG element and several SP1 sites. However it does not contain TATA box and CAAT box motifs. Gel shift analysis with nuclear extracts from different tissues of mouse shows that the G-C rich region may be involved in tissue specific expression of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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20
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Lu R, Schuster VL. Molecular cloning of the gene for the human prostaglandin transporter hPGT: gene organization, promoter activity, and chromosomal localization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 246:805-12. [PMID: 9618293 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) play diverse and important roles in human health and disease. We recently identified the first known PG transporter cDNA in the rat (PGT) and human (hPGT). To aid in the analysis of any possible human disease caused by mutations in PGT, we have cloned and characterized the hPGT gene. The gene exists as a single copy in the human genome and is comprised of 14 exons distributed over approximately 95 kb. Two introns disrupt putative trans-membrane spans of the coding region; each of these sites is near a highly conserved charged residue. The approximately 250 bp immediately 5' to the start of exon 1 contain a TATAAA sequence (TATA box), a transcription initiation (Inr) consensus (CTCANTCT), two Sp 1 sequences (GGGCGG), and a cAMP response element (CGGCGTCA). Ligation of approximately 3.5 kb of 5' flanking sequence to a luciferase reporter yielded > 15-fold activity above background when expressed in A549 human lung epithelial cells. PCR-based monochromosomal somatic cell hybrid mapping and fluorescence in situ hybridization localized hPGT to chromosome 3q21. Three microsatellites were identified, one of which was demonstrated to be polymorphic in unrelated individuals and may be useful in evaluating PGT as a candidate gene in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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21
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Gasser T, Müller-Myhsok B, Wszolek ZK, Oehlmann R, Calne DB, Bonifati V, Bereznai B, Fabrizio E, Vieregge P, Horstmann RD. A susceptibility locus for Parkinson's disease maps to chromosome 2p13. Nat Genet 1998; 18:262-5. [PMID: 9500549 DOI: 10.1038/ng0398-262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common degenerative neurologic disorder, which is pathologically characterized by a selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, and the presence of characteristic eosinophilic inclusions, known as Lewy-bodies in affected brain areas. The cause of PD is unknown but, in recent years, genetic factors have been implicated in the aetiology of the disease. Firstly, clinico-genetic, epidemiologic and twin studies revealed inheritable effects and questioned earlier studies which had denied such influences. Secondly, several family studies suggested autosomal-dominant inheritance of syndromes which, to variable degrees, resembled sporadic PD clinically and in some cases also neuropathologically. Recently, a disease locus has been mapped to chromosome 4q21-22 in a large Mediterranean pedigree, in which disease expression is clinically and pathologically within the spectrum of sporadic PD; being atypical only for a relatively young mean age at onset of 46 years and rapid course of 10 years from onset to death. In affected individuals of this family and of three unrelated Greek kindreds, a putative disease-causing mutation has been identified in the gene encoding alpha-synuclein. With the first variant being defined, genetic heterogeneity has become apparent, as in other families parkinsonism was not linked to the 4q-locus and was not associated with the alpha-synuclein mutation (unpublished data). We describe a different genetic locus that appears to be involved in the development of parkinsonism closely resembling sporadic PD including a similar mean age of onset (59 years in the families, 59.7 years in sporadic PD; ref. 12). This locus was detected in a group of families of European origin. In two of these families, there is genetic evidence for a common founder. The penetrance of the mutation appears to be low, most likely below 40%. This is compatible with a possible role of this locus not only in familial, but also in typical (sporadic) PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gasser
- Neurologische Klinik, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany.
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22
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Stoffel W, Sasse J, Düker M, Müller R, Hofmann K, Fink T, Lichter P. Human high affinity, Na(+)-dependent L-glutamate/L-aspartate transporter GLAST-1 (EAAT-1): gene structure and localization to chromosome 5p11-p12. FEBS Lett 1996; 386:189-93. [PMID: 8647279 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The gene of the human L-glutamate transporter hGLAST-1 (EAAT-1) has been isolated and characterized. The 1626 bp cDNA open reading frame (542 aa) is distributed over ten exons and at least 85 kb on chromosome 5p11-p12. The gene is unrelated to any other previously described neurotransmitter transporter gene family, but its exon/intron structure corresponds largely to that of the Na(+)-dependent neutral amino acid transporter ASCT-1. GLAST-1, ASCT-1 and the glutamate transporters GLT-1 and EAAC-1 have strongly similar amino acid sequences. The L-glutamate transporter gene structures might help to understand the correlation of L-glutamate reuptake in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Stoffel
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität zu Köln, Germany.
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23
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Tamarappoo BK, McDonald KK, Kilberg MS. Expressed human hippocampal ASCT1 amino acid transporter exhibits a pH-dependent change in substrate specificity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1279:131-6. [PMID: 8603078 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(95)00259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, the basal Na+-dependent uptake for many of the neutral amino acids is mediated by a transport activity designated System ASC. A cloned human brain cDNA sequence, ASCT1, encodes a Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transport activity that exhibits a substrate specificity similar to that commonly associated with System ASC. However, the characteristics of ASC activity varies significantly between cell types and not all tissues contain detectable levels of ASCT1 mRNA. A unique property of System ASC activity is an altered substrate selectivity such that at pH values below 7.4 anionic amino acids function as inhibitors and substrates. The experiments in this report were designed to determine if the cloned ASCT1 transporter exhibited this pH-dependent anionic transport. Following transfection of HeLa cells with the ASCT1 cDNA, transport strongly favored neutral zwitterionic) amino acids when uptake was measured at a physiologic pH value of 7.5. However, lowering the assay pH to 5.5 significantly enhanced the interaction of the ASCT1 carrier with anionic amino acids such as cysteate, in a pH-dependent manner. The apparent pK for the titratable group was in the range of 6.5-7.0. These results provide evidence that the human brain ASCT1 transporter exhibits the most distinguishing characteristic known for System ASC and provides a model system to investigate the molecular basis for this shift in substrate acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Tamarappoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, 32610, USA
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