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Biassoni R, Malnati MS. Human Natural Killer Receptors, Co-Receptors, and Their Ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 121:e47. [PMID: 30040219 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, the study of human natural killer (NK) cells has moved from the first molecular characterizations of very few receptor molecules to the identification of a plethora of receptors displaying surprisingly divergent functions. We have contributed to the description of inhibitory receptors and their signaling pathways, important in fine regulation in many cell types, but unknown until their discovery in the NK cells. Inhibitory function is central to regulating NK-mediated cytolysis, with different molecular structures evolving during speciation to assure its persistence. More recently, it has become possible to characterize the NK triggering receptors mediating natural cytotoxicity, unveiling the existence of a network of cellular interactions between effectors of both natural and adaptive immunity. This unit reviews the contemporary history of molecular studies of receptors and ligands involved in NK cell function, characterizing the ligands of the triggering receptor and the mechanisms for finely regulating their expression in pathogen-infected or tumor cells. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Biassoni
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Genova, Italy
| | - Mauro S Malnati
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Unit of Human Virology, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Milan, Italy
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2
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Fechtenbaum M, Desoutter J, Delvallez G, Brochot E, Guillaume N, Goëb V. MICA and NKG2D variants as risk factors in spondyloarthritis: a case-control study. Genes Immun 2018; 20:599-605. [PMID: 30177859 PMCID: PMC6768283 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-018-0044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MICA) glycoprotein mediates the activation of the natural killer group 2D receptor (NKG2D) expressed on NK and CD8+ T cells. A methionine or valine at position 129 in exon 3 results in strong (MICA129 met) or weak (MICA129 val) binding to NKG2D. The MICA A5.1 allele causes a premature stop codon. Various NKG2D polymorphisms are associated with low (NKC3 C/C and NKC4 C/C) or high (NKC3 G/G and NKC4 T/T) levels of NK cell cytotoxic activity. In 162 patients with spondyloarthritis (115 with ankylosing spondyloarthritis, 46 with psoriatic arthritis and 1 with reactive arthritis) compared to 124 healthy controls, MICA-129 with methionine allele was more frequent in patients with spondyloarthritis (odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) = 4.84 (2.75‒8.67)), whereas MICA-129 val/val, MICA A5.1 and NKC3 C/C variants were less frequent (OR = 0.20 (0.11‒0.37), 0.15 (0.06‒0.36) and 0.24 (0.13‒0.44), respectively). After adjustment for HLA-B*27 status, only NKC3 C/C remained linked to spondyloarthritis (adjusted OR = 0.14 (0.06‒0.33)). Homozygosity for MICA A5.1 is linked to ankylosing spondyloarthritis, and NKC3 C/C and MICA-129 val/val to psoriatic arthritis. MICA and NKC3 polymorphisms (related to a low NK cell cytotoxic activity) constituted a genetic association with spondyloarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Fechtenbaum
- Department of Rheumatology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France. .,Jules Verne University of Picardie, EA HEMATIM, Amiens, France.
| | - Judith Desoutter
- Department of Hematology and Histocompatibility, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Gauthier Delvallez
- Department of Hematology and Histocompatibility, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Etienne Brochot
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Nicolas Guillaume
- Jules Verne University of Picardie, EA HEMATIM, Amiens, France. .,Department of Hematology and Histocompatibility, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France.
| | - Vincent Goëb
- Department of Rheumatology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France.,Jules Verne University of Picardie, EA HEMATIM, Amiens, France
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3
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Huang Y, Lin Z, Huo Y, Geng X, Li M, Yang Y, Li B. Procainamide-induced autoimmunity: Relationship to T-helper 2-type T-cell activation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 37:647-662. [PMID: 28741378 DOI: 10.1177/0960327117718043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced autoimmunity (DIA) refers to a group of adverse drug reactions, and they remain unpredictable largely due to the limited understanding of the mechanisms involved. There is evidence that procainamide can cause autoimmune reactions in humans but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. To examine the cellular and genetic factors involved in the procainamide-induced autoimmune response, we compared rats that are genetically T-helper (Th)2-predisposed (Brown Norway (BN)), Th1-predisposed (Lewis (LEW)) or not genetically predisposed (Sprague Dawley (SD)). We revealed significant differences in response to autoimmunity induced by procainamide among three strains rats, BN was the most sensitive one, SD exhibited less sensitive, while LEW resistance to procainamide. Much more pronounced of Th2-type responses and more complex differentially expressed genes involved in immune regulation and response in BN might contribute to its susceptibleness to DIA. Moreover, similar immune mechanisms were found between BN and SD, which suggesting that these changes would serve as the potential bridge biomarkers to predict DIA among species. This study may also benefit to further understand the toxicological mechanism of drug-induced autoimmune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, The Beijing Key Lab for Pre-clinical safety evaluation of Drugs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Lin
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, The Beijing Key Lab for Pre-clinical safety evaluation of Drugs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Huo
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, The Beijing Key Lab for Pre-clinical safety evaluation of Drugs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - X Geng
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, The Beijing Key Lab for Pre-clinical safety evaluation of Drugs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - M Li
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, The Beijing Key Lab for Pre-clinical safety evaluation of Drugs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Yang
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, The Beijing Key Lab for Pre-clinical safety evaluation of Drugs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - B Li
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, The Beijing Key Lab for Pre-clinical safety evaluation of Drugs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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4
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Hromadnikova I, Pirkova P, Sedlackova L. Influence of in vitro IL-2 or IL-15 alone or in combination with Hsp-70-derived 14-mer peptide (TKD) on the expression of NK cell activatory and inhibitory receptors. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:405295. [PMID: 23476104 PMCID: PMC3588175 DOI: 10.1155/2013/405295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells represent a potential tool for adoptive immunotherapy against tumors. Membrane-bound Hsp70 acts as a tumor-specific marker enhancing NK cell activity. Using flow cytometry the effect of in vitro stimulation with IL-2 or IL-15 alone or in combination with Hsp70-derived 14-mer peptide (TKD) on cell surface expression of NK activatory receptors (CD16, NKG2D, NKG2C, NKp46, NKp44, NKp30, KIR2DL4, DNAM-1, and LAMP1) and NK inhibitory receptors (NKG2A, KIR2DL2/L3, LIR1/ILT-2, and NKR-P1A) in healthy individuals was studied. Results were expressed as the percentage of receptor expressing cells and the amount of receptor expressed by CD3(-)CD56(+) cellular population. CD94, NKG2D, NKp44, NKp30, KIR2DL4, DNAM-1, LAMP1, NKG2A, and NKR-P1A were upregulated after the stimulation with IL-2 or IL-15 alone or in combination with TKD. KIR2DL2/L3 was upregulated only by IL-15 and IL-15/TKD. Concurrently, an increase in a number of NK cells positive for CD94, NKp44, NKp30, KIR2DL4, and LAMP1 was observed. IL-15 and IL-15/TKD caused also cell number rise positive for KIR2DL2/L3 and NKR-P1A. Cell number positive for NKG2C and NKG2A was increased only by IL-2 and IL-2/TKD. The diverse effect of IL-2 or IL-15 w or w/o TKD on cell surface expression was observed in CD16, NKp46, and LIR1/ILT-2.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/chemistry
- Humans
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B/metabolism
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C/metabolism
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/metabolism
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1/metabolism
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 2/metabolism
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 3/metabolism
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Receptors, KIR2DL2
- Receptors, KIR2DL4/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Hromadnikova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Pathology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Yu R, Broady R, Huang Y, Wang Y, Yu J, Gao M, Levings M, Wei S, Zhang S, Xu A, Su M, Dutz J, Zhang X, Zhou Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals markers of aberrantly activated innate immunity in vitiligo lesional and non-lesional skin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51040. [PMID: 23251420 PMCID: PMC3519491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is characterized by the death of melanocytes in the skin. This is associated with the presence of T cell infiltrates in the lesional borders. However, at present, there is no detailed and systematic characterization on whether additional cellular or molecular changes are present inside vitiligo lesions. Further, it is unknown if the normal appearing non-lesional skin of vitiligo patients is in fact normal. The purpose of this study is to systematically characterize the molecular and cellular characteristics of the lesional and non-lesional skin of vitiligo patients. METHODS AND MATERIALS Paired lesional and non-lesional skin biopsies from twenty-three vitiligo patients and normal skin biopsies from sixteen healthy volunteers were obtained with informed consent. The following aspects were analyzed: (1) transcriptome changes present in vitiligo skin using DNA microarrays and qRT-PCR; (2) abnormal cellular infiltrates in vitiligo skin explant cultures using flow cytometry; and (3) distribution of the abnormal cellular infiltrates in vitiligo skin using immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Compared with normal skin, vitiligo lesional skin contained 17 genes (mostly melanocyte-specific genes) whose expression was decreased or absent. In contrast, the relative expression of 13 genes was up-regulated. The up-regulated genes point to aberrant activity of the innate immune system, especially natural killer cells in vitiligo. Strikingly, the markers of heightened innate immune responses were also found to be up-regulated in the non-lesional skin of vitiligo patients. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS As the first systematic transcriptome characterization of the skin in vitiligo patients, this study revealed previously unknown molecular markers that strongly suggest aberrant innate immune activation in the microenvironment of vitiligo skin. Since these changes involve both lesional and non-lesional skin, our results suggest that therapies targeting the entire skin surface may improve treatment outcomes. Finally, this study revealed novel mediators that may facilitate future development of vitiligo therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Yu
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Raewyn Broady
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yuanshen Huang
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Min Gao
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Megan Levings
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shencai Wei
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shengquan Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Aie Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingwan Su
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jan Dutz
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Skin Tumor Group, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Youwen Zhou
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Skin Tumor Group, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
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6
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Gene expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with active hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Blood 2011; 117:e151-60. [PMID: 21325597 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-08-300046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is a rare, genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive immune disorder that results when the critical regulatory pathways that mediate immune defense mechanisms and the natural termination of immune/inflammatory responses are disrupted or overwhelmed. To advance the understanding of FHL, we performed gene expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 11 children with untreated FHL. Total RNA was isolated and gene expression levels were determined using microarray analysis. Comparisons between patients with FHL and normal pediatric controls (n = 30) identified 915 down-regulated and 550 up-regulated genes with more than or equal to 2.5-fold difference in expression (P ≤ .05). The expression of genes associated with natural killer cell functions, innate and adaptive immune responses, proapoptotic proteins, and B- and T-cell differentiation were down-regulated in patients with FHL. Genes associated with the canonical pathways of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10 IL-1, IL-8, TREM1, LXR/RXR activation, and PPAR signaling and genes encoding of antiapoptotic proteins were overexpressed in patients with FHL. This first study of genome-wide expression profiling in children with FHL demonstrates the complexity of gene expression patterns, which underlie the immunobiology of FHL.
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7
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Biassoni R. Human natural killer receptors, co-receptors, and their ligands. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2009; Chapter 14:14.10.1-14.10.40. [PMID: 19235767 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1410s84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, the study of human natural killer (NK) cells has moved from the first molecular characterizations of very few receptor molecules to the identification of a plethora of receptors displaying surprisingly divergent functions. Our laboratory has contributed to the description of inhibitory receptors and their signaling pathways, important in fine regulation in many cell types, but unknown until their discovery in the NK cells. Inhibitory function is central to regulating NK-mediated cytolysis, with different molecular structures evolving during speciation to assure its persistence. Only in the last ten years has it become possible to characterize the NK triggering receptors mediating natural cytotoxicity, leading to an appreciation of the existence of a cellular interaction network between effectors of both natural and adaptive immunity. This report reviews the contemporary history of molecular studies of receptors and ligands involved in NK cell function, characterizing the ligands of the triggering receptor and the mechanisms for finely regulating their expression in pathogen-infected or tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Biassoni
- Instituto Giannina Gaslini, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Genova, Italy
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8
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Biassoni R, Bottino C, Cantoni C, Moretta A. Human natural killer receptors and their ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 14:14.10.1-14.10.23. [PMID: 18432872 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1410s46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human Natural Killer Receptors and Their Ligands (Roberto Biassoni and Cristina Bottino, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy; Claudia Cantoni, Universita degli Studi di Genova, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy; Alessandro Moretta, Universita degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy). Natural killer (NK) cells are a lymphocyte subpopulation that are important effectors of innate immune responses against infectious pathogens. They are thought to play an important role in host defense, not only against virally infected cells, but also in killing of tumor cells. Recent progress indicates that NK cells express an array of receptors, some of them clonally distributed, able to modulate the natural cytotoxicity. Three NK-specific activating receptors have been characterized; they belong to a novel receptor family called natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR) and are represented by NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30. These receptors, upon engagement by their specific ligands, induce a strong activation of NK-mediated cytotoxic activity. This overview discusses the receptors (both activating and inhibitory) expressed by NK cells and their ligands. Finally, the dysfunction of one of these molecules occurring in a genetically inherited immunodeficiency is discussed.
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9
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MacDonald MRW, Veniamin SM, Guo X, Xia J, Moon DA, Magor KE. Genomics of antiviral defenses in the duck, a natural host of influenza and hepatitis B viruses. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 117:195-206. [PMID: 17675860 DOI: 10.1159/000103180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We review our progress using genomics approaches to examine key antiviral defenses of the White Pekin mallard duck, Anas platyrhynchos. Our interest stems from the fact that ducks are the natural host of avian influenza, and are an important animal model for hepatitis B research. First, we have conducted an expressed sequence tag (EST) project and identified more than 200 immune relevant genes in the duck. Our analysis of these genes allows us to evaluate the homology between ducks and their closest genetic model organism, the chicken. We have also constructed genomic and cDNA libraries from the same individual duck, allowing us to directly compare expressed sequences with those present in the genome. These resources allow us to determine the organization and expression of regions of the genome important in antiviral defenses. Here we examine the organization of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, the Major Histocompatibility Complex class I region, the lectin immunoreceptors and Toll-like receptor 7. We discuss our research-in-progress in the context of the immune defense against viruses, particularly influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R W MacDonald
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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10
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Borrego F, Masilamani M, Marusina AI, Tang X, Coligan JE. The CD94/NKG2 family of receptors: from molecules and cells to clinical relevance. Immunol Res 2007; 35:263-78. [PMID: 17172651 DOI: 10.1385/ir:35:3:263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses must be tightly regulated to avoid hyporesponsiveness on one hand or excessive inflammation and the development of autoimmunity (hyperresponsiveness) on the other hand. This balance is attained through the throttling of activating signals by inhibitory signals that ideally leads to an adequate immune response against an invader without excessive and extended inflammatory signals that promote the development of autoimmunity. The CD94/NKG2 family of receptors is composed of members with activating or inhibitory potential. These receptors are expressed predominantly on NK cells and a subset of CD8+ T cells, and they have been shown to play an important role in regulating responses against infected and tumorigenic cells. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about this family of receptors, including ligand and receptor interaction, signaling, membrane dynamics, regulation of gene expression and their roles in disease regulation, infections, and cancer, and bone marrow transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Borrego
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Saber K, El-Khayat Z, Ramzy T, Hanna A. The Study of CD 69 as an Early Marker of SLE Activity in Pediatrics. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2007.74.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have originally been identified based on their capacity to kill transformed cells in a seemingly non-specific fashion. Over the last 15 years, knowledge on receptor ligand systems used by NK cells to specifically detect transformed cells has been accumulating rapidly. One of these receptor ligand systems, the NKG2D pathway, has received particular attention, and now serves as a paradigm for how the immune system is able to gather information about the health status of autologous host cells. In addition to its significance on NK cells, NKG2D, as well as other NK cell receptors, play significant roles on T cells. This review aims at summarizing recent insights into the regulation of NKG2D function, the control over NKG2D ligand expression and the role of NKG2D in tumor immunity. Finally, we will discuss first attempts to exploit NKG2D function to improve immunity to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme D Coudert
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch and University of Lausanne, Ch des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, Switzerland
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13
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Marusina AI, Kim DK, Lieto LD, Borrego F, Coligan JE. GATA-3 Is an Important Transcription Factor for Regulating Human NKG2A Gene Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:2152-9. [PMID: 15699146 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.4.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD94/NKG2A is an inhibitory receptor expressed by most human NK cells and a subset of T cells that recognizes HLA-E on potential target cells. To study the transcriptional regulation of the human NKG2A gene, we cloned a 3.9-kb genomic fragment that contains a 1.65-kb region upstream of the exon 1, as well as exon 1 (untranslated), intron 1 and exon 2. Using deletion mutants, we identified a region immediately upstream from the most upstream transcriptional initiation site that led to increased transcriptional activity from a luciferase reporter construct in YT-Indy (NKG2A positive) cells relative to Jurkat and K562 (both NKG2A negative) cells. We also localized a DNase I hypersensitivity site to this region. Within this 80-bp segment, we identified two GATA binding sites. Mutation of GATA binding site II (-2302 bp) but not GATA binding site I (-2332 bp) led to decreased transcriptional activity. Pull-down assays revealed that GATA-3 could bind oligonucleotide probes containing the wild type but not a mutated GATA site II. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we showed that GATA-3 specifically binds to the NKG2A promoter in situ in NKL and primary NK cells, but not in Jurkat T cells. Moreover, coexpression of human GATA-3 with an NKG2A promoter construct in K562 cells led to enhanced promoter activity, and transfection of NKL cells with small interfering RNA specific for GATA-3 reduced NKG2A cell surface expression. Taken together, our data indicate that GATA-3 is an important transcription factor for regulating NKG2A gene expression.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Deoxyribonuclease I/metabolism
- GATA3 Transcription Factor
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- K562 Cells
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina I Marusina
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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14
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Shiina T, Shimizu S, Hosomichi K, Kohara S, Watanabe S, Hanzawa K, Beck S, Kulski JK, Inoko H. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Two Avian (Quail and Chicken) MHC Regions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6751-63. [PMID: 15153492 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.6751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We mapped two different quail Mhc haplotypes and sequenced one of them (haplotype A) for comparative genomic analysis with a previously sequenced haplotype of the chicken Mhc. The quail haplotype A spans 180 kb of genomic sequence, encoding a total of 41 genes compared with only 19 genes within the 92-kb chicken Mhc. Except for two gene families (B30 and tRNA), both species have the same basic set of gene family members that were previously described in the chicken "minimal essential" Mhc. The two Mhc regions have a similar overall organization but differ markedly in that the quail has an expanded number of duplicated genes with 7 class I, 10 class IIB, 4 NK, 6 lectin, and 8 B-G genes. Comparisons between the quail and chicken Mhc class I and class II gene sequences by phylogenetic analysis showed that they were more closely related within species than between species, suggesting that the quail Mhc genes were duplicated after the separation of these two species from their common ancestor. The proteins encoded by the NK and class I genes are known to interact as ligands and receptors, but unlike in the quail and the chicken, the genes encoding these proteins in mammals are found on different chromosomes. The finding of NK-like genes in the quail Mhc strongly suggests an evolutionary connection between the NK C-type lectin-like superfamily and the Mhc, providing support for future studies on the NK, lectin, class I, and class II interaction in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shiina
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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15
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Lieto LD, Borrego F, You CH, Coligan JE. Human CD94 gene expression: dual promoters differing in responsiveness to IL-2 or IL-15. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:5277-86. [PMID: 14607929 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD94 is a C-type lectin required for the dimerization of the CD94/NKG2 family of receptors, which are expressed on NK cells and T cell subsets. Little is known about CD94 gene expression and the elements that regulate CD94 transcription. In this study, we report that CD94 gene expression is regulated by distal and proximal promoters that transcribe unique initial exons specific to each promoter. This results in two species of transcripts; the previously described CD94 mRNA and a novel CD94C mRNA. All NK cells and CD94(+), CD8(+) alphabeta T cells transcribe CD94 mRNA. Stimulation of NK and CD8(+) alphabeta T cells with IL-2 or IL-15 induced the transcription of CD94C mRNA. The distal and proximal promoters both contain elements with IFN-gamma-activated and Ets binding sites, known as GAS/EBS. Additionally, an unknown element, termed site A, was identified in the proximal promoter. EMSA analyses showed that constitutive factors could bind to oligonucleotide probes containing each element. After treatment of primary NK cells with IL-2 or IL-15, separate inducible complexes could be detected with oligonucleotide probes containing either the proximal or distal GAS/EBS elements. These elements are highly conserved between mice and humans, which suggests that both species regulate CD94 gene expression via mechanisms that predate their evolutionary divergence.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Untranslated Regions/analysis
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Binding Sites/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Clone Cells
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Exons/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/biosynthesis
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Response Elements/immunology
- STAT1 Transcription Factor
- Trans-Activators/biosynthesis
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis D Lieto
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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16
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Westgaard IH, Dissen E, Torgersen KM, Lazetic S, Lanier LL, Phillips JH, Fossum S. The lectin-like receptor KLRE1 inhibits natural killer cell cytotoxicity. J Exp Med 2003; 197:1551-61. [PMID: 12782717 PMCID: PMC2193914 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the cloning and functional characterization in the mouse and the rat of a novel natural killer (NK) cell receptor termed KLRE1. The receptor is a type II transmembrane protein with a COOH-terminal lectin-like domain, and constitutes a novel KLR family. Rat Klre1 was mapped to the NK gene complex. By Northern blot and flow cytometry using newly generated monoclonal antibodies, KLRE1 was shown to be expressed by NK cells and a subpopulation of CD3+ cells, with pronounced interstrain variation. Western blot analysis indicated that KLRE1 can be expressed on the NK cell surface as a disulphide-linked dimer. The predicted proteins do not contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) or a positively charged amino acid in the transmembrane domain. However, in a redirected lysis assay, the presence of whole IgG, but not of F(ab')2 fragments of a monoclonal anti-KLRE1 antibody inhibited lysis of Fc-receptor bearing tumor target cells. Moreover, the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 was coimmunoprecipitated with KLRE1 from pervanadate-treated interleukin 2-activated NK cells. Together, our results indicate that KLRE1 may form a functional heterodimer with an as yet unidentified ITIM-bearing partner that recruits SHP-1 to generate an inhibitory receptor complex.
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17
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Hikami K, Tsuchiya N, Yabe T, Tokunaga K. Variations of human killer cell lectin-like receptors: common occurrence of NKG2-C deletion in the general population. Genes Immun 2003; 4:160-7. [PMID: 12618865 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CD94 and NKG2 are members of the NK cell receptor families, and are encoded in the natural killer gene complex (NKC) on human chromosome 12p12-13, one of the candidate chromosomal regions for rheumatic diseases. To examine a possible association between variations in CD94 and NKG2 genes and genetic susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we carried out a systematic polymorphism screening of NKG2-A (KLRC1), NKG2-C (KLRC2) and CD94 (KLRD1) genes on a population basis. In NKG2-A, previously considered to be highly conserved, 10 polymorphisms in the noncoding region and introns, as well as one rare variation leading to an amino acid substitution within the transmembrane region, c.238T>A (Cys80Ser), were detected. In NKG2-C, in addition to the previously described two nonsynonymous substitutions, c.5G>A (Ser2Asn) and c.305C>T (Ser102Phe), two polymorphisms were newly detected in the noncoding region. In CD94, only one single nucleotide substitution was identified in the 5' untranslated region. When the patients and healthy individuals were genotyped for these variations, no significant association was observed. However, although statistically not significant, NKG2-A c.238T>A (Cys80Ser) was observed in three patients with RA, but in none of the healthy individuals and the patients with SLE. Unexpectedly, in the process of polymorphism screening, we identified homozygous deletion of NKG2-C in approximately 4.3% of healthy donors; under the assumption of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the allele frequency of NKG2-C deletion was estimated to be 20.7%. These results demonstrated that, although human NKG2-A, -C and CD94 are generally conserved with respect to amino acid sequences, NKG2-A is polymorphic in the noncoding region, and that the number of genes encoded in the human NKC is variable among individuals, as previously shown for the leukocyte receptor complex (LRC), HLA and Fcgamma receptor (FCGR) regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hikami
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Mdicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Lee SH, Webb JR, Vidal SM. Innate immunity to cytomegalovirus: the Cmv1 locus and its role in natural killer cell function. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:1491-503. [PMID: 12505521 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)00032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of genetic loci that contribute to patterns of susceptibility/resistance to infection provide important insights into the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity. Genetic heterogeneity across the population makes the characterization of such traits in humans technically difficult; however, inbred animal models represent an ideal tool for such analyses. This review illustrates the power of mouse genetics as utilized for the identification and characterization of the locus conferring early resistance to murine cytomegalovirus infection, Cmv1. This locus encodes an activating C-type lectin receptor of the Ly49 family that promotes natural killer (NK) cell cytolysis of infected cells. Although NK cells are usually able to detect and destroy virally infected cells via recognition of the downregulation of MHC class I molecules, the Cmv1 locus provides the first example of an NK receptor that is able to mediate clearance of viral infection via direct recognition of a virally encoded protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, room 4207, 451 Smyth Road, Ont., K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada
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19
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Borrego F, Kabat J, Kim DK, Lieto L, Maasho K, Peña J, Solana R, Coligan JE. Structure and function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I specific receptors expressed on human natural killer (NK) cells. Mol Immunol 2002; 38:637-60. [PMID: 11858820 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(01)00107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells express receptors that are specific for MHC class I molecules. These receptors play a crucial role in regulating the lytic and cytokine expression capabilities of NK cells. In humans, three distinct families of genes have been defined that encode for receptors of HLA class I molecules. The first family identified consists of type I transmembrane molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and are called killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR). A second group of receptors belonging to the Ig superfamily, named ILT (for immunoglobulin like transcripts), has more recently been described. ILTs are expressed mainly on B, T and myeloid cells, but some members of this group are also expressed on NK cells. They are also referred to as LIRs (for leukocyte Ig-like receptor) and MIRs (for macrophage Ig-like receptor). The ligands for the KIR and some of the ILT receptors include classical (class Ia) HLA class I molecules, as well as the nonclassical (class Ib) HLA-G molecule. The third family of HLA class I receptors are C-type lectin family members and are composed of heterodimers of CD94 covalently associated with a member of the NKG2 family of molecules. The ligand for most members is the nonclassical class I molecule HLA-E. NKG2D, a member of the NKG2 family, is expressed as a homodimer, along with the adaptor molecule DAP10. The ligands of NKG2D include the human class I like molecules MICA and MICB, and the recently described ULBPs. Each of these three families of receptors has individual members that can recognize identical or similar ligands yet signal for activation or inhibition of cellular functions. This dichotomy correlates with particular structural features present in the transmembrane and intracytoplasmic portions of these molecules. In this review we will discuss the molecular structure, specificity, cellular expression patterns, and function of these HLA class I receptors, as well as the chromosomal location and genetic organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Borrego
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Twinbrook II, Room 205, 12441 Parklawn Dr., Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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20
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Sobanov Y, Bernreiter A, Derdak S, Mechtcheriakova D, Schweighofer B, Düchler M, Kalthoff F, Hofer E. A novel cluster of lectin-like receptor genes expressed in monocytic, dendritic and endothelial cells maps close to the NK receptor genes in the human NK gene complex. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:3493-503. [PMID: 11745369 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200112)31:12<3493::aid-immu3493>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The NK gene complex is a region on human chromosome 12 containing several families of lectin-like genes including the CD94 and NKG2 NK receptor genes. We report here that the region telomeric of CD94 contains in addition to the LOX-1 gene the novel human DECTIN-1 and the CLEC-1 and CLEC-2 genes within about 100 kb. Sequence similarities and chromosomal arrangement suggest that these genes form a separate subfamily of lectin-like genes within the NK gene complex. DECTIN-1 is selectively expressed in dendritic cells and to a lower extent in monocytes and macrophages. mRNA forms with and without a stalk exon are observed. During functional maturation of dendritic cells the level of DECTIN-1 mRNA is down-regulated several-fold. CLEC-1 is found to be not only expressed in dendritic cells, but also in endothelial cells and in the latter aspect resembles the LOX-1 gene. Whereas recombinant full-length DECTIN-1 and LOX-1 are transported to the cell surface, CLEC-1 proteins accumulate in perinuclear compartments. We propose that this family of lectin-like genes encodes receptors with important immune and/or scavenger functions in monocytic, dendritic and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sobanov
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, VIRCC, University of Vienna, Austria
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21
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Eichler W, Ruschpler P, Wobus M, Drössler K. Differentially induced expression of C-type lectins in activated lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY. SUPPLEMENT 2001; Suppl 36:201-8. [PMID: 11455585 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The human NK gene complex encodes for the leucocyte C-type lectins, CD69, AICL (activation-induced C-type lectin), LLT1 (lectin-like transcript), CD161/NKR-P1A, CD94, and for NKG-2 molecules. These gene products have been implicated in the regulation of the function of natural killer (NK) cells and other lymphocytes. In this study the expression of C-type lectins during the early activation of PMA-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes was examined. To investigate the influence of de novo protein synthesis on activation-dependent expression of C-type lectins, cells were cultured in presence of cycloheximide (CHX) and mRNA levels were analyzed by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Upregulated levels of CD69, AICL, and LLT1, but less pronounced changes of CD161/NKR-P1A and CD94 mRNA were found at early time points of cellular activation. CD69 was superinduced by CHX at the nuclear precursor transcript and the mRNA level suggesting that regulation of transcriptional activity and mRNA stability contribute to extent of CD69 mRNA accumulation. CHX treatment resulted also in an overexpression of AICL, LLT1, and CD161/NKR-P1A mRNAs. Conversely, CHX blocked CD94 mRNA expression in PMA-stimulated cells, demonstrating that this process is dependent on new protein synthesis. Expression kinetics in context with susceptibility to CHX indicate that the mechanisms responsible for upregulated CD69, AICL, and LLT1 expression are distinct from those which control CD161/NKR-P1A or CD94 expression. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. 36: 201-208, 2001.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- Humans
- Lectins/genetics
- Lectins/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- W Eichler
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmaceutics and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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22
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Arce I, Roda-Navarro P, Montoya MC, Hernanz-Falcón P, Puig-Kröger A, Fernández-Ruiz E. Molecular and genomic characterization of human DLEC, a novel member of the C-type lectin receptor gene family preferentially expressed on monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:2733-40. [PMID: 11536172 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200109)31:9<2733::aid-immu2733>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a novel gene encoding a protein designated DLEC (dendritic cell lectin), which is a type II membrane glycoprotein of 213 amino acids and belongs to the human calcium-dependent (C-type) lectin family. The cytoplasmic tail of DLEC lacks consensus signaling motifs and its extracellular region shows a single carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), closest in homology to the dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR) CRD. The DLEC gene has been localized linked to DCIR on the telomeric region of the NK gene complex. RT-PCR and Northern blot analyses show that DLEC mRNA is preferentially expressed in monocyte-derived dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arce
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Roda-Navarro P, Hernanz-Falcón P, Arce I, Fernández-Ruiz E. Molecular characterization of two novel alternative spliced variants of the KLRF1 gene and subcellular distribution of KLRF1 isoforms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1520:141-6. [PMID: 11513955 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(01)00261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The killer cell lectin-like receptor (KLR) family is formed by type II transmembrane glycoproteins with a single extracellular C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD). Some of these glycoproteins are involved in the regulation of natural killer cell activity. Recently, we have described the molecular characterization of the KLRF1 gene and the existence of one alternative spliced form, lacking the stalk region of the extracellular domain. In this work we describe two novel KLRF1 alternative spliced variants coding for truncated proteins lacking the CTLD. In addition, we present the biochemical analysis of the KLRF1 protein and the subcellular distribution of all KLRF1 isoforms expressed in heterologous transfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Roda-Navarro
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Diego de León 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Welch CL, Bretschger S, Latib N, Bezouevski M, Guo Y, Pleskac N, Liang CP, Barlow C, Dansky H, Breslow JL, Tall AR. Localization of atherosclerosis susceptibility loci to chromosomes 4 and 6 using the Ldlr knockout mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:7946-51. [PMID: 11438740 PMCID: PMC35448 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.141239098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex disease resulting from the interaction of multiple genes. We have used the Ldlr knockout mouse model in an interspecific genetic cross to map atherosclerosis susceptibility loci. A total of 174 (MOLF/Ei x B6.129S7-Ldlr(tm1Her)) x C57BL/6J-Ldlr(tm1Her) backcross mice, homozygous for the Ldlr null allele, were fed a Western-type diet for 3 months and then killed for quantification of aortic lesions. A genome scan was carried out by using DNA pools and microsatellite markers spaced at approximately 18-centimorgan intervals. Quantitative trait locus analysis of individual backcross mice confirmed linkages to chromosomes 4 (Athsq1, logarithm of odds = 6.2) and 6 (Athsq2, logarithm of odds = 6.7). Athsq1 affected lesions in females only whereas Athsq2 affected both sexes. Among females, the loci accounted for approximately 50% of the total variance of lesion area. The susceptible allele at Athsq1 was derived from the MOLF/Ei genome whereas the susceptible allele at Athsq2 was derived from C57BL/6J. Inheritance of susceptible alleles at both loci conferred a 2-fold difference in lesion area, suggesting an additive effect of Athsq1 and Athsq2. No associations were observed between the quantitative trait loci and levels of plasma total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin, or body weight. We provide strong evidence for complex inheritance of atherosclerosis in mice with elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol and show a major influence of nonlipoprotein-related factors on disease susceptibility. Athsq1 and Athsq2 represent candidate susceptibility loci for human atherosclerosis, most likely residing on chromosomes 1p36--32 and 12p13--12, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Welch
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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25
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Chen M, Narumiya S, Masaki T, Sawamura T. Conserved C-terminal residues within the lectin-like domain of LOX-1 are essential for oxidized low-density-lipoprotein binding. Biochem J 2001; 355:289-96. [PMID: 11284714 PMCID: PMC1221738 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3550289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized low-density-lipoprotein (oxLDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a cell-surface endocytosis receptor for atherogenic oxLDL, which is highly expressed in endothelial cells. Recent studies suggest that it may play significant roles in atherogenesis. LOX-1 is a type-II membrane protein that structurally belongs to the C-type lectin family molecules. This study was designed to characterize the specific domain on LOX-1 that recognizes oxLDL. Truncation of the lectin domain of LOX-1 abrogated oxLDL-binding activity. Deletion of the utmost C-terminal ten amino acid residues (261-270) was enough to disrupt the oxLDL-binding activity. Substitutions of Lys-262 and/or Lys-263 with Ala additively attenuated the activity. Serial-deletion analysis showed that residues up to 265 are required for the expression of minimal binding activity, although deletion of the C-terminal three residues (268-270) still retained full binding activity. Consistently, these alterations in LOX-1 impaired the recognition by a functionally blocking monoclonal antibody for LOX-1. These data demonstrated the distinct role of the lectin domain as the functional domain recognizing LOX-1 ligand. The conserved C-terminal residues of lectin-like domain are essential for binding oxLDL. Particularly, the basic amino acid pair is important for the binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chen
- National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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26
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Chen M, Kakutani M, Naruko T, Ueda M, Narumiya S, Masaki T, Sawamura T. Activation-dependent surface expression of LOX-1 in human platelets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 282:153-8. [PMID: 11263985 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) was initially identified as an oxidized LDL receptor in aortic endothelial cells. Here we identified LOX-1 mRNA and protein in human platelets in addition to recent findings on the expression in macrophages and smooth muscle cells. The presence of LOX-1 was further confirmed in the megakaryocytic cell lines. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that LOX-1 was exposed on the surface of platelets in an activation-dependent manner. Consistently, the activation-dependent binding of OxLDL to platelets was mostly inhibited by anti-LOX-1 antibody. Immunohistochemistry of the atherosclerotic plaque from a patient with unstable angina pectoris (UAP) revealed accumulation of LOX-1 protein at the site of thrombus. As LOX-1 recognizes and binds activated platelets, exposure of LOX-1 on activated platelets surface might assist thrombosis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chen
- National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan
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27
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Wolan DW, Teyton L, Rudolph MG, Villmow B, Bauer S, Busch DH, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of the murine NK cell-activating receptor NKG2D at 1.95 A. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:248-54. [PMID: 11224525 DOI: 10.1038/85311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
NKG2D, a homodimeric lectin-like receptor, is a unique stimulatory molecule that is found on natural killer cells,T cells and activated macrophages. The natural ligands for murine NKG2D are distant major histocompatibility complex homologs, retinoic acid early transcript (Rae1) and H-60 minor histocompatibility antigen. The crystal structure of the extracellular region of murine NKG2D reveals close homology with other C-type lectin receptors such as CD94, Ly49A, rat MBP-A and CD69. However, the precise mode of dimeric assembly varies among these natural killer receptors, as well as their surface topography and electrostatic properties. The NKG2D structure provides the first structural insights into the role and ligand specificity of this stimulatory receptor in the innate and adaptive immune system.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Dimerization
- Disulfides/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins/chemistry
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Protein Binding
- Protein Isoforms/chemistry
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Wolan
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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28
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Barten R, Torkar M, Haude A, Trowsdale J, Wilson MJ. Divergent and convergent evolution of NK-cell receptors. Trends Immunol 2001; 22:52-7. [PMID: 11286693 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(00)01802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK)-cell receptors specific for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules have been identified in humans and mice. Some of the most important receptors are structurally unrelated in the two species: the murine Ly-49 receptors are C-type lectins, while human killer-cell inhibitory receptors (KIRs) belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Here, Roland Barten and colleagues describe the divergent and convergent evolution of NK-cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barten
- Immunology Division, Dept of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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29
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Fernandes MJ, Iscove NN, Gingras G, Calabretta B. Identification and characterization of the gene for a novel C-type lectin (CLECSF7) that maps near the natural killer gene complex on human chromosome 12. Genomics 2000; 69:263-70. [PMID: 11031109 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification and characterization of a novel C-type lectin gene, named HECL (HGMW-approved symbol CLECSF7), that maps close to the natural killer gene complex on human chromosome 12p13. Sequence analysis revealed a complete open reading frame of 549 bp comprising several putative glycosylation and phosphorylation sites as well as a C-terminal C-type carbohydrate-recognition domain. Homology analysis revealed that HECL exhibits a significant degree of divergence from the natural killer cell receptors that comprise the natural killer gene complex. These natural killer cell receptors all belong to group V of the C-type lectin superfamily. HECL, however, is most closely related to the sole group II C-type lectins reported to map near this region of the genome, the murine Nkcl and Mpcl genes. Like Nkcl, HECL is expressed in a variety of hematopoietic cell types and has a complete Ca(2+)-binding site 2. Despite the presence of critical amino acids for sugar binding in Ca(2+)-binding site 2, HECL does not seem to bind carbohydrate. Moreover, HECL is the first non-receptor-like C-type lectin to map near the natural killer gene complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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