1
|
Majety N, Ahmed R, Al-Hallaf R, Paul P, Giwa A, Heinemann J, Agha Z, Choong C, Donner T, Jie C, Hamad ARA. Invariant VD and DJ Motifs Define a Novel Class of Human Antibodies and TCRs Prototyped by antigen receptors of Dual-Expresser Lymphocytes. Immunol Invest 2024:1-16. [PMID: 39268869 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2383736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dual-expressing lymphocytes (DEs) are unique immune cells that express both B cell receptors (BCRs, surface antibody) and T cell receptors (TCRs). In type 1 diabetes, DE antibodies are predominated by one antibody (x-mAb), an IgM monoclonal antibody with a germline-encoded CDR3 that recognizes self-reactive TCRs. We explored if x-mAb and its interacting TCRs have distinct structural features. METHODS Using bioinformatics, we compared x-mAb and its most common interacting TCRαβ to billions of antigen receptor sequences to determine if they were unique or randomly generated. RESULTS X-mAb represents a unique class of human antibodies with a conserved CDR3 sequence (CARx1-4DTAMVYYFYDW), consisting of a fixed DJH motif (DTAMVYYFDYW) paired with various VH genes. A public TCRβ clonotype (CASSPGTEAFF) associated with x-mAb on DEs features two invariant segments, VβD (CASSPGT) and DJβ (PGTEAFF), key to two large families of public TCRβ clonotypes-CASSPGT-Jβx and CASSPGT-Jβx-formed by recombining the VβD motif with Jβ genes and the DJβ motif with Vβ genes. B cells also use CASSPGT as a VHD motif for public IGH clonotypes (CASSPGT-Jβx). DISCUSSION DEs, unlike conventional T and B cells, use invariant motifs to create public antibodies and TCRs, a trait previously seen only in cartilaginous fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Majety
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rizwan Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rafid Al-Hallaf
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Prajita Paul
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adebola Giwa
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Heinemann
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zainab Agha
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cherry Choong
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Donner
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chunfa Jie
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Abdel Rahim A Hamad
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marrack P, Krovi SH, Silberman D, White J, Kushnir E, Nakayama M, Crooks J, Danhorn T, Leach S, Anselment R, Scott-Browne J, Gapin L, Kappler J. The somatically generated portion of T cell receptor CDR3α contributes to the MHC allele specificity of the T cell receptor. eLife 2017; 6:30918. [PMID: 29148973 PMCID: PMC5701794 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature T cells bearing αβ T cell receptors react with foreign antigens bound to alleles of major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHC) that they were exposed to during their development in the thymus, a phenomenon known as positive selection. The structural basis for positive selection has long been debated. Here, using mice expressing one of two different T cell receptor β chains and various MHC alleles, we show that positive selection-induced MHC bias of T cell receptors is affected both by the germline encoded elements of the T cell receptor α and β chain and, surprisingly, dramatically affected by the non germ line encoded portions of CDR3 of the T cell receptor α chain. Thus, in addition to determining specificity for antigen, the non germline encoded elements of T cell receptors may help the proteins cope with the extremely polymorphic nature of major histocompatibility complex products within the species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Marrack
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Denver, United States.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Sai Harsha Krovi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Daniel Silberman
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Janice White
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States
| | - Eleanor Kushnir
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States.,Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - James Crooks
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States
| | - Thomas Danhorn
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States
| | - Sonia Leach
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States.,Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States
| | - Randy Anselment
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States
| | | | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - John Kappler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Denver, United States.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Henry-Bonami RA, Williams JM, Rachakonda AB, Karamali M, Kendall PL, Thomas JW. B lymphocyte "original sin" in the bone marrow enhances islet autoreactivity in type 1 diabetes-prone nonobese diabetic mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:5992-6003. [PMID: 23677466 PMCID: PMC3679359 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Effective central tolerance is required to control the large extent of autoreactivity normally present in the developing B cell repertoire. Insulin-reactive B cells are required for type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse, because engineered mice lacking this population are protected from disease. The Cg-Tg(Igh-6/Igh-V125)2Jwt/JwtJ (VH125Tg) model is used to define this population, which is found with increased frequency in the periphery of NOD mice versus nonautoimmune C57BL/6 VH125Tg mice; however, the ontogeny of this disparity is unknown. To better understand the origins of these pernicious B cells, anti-insulin B cells were tracked during development in the polyclonal repertoire of VH125Tg mice. An increased proportion of insulin-binding B cells is apparent in NOD mice at the earliest point of Ag commitment in the bone marrow. Two predominant L chains were identified in B cells that bind heterologous insulin. Interestingly, Vκ4-57-1 polymorphisms that confer a CDR3 Pro-Pro motif enhance self-reactivity in VH125Tg/NOD mice. Despite binding circulating autoantigen in vivo, anti-insulin B cells transition from the parenchyma to the sinusoids in the bone marrow of NOD mice and enter the periphery unimpeded. Anti-insulin B cells expand at the site of autoimmune attack in the pancreas and correlate with increased numbers of IFN-γ-producing cells in the repertoire. These data identify the failure to cull autoreactive B cells in the bone marrow as the primary source of anti-insulin B cells in NOD mice and suggest that dysregulation of central tolerance permits their escape into the periphery to promote disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Henry-Bonami
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nashville TN
| | - Jonathan M. Williams
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN
| | - Amita B. Rachakonda
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nashville TN
| | - Mariam Karamali
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nashville TN
| | - Peggy L. Kendall
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care, Nashville TN
| | - James W. Thomas
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nashville TN
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pierce BG, Eberwine R, Noble JA, Habib M, Shulha HP, Weng Z, Blankenhorn EP, Mordes JP. The Missing Heritability in T1D and Potential New Targets for Prevention. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:737485. [PMID: 23691517 PMCID: PMC3647582 DOI: 10.1155/2013/737485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated disease. It is strongly associated with susceptibility haplotypes within the major histocompatibility complex, but this association accounts for an estimated 50% of susceptibility. Other studies have identified as many as 50 additional susceptibility loci, but the effect of most is very modest (odds ratio (OR) <1.5). What accounts for the "missing heritability" is unknown and is often attributed to environmental factors. Here we review new data on the cognate ligand of MHC molecules, the T cell receptor (TCR). In rats, we found that one allele of a TCR variable gene, V β 13A, is strongly associated with T1D (OR >5) and that deletion of V β 13+ T cells prevents diabetes. A role for the TCR is also suspected in NOD mice, but TCR regions have not been associated with human T1D. To investigate this disparity, we tested the hypothesis in silico that previous studies of human T1D genetics were underpowered to detect MHC-contingent TCR susceptibility. We show that stratifying by MHC markedly increases statistical power to detect potential TCR susceptibility alleles. We suggest that the TCR regions are viable candidates for T1D susceptibility genes, could account for "missing heritability," and could be targets for prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian G. Pierce
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ryan Eberwine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunogenetics and Inflammatory Diseases, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Janelle A. Noble
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Michael Habib
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hennady P. Shulha
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Elizabeth P. Blankenhorn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunogenetics and Inflammatory Diseases, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - John P. Mordes
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brezar V, Carel JC, Boitard C, Mallone R. Beyond the hormone: insulin as an autoimmune target in type 1 diabetes. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:623-69. [PMID: 21700723 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is not only the hormone produced by pancreatic β-cells but also a key target antigen of the autoimmune islet destruction leading to type 1 diabetes. Despite cultural biases between the fields of endocrinology and immunology, these two facets should not be regarded separately, but rather harmonized in a unifying picture of diabetes pathogenesis. There is increasing evidence suggesting that metabolic factors (β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance) and immunological components (inflammation and β-cell-directed adaptive immune responses) may synergize toward islet destruction, with insulin standing at the crossroad of these pathways. This concept further calls for a revision of the classical dichotomy between type 1 and type 2 diabetes because metabolic and immune mechanisms may both contribute to different extents to the development of different forms of diabetes. After providing a background on the mechanisms of β-cell autoimmunity, we will explain the role of insulin and its precursors as target antigens expressed not only by β-cells but also in the thymus. Available knowledge on the autoimmune antibody and T-cell responses against insulin will be summarized. A unifying scheme will be proposed to show how different aspects of insulin biology may lead to β-cell destruction and may be therapeutically exploited. We will argue about possible reasons why insulin remains the mainstay of metabolic control in type 1 diabetes but has so far failed to prevent or halt β-cell autoimmunity as an immune modulatory reagent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Brezar
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 986, DeAR Lab Avenir, Saint Vincent de Paul Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, 82 avenue Denfert Rochereau, 75674 Paris Cedex 14, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim SK, Kim J, Ko E, Kim H, Hwang DS, Lee S, Baek Y, Min BI, Nam S, Bae H. Gene Expression Profile of the Hypothalamus in DNP-KLH Immunized Mice Following Electroacupuncture Stimulation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:508689. [PMID: 21799680 PMCID: PMC3136536 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence indicates that electroacupuncture (EA) is effective for allergic disorder. Recent animal studies have shown that EA treatment reduces levels of IgE and Th2 cytokines in BALB/c mice immunized with 2,4-dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet protein (DNP-KLH). The hypothalamus, a brain center of the neural-immune system, is known to be activated by EA stimulation. This study was performed to identify and characterize the differentially expressed genes in the hypothalamus of DNP-KLH immunized mice that were stimulated with EA or only restrained. To this aim, we conducted a microarray analysis to evaluate the global gene expression profiles, using the hypothalamic RNA samples taken from three groups of mice: (i) normal control group (no treatments); (ii) IMH group (DNP-KLH immunization + restraint); and (iii) IMEA group (immunization + EA stimulation). The microarray analysis revealed that total 39 genes were altered in their expression levels by EA treatment. Ten genes, including T-cell receptor alpha variable region family 13 subfamily 1 (Tcra-V13.1), heat shock protein 1B (Hspa1b) and 2′–5′ oligoadenylate synthetase 1F (Oas1f), were up-regulated in the IMEA group when compared with the IMH group. In contrast, 29 genes, including decay accelerating factor 2 (Daf2), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 (Nqo1) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (Pdcd1lg2) were down-regulated in the IMEA group as compared with the IMH group. These results suggest that EA treatment can modulate immune response in DNP-KLH immunized mice by regulating expression levels of genes that are associated with innate immune, cellular defense and/or other kinds of immune system in the hypothalamus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Henry RA, Kendall PL, Woodward EJ, Hulbert C, Thomas JW. Vkappa polymorphisms in NOD mice are spread throughout the entire immunoglobulin kappa locus and are shared by other autoimmune strains. Immunogenetics 2010; 62:507-20. [PMID: 20556377 PMCID: PMC2970566 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of immunoglobulin (Ig) and T cell receptor (TCR) genes available to form the lymphocyte repertoire has the capacity to produce a broad array of both protective and harmful specificities. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), the presence of antibodies to insulin and other islet antigens predicts disease development in both mice and humans, and demonstrate that immune tolerance is lost early in the disease process. Anti-insulin T cells isolated from T1D-prone non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice use polymorphic TCRalpha chains, suggesting that the available T cell repertoire is altered in these autoimmune mice. To probe whether insulin-binding B cells also possess polymorphic V genes, Ig light chains were isolated and sequenced from NOD mice that harbor an Ig heavy chain transgene. Three insulin-binding Vkappa genes were identified, all of which were polymorphic to the closest germline sequence matches present in the GenBank database. Additional analysis of over 300 light chain sequences from multiple sources, including germline DNA, shows that polymorphisms are spread throughout the entire NOD Igkappa locus, as these polymorphic sequences represent 43 distinct Vkappa genes which belong to 14 Vkappa families. Database searches reveal that a majority of polymorphic Vkappa genes identified in NOD are identical to Vkappa genes isolated from SLE-prone NZBxNZW F1 or MRL strains of mice, suggesting that a shared Igkappa haplotype may be present. Predicted amino acid changes preferentially occur in CDR, and thus could alter antigen recognition by the germline B cell repertoire of autoimmune versus non-autoimmune mouse strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Henry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Peggy L. Kendall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Emily J. Woodward
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Chrys Hulbert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James W. Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang L, Jasinski JM, Kobayashi M, Davenport B, Johnson K, Davidson H, Nakayama M, Haskins K, Eisenbarth GS. Analysis of T cell receptor beta chains that combine with dominant conserved TRAV5D-4*04 anti-insulin B:9-23 alpha chains. J Autoimmun 2009; 33:42-9. [PMID: 19286348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to define the spectrum of TCR beta chains permissive for T cells with alpha chains containing the conserved TRAV5D-4*04 sequence to target the insulin B:9-23 peptide, a major epitope for initiation of diabetes in the NOD mouse. MATERIALS AND METHODS We produced T cell hybridomas from mice with single T cell receptors (BDC12-4.1 TCR alpha(+)beta(+) double transgenic mice and BDC12-4.4 TCR alpha(+)beta(+) double retrogenic mice) or from mice with only the corresponding alpha chains transgene or retrogene and multiple endogenous TCR beta chains. RESULTS Hybridomas with the complete BDC12-4.1 and BDC12-4.4 T cell receptors, despite having markedly different TCR beta chains, responded to similar B:9-23 peptides. Approximately 1% of the hybridomas from mice with the fixed TRAV5D-4*04 alpha chains and multiple endogenous beta chains responded to B:9-23 peptides while the majority of hybridomas with different beta chains did not respond. There was no apparent conservation of TCR beta chain sequences in the responding hybridomas. CONCLUSIONS Approximately 1% of hybridomas utilizing different TCR beta chains paired with the conserved TRAV5D-4*04 containing alpha chains respond to insulin peptide B:9-23. Therefore, TCR beta chain sequences make an important contribution to insulin B:9-23 peptide recognition but multiple beta chain sequences are permissive for recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Conserved T cell receptor alpha-chain induces insulin autoantibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:10090-4. [PMID: 18626021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801648105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question is what are the molecular determinants that lead to spontaneous preferential targeting of specific autoantigens in autoimmune diseases, such as the insulin B:9-23 peptide sequence in type 1 diabetes. Anti-insulin B:9-23 T cell clones isolated from prediabetic NOD islets have a conserved Valpha-segment/Jalpha-segment, but no conservation of the alpha-chain N region and no conservation of the Vbeta-chain. Here, we show that the conserved T cell receptor alpha-chain generates insulin autoantibodies when transgenically or retrogenically introduced into mice without its corresponding Vbeta. We suggest that a major part of the mystery as to why islet autoimmunity develops relates to recognition of a primary insulin peptide by a conserved alpha chain T cell receptor.
Collapse
|
10
|
Quinn A, McInerney M, Huffman D, McInerney B, Mayo S, Haskins K, Sercarz E. T cells to a dominant epitope of GAD65 express a public CDR3 motif. Int Immunol 2006; 18:967-79. [PMID: 16641112 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxl033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice spontaneously develop autoimmune diabetes, and serve as a model for type 1 diabetes (T1D) and natural autoimmunity. T cell responses to the pancreatic islet antigen glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) can be detected in the spleens of young prediabetic NOD mice, which display a unique MHC class II molecule. Here, we report that a distinct TcR beta chain and CDR3 motif are utilized by all NOD mice in response to a dominant determinant on GAD65, establishing a public repertoire in the spontaneous autoimmunity to an important islet cell antigen. GAD65 530-543 (p530)-reactive T cells preferentially utilize the Vbeta4, Dbeta2.1 and Jbeta2.7 gene segments, with a CDR3 that is characterized by a triad of amino acids, DWG, preceded by a polar residue. In addition, we used CDR3 length spectratyping, CDR3-specific reverse transcriptase-PCR and direct TcR sequencing to show that the TcR beta chain structural patterns associated with p530-specific T cells consistently appeared in the islets of young NOD mice with insulitis, but not in the inflamed islets of streptozotocin-treated C57BL/6 mice, or in inflamed NOD salivary glands. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate that a public T cell repertoire is used in spontaneous autoimmunity to a dominant self-determinant. These findings suggest that defined clonotypes and repertoires may be preferentially selected in haplotypes predisposed to spontaneous autoimmunity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/genetics
- Amino Acid Motifs/immunology
- Animals
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Complementarity Determining Regions/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Glutamate Decarboxylase/immunology
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Isoenzymes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Salivary Glands/immunology
- Salivary Glands/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Quinn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
T-cell clones that can efficiently transfer diabetes to prediabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice provide a powerful approach to dissecting the autoimmune disease process and for investigating immunoregulation. Diabetogenic T-cell clones carried in culture allow for detailed analysis of T-cell effector function and in vivo activity, and thus the contribution of a single clonotype to pathogenesis can be studied. As T cells comprising most or all of the repertoire in T-cell receptor transgenic (TCR-Tg) mice, diabetogenic T-cell clones have led to new variations on the NOD mouse model of autoimmune disease. T-cell clones are being used to screen peptide libraries and proteomic arrays to identify the autoantigens that drive these clones in vivo and to extend our knowledge of the processes that give rise to these antigens. With the identification of peptide agonists and natural ligands, the development of MHC-peptide multimers has been possible. These reagents can track T cells in vivo and thus provide new approaches for disease diagnosis and therapy as well as a versatile set of tools for basic research on how T cells contribute to autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Reijonen H, Mallone R, Heninger AK, Laughlin EM, Kochik SA, Falk B, Kwok WW, Greenbaum C, Nepom GT. GAD65-specific CD4+ T-cells with high antigen avidity are prevalent in peripheral blood of patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2004; 53:1987-94. [PMID: 15277377 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.8.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Negative selection of self-reactive T-cells during thymic development, along with activation-induced cell death in peripheral lymphocytes, is designed to limit the expansion and persistence of autoreactive T-cells. Autoreactive T-cells are nevertheless present, both in patients with type 1 diabetes and in at-risk subjects. By using MHC class II tetramers to probe the T-cell receptor (TcR) specificity and avidity of GAD65 reactive T-cell clones isolated from patients with type 1 diabetes, we identified high-avidity CD4+ T-cells in peripheral blood, coexisting with low-avidity cells directed to the same GAD65 epitope specificity. A variety of cytokine patterns was observed, even among T-cells with high MHC-peptide avidity, and the clones utilize a biased set of TcR genes that favor two combinations, Valpha12-beta5.1 and Valpha17-Vbeta4. Presence of these high-avidity TcRs indicates a failure to delete autoreactive T-cells that likely arise from oligoclonal expansion in response to autoantigen exposure during the progression of type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Reijonen
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Geenen V, Martens H, Brilot F, Renard C, Franchimont D, Kecha O. Thymic neuroendocrine self-antigens. Role in T-cell development and central T-cell self-tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 917:710-23. [PMID: 11268399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The repertoire of thymic neuroendocrine precursors plays a dual role in T-cell differentiation as the source of either cryptocrine accessory signals in T-cell development or neuroendocrine self-antigens presented by the thymic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) machinery. Thymic neuroendocrine self-antigens usually correspond to peptide sequences highly conserved during the evolution of one family. The thymic presentation of some neuroendocrine self-antigens is not restricted by MHC alleles. Oxytocin (OT) is the dominant peptide of the neurohypophysial family. It is expressed by thymic epithelial and nurse cells (TEC/TNCs) of different species. Ontogenetic studies have shown that the thymic expression of the OT gene precedes the hypothalamic one. Both OT and VP stimulate the phosphorylation of p125FAK and other focal adhesion-related proteins in murine immature T cells. These early cell activation events could play a role in the promotion of close interactions between thymic stromal cells and developing T cells. It is established that such interactions are fundamental for the progression of thymic T-cell differentiation. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) is the dominant thymic polypeptide of the insulin family. Using fetal thymic organ cultures (FTOCs), the inhibition of thymic IGF-2-mediated signaling was shown to block the early stages of T-cell differentiation. The treatment of FTOCs with an mAb anti-(pro)insulin had no effect on T-cell development. In an animal model of autoimmune type 1 diabetes (BB rat), thymic levels of (pro)insulin and IGF-1 mRNAs were normal both in diabetes-resistant and diabetes-prone BB rats. IGF-2 transcripts were clearly identified in all thymuses from diabetes-resistant adult (5-week) and young (2- and 5-days) BB rats. In marked contrast, the IGF-2 transcripts were absent and the IGF-2 protein was almost undetectable in +/- 80% of the thymuses from diabetes-prone adult and young BB rats. These data show that a defect of the thymic IGF-2-mediated tolerogenic function might play an important role in the pathophysiology of autoimmune Type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Geenen
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Pathology CHU-B23, Laboratory of Radio-Immunology and Neuroendocrine-Immunology, University of Liège, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- K Haskins
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes and Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Geenen V, Kecha O, Martens H. Thymic expression of neuroendocrine self-peptide precursors: role in T cell survival and self-tolerance. J Neuroendocrinol 1998; 10:811-22. [PMID: 9831257 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2826.1998.00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Geenen
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Pathology CHU-1323, University of Liège, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|