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Fan Y, Han Z, Lu X, Arbab AAI, Nazar M, Yang Y, Yang Z. Short Time-Series Expression Transcriptome Data Reveal the Gene Expression Patterns of Dairy Cow Mammary Gland as Milk Yield Decreased Process. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060942. [PMID: 34203058 PMCID: PMC8235497 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The existing research on dairy cow mammary gland genes is extensive, but there have been few reports about dynamic changes in dairy cow mammary gland genes as milk yield decrease. For the first time, transcriptome analysis based on short time-series expression miner (STEM) and histological observations were performed using the Holstein dairy cow mammary gland to explore gene expression patterns in this process of decrease (at peak, mid-, and late lactation). Histological observations suggested that the number of mammary acinous cells at peak/mid-lactation was significantly higher than that at mid-/late lactation, and the lipid droplets area secreted by dairy cows was almost unaltered across the three stages of lactation (p > 0.05). Totals of 882 and 1439 genes were differentially expressed at mid- and late lactation, respectively, compared to peak lactation. Function analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly related to apoptosis and energy metabolism (fold change ≥ 2 or fold change ≤ 0.5, p-value ≤ 0.05). Transcriptome analysis based on STEM identified 16 profiles of differential gene expression patterns, including 5 significant profiles (false discovery rate, FDR ≤ 0.05). Function analysis revealed DEGs involved in milk fat synthesis were downregulated in Profile 0 and DEGs in Profile 12 associated with protein synthesis. These findings provide a foundation for future studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying mammary gland development in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.F.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (A.A.I.A.); (M.N.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ziyin Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.F.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (A.A.I.A.); (M.N.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xubin Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.F.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (A.A.I.A.); (M.N.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Abdelaziz Adam Idriss Arbab
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.F.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (A.A.I.A.); (M.N.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mudasir Nazar
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.F.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (A.A.I.A.); (M.N.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Zhangping Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.F.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (A.A.I.A.); (M.N.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0514-87979269
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Penev T, Naydenova N, Dimov D, Marinov I. Influence of Heat Stress and Physiological Indicators Related to It on Health Lipid Indices in Milk of Holstein-Friesian Cows. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:745-755. [PMID: 33967167 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the survey was to study the effect of heat stress (HS) on health lipid indices in milk of Holstein-Friesian cows. The study was conducted in a cattle farm with Holstein-Friesian cows in the region of Karnobat (Southeastern Bulgaria) in 2018. Cows were housed in semi-open free stall dairy barn, fed year-round ad libitum with a total mixed ration. The study included 22 cows on different parities studied in two periods - at thermo-neutral environment conditions and at heat stress, respectively, May and August. Extraction of milk fat was performed by the Rose-Gottlieb method. Conditions of HS lead to changes in the values of health lipid indices associated with a decrease in the values of Atherogenic index (AI), Thrombogenic index (TI), Lipid Preventive Score (LPS) and Desaturase (18) index (DI 18) and an increase in Health promoting Index (HPI), polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA), unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (UFA/SFA), mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), Desaturase (16) index (DI 16) and hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratio (h/H). Increasing the Temperature-humidity index (THI) above 72, results in a decrease in the AI values and an increase in those of the PUFA/SFA. The values of health lipid indices showed a moderate positive correlation with those of THI (PUFA/SFA - 0.36) with rectal temperature (h/H, MUFA/SFA, UFA/SFA) rp from 0.36 to 0.37, and with respiratory rate (h/H, PUFA/SFA), rp of 0.33 and 0.31, respectively. Under the influence of heat stress, changes in the metabolic processes occur in the body of dairy cows leading to changes in the fatty acid content of milk related to the improvement of health lipid indices in terms of human health due to an increase in UFA and reduction in SFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toncho Penev
- Department of Applied Ecology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University
| | - Nikolina Naydenova
- Department of Animal Husbandry - Ruminants and Dairy Farming, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University
| | - Dimo Dimov
- Department of Applied Ecology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University
| | - Ivaylo Marinov
- Department of Animal Husbandry - Ruminants and Dairy Farming, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University
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Osthoff G, Hugo A, Madende M, Schmidt L, Kobeni S, Deacon F. Milk Composition of Free-Ranging Impala ( Aepyceros melampus) and Tsessebe ( Damaliscus lunatus lunatus), and Comparison with Other African Bovidae. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:516. [PMID: 33671145 PMCID: PMC7922303 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The major nutrient and fatty acid composition of the milk of impala and tsessebe is reported and compared with other Bovidae and species. The proximate composition of impala milk was 5.56 ± 1.96% fat, 6.60 ± 0.51% protein, and 4.36 ± 0.94% lactose, and that of tsessebe milk was 8.44 ± 3.19%, 5.15 ± 0.49%, and 6.10 ± 3.85%, respectively. The high protein content of impala milk accounted for 42% of gross energy, which is typical for African Bovids that use a "hider" postnatal care system, compared to the 25% of the tsessebe, a "follower". Electrophoresis showed that the molecular size and surface charge of the tsessebe caseins resembled that of other Alcelaphinae members, while that of the impala resembled that of Hippotraginae. The milk composition of these two species was compared by statistical methods with 13 other species representing eight suborders, families, or subfamilies of African Artiodactyla. This showed that the tsessebe milk resembled that of four other species of the Alcelaphinae sub-family and that the milk of this sub-family differs from other Artiodactyla by its specific margins of nutrient contents and milk fat with a high content of medium-length fatty acids (C8-C12) above 17% of the total fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Osthoff
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.H.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Arnold Hugo
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.H.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Moses Madende
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.H.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Lauren Schmidt
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.H.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Sibusiso Kobeni
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.H.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Francois Deacon
- Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa;
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Parmar P, Lopez-Villalobos N, Tobin JT, Murphy E, McDonagh A, Crowley SV, Kelly AL, Shalloo L. The Effect of Compositional Changes Due to Seasonal Variation on Milk Density and the Determination of Season-Based Density Conversion Factors for Use in the Dairy Industry. Foods 2020; 9:foods9081004. [PMID: 32726926 PMCID: PMC7466286 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of seasonal variation on milk composition and establish an algorithm to predict density based on milk composition to enable the calculation of season-based density conversion calculations. A total of 1035 raw whole milk samples were collected from morning and evening milking of 60 spring-calving individual cows of different genetic groups, namely Jersey, Elite HF (Holstein–Friesian) and National Average HF, once every two weeks for a period of 9 months (March–November, 2018). The average mean and standard deviation for milk compositional traits were 4.72 ± 1.30% fat, 3.85 ± 0.61% protein and 4.69 ± 0.30% lactose and density was estimated at 1.0308 ± 0.002 g/cm3. The density of the milk samples was evaluated using three methods: a portable density meter, DMA 35; a standard desktop version, DMA 4500M; and an Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC) method using 100-mL glass pycnometers. Statistical analysis using a linear mixed model showed a significant difference in density of milk samples (p < 0.05) across seasonal and compositional variations adjusted for the effects of days in milk, parity, the feeding treatment, the genetic group and the measurement technique. The mean density values and standard error of mean estimated for milk samples in each season, i.e., spring, summer and autumn were 1.0304 ± 0.00008 g/cm3, 1.0314 ± 0.00005 g/cm3 and 1.0309 ± 0.00007 g/cm3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Parmar
- Livestock Systems Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland; (P.P.); (A.M.)
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; (S.V.C.); (A.L.K.)
| | | | - John T. Tobin
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland; (J.T.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Eoin Murphy
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland; (J.T.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Arleen McDonagh
- Livestock Systems Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland; (P.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Shane V. Crowley
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; (S.V.C.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Alan L. Kelly
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; (S.V.C.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Laurence Shalloo
- Livestock Systems Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland; (P.P.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Arora R, Sharma A, Sharma U, Girdhar Y, Kaur M, Kapoor P, Ahlawat S, Vijh RK. Buffalo milk transcriptome: A comparative analysis of early, mid and late lactation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5993. [PMID: 30979954 PMCID: PMC6461664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of genes and their regulation during lactation in buffaloes remains less understood. To understand the interplay of various genes and pathways, the milk transcriptome from three lactation stages of Murrah buffalo was analyzed by RNA sequencing. The filtered reads were mapped to the Bubalus bubalis as well as Bos taurus reference assemblies. The average mapping rate to water buffalo and Btau 4.6 reference sequence, was 75.5% and 75.7% respectively. Highly expressed genes (RPKM > 3000), throughout lactation included CSN2, CSN1S1, CSN3, LALBA, SPP1 and TPT1. A total of 12833 transcripts were common across all the stages, while 271, 205 and 418 were unique to early, mid and late lactation respectively. Majority of the genes throughout lactation were linked to biological functions like protein metabolism, transport and immune response. A discernible shift from metabolism in early stage to metabolism and immune response in mid stage, and an increase in immune response functions in late lactation was observed. The results provide information of candidate genes and pathways involved in the different stages of lactation in buffalo. The study also identified 14 differentially expressed and highly connected genes across the three lactation stages, which can be used as candidates for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Arora
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Anju Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Upasna Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Yashila Girdhar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Prerna Kapoor
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Sonika Ahlawat
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Vijh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
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Osthoff G, Hugo A, Madende M, Deacon F, Nel P. Milk composition of free-ranging red hartebeest, giraffe, Southern reedbuck and warthog and a phylogenetic comparison of the milk of African Artiodactyla. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 204:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Martini M, Mele M, Scolozzi C, Salari F. Cheese making aptitude and the chemical and nutritional characteristics of milk from Massese ewes. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2008.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nantapo CTW, Muchenje V, Hugo A. Atherogenicity index and health-related fatty acids in different stages of lactation from Friesian, Jersey and Friesian×Jersey cross cow milk under a pasture-based dairy system. Food Chem 2013; 146:127-33. [PMID: 24176323 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of stage of lactation on the fatty acid profiles of milk from Friesian, Jersey and Friesian×Jersey cows. Linoleic acid in pastures was highest in the second phase which coincided with mid-lactation days (p<0.05). Highest milk moisture content and lowest fat free dry matter content was seen in early lactation (p<0.05). Higher fat content was observed in late lactation than early lactation. Highest butyric, caproic, linoleic, omega-6 and polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed for milk from Friesian cows. Highest conjugated fatty acids, α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-6, and omega-3 were observed in early lactation. Atherogenicity index and desaturase activity indices were highest in late lactation. In conclusion, stage of lactation and genotype affected milk health-related fatty acid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T W Nantapo
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
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Osthoff G, Hugo A, Wit MDMD. Comparison of the Milk Composition of Free-Ranging Eland, Kudu, Gemsbok and Scimitar Oryx, with Observations on Lechwe, Okapi and Southern Pudu. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3957/056.042.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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10
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Osthoff G, Hugo A, de Wit M. Comparison of the milk composition of free-ranging blesbok, black wildebeest and blue wildebeest of the subfamily Alcelaphinae (family: Bovidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 154:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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NAJAFI MASOUDNAJAF, MORTAZAVI SEYEDALI, KOOCHEKI ARASH, KHORAMI JAFAR, REKIK BOULBABA. Fat and protein contents, acidity and somatic cell counts in bulk milk of Holstein cows in the Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2008.00451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Quantification of trace elements in raw cow’s milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Food Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Agabriel C, Cornu A, Journal C, Sibra C, Grolier P, Martin B. Tanker milk variability according to farm feeding practices: vitamins A and E, carotenoids, color, and terpenoids. J Dairy Sci 2008; 90:4884-96. [PMID: 17881712 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the variability in the composition of bulk milk mixtures of fat-soluble compounds (vitamins A and E, carotenoids, and terpenoids) and assess the links with milk production conditions. Milk from 10 collection trips in the French department of the Haute-Loire (10 to 36 herds per trip) was sampled in the tanker twice during the winter period and 3 times during the grazing season. The collection trips differed in their altitude (440 to 1,150 m) and the forage system (grass or based on corn silage). Vitamins A and E, carotenoids, and terpenoids of the 50 tanker loads of milk were analyzed. Data of milk production conditions in the 204 farms made it possible to constitute indicators for the collection trip and to define 50 mean herds. The relationships between mean herd characteristics (breed, stage of lactation, and feed) and milk characteristics were investigated. The constituents of tanker loads of milk were comparable to those observed in milk produced by groups of animals receiving contrasting diets (rich in concentrate or corn silage vs. pasture). The characteristics of the milk differed according to the period; those produced at grazing were more yellow (1.02 +/- 0.4; mean of difference) and richer in beta-carotene, lutein, vitamin E (2.0 +/- 1.2, 0.23 +/- 0.12, and 6.1 +/- 5.0 mug/g of fat, respectively), and sesquiterpenes (2.7 +/- 2.5) than winter. The variations observed for beta-carotene, lutein, and vitamin E were linked to the proportion of grazed grass or grass silage in the forage (r = 0.66, 0.69, and 0.51, respectively), unlike the vitamin A content. During grazing, 20 of the 32 terpenoids identified were associated with the proportion of permanent grassland available for grazing or cut. These results show that feeding is an effective way to modify the quality of dairy products, even in the case of bulk tank milk mixtures. Dairy plants could market different milks, which would contain specific compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Agabriel
- Enita Clermont, Unité Elevage et Production des Ruminants, 63370 Lempdes, France.
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Osthoff G, Hugo A, de Wit M. Milk composition of free-ranging sable antelope (Hippotragus niger). Mamm Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Biolatto A, Grigioni G, Irurueta M, Sancho AM, Taverna M, Pensel N. Seasonal variation in the odour characteristics of whole milk powder. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nozière P, Graulet B, Lucas A, Martin B, Grolier P, Doreau M. Carotenoids for ruminants: From forages to dairy products. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Trihaas J, Vognsen L, Nielsen P. Electronic nose: New tool in modelling the ripening of Danish blue cheese. Int Dairy J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2004.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Smit LE, Schönfeldt HC, Beer WH. Comparison of the energy values of different dairy products obtained by various methods. J Food Compost Anal 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2004.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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