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Jones K, Keddy C, Jenkins C, Nicholson K, Shinde U, Davare MA. Novel insight into mechanisms of ROS1 catalytic activation via loss of the extracellular domain. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22191. [PMID: 39333184 PMCID: PMC11437283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The ROS1 receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) possesses the largest extracellular amino-terminal domain (ECD) among the human RTK family, yet the mechanisms regulating its activation are not fully understood. While chimeric ROS1 fusion proteins, resulting from chromosomal rearrangements, are well-known oncogenic drivers, their activation mechanisms also remain underexplored. To elucidate the role of the ROS1 ECD in catalytic regulation, we engineered a series of amino-terminal deletion mutants. Our functional studies compared the full-length ROS1 receptor, the CD74-ROS1 oncogenic fusion, and ECD-deleted ROS1 constructs, identifying the ECD regions that inhibit ROS1 tyrosine kinase activity. Notably, we found that deletion of the ROS1 ECD alone significantly increases constitutive catalytic activation and neoplastic transformation in the absence of an amino-terminal fusion partner, challenging the presumed necessity for a dimerization domain in the activation mechanism of kinase fusions in cancer. Our data suggest that inter-genic deletions resulting in the loss of the ECD may be underappreciated oncogenic drivers in cancer. Furthermore, our studies demonstrate that RNASE7 is not a ligand for the ROS1 receptor as previously reported, confirming that ROS1 remains an orphan receptor. Thus, the discovery of a ROS1 ligand remains an important future priority. These findings highlight the potential for disease-associated somatic aberrations or splice variants that modify the ROS1 ECD to promote constitutive receptor activation, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Clare Keddy
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Chelsea Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Katelyn Nicholson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Ujwal Shinde
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Monika A Davare
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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2
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Li S, Zhang H, Chen T, Zhang X, Shang G. Current treatment and novel insights regarding ROS1-targeted therapy in malignant tumors. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7201. [PMID: 38629293 PMCID: PMC11022151 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proto-oncogene ROS1 encodes an intrinsic type I membrane protein of the tyrosine kinase/insulin receptor family. ROS1 facilitates the progression of various malignancies via self-mutations or rearrangements. Studies on ROS1-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been conducted, and some have been approved by the FDA for clinical use. However, the adverse effects and mechanisms of resistance associated with ROS1 inhibitors remain unknown. In addition, next-generation ROS1 inhibitors, which have the advantage of treating central nervous system metastases and alleviating endogenous drug resistance, are still in the clinical trial stage. METHOD In this study, we searched relevant articles reporting the mechanism and clinical application of ROS1 in recent years; systematically reviewed the biological mechanisms, diagnostic methods, and research progress on ROS1 inhibitors; and provided perspectives for the future of ROS1-targeted therapy. RESULTS ROS1 is most expressed in malignant tumours. Only a few ROS1 kinase inhibitors are currently approved for use in NSCLC, the efficacy of other TKIs for NSCLC and other malignancies has not been ascertained. There is no effective standard treatment for adverse events or resistance to ROS1-targeted therapy. Next-generation TKIs appear capable of overcoming resistance and delaying central nervous system metastasis, but with a greater incidence of adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Further research on next-generation TKIs regarding the localization of ROS1 and its fusion partners, binding sites for targeted drugs, and coadministration with other drugs is required. The correlation between TKIs and chemotherapy or immunotherapy in clinical practice requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhe Li
- Department of OrthopedicsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning ProvinceChina
| | - He Zhang
- Department of OrthopedicsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning ProvinceChina
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of OrthopedicsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning ProvinceChina
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Medical Research CenterShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning ProvinceChina
| | - Guanning Shang
- Department of OrthopedicsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning ProvinceChina
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3
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Wang M, Hong L, Cai L, Zhang Z, Jiang N, Chen Y, Ying Q, Kong L, Wei Z, Xu Y, Jin L. Novel LDLR variants affecting low density lipoprotein metabolism identified in familial hypercholesterolemia. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:153. [PMID: 38236436 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disease of lipid metabolism mainly caused by mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene. Genetic detection of patients with FH help with precise diagnosis and treatment, thus reducing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and other related diseases. The study aimed to identify the causative gene mutations in a Chinese FH family and reveal the pathogenicity and the mechanism of these mutations. METHODS AND RESULTS Whole exome sequencing was performed in a patient with severe lipid metabolism dysfunction seeking fertility guidance from a Chinese FH family. Two LDLR variants c.1875 C > G (p.N625K; novel variant) and c.1448G > A (p.W483*) were identified in the family. Wildtype and mutant LDLR constructs were established by the site-direct mutagenesis technique. Functional studies were carried out by cell transfection to evaluate the impact of detected variants on LDLR activity. The two variants were proven to affect LDL uptake and binding, resulting in cholesterol clearance reduction to different degrees. According to The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) Standards and Guidelines, the W483* variant was classified as "Pathogenic", while the N625K variant as "VUS". CONCLUSIONS Our results provide novel experimental evidence of functional alteration by LDLR variants identified in our study and expand the mutational spectrum of LDLR mutation induced FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ling Hong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Luyi Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ningdong Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yijing Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qian Ying
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lingpeng Kong
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiyun Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yao Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Liping Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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4
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Kiyozumi D. Lumicrine signaling: Extracellular regulation of sperm maturation in the male reproductive tract lumen. Genes Cells 2023; 28:757-763. [PMID: 37696504 PMCID: PMC11447831 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The behaviors of cells, tissues, and organs are controlled by the extracellular environment in addition to their autonomous regulatory system. Dysfunction of extracellular regulatory mechanisms affects not only the development and survival of organisms but also successful reproduction. In this review article, a novel extracellular regulatory mechanism regulating the mammalian male reproductive ability will be briefly summarized. In terrestrial vertebrates, spermatozoa generated in the testis are transported through the lumen of the male reproductive tract and become functionally mature during the transport. Recent studies with gene-modified animals are unveiling the luminal extracellular environment of the reproductive tract to function not only as the pathway of sperm transport and the site of sperm maturation but also as the channel for cellular communication to regulate sperm maturation. Of special interest is the molecular mechanism of lumicrine signaling, a transluminal secreted signal transduction in the male reproductive tract lumen as a master regulator of sperm maturation and male reproductive ability. The general significance of such transluminal signaling in the context of cell biology will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiji Kiyozumi
- Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- PRESTOJapan Science and Technology AgencyTokyoJapan
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5
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Beenken A, Cerutti G, Brasch J, Guo Y, Sheng Z, Erdjument-Bromage H, Aziz Z, Robbins-Juarez SY, Chavez EY, Ahlsen G, Katsamba PS, Neubert TA, Fitzpatrick AWP, Barasch J, Shapiro L. Structures of LRP2 reveal a molecular machine for endocytosis. Cell 2023; 186:821-836.e13. [PMID: 36750096 PMCID: PMC9993842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2 or megalin) is representative of the phylogenetically conserved subfamily of giant LDL receptor-related proteins, which function in endocytosis and are implicated in diseases of the kidney and brain. Here, we report high-resolution cryoelectron microscopy structures of LRP2 isolated from mouse kidney, at extracellular and endosomal pH. The structures reveal LRP2 to be a molecular machine that adopts a conformation for ligand binding at the cell surface and for ligand shedding in the endosome. LRP2 forms a homodimer, the conformational transformation of which is governed by pH-sensitive sites at both homodimer and intra-protomer interfaces. A subset of LRP2 deleterious missense variants in humans appears to impair homodimer assembly. These observations lay the foundation for further understanding the function and mechanism of LDL receptors and implicate homodimerization as a conserved feature of the LRP receptor subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Beenken
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gabriele Cerutti
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Julia Brasch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Yicheng Guo
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hediye Erdjument-Bromage
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Zainab Aziz
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Estefania Y Chavez
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Goran Ahlsen
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Phinikoula S Katsamba
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anthony W P Fitzpatrick
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Jonathan Barasch
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia University George M. O'Brien Urology Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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6
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Maurya R, Bhattacharjee G, Gohil N, Khambhati K, Shakhreliya S, Bhatnagar A, Singh P, Ramakrishna S, Singh V. Low density lipoprotein receptor endocytosis in cardiovascular disease and the factors affecting LDL levels. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:333-345. [PMID: 36631197 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the one of major global health issues with approximately 30% of the mortality reported in the mid-income population. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a crucial role in development of CVD. High LDL along with others forms a plaque and blocks arteries, resulting in CVD. The present chapter deals with the mechanism of receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDL and its management by drugs such as statins and PCSK9 inhibitors along with dietary supplementation for health improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Maurya
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Nisarg Gohil
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Shreya Shakhreliya
- Department of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aaradhya Bhatnagar
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.
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7
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Han H, Han S, Qin Q, Chen J, Wang D, He Y. Molecular Identification and Functional Characterization of Vitellogenin Receptor From Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:325-333. [PMID: 34922376 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vitellogenin receptors (VgRs) have vital roles in reproduction by mediating endocytosis of the vitellogenin (Vg) in oviparous insects. Same as most insect species that possess only one VgR, in this study, a single VgR mRNA (HmVgR) was identified in an important natural enemy ladybeetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas). The open reading frame of HmVgR was 5,340 bases encoding a protein of 1,779 amino acids. Bioinformatic analyses showed that HmVgR had conserved domain motifs of low-density lipoprotein receptor family. Based on phylogenetic analysis, HmVgR had highly homologous within the Coleoptera. The transcriptional level of HmVgR was initially detected in the newly emerged female adults, gradually increased from day 3 to day 9, peaked on day 13, and then sharply decreased on day 15. Similar to most insects, HmVgR was expressed specifically in ovarian tissue. Moreover, RNA interference (RNAi) clearly decreased the transcription levels of HmVgR, which blocked the deposition of yolk protein in the ovaries, shortened the ovarian length, and led to negative impacts on reproductive-related parameters (i.e., prolonged preoviposition periods, reduced spawning and depressed hatchability). In sum, these results indicated that HmVgR may be critical for yolk protein deposition of oocytes and can play a key role in reproduction of female adults of H. axyridis. Our results provide conclusive proof for the important roles of HmVgR in fecundity, and establish a basis for further research on its interaction with vitellogenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Han
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - ShiPeng Han
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - QiuJu Qin
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, Handan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Handan 056000, China
| | - Da Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yunzhuan He
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
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8
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Hu H, Shu T, Ma J, Chen R, Wang J, Wang S, Lin S, Chen X. Two Novel Disease-Causing Mutations in the LDLR of Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Front Genet 2022; 12:762587. [PMID: 34970301 PMCID: PMC8712701 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.762587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As an autosomal dominant disorder, familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mainly caused by pathogenic mutations in lipid metabolism-related genes. The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic mutations in FH patients and verify their pathogenicity. First of all, a pedigree investigation was conducted in one family diagnosed with FH using the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria. The high-throughput sequencing was performed on three family members to explore genetic mutations. The effects of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) variants on their expression levels and activity were further validated by silico analysis and functional studies. The results revealed that LDLC levels of the proband and his daughter were abnormally elevated. The whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were used to confirm that there were two LDLR missense mutations (LDLR c.226 G > C, c.1003 G > T) in this family. Bioinformatic analysis (Mutationtaster) indicated that these two mutations might be disease-causing variants. In vitro experiments suggested that LDLR c.226 G > C and c.1003 G > T could attenuate the uptake of Dil-LDL by LDLR. In conclusion, the LDLR c.226 G > C and c.1003 G > T variants might be pathogenic for FH by causing uptake dysfunction of the LDLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Tian Shu
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruoyu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | | | - Shaoyi Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
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9
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Batra U, Nathany S, Sachdeva R, Sharma M, Amrith BP, Vaidya S. ROS1 in non-small-cell lung carcinoma: A narrative review. CANCER RESEARCH, STATISTICS, AND TREATMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/crst.crst_322_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
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10
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Cabot E, Duell PB, Purnell JQ, Osborn D, Craigan C, Pamir N, Fazio S. Use of commercial genetic testing to help reclassify LDL receptor variants in clinical practice: A case report. J Clin Lipidol 2021; 15:447-450. [PMID: 33992589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cabot
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3161 SW Pavilion Loop Portland OR 97239, UHN62, United States
| | - P Barton Duell
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3161 SW Pavilion Loop Portland OR 97239, UHN62, United States
| | - Jonathan Q Purnell
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3161 SW Pavilion Loop Portland OR 97239, UHN62, United States
| | - Diane Osborn
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3161 SW Pavilion Loop Portland OR 97239, UHN62, United States
| | - Courtney Craigan
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3161 SW Pavilion Loop Portland OR 97239, UHN62, United States
| | - Nathalie Pamir
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3161 SW Pavilion Loop Portland OR 97239, UHN62, United States.
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3161 SW Pavilion Loop Portland OR 97239, UHN62, United States
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11
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You J, Cheng Y, Yang XJ, Chen L. Generation of a homozygous LRP2 knockout human embryonic stem cell line (FDCHDPe010-A-56) by CRISPR/Cas9 system. Stem Cell Res 2021; 53:102342. [PMID: 33878707 PMCID: PMC9303849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
LRP2 is mainly expressed in the cell membrane of epithelia, maintaining normal endocytosis of nutrients from the extracellular microenvironment and mediating growth factor signals. The deficiency of LRP2 can result in abnormal lysosomal and mitochondrial function as well as insufficient resistance to oxidative stress. LRP2-KO animals show enlarged eyes and malfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We were able to generate an LRP2-KO human embryonic stem (ES) cell line using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and differentiate the mutant ES cells into RPE cells. Thus, this LRP2-KO human ES line will facilitate studying cellular mechanisms of eye disease due to LRP2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie You
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Jie Yang
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Moradi A, Maleki M, Ghaemmaghami Z, Khajali Z, Noohi F, Moghadam MH, Kalyinia S, Mowla SJ, Seidah NG, Malakootian M. Mutational Spectrum of LDLR and PCSK9 Genes Identified in Iranian Patients With Premature Coronary Artery Disease and Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Front Genet 2021; 12:625959. [PMID: 33732287 PMCID: PMC7959244 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.625959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common, yet underdiagnosed, genetic disorder characterized by lifelong elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, which can increase the risk of early-onset coronary artery disease (CAD). In the present study, we screened the nucleotide variations of the LDLR and PCSK9 genes, as well as a part of the APOB gene, in Iranian patients with FH and premature CAD to find the genetic cause of the disorder. Fifteen unrelated individuals with a clinical diagnosis of FH and premature CAD were recruited. Direct DNA sequencing was applied to screen the whole coding exons and exon-intron boundaries of the LDLR and PCSK9 genes and the main parts of their introns, together with exon 26 of the APOB gene. The pathogenicity of the identified mutations was investigated via either segregation analyses in the family or in silico predictive software. Six different point mutations (p.Cys148Tyr, p.Cys216Tyr, p.Cys302Trp, p.Cys338Trp, p.Leu479Gln, and p.G593Afs∗72) in LDLR and a double mutation (p.Asp172His and p.Ala53Val) in both LDLR and PCSK9 genes were identified in seven families with clinically diagnosed FH (43%), whereas no pathogenic mutations were found in eight families with clinically diagnosed FH. This study is the first to identify 1 pathogenic mutation in the LDLR gene (c.1014C > G [p.Cys338Trp]) and to cosegregate it from the affected individual in the family. No mutations were found in the APOB gene, whereas several silent mutations/polymorphisms were identified in the LDLR and PCSK9 genes. Genetic testing and reports on nucleotide alterations in the Iranian population are still limited. Our findings not only further confirm the significant role of FH in the incidence of premature CAD but also enlarge the spectrum of LDLR and PCSK9 variations and exhibit the heterogeneity of FH in Iranians. In patients with no mutation in the examined genes, the disease could be begotten either by a polygenic cause or by gene defects occurring in other related genes and regions not targeted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Moradi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Maleki
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghaemmaghami
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Khajali
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Feridoun Noohi
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hosseini Moghadam
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Kalyinia
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Javad Mowla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nabil G. Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mahshid Malakootian
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Drilon A, Jenkins C, Iyer S, Schoenfeld A, Keddy C, Davare MA. ROS1-dependent cancers - biology, diagnostics and therapeutics. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:35-55. [PMID: 32760015 PMCID: PMC8830365 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The proto-oncogene ROS1 encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase with an unknown physiological role in humans. Somatic chromosomal fusions involving ROS1 produce chimeric oncoproteins that drive a diverse range of cancers in adult and paediatric patients. ROS1-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are therapeutically active against these cancers, although only early-generation multikinase inhibitors have been granted regulatory approval, specifically for the treatment of ROS1 fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancers; histology-agnostic approvals have yet to be granted. Intrinsic or extrinsic mechanisms of resistance to ROS1 TKIs can emerge in patients. Potential factors that influence resistance acquisition include the subcellular localization of the particular ROS1 oncoprotein and the TKI properties such as the preferential kinase conformation engaged and the spectrum of targets beyond ROS1. Importantly, the polyclonal nature of resistance remains underexplored. Higher-affinity next-generation ROS1 TKIs developed to have improved intracranial activity and to mitigate ROS1-intrinsic resistance mechanisms have demonstrated clinical efficacy in these regards, thus highlighting the utility of sequential ROS1 TKI therapy. Selective ROS1 inhibitors have yet to be developed, and thus the specific adverse effects of ROS1 inhibition cannot be deconvoluted from the toxicity profiles of the available multikinase inhibitors. Herein, we discuss the non-malignant and malignant biology of ROS1, the diagnostic challenges that ROS1 fusions present and the strategies to target ROS1 fusion proteins in both treatment-naive and acquired-resistance settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Drilon
- Early Drug Development and Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Chelsea Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sudarshan Iyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Adam Schoenfeld
- Early Drug Development and Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clare Keddy
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Monika A Davare
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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14
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Rodríguez Cruz PM, Cossins J, Beeson D, Vincent A. The Neuromuscular Junction in Health and Disease: Molecular Mechanisms Governing Synaptic Formation and Homeostasis. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:610964. [PMID: 33343299 PMCID: PMC7744297 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.610964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a highly specialized synapse between a motor neuron nerve terminal and its muscle fiber that are responsible for converting electrical impulses generated by the motor neuron into electrical activity in the muscle fibers. On arrival of the motor nerve action potential, calcium enters the presynaptic terminal, which leads to the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). ACh crosses the synaptic gap and binds to ACh receptors (AChRs) tightly clustered on the surface of the muscle fiber; this leads to the endplate potential which initiates the muscle action potential that results in muscle contraction. This is a simplified version of the events in neuromuscular transmission that take place within milliseconds, and are dependent on a tiny but highly structured NMJ. Much of this review is devoted to describing in more detail the development, maturation, maintenance and regeneration of the NMJ, but first we describe briefly the most important molecules involved and the conditions that affect their numbers and function. Most important clinically worldwide, are myasthenia gravis (MG), the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) and congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS), each of which causes specific molecular defects. In addition, we mention the neurotoxins from bacteria, snakes and many other species that interfere with neuromuscular transmission and cause potentially fatal diseases, but have also provided useful probes for investigating neuromuscular transmission. There are also changes in NMJ structure and function in motor neuron disease, spinal muscle atrophy and sarcopenia that are likely to be secondary but might provide treatment targets. The NMJ is one of the best studied and most disease-prone synapses in the nervous system and it is amenable to in vivo and ex vivo investigation and to systemic therapies that can help restore normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Rodríguez Cruz
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Cossins
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Beeson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Oommen D, Kizhakkedath P, Jawabri AA, Varghese DS, Ali BR. Proteostasis Regulation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum: An Emerging Theme in the Molecular Pathology and Therapeutic Management of Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Front Genet 2020; 11:570355. [PMID: 33173538 PMCID: PMC7538668 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.570355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal genetic disease characterized by high serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) content leading to premature coronary artery disease. The main genetic and molecular causes of FH are mutations in low-density lipoprotein receptor gene (LDLR) resulting in the non-clearance of LDL from the blood by hepatocytes and consequently the formation of plaques. LDLR is synthesized and glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then transported to the plasma membrane via Golgi. It is estimated that more than 50% of reported FH-causing mutations in LDLR result in misfolded proteins that are transport-defective and hence retained in ER. ER accumulation of misfolded proteins causes ER-stress and activates unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR aids protein folding, blocks further protein synthesis, and eliminates misfolded proteins via ER-associated degradation (ERAD) to alleviate ER stress. Various studies demonstrated that ER-retained LDLR mutants are subjected to ERAD. Interestingly, chemical chaperones and genetic or pharmacological inhibition of ERAD have been reported to rescue the transport defective mutant LDLR alleles from ERAD and restore their ER-Golgi transport resulting in the expression of functional plasma membrane LDLR. This suggests the possibility of pharmacological modulation of proteostasis in the ER as a therapeutic strategy for FH. In this review, we picture a detailed analysis of UPR and the ERAD processes activated by ER-retained LDLR mutants associated with FH. In addition, we discuss and critically evaluate the potential role of chemical chaperones and ERAD modulators in the therapeutic management of FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepu Oommen
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Praseetha Kizhakkedath
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aseel A Jawabri
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Divya Saro Varghese
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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16
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Husain M, Rasool KG, Tufail M, Aldawood AS. Molecular characterization, expression pattern and RNAi-mediated silencing of vitellogenin receptor gene in almond moth, Cadra cautella. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 29:417-430. [PMID: 32368832 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The almond moth is an important pest of date fruits worldwide. The females produce several eggs; however, role of vitellogenin receptor (VgR) in oocyte development by mediating endocytosis of major yolk protein precursor Vg remains yet unexplored. To investigate the role of vitellogenin receptor (VgR) in reproduction, Cadra cautella vitellogenin receptor (CcVgR) transcript was obtained using rapid amplification of cDNA ends-polymerase chain reaction. Expression analysis of CcVgR was performed using reverse transcriptase and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in different developmental stages. RNA interference was performed by injecting CcVgR-based double-stranded (ds)RNA at different exposure times. The results revealed that CcVgR is 5421 bp long, encoded 1807 amino acid, belongs to low-density lipoprotein receptor superfamily and contains all conserved domains. Expression analysis confirmed that CcVgR is sex-specific and starts to express in female larvae on day 19. Additionally, RNA interference (RNAi) of CcVgR-based dsRNA inhibited CcVgR expression up to 83% after 72 h, reduced fecundity and hatchability, and confirmed involvement of CcVgR in C. cautella reproduction. This report provides a basis for gene silencing in this species, and proposes RNAi technology potential for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Husain
- Economic Entomology Research Unit, Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - K G Rasool
- Economic Entomology Research Unit, Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Tufail
- Economic Entomology Research Unit, Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - A S Aldawood
- Economic Entomology Research Unit, Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Munis AM, Bentley EM, Takeuchi Y. A tool with many applications: vesicular stomatitis virus in research and medicine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1187-1201. [PMID: 32602788 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1787981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has long been a useful research tool in virology and recently become an essential part of medicinal products. Vesiculovirus research is growing quickly following its adaptation to clinical gene and cell therapy and oncolytic virotherapy. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the versatility of VSV as a research tool and biological reagent, its use as a viral and vaccine vector delivering therapeutic and immunogenic transgenes and an oncolytic virus aiding cancer treatment. Challenges such as the immune response against such advanced therapeutic medicinal products and manufacturing constraints are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION The field of in vivo gene and cell therapy is advancing rapidly with VSV used in many ways. Comparison of VSV's use as a versatile therapeutic reagent unveils further prospects and problems for each application. Overcoming immunological challenges to aid repeated administration of viral vectors and minimizing harmful host-vector interactions remains one of the major challenges. In the future, exploitation of reverse genetic tools may assist the creation of recombinant viral variants that have improved onco-selectivity and more efficient vaccine vector activity. This will add to the preferential features of VSV as an excellent advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP) platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altar M Munis
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK.,Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, UK
| | - Emma M Bentley
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, UK
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London, UK
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18
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Guarino SR, Canciani A, Forneris F. Dissecting the Extracellular Complexity of Neuromuscular Junction Organizers. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 6:156. [PMID: 31998752 PMCID: PMC6966886 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse formation is a very elaborate process dependent upon accurate coordination of pre and post-synaptic specialization, requiring multiple steps and a variety of receptors and signaling molecules. Due to its relative structural simplicity and the ease in manipulation and observation, the neuromuscular synapse or neuromuscular junction (NMJ)-the connection between motor neurons and skeletal muscle-represents the archetype junction system for studying synapse formation and conservation. This junction is essential for survival, as it controls our ability to move and breath. NMJ formation requires coordinated interactions between motor neurons and muscle fibers, which ultimately result in the formation of a highly specialized post-synaptic architecture and a highly differentiated nerve terminal. Furthermore, to ensure a fast and reliable synaptic transmission following neurotransmitter release, ligand-gated channels (acetylcholine receptors, AChRs) are clustered on the post-synaptic muscle cell at high concentrations in sites opposite the presynaptic active zone, supporting a direct role for nerves in the organization of the post-synaptic membrane architecture. This organized clustering process, essential for NMJ formation and for life, relies on key signaling molecules and receptors and is regulated by soluble extracellular molecules localized within the synaptic cleft. Notably, several mutations as well as auto-antibodies against components of these signaling complexes have been related to neuromuscular disorders. The recent years have witnessed strong progress in the understanding of molecular identities, architectures, and functions of NMJ macromolecules. Among these, prominent roles have been proposed for neural variants of the proteoglycan agrin, its receptor at NMJs composed of the lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4) and the muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), as well as the regulatory soluble synapse-specific protease Neurotrypsin. In this review we summarize the current state of the art regarding molecular structures and (agrin-dependent) canonical, as well as (agrin-independent) non-canonical, MuSK signaling mechanisms that underscore the formation of neuromuscular junctions, with the aim of providing a broad perspective to further stimulate molecular, cellular and tissue biology investigations on this fundamental intercellular contact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Federico Forneris
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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19
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Rodríguez Cruz PM, Cossins J, Cheung J, Maxwell S, Jayawant S, Herbst R, Waithe D, Kornev AP, Palace J, Beeson D. Congenital myasthenic syndrome due to mutations in MUSK suggests that the level of MuSK phosphorylation is crucial for governing synaptic structure. Hum Mutat 2019; 41:619-631. [PMID: 31765060 PMCID: PMC7028094 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
MUSK encodes the muscle‐specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK), a key component of the agrin‐LRP4‐MuSK‐DOK7 signaling pathway, which is essential for the formation and maintenance of highly specialized synapses between motor neurons and muscle fibers. We report a patient with severe early‐onset congenital myasthenic syndrome and two novel missense mutations in MUSK (p.C317R and p.A617V). Functional studies show that MUSK p.C317R, located at the frizzled‐like cysteine‐rich domain of MuSK, disrupts an integral part of MuSK architecture resulting in ablated MuSK phosphorylation and acetylcholine receptor (AChR) cluster formation. MUSK p.A617V, located at the kinase domain of MuSK, enhances MuSK phosphorylation resulting in anomalous AChR cluster formation. The identification and evidence for pathogenicity of MUSK mutations supported the initiation of treatment with β2‐adrenergic agonists with a dramatic improvement of muscle strength in the patient. This work suggests uncharacterized mechanisms in which control of the precise level of MuSK phosphorylation is crucial in governing synaptic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Rodríguez Cruz
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Neurosciences Group, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Judith Cossins
- Neurosciences Group, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Cheung
- Neurosciences Group, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan Maxwell
- Neurosciences Group, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sandeep Jayawant
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth Herbst
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical Science Divisions, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominic Waithe
- MRC Centre for Computational Biology and Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandr P Kornev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jacqueline Palace
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Beeson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Neurosciences Group, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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20
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Shin K, Lechtenberg BC, Fujimoto LM, Yao Y, Bartra SS, Plano GV, Marassi FM. Structure of human Vitronectin C-terminal domain and interaction with Yersinia pestis outer membrane protein Ail. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax5068. [PMID: 31535027 PMCID: PMC6739113 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax5068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Vitronectin (Vn) is a major component of blood that controls many processes central to human biology. It is a drug target and a key factor in cell and tissue engineering applications, but despite long-standing efforts, little is known about the molecular basis for its functions. Here, we define the domain organization of Vn, report the crystal structure of its carboxyl-terminal domain, and show that it harbors the binding site for the Yersinia pestis outer membrane protein Ail, which recruits Vn to the bacterial cell surface to evade human host defenses. Vn forms a single four-bladed β/α-propeller that serves as a hub for multiple functions. The structure explains key features of native Vn and provides a blueprint for understanding and targeting this essential human protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsoo Shin
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bernhard C. Lechtenberg
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lynn M. Fujimoto
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yong Yao
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sara Schesser Bartra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Gregory V. Plano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Francesca M. Marassi
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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21
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Mitchell RD, Sonenshine DE, Pérez de León AA. Vitellogenin Receptor as a Target for Tick Control: A Mini-Review. Front Physiol 2019; 10:618. [PMID: 31178755 PMCID: PMC6537121 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While much effort has been put into understanding vitellogenesis in insects and other organisms, much less is known of this process in ticks. There are several steps that facilitate yolk formation in developing oocytes of which the vitellogenin receptor (VgR) is a key component. The tick VgR binds vitellogenin (Vg) circulating in the hemolymph to initiate receptor-mediated endocytosis and its transformation into vitellin (Vn). The conversion of Vg into Vn, the final form of the yolk protein, occurs inside oocytes of the female tick ovary. Vn is critical to tick embryos since it serves as the nutritional source for their development, survival, and reproduction. Recent studies also suggest that pathogenic microbes, i.e., Babesia spp., that rely on ticks for propagation and dissemination likely "hitchhike" onto Vg molecules as they enter developing oocytes through the VgR. Suppressing VgR messenger RNA synthesis via RNA interference (RNAi) completely blocked Babesia spp. transmission into developing tick oocytes, thereby inhibiting vertical transmission of these pathogenic microbes from female to eggs. To date, VgRs from only four tick species, Dermacentor variabilis, Rhipicephalus microplus, Amblyomma hebraeum, and Haemaphysalis longicornis, have been fully sequenced and characterized. In contrast, many more VgRs have been described in various insect species. VgR is a critical component in egg formation and maturation that can serve as a precise target for tick control. However, additional research will help identify unique residues within the receptor that are specific to ticks or other arthropod disease vectors while avoiding cross-reactivity with non-target species. Detailed knowledge of the molecular structure and functional role of tick VgRs will enable development of novel vaccines to control ticks and tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Mitchell
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX, United States
| | - Daniel E. Sonenshine
- Laboratory for Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Adalberto A. Pérez de León
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX, United States
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22
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Sánchez-Hernández RM, Tugores A, Nóvoa FJ, Brito-Casillas Y, Expósito-Montesdeoca AB, Garay P, Bea AM, Riaño M, Pocovi M, Civeira F, Wägner AM, Boronat M. The island of Gran Canaria: A genetic isolate for familial hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol 2019; 13:618-626. [PMID: 31153816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2019.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) has not been universally performed in the Canary Islands (Spain). OBJECTIVES This study aimed to genetically characterize a cohort of patients with FH in the island of Gran Canaria. METHODS Study subjects were 70 unrelated index cases attending a tertiary hospital in Gran Canaria, with a clinical diagnosis of FH, according to the criteria of the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network. Given that 7 of the first 10 cases with positive genetic study were carriers of a single mutation in the LDLR gene [p.(Tyr400_Phe402del)], a specific polymerase chain reaction-based assay was developed for the detection of this variant as a first screening step on the remaining subjects. In those without this mutation, molecular diagnosis was completed using a next-generation sequencing panel including LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, LDLRAP1, APOE, STAP1, and LIPA genes and incorporating copy number variation detection in LDLR. RESULTS On the whole, 44 subjects (62%) had a positive genetic study, of whom 30 (68%) were heterozygous carriers of the p.(Tyr400_Phe402del) variant. Eleven subjects carried other mutations in LDLR, including the novel mutation NM_000527.4: c.877dupG; NP_000518.1: p.(Asp293Glyfs*8). An unclassified PCSK9 gene variant was found in one subject [(NM_174936.3:c.1496G>A; NP_777596.2: p.(Arg499His)]. Other single patients had mutations in APOB (heterozygous) and in LIPA (homozygous). All identified variants co-segregated with the disease phenotype. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a founder effect for the p.(Tyr400_Phe402del) LDLR mutation in Gran Canaria. A cost-effective local screening strategy for genetic diagnosis of FH could be implemented in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Sánchez-Hernández
- Sección de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Antonio Tugores
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Unidad de Investigación, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Francisco J Nóvoa
- Sección de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Yeray Brito-Casillas
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ana B Expósito-Montesdeoca
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Paloma Garay
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Unidad de Investigación, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ana M Bea
- Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, CIBERCV, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Riaño
- Servicio de Bioquímica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Miguel Pocovi
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza & IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando Civeira
- Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, CIBERCV, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M Wägner
- Sección de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Mauro Boronat
- Sección de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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23
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Klee EW, Zimmermann MT. Molecular modeling of LDLR aids interpretation of genomic variants. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:533-540. [PMID: 30778614 PMCID: PMC6440939 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Genetic variants in low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) are known to cause familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), occurring in up to 1 in 200 people (Youngblom E. et al. 1993 and Nordestgaard BG et al. 34:3478–3490a, 2013) and leading to significant risk for heart disease. Clinical genomics testing using high-throughput sequencing is identifying novel genomic variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in individuals suspected of having FH, but for whom the causal link to the disease remains to be established (Nordestgaard BG et al. 34:3478–3490a, 2013). Unfortunately, experimental data about the atomic structure of the LDL binding domains of LDLR at extracellular pH does not exist. This leads to an inability to apply protein structure-based methods for assessing novel variants identified through genetic testing. Thus, the ambiguities in interpretation of LDLR variants are a barrier to achieving the expected clinical value for personalized genomics assays for management of FH. In this study, we integrated data from the literature and related cellular receptors to develop high-resolution models of full-length LDLR at extracellular conditions and use them to predict which VUS alter LDL binding. We believe that the functional effects of LDLR variants can be resolved using a combination of structural bioinformatics and functional assays, leading to a better correlation with clinical presentation. We have completed modeling of LDLR in two major physiologic conditions, generating detailed hypotheses for how each of the 1007 reported protein variants may affect function. Key messages • Hundreds of variants are observed in the LDLR, but most lack interpretation. • Molecular modeling is aided by biochemical knowledge. • We generated context-specific 3D protein models of LDLR. • Our models allowed mechanistic interpretation of many variants. • We interpreted both rare and common genomic variants in their physiologic context. • Effects of genomic variants are often context-specific. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00109-019-01755-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Klee
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael T Zimmermann
- Bioinformatics Research and Development Laboratory, Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226-0509, USA.
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24
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Spontaneous severe hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis lesions in rabbits with deficiency of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) on exon 7. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:29-38. [PMID: 30243490 PMCID: PMC6197696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) have been the very frequently used as animal models in the study of human lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, because they have similar lipoprotein metabolism to humans. Most of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis rabbit models are produced by feeding rabbits a high-cholesterol diet. Gene editing or knockout (KO) offered another means of producing rabbit models for study of the metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins. Even so, apolipoprotein (Apo)E KO rabbits must be fed a high-cholesterol diet to induce hyperlipidemia. In this study, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system anchored exon 7 of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) in an attempt to generate KO rabbits. We designed two sgRNA sequences located in E7:g.7055-7074 and E7:g.7102-7124 of rabbit LDLR gene, respectively. Seven LDLR-KO founder rabbits were generated, and all of them contained biallelic modifications. Various mutational LDLR amino acid sequences of the 7 founder rabbits were subjected to tertiary structure modeling with SWISS-MODEL, and results showed that the structure of EGF-A domain of each protein differs from the wild-type. All the founder rabbits spontaneously developed hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis on a normal chow (NC) diet. Analysis of their plasma lipids and lipoproteins at the age of 12 weeks revealed that all these KO rabbits exhibited markedly increased levels of plasma TC (the highest of which was 1013.15 mg/dl, 20-fold higher than wild-type rabbits), LDL-C (the highest of which was 730.00 mg/dl, 35-fold higher than wild-type rabbits) and TG accompanied by reduced HDL-C levels. Pathological examinations of a founder rabbit showed prominent aortic atherosclerosis lesions and coronary artery atherosclerosis.In conclusion, we have reported the generation LDLR-KO rabbit model for the study of spontaneous hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis on a NC diet. The LDLR-KO rabbits should be a useful rabbit model of human familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) for the simulations of human primary hypercholesterolemia and such models would allow more exact research into cardio-cerebrovascular disease.
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25
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Pei J, Kinch LN, Grishin NV. FlyXCDB—A Resource for Drosophila Cell Surface and Secreted Proteins and Their Extracellular Domains. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3353-3411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Kazamia E, Sutak R, Paz-Yepes J, Dorrell RG, Vieira FRJ, Mach J, Morrissey J, Leon S, Lam F, Pelletier E, Camadro JM, Bowler C, Lesuisse E. Endocytosis-mediated siderophore uptake as a strategy for Fe acquisition in diatoms. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar4536. [PMID: 29774236 PMCID: PMC5955625 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar4536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton growth is limited in vast oceanic regions by the low bioavailability of iron. Iron fertilization often results in diatom blooms, yet the physiological underpinnings for how diatoms survive in chronically iron-limited waters and outcompete other phytoplankton when iron becomes available are unresolved. We show that some diatoms can use siderophore-bound iron, and exhibit a species-specific recognition for siderophore types. In Phaeodactylum tricornutum, hydroxamate siderophores are taken up without previous reduction by a high-affinity mechanism that involves binding to the cell surface followed by endocytosis-mediated uptake and delivery to the chloroplast. The affinity recorded is the highest ever described for an iron transport system in any eukaryotic cell. Collectively, our observations suggest that there are likely a variety of iron uptake mechanisms in diatoms besides the well-established reductive mechanism. We show that iron starvation-induced protein 1 (ISIP1) plays an important role in the uptake of siderophores, and through bioinformatics analyses we deduce that this protein is largely diatom-specific. We quantify expression of ISIP1 in the global ocean by querying the Tara Oceans atlas of eukaryotic genes and show a link between the abundance and distribution of diatom-associated ISIP1 with ocean provinces defined by chronic iron starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kazamia
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole normale supérieure, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Robert Sutak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Javier Paz-Yepes
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole normale supérieure, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Richard G. Dorrell
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole normale supérieure, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabio Rocha Jimenez Vieira
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole normale supérieure, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jan Mach
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Joe Morrissey
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole normale supérieure, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Leon
- Université Paris Diderot (Paris 07), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - France Lam
- Université Paris Diderot (Paris 07), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Eric Pelletier
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CNRS, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Jean-Michel Camadro
- Université Paris Diderot (Paris 07), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Chris Bowler
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole normale supérieure, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Corresponding author. (E.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Emmanuel Lesuisse
- Université Paris Diderot (Paris 07), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
- Corresponding author. (E.L.); (C.B.)
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27
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Tajamolian M, Kolahdouz P, Nikpour P, Forouzannia SK, Sheikhha MH, Yazd EF. A Rare Missense Mutation and a Polymorphism with High Frequency in LDLR Gene among Iranian Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Adv Biomed Res 2018. [PMID: 29531935 PMCID: PMC5841003 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.225927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a disorder that is inherited by autosomal dominant pattern. The main cause of FH disease is the occurrence of mutations in low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene sequence, as well as apolipoprotein B and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 genes, located in the next ranks, respectively. Materials and Methods: Forty-five unrelated Iranian patients with FH were screened using a high-resolution melting (HRM) method for exon 9 along with intron/exon boundaries of LDLR gene. Samples with shift in resultant HRM curves were compared to normal ones, sequenced, and analyzed. Results: Our findings revealed a missense mutation c. 1246C>T and a known variant IVS9-30C>T (rs1003723) that was recognized in 71% of the patients (22%: homozygous and 49%: heterozygous genotypes). In silico analysis, predicted the pathological effect of the c. 1246C>T mutation in LDLR protein structure, but IVS9-30C>T variant had no predicted effect on splice site and branch point function. Conclusion: FH is a hereditary type of hypercholesterolemia that leads to premature cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis, and early diagnosis is needed. We detected a rare missense mutation (1246C>T) and a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the Iranian population. These reports could help in the genetic diagnosis and counseling of FH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Tajamolian
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Yazd, Iran.,Medical Genetics Research Center, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Parvaneh Nikpour
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hasan Sheikhha
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Yazd, Iran.,Yazd Clinical and Research Center for Infertility, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ehsan Farashahi Yazd
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Yazd, Iran.,Yazd Clinical and Research Center for Infertility, Yazd, Iran
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28
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Wujak L, Schnieder J, Schaefer L, Wygrecka M. LRP1: A chameleon receptor of lung inflammation and repair. Matrix Biol 2017; 68-69:366-381. [PMID: 29262309 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lung displays a remarkable capability to regenerate following injury. Considerable effort has been made thus far to understand the cardinal processes underpinning inflammation and reconstruction of lung tissue. However, the factors determining the resolution or persistence of inflammation and efficient wound healing or aberrant remodeling remain largely unknown. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is an endocytic/signaling cell surface receptor which controls cellular and molecular mechanisms driving the physiological and pathological inflammatory reactions and tissue remodeling in several organs. In this review, we will discuss the impact of LRP1 on the consecutive steps of the inflammatory response and its role in the balanced tissue repair and aberrant remodeling in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Wujak
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schnieder
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Goethe University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany.
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29
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How multi-scale structural biology elucidated context-dependent variability in ectodomain conformation along with the ligand capture and release cycle for LDLR family members. Biophys Rev 2017; 10:481-492. [PMID: 29204877 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and its homologs capture and internalize lipoproteins into the cell. Due to the fact that LDLR family members possess a modular ectodomain that undergoes dynamic conformational changes, multi-scale structural analysis has been performed so as to understand the ligand capture and release mechanism. For example, crystallographic analyses have provided models for both the entire ectodomain and high-resolution structures of individual modules. In addition, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analyses have shown the rigidity and flexibility of inter-module linkers to restrict the mobility of ectodomain. Accumulated structural data suggest that the ectodomains of LDLR family members are flexible at the cell surface and switch between two metastable conformations, that is, the extended and contracted conformations. Recent structural analysis of ApoER2, a close homolog of LDLR, raised the possibility that the receptor binds with the ligand in the contracted conformation. After transport to an endosome by endocytosis, the receptor undergoes a conformational change to the closed conformation for completion of ligand release. In contrast, LDLR has been reported to adopt the extended conformation when it binds with a inhibitory regulator that recruits LDLR toward the degradation pathway. These findings support a mechanism of different ectodomain conformations for binding the ligand versus binding the regulatory protein. In this review, I provide an overview of studies that analyze the structural and biophysical properties of the ectodomains of LDLR family members and discuss a hypothetical model for ligand uptake and receptor recycling that integrates the known ectodomain conformational variability.
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30
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Gonias SL, Karimi-Mostowfi N, Murray SS, Mantuano E, Gilder AS. Expression of LDL receptor-related proteins (LRPs) in common solid malignancies correlates with patient survival. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186649. [PMID: 29088295 PMCID: PMC5663383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
LDL receptor-related proteins (LRPs) are transmembrane receptors involved in endocytosis, cell-signaling, and trafficking of other cellular proteins. Considerable work has focused on LRPs in the fields of vascular biology and neurobiology. How these receptors affect cancer progression in humans remains largely unknown. Herein, we mined provisional databases in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to compare expression of thirteen LRPs in ten common solid malignancies in patients. Our first goal was to determine the abundance of LRP mRNAs in each type of cancer. Our second goal was to determine whether expression of LRPs is associated with improved or worsened patient survival. In total, data from 4,629 patients were mined. In nine of ten cancers studied, the most abundantly expressed LRP was LRP1; however, a correlation between LRP1 mRNA expression and patient survival was observed only in bladder urothelial carcinoma. In this malignancy, high levels of LRP1 mRNA were associated with worsened patient survival. High levels of LDL receptor (LDLR) mRNA were associated with decreased patient survival in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. High levels of LRP10 mRNA were associated with decreased patient survival in hepatocellular carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. LRP2 was the only LRP for which high levels of mRNA expression correlated with improved patient survival. This correlation was observed in renal clear cell carcinoma. Insights into LRP gene expression in human cancers and their effects on patient survival should guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L. Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicki Karimi-Mostowfi
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah S. Murray
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Elisabetta Mantuano
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- The Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrew S. Gilder
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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31
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Larsen CP, Trivin-Avillach C, Coles P, Collins AB, Merchant M, Ma H, Wilkey DW, Ambruzs JM, Messias NC, Cossey LN, Rosales IA, Wooldridge T, Walker PD, Colvin RB, Klein J, Salant DJ, Beck LH. LDL Receptor-Related Protein 2 (Megalin) as a Target Antigen in Human Kidney Anti-Brush Border Antibody Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 29:644-653. [PMID: 29074737 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017060664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary renal tubulointerstitial disease resulting from proximal tubule antigen-specific antibodies and immune complex formation has not been well characterized in humans. We report a cohort of patients with a distinct, underappreciated kidney disease characterized by kidney antibrush border antibodies and renal failure (ABBA disease). We identified ten patients with ABBA disease who had a combination of proximal tubule damage, IgG-positive immune deposits in the tubular basement membrane, and circulating antibodies reactive with normal human kidney proximal tubular brush border. All but one of the patients also had segmental glomerular deposits on renal biopsy specimen. Patients with ABBA disease were elderly and presented with AKI and subnephrotic proteinuria. Serum from all patients but not controls recognized a high molecular weight protein in renal tubular protein extracts that we identified as LDL receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2), also known as megalin, by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. Immunostaining revealed that LRP2 specifically colocalized with IgG in the tubular immune deposits on the ABBA biopsy specimen but not the control specimen analyzed. Finally, ABBA serum samples but not control samples showed reactivity against recombinantly expressed N-terminal LRP2 fragments on Western blots and immunoprecipitated the recombinantly expressed N-terminal region of LRP2. This case series details the clinicopathologic findings of patients with ABBA disease and shows that the antigenic target of these autoantibodies is LRP2. Future studies are needed to determine the disease prevalence, stimulus for ABBA, and optimal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Trivin-Avillach
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paige Coles
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A Bernard Collins
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Merchant
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - Hong Ma
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel W Wilkey
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | | | | | | | - Ivy A Rosales
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Robert B Colvin
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jon Klein
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - David J Salant
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laurence H Beck
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;
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32
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The Roles of the Wnt-Antagonists Axin and Lrp4 during Embryogenesis of the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum. J Dev Biol 2017; 5:jdb5040010. [PMID: 29615567 PMCID: PMC5831798 DOI: 10.3390/jdb5040010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In both vertebrates and invertebrates, the Wnt-signaling pathway is essential for numerous processes in embryogenesis and during adult life. Wnt activity is fine-tuned at various levels by the interplay of a number of Wnt-agonists (Wnt ligands, Frizzled-receptors, Lrp5/6 coreceptors) and Wnt-antagonists (among them Axin, Secreted frizzled and Lrp4) to define anterior–posterior polarity of the early embryo and specify cell fate in organogenesis. So far, the functional analysis of Wnt-pathway components in insects has concentrated on the roles of Wnt-agonists and on the Wnt-antagonist Axin. We depict here additional features of the Wnt-antagonist Axin in the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. We show that Tc-axin is dynamically expressed throughout embryogenesis and confirm its essential role in head development. In addition, we describe an as yet undetected, more extreme Tc-axin RNAi-phenotype, the ectopic formation of posterior abdominal segments in reverse polarity and a second hindgut at the anterior. For the first time, we describe here that an lrp4 ortholog is involved in axis formation in an insect. The Tribolium Lrp4 ortholog is ubiquitously expressed throughout embryogenesis. Its downregulation via maternal RNAi results in the reduction of head structures but not in axis polarity reversal. Furthermore, segmentation is impaired and larvae develop with a severe gap-phenotype. We conclude that, as in vertebrates, Tc-lrp4 functions as a Wnt-inhibitor in Tribolium during various stages of embryogenesis. We discuss the role of both components as negative modulators of Wnt signaling in respect to axis formation and segmentation in Tribolium.
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Gao Z, Qu B, Ma Z, Jiao D, Ji G, Zhang S. Identification and functional characterization of a novel member of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)-like family in amphioxus. Gene 2017; 618:42-48. [PMID: 28400271 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is a group of important endocytic receptors contributing to binding ligands and maintaining internal environment. In this study, we identified a soluble LRP-like molecule in the amphioxus B. japonicum, BjLRP, with an uncharacterized domain structure combination of LY-EGF-CRD-EGF-CRD. It was mainly expressed in the gill, muscle, notochord and testis, and was significantly up-regulated following the challenge with bacteria. Recombinant BjLRP was capable of interacting with both Gram-negative and positive bacteria as well as PAMPs including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN). Interestingly, recombinant LY peptide was also able to bind to the Gram-negative and positive bacteria as well as the PAMPs LPS, LTA and PGN. By contrast, none of recombinant EGF1, EGF2, CRD1 and CRD2 had affinity to the bacteria and the PAMPs. In addition, BjLRPΔLY had no affinity to the PAMPs, although BjLRPΔLY showed slight affinity to the bacteria. These suggest that the interaction of BjLRP with the bacteria and PAMPs was primarily attributable to the LY domain. It is clear that BjLRP is a novel pattern recognition protein capable of identifying and interacting with invading bacteria in amphioxus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Gao
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Baozhen Qu
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zengyu Ma
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Deyan Jiao
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guangdong Ji
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Roskoski R. ROS1 protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of ROS1 fusion protein-driven non-small cell lung cancers. Pharmacol Res 2017; 121:202-212. [PMID: 28465216 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ROS1 protein-tyrosine kinase fusion proteins are expressed in 1-2% of non-small cell lung cancers. The ROS1 fusion partners include CD74, CCDC6, EZR, FIG, KDELR2, LRIG3, MSN, SDC4, SLC34A2, TMEM106B, TMP3, and TPD52L1. Physiological ROS1 is closely related to the ALK, LTK, and insulin receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. ROS1 is a so-called orphan receptor because the identity of its activating ligand, if any, is unknown. The receptor is expressed during development, but little is expressed in adults and its physiological function is unknown. The human ROS1 gene encodes 2347 amino acid residues and ROS1 is the largest protein-tyrosine kinase receptor protein. Unlike the ALK fusion proteins that are activated by the dimerization induced by their amino-terminal portions, the amino-terminal domains of several of its fusion proteins including CD74 apparently lack the ability to induce dimerization so that the mechanism of constitutive protein kinase activation is unknown. Downstream signaling from the ROS1 fusion protein leads to the activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK1/2 cell proliferation module, the phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase cell survival pathway, and the Vav3 cell migration pathway. Moreover, several of the ROS1 fusion proteins are implicated in the pathogenesis of a very small proportion of other cancers including glioblastoma, angiosarcoma, and cholangiocarcinoma as well as ovarian, gastric, and colorectal carcinomas. The occurrence of oncogenic ROS1 fusion proteins, particularly in non-small cell lung cancer, has fostered considerable interest in the development of ROS1 inhibitors. Although the percentage of lung cancers driven by ROS1 fusion proteins is low, owing to the large number of new cases of non-small cell lung cancer per year, the number of new cases of ROS1-positive lung cancers is significant and ranges from 2000 to 4000 per year in the United States and 10,000-15,000 worldwide. Crizotinib was the first inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of ROS1-positive non-small cell lung cancer in 2016. Other drugs that are in clinical trials for the treatment of these lung cancers include ceritinib, cabozantinib, entrectinib, and lorlatinib. Crizotinib forms a complex within the front cleft between the small and large lobes of an active ROS1 protein-kinase domain and it is classified as type I inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 116, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742-8814, United States.
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Hirai H, Yasui N, Yamashita K, Tabata S, Yamamoto M, Takagi J, Nogi T. Structural basis for ligand capture and release by the endocytic receptor ApoER2. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:982-999. [PMID: 28446613 PMCID: PMC5452030 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) is a close homologue of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) that mediates the endocytosis of ligands, including LDL particles. LDLR family members have been presumed to explore a large conformational space to capture ligands in the extended conformation at the cell surface. Ligands are subsequently released through a pH-titrated structural transition to a self-docked, contracted-closed conformation. In addition to lipoprotein uptake, ApoER2 is implicated in signal transduction during brain development through capture of the extracellular protein reelin. From crystallographic analysis, we determine that the full-length ApoER2 ectodomain adopts an intermediate contracted-open conformation when complexed with the signaling-competent reelin fragment, and we identify a previously unappreciated auxiliary low-affinity binding interface. Based on mutational analyses, we propose that the pH shift during endocytosis weakens the affinity of the auxiliary interface and destabilizes the ligand-receptor complex. Furthermore, this study elucidates that the contracted-open conformation of ligand-bound ApoER2 at neutral pH resembles the contracted-closed conformation of ligand-unbound LDLR at acidic pH in a manner suggestive of being primed for ligand release even prior to internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Hirai
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihisa Yasui
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Sanae Tabata
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Junichi Takagi
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Terukazu Nogi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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Lee J, Peterson SM, Freeman JL. Sex-specific characterization and evaluation of the Alzheimer's disease genetic risk factor sorl1 in zebrafish during aging and in the adult brain following a 100 ppb embryonic lead exposure. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:400-407. [PMID: 27535807 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Developmental lead (Pb) exposure is suggested in laboratory studies to be a trigger for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sortilin-related receptor, L (DLR class) A repeats-containing (SORL1) is a recently identified AD genetic risk factor. SORL1 has limited characterization in vertebrate models in comparison to other AD genetic risk factors. To characterize SORL1 further, protein sequence homology between humans, mice and zebrafish was analyzed and showed conservation of functional repeats and domain orientation. Next, spatial expression of sorl1 in zebrafish larvae was completed and diffuse expression in neural tissue that was not restricted to the brain was observed. Influences of sex and age on quantitative expression of sorl1 in the brain of adult zebrafish were then assessed. Sex-specific alteration of sorl1 expression transpired during the aging process in females. The zebrafish was then utilized to investigate the impacts of a 100 ppb embryonic Pb exposure on sorl1 expression and other known AD genetic risk factors. Sex-specific quantitative gene expression analysis was completed with adult zebrafish brain to compare those developmentally exposed to Pb or a control treatment, but no significant difference in sorl1 expression or other AD genetic risk factors was observed. Overall, this study provided characterization of sorl1 with changes in brain expression during aging being female-specific. This finding is in agreement with females being more prone to the onset of AD, but analysis of additional AD genetic risk factors is needed to facilitate our understanding of the impact of a 100 ppb embryonic Pb exposure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Lee
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Samuel M Peterson
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jennifer L Freeman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Hologenome analysis of two marine sponges with different microbiomes. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:158. [PMID: 26926518 PMCID: PMC4772301 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sponges (Porifera) harbor distinct microbial consortia within their mesohyl interior. We herein analysed the hologenomes of Stylissa carteri and Xestospongia testudinaria, which notably differ in their microbiome content. Results Our analysis revealed that S. carteri has an expanded repertoire of immunological domains, specifically Scavenger Receptor Cysteine-Rich (SRCR)-like domains, compared to X. testudinaria. On the microbial side, metatranscriptome analyses revealed an overrepresentation of potential symbiosis-related domains in X. testudinaria. Conclusions Our findings provide genomic insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying host-symbiont coevolution and may serve as a roadmap for future hologenome analyses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2501-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Fujii Y, Matsunaga Y, Arimori T, Kitago Y, Ogasawara S, Kaneko MK, Kato Y, Takagi J. Tailored placement of a turn-forming PA tag into the structured domain of a protein to probe its conformational state. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1512-22. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.176685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Placement of a tag sequence is usually limited to either terminal of the target protein, reducing the potential of epitope tags for various labeling applications. The PA tag is a dodecapeptide (GVAMPGAEDDVV) that is recognized by a high-affinity antibody NZ-1. We determined the crystal structure of the PA tag/NZ-1 complex and found that NZ-1 recognized a central segment of the PA tag peptide in a tight β-turn configuration, suggesting its compatibility with the insertion into a loop. This possibility was tested and confirmed using multiple integrin subunits and semaphorin. More specifically, the PA tag can be inserted at multiple locations within the αIIb subunit of the fibrinogen receptor αIIbβ3 integrin without affecting the structural and functional integrity, while maintaining its high affinity toward NZ-1. The large choice of the sites for "epitope grafting" enabled the placement of the PA tag at a location whose accessibility is modulated during the biological action of the receptor. Thus, we succeeded in converting a general anti-tag antibody into a special reporter/activator anti-β1 integrin antibody that can be classified as a ligand-induced binding site antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujii
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Regional Innovation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukiko Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takao Arimori
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu Kitago
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogasawara
- Department of Regional Innovation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mika K. Kaneko
- Department of Regional Innovation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Regional Innovation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Capaldi S, Faggion B, Carrizo ME, Destefanis L, Gonzalez MC, Perduca M, Bovi M, Galliano M, Monaco HL. Three-dimensional structure and ligand-binding site of carp fishelectin (FEL). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:1123-35. [DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715004174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Carp FEL (fishelectin or fish-egg lectin) is a 238-amino-acid lectin that can be purified from fish eggs by exploiting its selective binding to Sepharose followed by elution withN-acetylglucosamine. Its amino-acid sequence and other biochemical properties have previously been reported. The glycoprotein has four disulfide bridges and the structure of the oligosaccharides linked to Asn27 has been described. Here, the three-dimensional structures of apo carp FEL (cFEL) and of its complex withN-acetylglucosamine determined by X-ray crystallography at resolutions of 1.35 and 1.70 Å, respectively, are reported. The molecule folds as a six-bladed β-propeller and internal short consensus amino-acid sequences have been identified in all of the blades. A calcium atom binds at the bottom of the funnel-shaped tunnel located in the centre of the propeller. Two ligand-binding sites, α and β, are present in each of the two protomers in the dimer. The first site, α, is closer to the N-terminus of the chain and is located in the crevice between the second and the third blades, while the second site, β, is located between the fourth and the fifth blades. The amino acids that participate in the contacts have been identified, as well as the conserved water molecules in all of the sites. Both sites can bind the two anomers, α and β, ofN-acetylglucosamine, as is clearly recognizable in the electron-density maps. The lectin presents sequence homology to members of the tachylectin family, which are known to have a function in the innate immune system of arthropods, and homologous genes are present in the genomes of other fish and amphibians. This structure is the first of a protein of this group and, given the degree of homology with other members of the family, it is expected that it will be useful to experimentally determine other crystal structures using the coordinates of cFEL as a search probe in molecular replacement.
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Pagnier I, Yutin N, Croce O, Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Benamar S, Raoult D, Koonin EV, La Scola B. Babela massiliensis, a representative of a widespread bacterial phylum with unusual adaptations to parasitism in amoebae. Biol Direct 2015; 10:13. [PMID: 25884386 PMCID: PMC4378268 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-015-0043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Only a small fraction of bacteria and archaea that are identifiable by metagenomics can be grown on standard media. Recent efforts on deep metagenomics sequencing, single-cell genomics and the use of specialized culture conditions (culturomics) increasingly yield novel microbes some of which represent previously uncharacterized phyla and possess unusual biological traits. Results We report isolation and genome analysis of Babela massiliensis, an obligate intracellular parasite of Acanthamoeba castellanii. B. massiliensis shows an unusual, fission mode of cell multiplication whereby large, polymorphic bodies accumulate in the cytoplasm of infected amoeba and then split into mature bacterial cells. This unique mechanism of cell division is associated with a deep degradation of the cell division machinery and delayed expression of the ftsZ gene. The genome of B. massiliensis consists of a circular chromosome approximately 1.12 megabase in size that encodes, 981 predicted proteins, 38 tRNAs and one typical rRNA operon. Phylogenetic analysis shows that B. massiliensis belongs to the putative bacterial phylum TM6 that so far was represented by the draft genome of the JCVI TM6SC1 bacterium obtained by single cell genomics and numerous environmental sequences. Conclusions Currently, B. massiliensis is the only cultivated member of the putative TM6 phylum. Phylogenomic analysis shows diverse taxonomic affinities for B. massiliensis genes, suggestive of multiple gene acquisitions via horizontal transfer from other bacteria and eukaryotes. Horizontal gene transfer is likely to be facilitated by the cohabitation of diverse parasites and symbionts inside amoeba. B. massiliensis encompasses many genes encoding proteins implicated in parasite-host interaction including the greatest number of ankyrin repeats among sequenced bacteria and diverse proteins related to the ubiquitin system. Characterization of B. massiliensis, a representative of a distinct bacterial phylum, thanks to its ability to grow in amoeba, reaffirms the critical role of diverse culture approaches in microbiology. Reviewers This article was reviewed by Dr. Igor Zhulin, Dr. Jeremy Selengut, and Pr Martijn Huynen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13062-015-0043-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Pagnier
- URMITE, CNRS UMR IRD 6236, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Bd. Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France.
| | - Natalya Yutin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA.
| | - Olivier Croce
- URMITE, CNRS UMR IRD 6236, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Bd. Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France.
| | - Kira S Makarova
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA.
| | - Yuri I Wolf
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA.
| | - Samia Benamar
- URMITE, CNRS UMR IRD 6236, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Bd. Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France.
| | - Didier Raoult
- URMITE, CNRS UMR IRD 6236, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Bd. Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France.
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA.
| | - Bernard La Scola
- URMITE, CNRS UMR IRD 6236, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Bd. Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France.
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Molecular characterization of vitellogenin and its receptor genes from citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor). Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4759-73. [PMID: 25739087 PMCID: PMC4394447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16034759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The production and uptake of yolk protein play an important role in the reproduction of all oviparous organisms. Vitellogenin (Vg) is the precursor of vitellin (Vn), which is the major egg storage protein, and vitellogenin receptor (VgR) is a necessary protein for the uptake of Vg into developing oocytes. In this paper, we characterize the full-length Vg and VgR, PcVg1 and PcVgR, respectively, of the citrus red mite Panonychus citri (McGregor). The PcVg1 cDNA is 5748 nucleotides (nt) with a 5553-nt open reading frame (ORF) coding for 1851 amino acids (aa), and the PcVgR is 6090 nt, containing an intact ORF of 5673 nt coding an expected protein of 1891 aa. The PcVg1 aa sequence shows a typical GLCG domain and several K/RXXR cleavage sites, and PcVgR comprises two ligand-binding domains, two epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like regions containing YWTD motifs, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. An analysis of the aa sequences and phylogenetics implied that both genes were genetically distinct from those of ticks and insects. The transcriptional profiles determined by real-time quantitative PCR in different developmental stages showed that both genes present the same expressional tendencies in eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults. This suggested that the biosynthesis and uptake of PcVg occurs coordinately. The strong reproductive capacity of P. citri has been hypothesized as an important factor in its resistance; consequently, understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating Vg and VgR are fundamental for mite control.
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Etxebarria A, Benito-Vicente A, Palacios L, Stef M, Cenarro A, Civeira F, Ostolaza H, Martin C. Functional Characterization and Classification of Frequent Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Variants. Hum Mutat 2014; 36:129-41. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Etxebarria
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica; Universidad del País Vasco; Bilbao 48080 Spain
| | - Asier Benito-Vicente
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica; Universidad del País Vasco; Bilbao 48080 Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Cenarro
- Unidad de Lípidos and Laboratorio de Investigación Molecular; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet; Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS); Zaragoza Spain
| | - Fernando Civeira
- Unidad de Lípidos and Laboratorio de Investigación Molecular; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet; Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS); Zaragoza Spain
| | - Helena Ostolaza
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica; Universidad del País Vasco; Bilbao 48080 Spain
| | - Cesar Martin
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica; Universidad del País Vasco; Bilbao 48080 Spain
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Yi J, Cai Y, Yao Z, Lin J. Genetic analysis of the relationship between bone mineral density and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 gene polymorphisms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85052. [PMID: 24376863 PMCID: PMC3871666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A number of studies have examined the association between the polymorphisms of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 gene (LRP5), but previous results have been inconclusive. Thus we performed a meta-analysis of studies on the association between the LRP5 polymorphisms and bone mineral density (BMD) to assess their pooled effects. Methods Published literature from PubMed, EMBASE and ISI web of science were searched for eligible publications. Weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using fixed- or random-effects model. Results A total of 19 studies with 25773 subjects were considered in this meta-analysis. Of them, 17 examined the association between the A1330V polymorphism and BMD, 8 were focused on the V667M polymorphism, and 2 analyzed the Q89R polymorphism. Individuals with the A1330V AA genotype showed significantly higher BMD than those with the AV/VV genotypes [at lumbar spine (LS): WMD = 0.02g/cm2, 95% CI = 0.01-0.03, P < 10-4; at femur neck (FN): WMD = 0.01g/cm2, 95% CI = 0.00-0.02, P = 0.01] or VV genotype (at LS: WMD = 0.02g/cm2, 95% CI = 0.01-0.04, P = 0.01). Significant associations were also detected in the analysis for V667M (VV vs. VM/MM: WMD at LS = 0.02g/cm2, 95% CI = 0.02-0.03, P < 10-5; WMD at FN = 0.01g/cm2, 95% CI = 0.01-0.02, P = 0.0002). As for Q89R, subjects with the QQ genotype tended to have higher BMD than those with the QR/RR genotypes at FN (WMD = 0.03g/cm2, 95% CI = 0.01-0.05, P = 0.005). Conclusion This meta-analysis demonstrated that the LRP5 polymorphisms may be modestly associated with BMD of LS and FN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayong Yi
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjun Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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44
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Smith AD, Reuben Kaufman W. Molecular characterization of the vitellogenin receptor from the tick, Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:1133-1141. [PMID: 24128609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have identified the full-length cDNA encoding a vitellogenin receptor (VgR) from the African bont tick Amblyomma hebraeum Koch (1844). VgRs are members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor superfamily that promote the uptake of the yolk protein vitellogenin (Vg), from the haemolymph. The AhVgR (GenBank accession No. JX846592) is 5703 bp, and encodes an 1801 aa protein with a 196.5 kDa molecular mass following cleavage of a 22 aa signal peptide. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that AhVgR is highly similar to other tick VgRs. AhVgR is expressed in only the ovary of mated, engorged females, and is absent in all other female tissues and in both fed and unfed males. Unfed, adult females injected with a VgR-dsRNA probe to knock-down VgR expression experienced a significant delay in ovary development and started oviposition significantly later than controls. These results indicate that the expression of AhVgR is important for the uptake of Vg and subsequent maturation of the oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405, Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
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45
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Pieper-Fürst U, Lammert F. Low-density lipoprotein receptors in liver: old acquaintances and a newcomer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1191-8. [PMID: 24046859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The lipoprotein receptors low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and megalin/LRP2 share characteristic structural elements. In addition to their well-known roles in endocytosis of lipoproteins and systemic lipid homeostasis, it has been established that LRP1 mediates the endocytotic clearance of a multitude of extracellular ligands and regulates diverse signaling processes such as growth factor signaling, inflammatory signaling pathways, apoptosis, and phagocytosis in liver. Here, possible functions of LRP1 expression in hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells in healthy and injured liver are discussed. Recent studies indicate the expression of megalin (LRP2) by hepatic stellate cells, myofibroblasts and Kupffer cells and hypothesize that LRP2 might represent another potential regulator of hepatic inflammatory processes. These observations provide the experimental framework for the systematic and dynamic analysis of the LDLR family during chronic liver injury and fibrogenesis.
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Andersen OM, Dagil R, Kragelund BB. New horizons for lipoprotein receptors: communication by β-propellers. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2763-74. [PMID: 23881912 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m039545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipoprotein receptor (LR) family constitutes a large group of structurally closely related receptors with broad ligand-binding specificity. Traditionally, ligand binding to LRs has been anticipated to involve merely the complement type repeat (CR)-domains omnipresent in the family. Recently, this dogma has transformed with the observation that β-propellers of some LRs actively engage in complex formation too. Based on an in-depth decomposition of current structures and sequences, we suggest that exploitation of the β-propellers as binding targets depends on receptor subgroups. In particular, we highlight the shutter mechanism of β-propellers as a general recognition motif for NxI-containing ligands, and we present indications that the generalized β-propeller-induced ligand release mechanism is not applicable for the larger LRs. For the giant LR members, we present evidence that their β-propellers may also actively engage in ligand binding. We therefore advocate for an increased focus on solving the structure-function relationship of this group of important biological receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav M Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; and
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47
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Thirup S, Gupta V, Quistgaard EM. Up, down, and around: identifying recurrent interactions within and between super-secondary structures in β-propellers. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 932:35-50. [PMID: 22987345 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-065-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The examination and analysis of super-secondary structures or other specific structural patterns associated with particular functions, sequence motifs, or structural contexts require that the set of structures examined shares the same feature. This seems obvious but in practice this may often present problems such as identifying complete sets of data avoiding false positives. In the case of the β-propeller structures the symmetry of the propeller creates problems for many structure similarity search programs. Here we present a procedure that will identify propeller structures in PDB and assign them to the different N-propeller types. In addition we outline methods to examine similarities and differences within and between the four stranded up-and-down blades of the β-propeller.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Thirup
- Department of Molecular Biology, MIND Centre, CARB Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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48
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MacDonald BT, He X. Frizzled and LRP5/6 receptors for Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:4/12/a007880. [PMID: 23209147 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a007880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Frizzled and LRP5/6 are Wnt receptors that upon activation lead to stabilization of cytoplasmic β-catenin. In this study, we review the current knowledge of these two families of receptors, including their structures and interactions with Wnt proteins, and signaling mechanisms from receptor activation to the engagement of intracellular partners Dishevelled and Axin, and finally to the inhibition of β-catenin phosphorylation and ensuing β-catenin stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan T MacDonald
- The F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Ou SHI, Tan J, Yen Y, Soo RA. ROS1 as a 'druggable' receptor tyrosine kinase: lessons learned from inhibiting the ALK pathway. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2012; 12:447-56. [PMID: 22500682 DOI: 10.1586/era.12.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ROS1 is one of 58 receptor tyrosine kinases, and one of two orphan receptor tyrosine kinases where its ligand is unknown. ROS1 is evolutionarily related to ALK. ROS1 rearrangement was discovered in glioblastoma in 1987, in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in 2007, and in cholangiocarcinoma in 2011. While the clinicopathologic characteristics of ROS1-rearranged glioblastoma and cholangiocarcinoma patients remain to be defined, the clinicopathologic characteristics of ROS1-rearranged NSCLC patients have recently been described. Although ROS1 shares only 49% amino acid sequence homology with ALK in the kinase domains, several ALK inhibitors have demonstrated in vitro inhibitory activity against ROS1. With the recent US approval of crizotinib, a multi-targeted ALK/MET kinase inhibitor, for the treatment of ALK-rearranged NSCLC, attention has turned to ROS1-rearranged tumors, especially NSCLC. The next few years should witness a rapid pace of clinical research in ROS1-rearranged tumors utilizing available ALK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Hong Ignatius Ou
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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Bechtel M, Keller MV, Bloch W, Sasaki T, Boukamp P, Zaucke F, Paulsson M, Nischt R. Different domains in nidogen-1 and nidogen-2 drive basement membrane formation in skin organotypic cocultures. FASEB J 2012; 26:3637-48. [PMID: 22623588 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-194597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nidogen-1 and nidogen-2 are homologous proteins found in all basement membranes (BMs). They show comparable binding activities in vitro and partially redundant functions in vivo. Previously, we showed that in skin organotypic cocultures, BM formation was prevented in the absence of nidogens and that either nidogen was able to rescue this failure. We now dissected the two nidogens to identify the domains required for BM deposition. For that purpose, HaCaT cells were grown on collagen matrices containing nidogen-deficient, murine fibroblasts. After addition of nidogen-1 or nidogen-2 protein fragments comprising different binding domains, BM deposition was analyzed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. We could demonstrate that the rod-G3 domain of nidogen-2 was sufficient to achieve deposition of BM components at the epidermal-collagen interface. In contrast, for nidogen-1, both the G2 and G3 domains were required. Immunoblot analysis confirmed that all BM components were present in comparable amounts under all culture conditions. This finding demonstrates that nidogens, although homologous proteins, exert their effect on BM assembly through different binding domains, which may in turn result in alterations of BM structure and functions, thus providing an explanation for the phenotypical differences observed between nidogen-1 and -2 deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Bechtel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany
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