1
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Zhu L, Li S, Jiang JY, Yao ZY, Li Q, Lian SJ, Liu Q, Shi JS, Xu ZH, Gong JS. High-Level Extracellular Expression of Hyaluronate Lyase HylP in Bacillus subtilis for Hyaluronan Degradation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04883-w. [PMID: 38411935 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04883-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Hyaluronate lyase (HA lyase) has potential in the industrial processing of hyaluronan. In this study, HylP, an HA lyase from Streptococcus pyogenes phage (SPB) was successfully expressed in Bacillus subtilis. To improve the extracellular enzyme activity of HylP in B. subtilis, signal peptide engineering systematic optimization was carried out, and cultured it from shake flasks and fermenters, followed by purification, characterization, and analysis of degradation products. The results showed that the replacement of the signal peptide increased the extracellular enzyme activity of HylP from 1.0 × 104 U/mL to 1.86 × 104 U/mL in the shake flask assay, and using a 20 L fermenter in a batch fermentation process, the extracellular enzyme activity achieved the level of 1.07 × 105 U/mL. HylP exhibited significant thermal and pH stability in the temperature range of 40 °C and pH range of 4-8, respectively. The enzyme showed optimum activity at 40 °C and pH 6, with significant activity in the presence of Na+, Mg2+, and Co2+ ions. Degradation analysis showed that HylP efficiently degraded hyaluronan as an endonuclease, releasing unsaturated disaccharides. These comprehensive findings underscore the substantial industrial potential of HylP for hyaluronan processing applications, offering valuable insights into enzyme characterization and optimization of expression for potential industrial utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv Zhu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Daxue East Road No. 100, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shubo Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Daxue East Road No. 100, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia-Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Sodium Hyaluronate and its Derivatives, Shandong Focusfreda Biotech Co., Ltd, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Jie Lian
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Sodium Hyaluronate and its Derivatives, Shandong Focusfreda Biotech Co., Ltd, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Sodium Hyaluronate and its Derivatives, Shandong Focusfreda Biotech Co., Ltd, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
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A Safe-by-Design Approach for the Synthesis of a Novel Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid with Improved Biological and Physical Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030431. [PMID: 36986530 PMCID: PMC10058433 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a polymer with unique biological properties that has gained in interest over the years, with applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and biomedical fields; however, its widespread use has been limited by its short half-life. Therefore, a new cross-linked hyaluronic acid was designed and characterized using a natural and safe cross-linking agent, such as arginine methyl ester, which provided improved resistance to enzymatic action, as compared to the corresponding linear polymer. The antibacterial profile of the new derivative was shown to be effective against S. aureus and P. acnes, making it a promising candidate for use in cosmetic formulations and skin applications. Its effect on S. pneumoniae, combined with its excellent tolerability profile on lung cells, also makes this new product suitable for applications involving the respiratory tract.
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3
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Guvench O. Atomic-Resolution Experimental Structural Biology and Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Hyaluronan and Its Complexes. Molecules 2022; 27:7276. [PMID: 36364098 PMCID: PMC9658939 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the atomic-resolution structural biology of hyaluronan and its complexes available in the Protein Data Bank, as well as published studies of atomic-resolution explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations on these and other hyaluronan and hyaluronan-containing systems. Advances in accurate molecular mechanics force fields, simulation methods and software, and computer hardware have supported a recent flourish in such simulations, such that the simulation publications now outnumber the structural biology publications by an order of magnitude. In addition to supplementing the experimental structural biology with computed dynamic and thermodynamic information, the molecular dynamics studies provide a wealth of atomic-resolution information on hyaluronan-containing systems for which there is no atomic-resolution structural biology either available or possible. Examples of these summarized in this review include hyaluronan pairing with other hyaluronan molecules and glycosaminoglycans, with ions, with proteins and peptides, with lipids, and with drugs and drug-like molecules. Despite limitations imposed by present-day computing resources on system size and simulation timescale, atomic-resolution explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations have been able to contribute significant insight into hyaluronan's flexibility and capacity for intra- and intermolecular non-covalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olgun Guvench
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Administration, School of Pharmacy, Westbrook College of Health Professions, University of New England, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA
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4
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Huang G, Su L, Zhang N, Han R, Leong WK, Li X, Ren X, Hsiao WLW. The prebiotic and anti-fatigue effects of hyaluronan. Front Nutr 2022; 9:977556. [PMID: 36003835 PMCID: PMC9393540 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.977556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a mucopolysaccharide that naturally exists in all living organisms as the main component of the extracellular matrix. Over the last 30 years, HA has been used as the main ingredient in cosmetic products, eye drops, and medicinal products. It is also taken orally as a health supplement. However, the physiological effect of the ingested HA is not clear. In the current study, the interaction between HA and gut microbiota, and the potential prebiotic effects were investigated. HA was used to treat the C57BL/6 mice for 15 consecutive days, then fecal genomic DNA was extracted from fecal samples for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The results showed that HA could significantly change the composition of gut microbiota (GM), e.g., increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria and xylan/cellulose-degrading bacteria, whereas decreased the relative abundance of potential pathogens including sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), inflammation and cancer-related bacteria. The rotarod test was used to evaluate the anti-fatigue effects of HA in C57BL/6 mice. The results showed that HA could lengthen the mice's retention time on the accelerating rotarod. HA increased the concentration of glycogen and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in mice's muscle and liver, whereas decreased the serum concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA). Moreover, the metabolic products of Desulfovibrio vulgaris (MPDV), the model SRB bacteria, showed cytotoxic effects on H9c2 cardiomyocytes in a dosage-dependent manner. MPDV also caused mitochondrial damage by inducing mitochondrial fragmentation, depolarization, and powerless ATP production. Taken together, we show that HA possesses significant prebiotic and anti-fatigue effects in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.,Clinical Research Center, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China.,Zhuhai MUST Science and Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, China
| | - Lu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruixuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Wai Kit Leong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xiaoang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xuecong Ren
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - W L Wendy Hsiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.,Foshan Women and Children Hospital Affiliated With Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
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5
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Zhang YS, Gong JS, Yao ZY, Jiang JY, Su C, Li H, Kang CL, Liu L, Xu ZH, Shi JS. Insights into the source, mechanism and biotechnological applications of hyaluronidases. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108018. [PMID: 35853550 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It has long been found that hyaluronidases exist in a variety of organisms, playing their roles in various biological processes including infection, envenomation and metabolic regulation through degrading hyaluronan. However, exploiting them as a bioresource for specific applications had not been extensively studied until the latest decades. In recent years, new application scenarios have been developed, which extended the field of application, and emphasized the research value of hyaluronidase. This critical review comprehensively summarizes existing studies on hyaluronidase from different source, particularly in their structures, action patterns, and biological functions in human and mammals. Furthermore, we give in-depth insight into the resource mining and protein engineering process of hyaluronidase, as well as strategies for their high-level production, indicating that mixed strategies should be adopted to obtain well-performing hyaluronidase with efficiency. In addition, advances in application of hyaluronidase were summarized and discussed. Finally, prospects for future researches are proposed, highlighting the importance of further investigation into the characteristics of hyaluronidases, and the necessity of investigating their products for the development of their application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Yuan Yao
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jia-Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Chuan-Li Kang
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Sodium Hyaluronate and its Derivatives, Shandong Focusfreda Biotech Co., Ltd, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Sodium Hyaluronate and its Derivatives, Shandong Focusfreda Biotech Co., Ltd, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
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6
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Yabuuchi S, Oiki S, Minami S, Takase R, Watanabe D, Hashimoto W. Enhanced propagation of Granulicatella adiacens from human oral microbiota by hyaluronan. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10948. [PMID: 35768476 PMCID: PMC9243090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14857-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Host determinants for formation/composition of human oral microbiota remain to be clarified, although microorganisms entering the mouth cannot necessarily colonize the oral environment. Here we show that human oral-abundant bacteria degraded host glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in saliva and gingiva, and certain bacteria significantly grew on hyaluronan (HA), a kind of GAGs. Microbial communities from teeth or gingiva of healthy donors assimilated HA. Metagenomic analysis of human oral microbiota under different carbon sources revealed HA-driven Granulicatella growth. HA-degrading bacterial strains independently isolated from teeth and gingiva were identified as Granulicatella adiacens producing extracellular 130 kDa polysaccharide lyase as a HA-degrading enzyme encoded in a peculiar GAG genetic cluster containing genes for isomerase KduI and dehydrogenase DhuD. These findings demonstrated that GAGs are one of the host determinants for formation/composition of oral microbiota not only for colonization but also for the adaptation to the host niche. Especially, HA enhanced the G. adiacens propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yabuuchi
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Sayoko Oiki
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shuma Minami
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Takase
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Daisuke Watanabe
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Wataru Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
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7
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Takashima M, Watanabe I, Miyanaga A, Eguchi T. Substrate specificity of Chondroitinase ABC I based on analyses of biochemical reactions and crystal structures in complex with disaccharides. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1571-1581. [PMID: 34392362 PMCID: PMC8684500 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitinase ABC I (cABC-I) is the enzyme which cleaves the β-1,4 glycosidic linkage of chondroitin sulfate (CS) by β-elimination. To elucidate more accurately the substrate specificity of cABC-I, we evaluated the kinetic parameters of cABC-I and its reactivity with CS isomers displaying less structural heterogeneity as substrates, e.g., approximately 90 percent of disaccharide units in Chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) or Chondroitin sulfate C (CSC) is D-glucuronic acid and 4-O-sulfated N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) (A-unit) or D-glucuronic acid and 6-O-sulfated GalNAc (C-unit), respectively. cABC-I showed the highest reactivity to CSA and CSC among all CS isomers, and the kcat/Km of cABC-I was higher for CSA than for CSC. Next, we determined the crystal structures of cABC-I in complex with CS disaccharides, and analyzed the crystallographic data in combination with molecular docking data. Arg500 interacts with 4-O-sulfated and 6-O-sulfated GalNAc residues. The distance between Arg500 and the 4-O-sulfate group was 0.8 Å shorter than that between Arg500 and the 6-O-sulfated group. Moreover, it is likely that the 6-O-sulfated group is electrostatically repulsed by the nearby Asp490. Thus, we demonstrated that cABC-I has the highest affinity for the CSA richest in 4-O-sulfated GalNAc residues among all CS isomers. Recently, cABC-I was used to treat lumbar disc herniation. The results provide useful information to understand the mechanism of the pharmacological action of cABC-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takashima
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Ippei Watanabe
- Medical Affairs, Seikagaku Corporation, 1-6-1 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005, Japan
| | - Akimasa Miyanaga
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Tadashi Eguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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8
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Sindelar M, Jilkova J, Kubala L, Velebny V, Turkova K. Hyaluronidases and hyaluronate lyases: From humans to bacteriophages. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 208:112095. [PMID: 34507069 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a non-sulfated negatively-charged linear polymer distributed in most parts of the human body, where it is located around cells in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues and plays an essential role in the organization of tissue architecture. Moreover, hyaluronan is involved in many biological processes and used in many clinical, cosmetic, pharmaceutic, and biotechnological applications worldwide. As interest in hyaluronan applications increases, so does interest in hyaluronidases and hyaluronate lyases, as these enzymes play a major part in hyaluronan degradation. Many hyaluronidases and hyaluronate lyases produced by eukaryotic cells, bacteria, and bacteriophages have so far been described and annotated, and their ability to cleave hyaluronan has been experimentally proven. These enzymes belong to several carbohydrate-active enzyme families, share very low sequence identity, and differ in their cleaving mechanisms and in their structural and functional properties. This review presents a summary of annotated and characterized hyaluronidases and hyaluronate lyases isolated from different sources belonging to distinct protein families, with a main focus on the binding and catalytic residues of the discussed enzymes in the context of their biochemical properties. In addition, the application potential of individual groups of hyaluronidases and hyaluronate lyases is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sindelar
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jilkova
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč 401, 56102, Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Kubala
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 65691, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Velebny
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč 401, 56102, Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Turkova
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 65691, Brno, Czech Republic.
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9
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Pandey S, Mahanta P, Berger BW, Acharya R. Structural insights into the mechanism of pH-selective substrate specificity of the polysaccharide lyase Smlt1473. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101014. [PMID: 34358563 PMCID: PMC8511899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide lyases (PLs) are a broad class of microbial enzymes that degrade anionic polysaccharides. Equally broad diversity in their polysaccharide substrates has attracted interest in biotechnological applications such as biomass conversion to value-added chemicals and microbial biofilm removal. Unlike other PLs, Smlt1473 present in the clinically relevant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain K279a demonstrates a wide range of pH-dependent substrate specificities toward multiple, diverse polysaccharides: hyaluronic acid (pH 5.0), poly-β-D-glucuronic (celluronic) acid (pH 7.0), poly-β-D-mannuronic acid, and poly-α-L-guluronate (pH 9.0). To decode the pH-driven multiple substrate specificities and selectivity in this single enzyme, we present the X-ray structures of Smlt1473 determined at multiple pH values in apo and mannuronate-bound states as well as the tetra-hyaluronate-docked structure. Our results indicate that structural flexibility in the binding site and N-terminal loop coupled with specific substrate stereochemistry facilitates distinct modes of entry for substrates having diverse charge densities and chemical structures. Our structural analyses of wild-type apo structures solved at different pH values (5.0–9.0) and pH-trapped (5.0 and 7.0) catalytically relevant wild-type mannuronate complexes (1) indicate that pH modulates the catalytic microenvironment for guiding structurally and chemically diverse polysaccharide substrates, (2) further establish that molecular-level fluctuation in the enzyme catalytic tunnel is preconfigured, and (3) suggest that pH modulates fluctuations resulting in optimal substrate binding and cleavage. Furthermore, our results provide key insight into how strategies to reengineer both flexible loop and regions distal to the active site could be developed to target new and diverse substrates in a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhant Pandey
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pranjal Mahanta
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Bryan W Berger
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States.
| | - Rudresh Acharya
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India.
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10
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Yu Y, Zhu S, Hou Y, Li J, Guan S. Sulfur Contents in Sulfonated Hyaluronic Acid Direct the Cardiovascular Cells Fate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:46827-46836. [PMID: 33016070 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is recognized as a functional carbohydrate polymer applied for the surface modification of cardiovascular implanted materials due to its molecular weight (MW) dependent cellular regulation. However, due to the enzyme digestion of hyaluronidase on HA in vivo, the stability of HA MW needs to be further improved. It has been reported that the stability of HA MW can be improved by sulfonation. In this study, sulfonated hyaluronic acids (S-HA) with sulfur content of 2.06, 3.69, 7.10, 8.98, and 9.71 were prepared through different sulfuric acid treatment procedures. Cell tests showed that S-HA with higher sulfur content played a significant role in promoting the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells and regulating smooth muscle cells to the physiological phenotype. In addition, it was also proved to inhibit the inflammatory macrophages adhesion/activation. Our data indicates that S-HA may be a better carbohydrate polymer for potential application of cardiovascular biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Technology (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shijie Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Technology (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yachen Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Technology (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jingan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Technology (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shaokang Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Technology (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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11
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Computational analysis of phylogenetic, functional and structural features of Bacillus hyaluronate lyases. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Shakouri A, Parvan R, Adljouy N, Abdolalizadeh J. Purification of hyaluronidase as an anticancer agent inhibiting CD44. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4709. [PMID: 31630417 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronidase (Hyal) can be employed to accomplish a diversity of complications related to hyaluronic acid (HA). Hyal contains some classes of catalysts that cleave HA. This enzyme is detected in several human tissues as well as in animal venoms, pathogenic organisms and cancers. Destructive cancer cells regularly increase the CD44 receptor existing in a cell membrane. This receptor acts as an exact receptor for HA, and HA is recognized to motivate the migration, spread, attack and metastasis of cancer cells. Nearly all of the methods used to purify Hyal are highly costly and not proper for industrial applications. This survey aims to review different methods of Hyal purification, which acts as an anticancer agent by degrading HA in tissues and thus inhibiting the CD44-HA interaction. Hyal can be successfully employed in the management of cancer, which is associated with HA-CD44. This review has described different methods for Hyal purification to prepare an origin to develop a novel purification technique for this highly appreciated protein. Using multiple columns is not applicable for the purification of Hyal and thus cannot be used at the industrial level. It is better to use affinity chromatography of anti-Hyal for Hyal with one-step purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Shakouri
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Parvan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasim Adljouy
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Abdolalizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Paramedical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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13
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Mai VQ, Vo TT, Meere M. Modelling hyaluronan degradation by streptococcus pneumoniae hyaluronate lyase. Math Biosci 2018; 303:126-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Hobbs JK, Pluvinage B, Boraston AB. Glycan-metabolizing enzymes in microbe-host interactions: the Streptococcus pneumoniae paradigm. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3865-3897. [PMID: 29608212 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a frequent colonizer of the upper airways; however, it is also an accomplished pathogen capable of causing life-threatening diseases. To colonize and cause invasive disease, this bacterium relies on a complex array of factors to mediate the host-bacterium interaction. The respiratory tract is rich in functionally important glycoconjugates that display a vast range of glycans, and, thus, a key component of the pneumococcus-host interaction involves an arsenal of bacterial carbohydrate-active enzymes to depolymerize these glycans and carbohydrate transporters to import the products. Through the destruction of host glycans, the glycan-specific metabolic machinery deployed by S. pneumoniae plays a variety of roles in the host-pathogen interaction. Here, we review the processing and metabolism of the major host-derived glycans, including N- and O-linked glycans, Lewis and blood group antigens, proteoglycans, and glycogen, as well as some dietary glycans. We discuss the role of these metabolic pathways in the S. pneumoniae-host interaction, speculate on the potential of key enzymes within these pathways as therapeutic targets, and relate S. pneumoniae as a model system to glycan processing in other microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne K Hobbs
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin Pluvinage
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alisdair B Boraston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Cho M, Han S, Kim H, Kim KS, Hahn SK. Hyaluronate - parathyroid hormone peptide conjugate for transdermal treatment of osteoporosis. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2017; 29:793-804. [PMID: 29115187 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2017.1399001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human parathyroid hormone 1-34 fragment (PTH1-34) has been used as a FDA-approved therapeutics to treat osteoporosis by daily subcutaneous injection. In this work, we successfully developed PTH1-34 conjugated hyaluronic acid (HA) for the transdermal treatment of osteoporosis with improved patient compliance. HA-PTH1-34 conjugate was synthesized by the coupling reaction between aldehyde group introduced to HA and amine group of PTH1-34. After characterization by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and ELISA, the biological effect of HA-PTH1-34 conjugate on the proliferation of human osteoblast cells was confirmed by in vitro calcium colorimetric assay and cAMP assay. Two-photon microscopy clearly visualized the effective skin penetration of FITC modified HA-PTH1-34 conjugate. The transdermally delivered HA-PTH1-34 conjugates elevated the blood calcium concentration for more than 2 days, reflecting the feasibility for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsoo Cho
- a Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang , Korea
| | - Seulgi Han
- a Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang , Korea
| | | | - Ki Su Kim
- b PHI BIOMED Co. , Seoul , Korea.,c Department of Organic Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering , Pusan National University , Busan , Korea
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- a Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang , Korea.,b PHI BIOMED Co. , Seoul , Korea
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16
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Feng Q, Lin S, Zhang K, Dong C, Wu T, Huang H, Yan X, Zhang L, Li G, Bian L. Sulfated hyaluronic acid hydrogels with retarded degradation and enhanced growth factor retention promote hMSC chondrogenesis and articular cartilage integrity with reduced hypertrophy. Acta Biomater 2017; 53:329-342. [PMID: 28193542 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels have been extensively researched for delivering cells and drugs to repair damaged tissues, particularly articular cartilage. However, the in vivo degradation of HA is fast, thus limiting the clinical translation of HA hydrogels. Furthermore, HA cannot bind proteins with high affinity because of the lack of negatively charged sulfate groups. In this study, we conjugated tunable amount of sulfate groups to HA. The sulfated HA exhibits significantly slower degradation by hyaluronidase compared to the wild type HA. We hypothesize that the sulfation reduces the available HA octasaccharide substrate needed for the effective catalytic action of hyaluronidase. Moreover, the sulfated HA hydrogels significantly improve the protein sequestration, thereby effectively extending the availability of the proteinaceous drugs in the hydrogels. In the following in vitro study, we demonstrate that the HA hydrogel sulfation exerts no negative effect on the viability of encapsulated human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Furthermore, the sulfated HA hydrogels promote the chondrogenesis and suppresses the hypertrophy of encapsulated hMSCs both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, intra-articular injections of the sulfated HA hydrogels avert the cartilage abrasion and hypertrophy in the animal osteoarthritic joints. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that the sulfated HA is a promising biomaterial for the delivery of therapeutic agents to aid the regeneration of injured or diseased tissues and organs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this paper, we conjugated sulfate groups to hyaluronic acid (HA) and demonstrated the slow degradation and growth factor delivery of sulfated HA. Furthermore, the in vitro and in vivo culture of hMSCs laden HA hydrogels proved that the sulfation of HA hydrogels not only promotes the chondrogenesis of hMSCs but also suppresses hypertrophic differentiation of the chondrogenically induced hMSCs. The animal OA model study showed that the injected sulfated HA hydrogels significantly reduced the cartilage abrasion and hypertrophy in the animal OA joints. We believe that this study will provide important insights into the design and optimization of the HA-based hydrogels as the scaffold materials for cartilage regeneration and OA treatment in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Feng
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong; Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Sien Lin
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong; Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Kunyu Zhang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong; Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Chaoqun Dong
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong; Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Tianyi Wu
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong; Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Heqin Huang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong; Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Liming Bian
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong; Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong; Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, PR China; Centre for Novel Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong.
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17
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Kolar SL, Kyme P, Tseng CW, Soliman A, Kaplan A, Liang J, Nizet V, Jiang D, Murali R, Arditi M, Underhill DM, Liu GY. Group B Streptococcus Evades Host Immunity by Degrading Hyaluronan. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 18:694-704. [PMID: 26651945 PMCID: PMC4683412 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In response to tissue injury, hyaluronan (HA) polymers are cleaved by host hyaluronidases, generating small fragments that ligate Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to elicit inflammatory responses. Pathogenic bacteria such as group B Streptococcus (GBS) express and secrete hyaluronidases as a mechanism for tissue invasion, but it is not known how this activity relates to immune detection of HA. We found that bacterial hyaluronidases secreted by GBS and other Gram-positive pathogens degrade pro-inflammatory HA fragments to their component disaccharides. In addition, HA disaccharides block TLR2/4 signaling elicited by both host-derived HA fragments and other TLR2/4 ligands, including lipopolysaccharide. Application of GBS hyaluronidase or HA disaccharides reduced pulmonary pathology and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in an acute lung injury model. We conclude that breakdown of host-generated pro-inflammatory HA fragments to disaccharides allows bacterial pathogens to evade immune detection and could be exploited as a strategy to treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Kolar
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Pierre Kyme
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ching Wen Tseng
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Antoine Soliman
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Amber Kaplan
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jiurong Liang
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Medicine, and Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dianhua Jiang
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Department of Medicine, and Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - David M Underhill
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - George Y Liu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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18
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Akat E, Arıkan H, Göçmen B. Histochemical and biometric study of the gastrointestinal system of Hyla orientalis (Bedriaga, 1890) (Anura, Hylidae). Eur J Histochem 2014; 58:2452. [PMID: 25578977 PMCID: PMC4289849 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2014.2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to assess the localization of hyaluronic acid (HA) and the distribution of glycoproteins in the gastrointestinal system of adult Hyla orientalis. Histochemical analysis of the gastrointestinal system in H. orientalis showed that mucous content included glycogene and/or oxidable dioles [periodic acid/Schiff (PAS)+], neutral or acid-rich (PAS/AB pH 2.5+), sialic acid residues (KOH/PAS+) and acid sulphate [Aldehyde fuchsin (AF)+] glycoproteins. However the mucus content was not the same in stomach, small and large intestine. The mucus content of stomach included only glycogene and/or oxidable dioles and sialic acid residues. Besides these histochemical methods, the localization of HA was detected using biotinylated hyaluronic acid binding protein labeled with streptavidin-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). In the extracellular matrix of the submucosa, the reaction for HA was evident. Since HA was located in submucosa beneath the epithelial layer of gastrointestinal system, it has a significant role in hydric balance, and essential to provide the gastrointestinal system integrity and functionality. According to biometric results, there were statistical differences between small and large intestine in terms of the amount of material stained positive with PAS/AB, PAS, KOH/PAS and AF/AB. Additionally, number of goblet cells in the small and large intestine was significantly different.
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19
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Investigation of dorsal/ventral skin and the parotoid region of Lyciasalamandra billae and Lyciasalamandra luschani basoglui (Urodela: Salamandridae). Biologia (Bratisl) 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Hashimoto W, Maruyama Y, Nakamichi Y, Mikami B, Murata K. Crystal structure of Pedobacter heparinus heparin lyase Hep III with the active site in a deep cleft. Biochemistry 2014; 53:777-86. [PMID: 24437462 DOI: 10.1021/bi4012463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pedobacter heparinus (formerly known as Flavobacterium heparinum) is a typical glycosaminoglycan-degrading bacterium that produces three heparin lyases, Hep I, Hep II, and Hep III, which act on heparins with 1,4-glycoside bonds between uronate and amino sugar residues. Being different from Hep I and Hep II, Hep III is specific for heparan sulfate. Here we describe the crystal structure of Hep III with the active site located in a deep cleft. The X-ray crystallographic structure of Hep III was determined at 2.20 Å resolution using single-wavelength anomalous diffraction. This enzyme comprised an N-terminal α/α-barrel domain and a C-terminal antiparallel β-sheet domain as its basic scaffold. Overall structures of Hep II and Hep III were similar, although Hep III exhibited an open form compared with the closed form of Hep II. Superimposition of Hep III and heparin tetrasaccharide-bound Hep II suggested that an active site of Hep III was located in the deep cleft at the interface between its two domains. Three mutants (N240A, Y294F, and H424A) with mutations at the active site had significantly reduced enzyme activity. This is the first report of the structure-function relationship of P. heparinus Hep III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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21
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Moore KB, Migues AN, Schaefer HF, Vergenz RA. Streptococcal Hyaluronate Lyase Reveals the Presence of a Structurally Significant CH⋅⋅⋅O Hydrogen Bond. Chemistry 2013; 20:990-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Kim JD, Kim M, Yang H, Lee K, Jung H. Droplet-born air blowing: Novel dissolving microneedle fabrication. J Control Release 2013; 170:430-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Zheng M, Xu D. Catalytic Mechanism of Hyaluronate Lyase from Spectrococcus pneumonia: Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical and Density Functional Theory Studies. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:10161-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jp406206s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Green
Chemistry and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Dingguo Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Green
Chemistry and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
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24
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Zheng M, Zhang H, Xu D. Initial events in the degradation of hyaluronan catalyzed by hyaluronate lyase from Streptococcus [corrected] pneumoniae: QM/MM simulation. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:11166-72. [PMID: 22916709 DOI: 10.1021/jp306754a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronate lyase from Spectrococcus pneumonia can degrade hyaluronic acid, which is one of the major components in the extracellular matrix. The major functions of hyaluronan are to regulate water balance and osmotic pressure and act as an ion-exchange resin. In this work, we focus on the prerequisite issue of the enzymatic reaction, i.e., the initial reactive conformer. Based on the quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical molecular dynamic simulations and free energy profiles, a near attack conformer was obtained for the degradation of hyaluronan catalyzed by the hyaluronate lyase. Along with the substrate binding, the phenylhydroxyl hydrogen atom of Tyr408 will transfer to nearby His399 via a near barrierless transition state, which results in a negatively charged Tyr408 and positively charged His399. The Tyr408, rather than the previously proposed His399, was suggested to act as the general base for the subsequent β-elimination reaction. The His399 was suggested to have the function of neutralizing the C5-carboxyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064 PR China
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Mikami B, Ban M, Suzuki S, Yoon HJ, Miyake O, Yamasaki M, Ogura K, Maruyama Y, Hashimoto W, Murata K. Induced-fit motion of a lid loop involved in catalysis in alginate lyase A1-III. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2012; 68:1207-16. [PMID: 22948922 DOI: 10.1107/s090744491202495x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The structures of two mutants (H192A and Y246F) of a mannuronate-specific alginate lyase, A1-III, from Sphingomonas species A1 complexed with a tetrasaccharide substrate [4-deoxy-L-erythro-hex-4-ene-pyranosyluronate-(mannuronate)(2)-mannuronic acid] were determined by X-ray crystallography at around 2.2 Å resolution together with the apo form of the H192A mutant. The final models of the complex forms, which comprised two monomers (of 353 amino-acid residues each), 268-287 water molecules and two tetrasaccharide substrates, had R factors of around 0.17. A large conformational change occurred in the position of the lid loop (residues 64-85) in holo H192A and Y246F compared with that in apo H192A. The lid loop migrated about 14 Å from an open form to a closed form to interact with the bound tetrasaccharide and a catalytic residue. The tetrasaccharide was bound in the active cleft at subsites -3 to +1 as a substrate form in which the glycosidic linkage to be cleaved existed between subsites -1 and +1. In particular, the O(η) atom of Tyr68 in the closed lid loop forms a hydrogen bond to the side chain of a presumed catalytic residue, O(η) of Tyr246, which acts both as an acid and a base catalyst in a syn mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunzo Mikami
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan.
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Pérez-Dorado I, Galan-Bartual S, Hermoso JA. Pneumococcal surface proteins: when the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Mol Oral Microbiol 2012; 27:221-45. [PMID: 22759309 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2012.00655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Surface-exposed proteins of pathogenic bacteria are considered as potential virulence factors through their direct contribution to host-pathogen interactions. Four families of surface proteins decorate the cell surface of the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Besides lipoproteins and LPXTG proteins, also present in other gram-positive bacteria, the pneumococcus presents the choline-binding protein (CBP) family and the non-classical surface proteins (NCSPs). The CBPs present specific structural features that allow their anchorage to the cell envelope through non-covalent interaction with choline residues of lipoteichoic acid and teichoic acid. NCSP is an umbrella term for less characterized proteins displaying moonlighting functions on the pneumococcal surface that lack a leader peptide and membrane-anchor motif. Considering the unceasing evolution of microbial species under the selective pressure of antibiotic use, detailed understanding of the interaction between pathogen and the host cells is required for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat pneumococcal infections. This article reviews recent progress in the investigation of the three-dimensional structures of surface-exposed pneumococcal proteins. The modular nature of some of them produces a great versatility and sophistication of the virulence functions that, in most cases, cannot be deduced by the structural analysis of the isolated modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pérez-Dorado
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Braun S, Botzki A, Salmen S, Textor C, Bernhardt G, Dove S, Buschauer A. Design of benzimidazole- and benzoxazole-2-thione derivatives as inhibitors of bacterial hyaluronan lyase. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:4419-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Elmabrouk ZH, Vincent F, Zhang M, Smith NL, Turkenburg JP, Charnock SJ, Black GW, Taylor EJ. Crystal structures of a family 8 polysaccharide lyase reveal open and highly occluded substrate-binding cleft conformations. Proteins 2010; 79:965-74. [PMID: 21287626 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial enzymatic degradation of glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronan and chondroitin is facilitated by polysaccharide lyases. Family 8 polysaccharide lyase (PL8) enzymes contain at least two domains: one predominantly composed of α-helices, the α-domain, and another predominantly composed of β-sheets, the β-domain. Simulation flexibility analyses indicate that processive exolytic cleavage of hyaluronan, by PL8 hyaluronate lyases, is likely to involve an interdomain shift, resulting in the opening/closing of the substrate-binding cleft between the α- and β-domains, facilitating substrate translocation. Here, the Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) PL8 enzyme was recombinantly expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli and biochemically characterized as a hyaluronate lyase. By using X-ray crystallography its structure was solved in complex with hyaluronan and chondroitin disaccharides. These findings show key catalytic interactions made by the different substrates, and on comparison with all other PL8 structures reveals that the substrate-binding cleft of the S. coelicolor enzyme is highly occluded. A third structure of the enzyme, harboring a mutation of the catalytic tyrosine, created via site-directed mutagenesis, interestingly revealed an interdomain shift that resulted in the opening of the substrate-binding cleft. These results add further support to the proposed processive mechanism of action of PL8 hyaluronate lyases and may indicate that the mechanism of action is likely to be universally used by PL8 hyaluronate lyases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab H Elmabrouk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
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29
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Li-Korotky HS, Lo CY, Banks JM. Interaction of pneumococcal phase variation, host and pressure/gas composition: Virulence expression of NanA, HylA, PspA and CbpA in simulated otitis media. Microb Pathog 2010; 49:204-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hynes W, Johnson C, Stokes M. A single nucleotide mutation results in loss of enzymatic activity in the hyaluronate lyase gene of Streptococcus pyogenes. Microb Pathog 2009; 47:308-13. [PMID: 19778599 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Group A streptococci produce a variety of extracellular proteins, many of which are considered to be virulence factors. One of these is hyaluronate lyase (HylA), an enzyme capable of degrading the extracellular matrix of the host as well as the bacterial capsule. The current study examined three genotypes of hylA (full, truncated and deleted). Only isolates containing a full-length gene produced an enzymatically active hyaluronate lyase; however, truncation of the protein was not the reason for loss of activity. A single nucleotide substitution, resulting in an amino acid change at position 199 of the lyase was present in a highly-conserved region of the protein in isolates not producing active enzyme. In serotypes 4 and 22, those producing active enzymes, this residue was an aspartic acid, in serotypes not showing hyaluronate lyase activity, it was a valine. Site-directed mutagenesis indicated the loss of enzymatic activity of the hyaluronate lyase is in part determined by the mutation resulting in an amino acid residue change. This mutation results in an inactive form of the enzyme and is found in the more virulent serotypes of Streptococcus pyogenes, suggesting that hyaluronate lyase could interfere with the disease process, in essence being an anti-virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Hynes
- Department of Biological Sciences Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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31
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Joshi HV, Jedrzejas MJ, de Groot BL. Domain motions of hyaluronan lyase underlying processive hyaluronan translocation. Proteins 2009; 76:30-46. [PMID: 19089975 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan lyase (Hyal) is a surface enzyme occurring in many bacterial organisms including members of Streptococcus species. Streptococcal Hyal primarily degrades hyaluronan-substrate (HA) of the extracellular matrix. This degradation appears to facilitate the spread of this bacterium throughout host tissues. Unlike purely endolytic degradation of its other substrates, unsulfated chondroitin or some chondroitin sulfates, the degradation of HA by Hyal proceeds by processive exolytic cleavage of one disaccharide at a time following an initial endolytic cut. Molecular dynamics (MD) studies of Hyal from Streptococcus pneumoniae are presented that address the enzyme's molecular mechanism of action and the role of domain motions for processive functionality. The analysis of extensive sub-microsecond MD simulations of this enzyme action on HA-substrates of different lengths and the connection between the domain dynamics of Hyal and the translocation of the HA-substrate reveals that opening/closing and twisting domain motions of the Hyal are intimately linked to processive HA degradation. Enforced simulations confirmed this finding as the domain motions in SpnHyal were found to be induced by enforced substrate translocation. These results establish the dynamic interplay between Hyal flexibility and substrate translocation and provide insight into the processive mechanism of Hyal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad V Joshi
- Computational Biomolecular Dynamics Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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32
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Stern R, Jedrzejas MJ. Carbohydrate Polymers at the Center of Life’s Origins: The Importance of Molecular Processivity. Chem Rev 2008; 108:5061-85. [DOI: 10.1021/cr078240l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stern
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Microdesign Institute, 29 Kingwood Rd., Oakland, California 94619, and Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King, Jr. Way, Oakland, California 94609
| | - Mark J. Jedrzejas
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Microdesign Institute, 29 Kingwood Rd., Oakland, California 94619, and Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King, Jr. Way, Oakland, California 94609
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33
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Michaud P, Da Costa A, Courtois B, Courtois J. Polysaccharide Lyases: Recent Developments as Biotechnological Tools. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008; 23:233-66. [PMID: 15224891 DOI: 10.1080/07388550390447043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide lyases, which are polysaccharide cleavage enzymes, act mainly on anionic polysaccharides. Produced by prokaryote and eukaryote organisms, these enzymes degrade (1,4) glycosidic bond by a beta elimination mechanism and have unsaturated oligosaccharides as major products. New polysaccharides are cleaved only by their specific polysaccharide lyases. From anionic polysaccharides controlled degradations, various biotechnological applications were investigated. This review catalogues the degradation of bacterial, plant and animal polysaccharides (neutral and anionic) by this family of carbohydrate acting enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Michaud
- Laboratoire des Glucides--LPMV, IUT/Génie Biologique, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, 80025 Amiens Cedex, France.
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34
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Preston JA, Dockrell DH. Virulence factors in pneumococcal respiratory pathogenesis. Future Microbiol 2008; 3:205-21. [PMID: 18366340 DOI: 10.2217/17460913.3.2.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a major global cause of human disease. Since the publication of the entire sequence of TIGR4 in 2001, our understanding of this human pathogen has increased significantly. Genetic studies, and the use of mutant strains have refined our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of classic pneumococcal virulence factors, including the polysaccharide capsule, pneumolysin and surface-expressed proteins. Genetic screens are identifying novel virulence factors. Characterization of pili and bacteriocins, as well as genes associated with competence, metabolism and resistance to oxidative stress has provided new insights into the genetic diversity of the pneumococcus. Further appreciation of the molecular basis of pneumococcal pathogenesis will lead to more effective strategies for the prevention and management of pneumococcal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Preston
- Section of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, L-Floor, University of Sheffield School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK.
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35
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Stern R, Kogan G, Jedrzejas MJ, Soltés L. The many ways to cleave hyaluronan. Biotechnol Adv 2007; 25:537-57. [PMID: 17716848 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is being used increasingly as a component of artificial matrices and in bioengineering for tissue scaffolding. The length of hyaluronan polymer chains is now recognized as informational, involving a wide variety of size-specific functions. Inadvertent scission of hyaluronan can occur during the process of preparation. On the other hand, certain size-specific hyaluronan fragments may be desirable, endowing the finished bioengineered product with specific properties. In this review, the vast arrays of reactions that cause scission of hyaluronan polymers is presented, including those on an enzymatic, free radical, and chemical basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stern
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0511, USA
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36
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Imberty A, Lortat-Jacob H, Pérez S. Structural view of glycosaminoglycan–protein interactions. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:430-9. [PMID: 17229412 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The essential role of protein-glycosaminoglycan interactions in the regulation of various physiological processes has been recognized for several decades but it is only recently that the molecular basis underlying such interactions has emerged. The different methodologies to elucidate the three-dimensional features of glycosaminoglycans along with the interactions with proteins cover high resolution NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, molecular modeling, and hydrodynamic measurements. The structural results that have accumulated have been organized in databases that allow rapid searching with entries related either to the type of glycosaminoglycan or the type of protein. Finally, three selected examples enlightening the complexity of the nature of the interactions occurring between proteins and glycosaminoglycans are given. The example of interactions between heparin and antithrombin III illustrates how such a complex mechanism as the regulation of blood coagulation by a specific pentasaccharide can be dissected through the combined use of dedicated carbohydrate chemistry and structural glycobiology. The second example deals with the study of complexes between chemokines and heparin, and shows how multimolecular complexes of proteins can be organized in space throughout the action of glycosaminoglycans. Again, the synthesis of chemical mimetics offers an unexpected route to the development of novel glycotherapeutics. Finally, the area of enzymes/glycosaminoglycans complexes is briefly covered to realize the limited knowledge that we have for such an important class of biomacromolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Imberty
- CERMAV-CNRS (affiliated with Université Joseph Fourier), BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
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37
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Akhtar MS, Bhakuni V. Role of ionic interactions and linker in the domain interaction and modulation of functional activity of hyaluronate lyases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 353:286-92. [PMID: 17188648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronate lyases from Streptococcus pneumoniae (SpnHL) and Streptococcus agalactiae (SagHL) are composed of four domains; N-terminal domain, spacer domain, alpha-domain and C-terminal domain, which are connected through peptide linkers. We have earlier shown that the recombinant alpha- and C-terminal domains of SpnHL/SagHL interact with each other even in absence of the linker and form a functional complex with enhanced enzymatic activity. Here, we looked into the role of ionic interactions in the enzyme stability and also the role of C-terminal domain and linker in the functional regulation. Domain swapping studies showed that the C-terminal domain does not bind directly to the substrate; instead the domain contributes to the interaction with the polymeric hyaluronan for catalysis. Furthermore, the substrate specificity exchanges with the size of catalytic cleft. The role of linker connecting alpha-domain to C-terminal domain was found to hold the C-terminal domain in a conformation suitable for achieving maximum activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sohail Akhtar
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India
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38
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Akhtar MS, Krishnan MY, Bhakuni V. Insights into the Mechanism of Action of Hyaluronate Lyase. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:28336-44. [PMID: 16854993 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601165200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronate lyases (HLs) cleave hyaluronan and certain other chondroitin/chondroitin sulfates. Although native HL from Streptococcus agalactiae is composed of four domains, it finally stabilizes after autocatalytic conversion as a 92-kDa enzyme composed of the N-terminal spacer, middle alpha-, and C-terminal domains. These three domains are independent folding/unfolding units of the enzyme. Comparative structural and functional studies using the enzyme and its various fragments/domains suggest a relatively insignificant role of the N-terminal spacer domain in the 92-kDa enzyme. Functional studies demonstrate that the alpha-domain is the catalytic domain. However, independently it has a maximum of only about 10% of the activity of the 92-kDa enzyme, whereas its complex with the C-terminal domain in vitro shows a significant enhancement (about 6-fold) in the activity. It has been previously proposed that the C-terminal domain modulates the enzymatic activity of HLs. In addition, one of the possible roles for calcium ions was suggested to induce conformational changes in the enzyme loops, making HL more suitable for catalysis. However, we observed that calcium ions do not interact with the enzyme, and its role actually is in modulating the hyaluronan conformation and not in the functional regulation of enzyme.
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39
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Rye CS, Matte A, Cygler M, Withers SG. An atypical approach identifies TYR234 as the key base catalyst in chondroitin AC lyase. Chembiochem 2006; 7:631-7. [PMID: 16521140 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin AC lyase from Flavobacterium heparinum catalyses the degradation of chondroitin by an anionic E1cb elimination mechanism that involves proton abstraction from C5 of glucuronic acid. The lyase also carries out efficient proton transfer to a sugar nitronate anion, which was designed originally as an inhibitor of the enzyme, with a second-order rate constant of kcat/Km=2.7x10(6) M(-1) s(-); this is very similar to that of the natural chondroitin substrate (kcat/Km=1.3x10(6) M(-1) s(-1)). Studies with this nitronate should therefore provide insight into the proton-transfer step (general base catalysis) within this mechanism. Indeed, the Tyr234Phe mutant of the enzyme was essentially inactive with the natural substrate and correspondingly did not catalyse proton transfer to the nitronate, thereby implicating this residue as the general base catalyst. Parallel studies designed to identify the acid catalyst were carried out by using a substrate with a 2,4-dinitrophenol leaving group that needs no acid assistance for departure. These results are consistent with Tyr234 also playing the role of acid catalyst. Not only do these studies confirm the suspected role of Tyr234, but also they validate a new methodology for identification of acid/base catalysts in lyases and epimerases of this type. In addition a structural and mechanistic rationale is provided for different active-site acid/base configurations in syn and anti lyases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl S Rye
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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40
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Blundell CD, Almond A. Enzymatic and chemical methods for the generation of pure hyaluronan oligosaccharides with both odd and even numbers of monosaccharide units. Anal Biochem 2006; 353:236-47. [PMID: 16624243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan oligosaccharides display physiological activities not associated with the polymer and are widely used to characterize hyaluronan-binding proteins. They can also be used as biocompatible starting blocks for chemical derivatization. Here we present methods for generating milligram quantities of unusual odd- and even-numbered oligosaccharides, greatly increasing the diversity of reagents for use in such studies. These methods are based upon protocols from the 1960s, at which time it was very difficult to assess the stereochemical purity of the products. To address this, products were analyzed with modern high-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Alkaline beta-elimination conditions previously used to remove reducing-terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues in fact introduce a significant ( approximately 30%) level of stereoisomerism in the products by alkali-catalyzed keto-enol tautomerizations. Milder alkaline conditions were used to overcome this problem, reducing the contamination to <5%. The elimination by-products from this reaction were isolated and characterized, allowing the mechanism of alkaline degradation of hyaluronan to be investigated for the first time. beta-Glucuronidase was used to remove nonreducing-terminal glucuronic acid residues from oligosaccharides. Odd-numbered oligosaccharides with terminal glucuronic acid residues isolated from hyaluronidase digests are shown to originate from acid-catalyzed acetal hydrolysis during boiling denaturation and also have significant levels of stereochemical impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Blundell
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7ND, UK
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41
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Konno N, Habu N, Maeda I, Azuma N, Isogai A. Cellouronate (β-1,4-linked polyglucuronate) lyase from Brevundimonas sp. SH203: Purification and characterization. Carbohydr Polym 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Abstract
The diffusion of toxins from the site of a bite into the circulation is essential for successful envenomation. Degradation of hyaluronic acid in the extracellular matrix (ECM) by venom hyaluronidase is a key factor in this diffusion. Hyaluronidase not only increases the potency of other toxins but also damages the local tissue. In spite of its important role, little attention has been paid to this enzyme. Hyaluronidase exists in various isoforms and generates a wide range of hyaluronic acid degradation products. This suggests that beyond its role as a spreading factor venom hyaluronidase deserves to be explored as a possible therapeutic target for inhibiting the systemic distribution of venom and also for minimizing local tissue destruction at the site of the bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kemparaju
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore--570 006, India.
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stern
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA
| | - Mark J. Jedrzejas
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King, Jr. Way, Oakland, California 94609, USA, Phone: +1 510-450-7932, Fax +1 510-450-7914, e-mail: , Web: www.chori.org/investigators/jedrzejas.html
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44
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Rigden DJ, Littlejohn JE, Joshi HV, de Groot BL, Jedrzejas MJ. Alternate structural conformations of Streptococcus pneumoniae hyaluronan lyase: insights into enzyme flexibility and underlying molecular mechanism of action. J Mol Biol 2006; 358:1165-78. [PMID: 16569416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae hyaluronan lyase is a surface enzyme of this Gram-positive bacterium. The enzyme degrades several biologically important, information-rich linear polymeric glycans: hyaluronan, unsulfated chondroitin, and some chondroitin sulfates. This degradation facilitates spreading of bacteria throughout the host tissues and presumably provides energy and a carbon source for pneumococcal cells. Its beta-elimination catalytic mechanism is an acid/base process termed proton acceptance and donation leading to cleavage of beta-1,4 linkages of the substrates. The degradation of hyaluronan occurs in two stages, initial endolytic cuts are followed by processive exolytic cleavage of one disaccharide at a time. In contrast, the degradation of chondroitins is purely endolytic. Structural studies together with flexibility analyses of two streptococcal enzymes, from S.pneumoniae and Streptococcus agalactiae, allowed for insights into this enzyme's molecular mechanism. Here, two new X-ray crystal structures of the pneumococcal enzyme in novel conformations are reported. These new conformations, complemented by molecular dynamics simulation results, directly confirm the predicted domain motions presumed to facilitate the processive degradative process. One of these new structures resembles the S.agalactiae enzyme conformation, and provides evidence of a uniform mechanistic/dynamic behavior of this protein across different bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rigden
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
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45
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Mishra P, Akhtar MS, Bhakuni V. Unusual structural features of the bacteriophage-associated hyaluronate lyase (hylp2). J Biol Chem 2006; 281:7143-50. [PMID: 16415347 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m510991200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronate lyases are a class of endoglycosaminidase enzymes, which are of considerable complexity and heterogeneity. Their primary function is to degrade hyaluronan and certain other glycosaminoglycans and facilitate the spread of disease. Among hyaluronate lyases, the bacteriophage-associated enzymes are unique as they have the lowest molecular mass, very low amino acid sequence homology with bacterial hyaluronate lyases, and exhibit absolute specificity for one type of glycosaminoglycan, i.e. hyaluronan. Despite such unique characteristics significant details on structural features of these lyases are not available. The Streptococcus pyogenes bacteriophage 10403 contains a gene, hylP2, which encodes for hyaluronate lyase (HylP2) in this organism. HylP2 was cloned, overexpressed, and purified to homogeneity. The recombinant HylP2 exists as a homotrimer of molecular mass about 110 kDa, under physiological conditions. Limited proteolysis and guanidine hydrochloride denaturation studies demonstrated that the N-terminal region of the protein is flexible, whereas the C-terminal portion has a compact conformation. The enzyme shows sequential unfolding, with the N-terminal unfolding first followed by the simultaneous unfolding and dissociation of the stabilized trimeric C-terminal domain. We isolated a functionally active C-terminal fragment (Ser(128)-Lys(337)) of the protein that was stabilized in a trimeric configuration. Comparative functional studies with full-length protein, N:C complex, and isolated C-terminal domain demonstrated that the active site of HylP2 is present in the C-terminal portion of the enzyme, and the N-terminal portion modulates the substrate specificity and enzymatic activity of the C-terminal domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Mishra
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India
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46
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Petit E, Delattre C, Papy-Garcia D, Michaud P. Chondroitin Sulfate Lyases: Applications in Analysis and Glycobiology. CHONDROITIN SULFATE: STRUCTURE, ROLE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY 2006; 53:167-86. [PMID: 17239766 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(05)53008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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47
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48
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Blundell CD, Almond A, Mahoney DJ, DeAngelis PL, Campbell ID, Day AJ. Towards a Structure for a TSG-6·Hyaluronan Complex by Modeling and NMR Spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:18189-201. [PMID: 15718240 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414343200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Link module from human TSG-6, a hyaladherin with roles in ovulation and inflammation, has a hyaluronan (HA)-binding groove containing two adjacent tyrosine residues that are likely to form CH-pi stacking interactions with sequential rings in the sugar. We have used this observation to construct a model of a protein.HA complex, which was then tested against existing experimental information and by acquisition of new NMR data sets of [(13)C, (15)N]HA (8-mer) complexed with unlabeled protein. A major finding of this analysis was that acetamido side chains of two GlcNAc rings fit into hydrophobic pockets on either side of the adjacent tyrosines, providing a selectivity mechanism of HA over other polysaccharides. Furthermore, two basic residues have a separation that matches that of glucuronic acids in the sugar, consistent with the formation of salt bridges; NMR experiments at a range of pH values identified protein groups that titrate due to their proximity to a free carboxylate in HA. Sequence alignment and construction of homology models for all human Link modules in their HA-bound states revealed that many of these features are conserved across the superfamily, thus allowing the prediction of functionally important residues. In the case of cartilage link protein, its two Link modules were docked together (using bound HA as a guide), identifying hydrophobic residues likely to form an intra-Link module interface as well as amino acids that could be involved in supporting intermolecular interactions between link proteins and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Here, we propose a mechanism for ternary complex formation that generates higher order helical structures, as may exist in cartilage aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Blundell
- Medical Research Council Immunochemistry Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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49
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Abstract
This review addresses the area of study that defines the field of surface modification of biomedical materials and devices by hyaluronan (HA), as related to the exploitation of HA biological properties. To provide a comprehensive view of the subject matter, initial sections give a quick introduction to basic information on HA-protein and HA-cell interactions, together with some discussion on the bioactive role of HA in wound healing and related phenomena. This is followed by a description of current theories that correlate HA properties to its molecular structure in aqueous media, underlying how HA molecular details are crucial for its biological interaction and role. Finally, existing approaches to surface modification by HA are reviewed, stressing the need for HA-surface engineering founded on the knowledge and control of the surface-linked HA molecular conformation at the solid/aqueous interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Morra
- Nobil Bio Ricerche s.r.l., Str. S. Rocco 36, 14018 Villafranca d'Asti, Italy
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Kakehi K, Kinoshita M, Yasueda SI. Hyaluronic acid: separation and biological implications. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 797:347-55. [PMID: 14630160 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan) is a ubiquitous extracellular matrix component, and present at high concentrations in skin, joints and cornea. In the skin, it is synthesized primarily by dermal fibroblasts and by epidermal keratinocytes. Hyaluronic acid usually exists as a high molecular mass (600,000-1,000,000) and non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of a disaccharide unit of [bond]3GlcNAc beta 1[bond]4GlcA beta 1[bond]. Hyaluronic acid has been widely used not only for osteoarthritis and ophthalmology but also for cosmetics for skin care. To examine the biological activities of hyaluronic acid, we have to accurately determine the quantity and molecular masses in biological samples. We review recent development in the analysis of hyaluronic acid having various molecular sizes using electrophoretic and chromatographic techniques. Recently, interactions between hyaluronic acid oligomers and hyaluronic acid-binding proteins have attracted the interest for understanding the biological functions. We show some interesting reports on biological interactions of hyaluronic acid and its oligomers with some proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Kakehi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
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