1
|
Keifi Bajestani A, Alavi MS, Etemad L, Roohbakhsh A. Role of orphan G-protein coupled receptors in tissue ischemia: A comprehensive review. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 978:176762. [PMID: 38906238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic events lead to many diseases and deaths worldwide. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) occurs due to reduced blood circulation in tissues followed by blood reflow. Reoxygenation of ischemic tissues is characterized by oxidative stress, inflammation, energy distress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. There are still no adequate clinical protocols or pharmacological approaches to address the consequences of I/R damage. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important therapeutic targets. They compose a large family of seven transmembrane-spanning proteins that are involved in many biological functions. Orphan GPCRs are a large subgroup of these receptors expressed in different organs. In the present review, we summarized the literature regarding the role of orphan GPCRs in I/R in different organs. We focused on the effect of these receptors on modulating cellular and molecular processes underlying ischemia including apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy. The study showed that GPR3, GPR4, GPR17, GPR30, GPR31, GPR35, GPR37, GPR39, GPR55, GPR65, GPR68, GPR75, GPR81, and GPR91 are involved in ischemic events, mainly in the brain and heart. These receptors offer new possibilities for treating I/R injuries in the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Keifi Bajestani
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu A, Liu Y, Zhang W, Ye RD. Structural insights into ligand recognition and activation of the succinate receptor SUCNR1. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114381. [PMID: 38923454 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Succinate, a citric acid cycle intermediate, serves important functions in energy homeostasis and metabolic regulation. Extracellular succinate acts as a stress signal through succinate receptor (SUCNR1), a class A G protein-coupled receptor. Research on succinate signaling is hampered by the lack of high-resolution structures of the agonist-bound receptor. We present cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of SUCNR1-Gi complexes bound to succinate and its non-metabolite derivative cis-epoxysuccinate. Key determinants for the recognition of succinate in cis conformation include R2817.39 and Y832.64, while Y301.39 and R993.29 participate in the binding of both succinate and cis-epoxysuccinate. Extracellular loop 2, through F175ECL2 in its β-hairpin, forms a hydrogen bond with succinate and caps the binding pocket. At the receptor-Gi interface, agonist binding induces the rearrangement of a hydrophobic network on transmembrane (TM)5 and TM6, leading to TM signaling through TM3 and TM7. These findings extend our understanding of succinate recognition by SUCNR1, aiding the development of therapeutics for the succinate receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Liu
- Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, The Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523326, China; Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China.
| | - Yezhou Liu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Richard D Ye
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kanemoto S. G protein-coupled receptor 84 gene expression is regulated by the ER stress response in the liver. J Biochem 2024; 176:55-68. [PMID: 38471516 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 84 (Gpr84) is reportedly activated by medium-chain fatty acids and is involved in the pathology of liver fibrosis. Inflammatory stimulants, such as lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-α, upregulate Gpr84 expression. However, the detailed molecular mechanism by which Gpr84 is induced remains unknown. Inflammatory stimulation also evokes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, but there has been no direct evidence to link Gpr84 expression and the ER stress response. Administration of tunicamycin (Tm) provokes ER stress and acute steatosis in the liver tissue of mice. Here, in situ hybridization analysis revealed that induction of Gpr84 expression occurred in parenchymal cells in the liver tissue following Tm administration. Gene expression analysis using a reporter assay showed that the intron 1 region of Gpr84 was involved in induction of the gene under ER stress conditions. Furthermore, Tm-dependent upregulation of Gpr84 was blocked by the small chemical compound AEBSF, an inhibitor of ER stress transducers, in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, the current study marks the discovery that the ER stress agent Tm induces the expression of Gpr84.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soshi Kanemoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yamamoto I, Michishita M, Fujita K, Sakai T, Sasaki N, Kawasumi K. Molecular characterization of GPR84 in domestic cats. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 353:114520. [PMID: 38641150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) was cloned as an orphan receptor, and medium-chain fatty acids were then revealed as endogenous ligands. GPR84 is expressed in immune cells and is believed to protect liver function from lipotoxicity caused by overeating and high-fat diet intake. This study aimed to present the molecular characterization of GPR84 in domestic cats. The deduced amino acid sequence of the feline GPR84 shows high sequence homology (83-89 %) with the orthologues from other mammalians by cDNA cloning of feline GPR84. Remarkably high mRNA expression was observed in the bone marrow by Q-PCR analysis. The inhibition of intracellular cAMP concentration was observed in cells transfected with feline GPR84 and treated with medium-chain fatty acids. Immunostaining of GPR84 and free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2)/GPR43 in the bone marrow, where high mRNA expression was observed, showed reactions in macrophages and myeloid cells. To clarify whether the receptor formed homo/hetero-merization, GPR84 and FFARs were analyzed using Nano-Luc binary technology and NanoLuc bioluminescence resonance energy transfer technologies, which revealed that GPR84 formed more heteromers with FFAR2 than homomers with each other. In addition, when GPR84 and FFAR2/GPR43 were cotransfected in the cell, their localization on the cell membrane was reduced compared with that when single receptors were transfected. These results indicated that GPR84 is a functional receptor protein that is expressed in cat tissues and may have a protein-protein interaction with FFAR2/GPR43 on the cell membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Masaki Michishita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Koki Fujita
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Tamami Sakai
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Sasaki
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Koh Kawasumi
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Öz-Arslan D, Yavuz M, Kan B. Exploring orphan GPCRs in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1394516. [PMID: 38895631 PMCID: PMC11183337 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1394516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders represent a significant and growing health burden worldwide. Unfortunately, limited therapeutic options are currently available despite ongoing efforts. Over the past decades, research efforts have increasingly focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these devastating conditions. Orphan receptors, a class of receptors with no known endogenous ligands, emerge as promising druggable targets for diverse diseases. This review aims to direct attention to a subgroup of orphan GPCRs, in particular class A orphans that have roles in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Multiple sclerosis. We highlight the diverse roles orphan receptors play in regulating critical cellular processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal survival and neuro-inflammation. Moreover, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting orphan receptors for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, emphasizing recent advances in drug discovery and preclinical studies. Finally, we outline future directions and challenges in orphan receptor research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Öz-Arslan
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurosciences, Acibadem MAA University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Melis Yavuz
- Department of Neurosciences, Acibadem MAA University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Pharmacology, Acibadem MAA University, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Beki Kan
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurosciences, Acibadem MAA University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Luscombe VB, Wang P, Russell AJ, Greaves DR. Biased agonists of GPR84 and insights into biological control. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1509-1523. [PMID: 38148720 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR84 was first identified as an open reading frame encoding an orphan Class A G protein coupled receptor in 2001. Gpr84 mRNA is expressed in a limited number of cell types with the highest levels of expression being in innate immune cells, M1 polarised macrophages and neutrophils. The first reported ligands for this receptor were medium chain fatty acids with chain lengths between 9 and 12 carbons. Subsequently, a series of synthetic agonists that signal via the GPR84 receptor were identified. Radioligand binding assays and molecular modelling with site-directed mutagenesis suggest the presence of three ligand binding sites on the receptor, but the physiological agonist(s) of the receptor remain unidentified. Here, we review the effects of GPR84 agonists on innate immune cells following a series of chemical discoveries since 2001. The development of highly biased agonists has helped to probe receptor function in vitro, and the remaining challenge is to follow the effects of biased signalling to the physiological functions of innate immune cell types. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue GPR84 Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.10/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pinqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela J Russell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zorova LD, Abramicheva PA, Andrianova NV, Babenko VA, Zorov SD, Pevzner IB, Popkov VA, Semenovich DS, Yakupova EI, Silachev DN, Plotnikov EY, Sukhikh GT, Zorov DB. Targeting Mitochondria for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:444. [PMID: 38675106 PMCID: PMC11054825 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing accumulation of data on the exceptional importance of mitochondria in the occurrence and treatment of cancer, and in all lines of evidence for such participation, there are both energetic and non-bioenergetic functional features of mitochondria. This analytical review examines three specific features of adaptive mitochondrial changes in several malignant tumors. The first feature is characteristic of solid tumors, whose cells are forced to rebuild their energetics due to the absence of oxygen, namely, to activate the fumarate reductase pathway instead of the traditional succinate oxidase pathway that exists in aerobic conditions. For such a restructuring, the presence of a low-potential quinone is necessary, which cannot ensure the conventional conversion of succinate into fumarate but rather enables the reverse reaction, that is, the conversion of fumarate into succinate. In this scenario, complex I becomes the only generator of energy in mitochondria. The second feature is the increased proliferation in aggressive tumors of the so-called mitochondrial (peripheral) benzodiazepine receptor, also called translocator protein (TSPO) residing in the outer mitochondrial membrane, the function of which in oncogenic transformation stays mysterious. The third feature of tumor cells is the enhanced retention of certain molecules, in particular mitochondrially directed cations similar to rhodamine 123, which allows for the selective accumulation of anticancer drugs in mitochondria. These three features of mitochondria can be targets for the development of an anti-cancer strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ljubava D. Zorova
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina A. Abramicheva
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
| | - Nadezda V. Andrianova
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
| | - Valentina A. Babenko
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Savva D. Zorov
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina B. Pevzner
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily A. Popkov
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Semenovich
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
| | - Elmira I. Yakupova
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
| | - Denis N. Silachev
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
| | - Egor Y. Plotnikov
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady T. Sukhikh
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry B. Zorov
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ieremias L, Kaspersen MH, Manandhar A, Schultz-Knudsen K, Vrettou CI, Pokhrel R, Heidtmann CV, Jenkins L, Kanellou C, Marsango S, Li Y, Bräuner-Osborne H, Rexen Ulven E, Milligan G, Ulven T. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies and Optimization of 4-Hydroxypyridones as GPR84 Agonists. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3542-3570. [PMID: 38381650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
GPR84 is a putative medium-chain fatty acid receptor that is implicated in regulation of inflammation and fibrogenesis. Studies have indicated that GPR84 agonists may have therapeutic potential in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, and cancer, but there is a lack of quality tool compounds to explore this potential. The fatty acid analogue LY237 (4a) is the most potent GPR84 agonist disclosed to date but has unfavorable physicochemical properties. We here present a SAR study of 4a. Several highly potent agonists were identified with EC50 down to 28 pM, and with SAR generally in excellent agreement with structure-based modeling. Proper incorporation of rings and polar groups resulted in the identification of TUG-2099 (4s) and TUG-2208 (42a), both highly potent GPR84 agonists with lowered lipophilicity and good to excellent solubility, in vitro permeability, and microsomal stability, which will be valuable tools for exploring the pharmacology and therapeutic prospects of GPR84.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loukas Ieremias
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads H Kaspersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Odense, Denmark
| | - Asmita Manandhar
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Schultz-Knudsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Ioanna Vrettou
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rina Pokhrel
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer V Heidtmann
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Odense, Denmark
| | - Laura Jenkins
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, U.K
| | - Christina Kanellou
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Marsango
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yueming Li
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, U.K
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Rexen Ulven
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Graeme Milligan
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, U.K
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jobe A, Vijayan R. Orphan G protein-coupled receptors: the ongoing search for a home. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1349097. [PMID: 38495099 PMCID: PMC10941346 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1349097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) make up the largest receptor superfamily, accounting for 4% of protein-coding genes. Despite the prevalence of such transmembrane receptors, a significant number remain orphans, lacking identified endogenous ligands. Since their conception, the reverse pharmacology approach has been used to characterize such receptors. However, the multifaceted and nuanced nature of GPCR signaling poses a great challenge to their pharmacological elucidation. Considering their therapeutic relevance, the search for native orphan GPCR ligands continues. Despite limited structural input in terms of 3D crystallized structures, with advances in machine-learning approaches, there has been great progress with respect to accurate ligand prediction. Though such an approach proves valuable given that ligand scarcity is the greatest hurdle to orphan GPCR deorphanization, the future pairings of the remaining orphan GPCRs may not necessarily take a one-size-fits-all approach but should be more comprehensive in accounting for numerous nuanced possibilities to cover the full spectrum of GPCR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amie Jobe
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ranjit Vijayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- The Big Data Analytics Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang P, Raja A, Luscombe VB, Bataille CJR, Lucy D, Rogga VV, Greaves DR, Russell AJ. Development of Highly Potent, G-Protein Pathway Biased, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable GPR84 Agonists. J Med Chem 2024; 67:110-137. [PMID: 38146625 PMCID: PMC10788923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Orphan G-protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) is a receptor that has been linked to cancer, inflammatory, and fibrotic diseases. We have reported DL-175 as a biased agonist at GPR84 which showed differential signaling via Gαi/cAMP and β-arrestin, but which is rapidly metabolized. Herein, we describe an optimization of DL-175 through a systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis. This reveals that the replacement of the naphthalene group improved metabolic stability and the addition of a 5-hydroxy substituent to the pyridine N-oxide group, yielding compounds 68 (OX04528) and 69 (OX04529), enhanced the potency for cAMP signaling by 3 orders of magnitude to low picomolar values. Neither compound showed detectable effects on β-arrestin recruitment up to 80 μM. Thus, the new GPR84 agonists 68 and 69 displayed excellent potency, high G-protein signaling bias, and an appropriate in vivo pharmacokinetic profile that will allow investigation of GPR84 biased agonist activity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinqi Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, U.K.
| | - Arun Raja
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, U.K.
| | - Vincent B. Luscombe
- Sir
William Dunn School of Pathology, University
of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, U.K.
| | - Carole J. R. Bataille
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, U.K.
| | - Daniel Lucy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
- Sir
William Dunn School of Pathology, University
of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, U.K.
| | - Vanessa V. Rogga
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - David R. Greaves
- Sir
William Dunn School of Pathology, University
of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, U.K.
| | - Angela J. Russell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang W, Lang R. Succinate metabolism: a promising therapeutic target for inflammation, ischemia/reperfusion injury and cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1266973. [PMID: 37808079 PMCID: PMC10556696 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1266973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Succinate serves as an essential circulating metabolite within the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and functions as a substrate for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), thereby contributing to energy production in fundamental mitochondrial metabolic pathways. Aberrant changes in succinate concentrations have been associated with pathological states, including chronic inflammation, ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury, and cancer, resulting from the exaggerated response of specific immune cells, thereby rendering it a central area of investigation. Recent studies have elucidated the pivotal involvement of succinate and SDH in immunity beyond metabolic processes, particularly in the context of cancer. Current scientific endeavors are concentrated on comprehending the functional repercussions of metabolic modifications, specifically pertaining to succinate and SDH, in immune cells operating within a hypoxic milieu. The efficacy of targeting succinate and SDH alterations to manipulate immune cell functions in hypoxia-related diseases have been demonstrated. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of succinate's role in metabolism and the regulation of SDH is crucial for effectively targeting succinate and SDH as therapeutic interventions to influence the progression of specific diseases. This review provides a succinct overview of the latest advancements in comprehending the emerging functions of succinate and SDH in metabolic processes. Furthermore, it explores the involvement of succinate, an intermediary of the TCA cycle, in chronic inflammation, IR injury, and cancer, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms underlying succinate accumulation. This review critically assesses the potential of modulating succinate accumulation and metabolism within the hypoxic milieu as a means to combat various diseases. It explores potential targets for therapeutic interventions by focusing on succinate metabolism and the regulation of SDH in hypoxia-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ren Lang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Duncan EM, Vita L, Dibnah B, Hudson BD. Metabolite-sensing GPCRs controlling interactions between adipose tissue and inflammation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1197102. [PMID: 37484963 PMCID: PMC10357040 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1197102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders including obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis are a group of conditions characterised by chronic low-grade inflammation of metabolic tissues. There is now a growing appreciation that various metabolites released from adipose tissue serve as key signalling mediators, influencing this interaction with inflammation. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of signal transduction proteins and most historically successful drug targets. The signalling pathways for several key adipose metabolites are mediated through GPCRs expressed both on the adipocytes themselves and on infiltrating macrophages. These include three main groups of GPCRs: the FFA4 receptor, which is activated by long chain free fatty acids; the HCA2 and HCA3 receptors, activated by hydroxy carboxylic acids; and the succinate receptor. Understanding the roles these metabolites and their receptors play in metabolic-immune interactions is critical to establishing how these GPCRs may be exploited for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu KK. Extracellular Succinate: A Physiological Messenger and a Pathological Trigger. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11165. [PMID: 37446354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
When tissues are under physiological stresses, such as vigorous exercise and cold exposure, skeletal muscle cells secrete succinate into the extracellular space for adaptation and survival. By contrast, environmental toxins and injurious agents induce cellular secretion of succinate to damage tissues, trigger inflammation, and induce tissue fibrosis. Extracellular succinate induces cellular changes and tissue adaptation or damage by ligating cell surface succinate receptor-1 (SUCNR-1) and activating downstream signaling pathways and transcriptional programs. Since SUCNR-1 mediates not only pathological processes but also physiological functions, targeting it for drug development is hampered by incomplete knowledge about the characteristics of its physiological vs. pathological actions. This review summarizes the current status of extracellular succinate in health and disease and discusses the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K Wu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li SX, Wang SW, Chen LH, Zhang Q, Lu D, Chen J, Fang YC, Gu M, Xie X, Nan FJ. Unsymmetrical Phosphodiesters as GPR84 Antagonists with High Blood Exposure for the Treatment of Lung Inflammation. J Med Chem 2023; 66:5820-5838. [PMID: 37053384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
GPR84 is a proinflammatory G protein-coupled receptor that mediates myeloid immune cell functions. Blocking GPR84 with antagonists is a promising approach for treating inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. Previously, a GPR84 antagonist 604c, with a symmetrical phosphodiester structure, has displayed promising efficacy in a mouse model of ulcerative colitis. However, the low blood exposure resulting from physicochemical properties prevented its uses in other inflammatory diseases. In this study, a series of unsymmetrical phosphodiesters with lower lipophilicity were designed and tested. The representative compound 37 exhibited a 100-fold increase in mouse blood exposure compared to 604c while maintaining in vitro activity. In a mouse model of acute lung injury, 37 (30 mg/kg, po) significantly reduced the infiltration of proinflammatory cells and the release of inflammatory cytokines and ameliorated pathological changes equally or more effectively than N-acetylcysteine (100 mg/kg, po). These findings suggest that 37 is a promising candidate for treating lung inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Si-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin-Hai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Lu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - You-Chen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China
| | - Fa-Jun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McDermott MV, Ram A, Mattoon MT, Haderlie EE, Raddatz MC, Thomason MK, Bobeck EN. A small molecule ligand for the novel pain target, GPR171, produces minimal reward in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 224:173543. [PMID: 36933620 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
ProSAAS is one of the most abundant proteins in the brain and is processed into several smaller peptides. One of which, BigLEN, is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor, GPR171. Recent work in rodent models has shown that a small-molecule ligand for GPR171, MS15203, increases morphine antinociception and is effective in lessening chronic pain. While these studies provide evidence for GPR171 as a possible pain target, its abuse liability has not yet been assessed and was evaluated in the current study. We first mapped the distribution of GPR171 and ProSAAS throughout the reward circuit of the brain using immunohistochemistry and showed that GPR171 and ProSAAS are localized in the hippocampus, basolateral amygdala, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex. In the major dopaminergic structure, the ventral tegmental area (VTA), GPR171 appeared to be primarily localized in dopamine neurons while ProSAAS is outside of dopamine neurons. Next, MS15203 was administered to mice with or without morphine, and VTA slices were stained for the immediate early gene c-Fos as a marker of neuronal activation. Quantification of c-Fos-positive cells revealed no statistical difference between MS15203 and saline, suggesting that MS15203 does not increase VTA activation and dopamine release. The results of a conditioned place preference experiment showed that treatment with MS15203 produced no place preference indicating a lack of reward-related behavior. Taken together this data provides evidence that the novel pain therapeutic, MS15203, has minimal reward liability. Therefore, GPR171 deserves further exploration as a pain target. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MS15203, a drug that activates the receptor GPR171, was previously shown to increase morphine analgesia. The authors use in vivo and histological techniques to show that it fails to activate the rodent reward circuitry, providing support for the continued exploration of MS15203 as a novel pain drug, and GPR171 a novel pain target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max V McDermott
- Dept. of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5305, United States of America; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5305, United States of America
| | - Akila Ram
- Dept. of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5305, United States of America
| | - Matthew T Mattoon
- Dept. of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5305, United States of America
| | - Emmaline E Haderlie
- Dept. of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5305, United States of America
| | - Megan C Raddatz
- Dept. of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5305, United States of America; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5305, United States of America
| | - Madi K Thomason
- Dept. of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5305, United States of America
| | - Erin N Bobeck
- Dept. of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5305, United States of America; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5305, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stäubert C, Wozniak M, Dupuis N, Laschet C, Pillaiyar T, Hanson J. Superconserved receptors expressed in the brain: Expression, function, motifs and evolution of an orphan receptor family. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108217. [PMID: 35644261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
GPR27, GPR85 and GPR173 constitute a small family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) that share the distinctive characteristics of being highly conserved throughout vertebrate evolution and predominantly expressed in the brain. Accordingly, they have been coined as "Superconserved Receptors Expressed in the Brain" (SREB), although their expression profile is more complex than what was originally thought. SREBs have no known validated endogenous ligands and are thus labeled as "orphan" receptors. The investigation of this particular category of uncharacterized receptors holds great promise both in terms of physiology and drug development. In the largest GPCR family, the Rhodopsin-like or Class A, around 100 receptors are considered orphans. Because GPCRs are the most successful source of drug targets, the discovery of a novel function or ligand most likely will lead to significant breakthroughs for the discovery of innovative therapies. The high level of conservation is one of the characteristic features of the SREBs. We propose herein a detailed analysis of the putative evolutionary origin of this family. We highlight the properties that distinguish SREBs from other rhodopsin-like GPCRs. We present the current evidence for these receptors downstream signaling pathways and functions. We discuss the pharmacological challenge for the identification of natural or synthetic ligands of orphan receptors like SREBs. The different SREB-related scientific questions are presented with a highlight on what should be addressed in the near future, including the confirmation of published evidence and their validation as drug targets. In particular, we discuss in which pathological conditions these receptors may be of great relevance to solve unmet medical needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Stäubert
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Monika Wozniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nadine Dupuis
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Céline Laschet
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julien Hanson
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yu HX, Li Y, Ezeorba T, Mo HL, Zhang ZH, Yang QY, Wang LX. Molecular characterization and functional exploration of GPR84 in Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 137:104526. [PMID: 36058385 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) is a putative medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) receptor involved in immune regulation and other metabolic processes. Most available studies focused on the GPR84 characterization from mammals, neglecting vital information that could be obtained from other levels of life, such as amphibians, necessary for an apt evolutionary understanding of the orphan GPR84. Hence, this study molecularly characterized and functionally explored the GPR84 from the Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus). Therefore, we report that the Chinese Giant Salamander (CGS), one of the world's largest amphibians, expresses a GPR84 protein having 376 amino acids, with about 70% homologous to other amphibians and around 50% to human GPR84. Investigating the relative localized expression of gpr84 mRNA in CGS using quantitative PCR revealed the highest expression in the kidney and liver. Furthermore, four medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) at micromolar levels activated CGS-GPR84 transfected and expressed in HEK293 cells. In HEK293 cells, four different concentrations of MCFAs inhibited forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation and resulted in a dose-dependent increase in extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Interestingly, MCFAs activation of GPR84 concomitantly led to the upregulation of inflammatory mediators such as Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) and IL-6. Conclusively, this study successfully elucidated the intriguing molecular and functional properties of CGS GPR84, particularly as an immune modulator, and has positioned the findings within the existing body of knowledge for a better overall understanding of GPR84, especially in amphibians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xia Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Timothy Ezeorba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu, 0023442, Nigeria
| | - Hao-Lin Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qi-Yuan Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Massachusetts, 001339, USA
| | - Li-Xin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Atallah R, Olschewski A, Heinemann A. Succinate at the Crossroad of Metabolism and Angiogenesis: Roles of SDH, HIF1α and SUCNR1. Biomedicines 2022; 10:3089. [PMID: 36551845 PMCID: PMC9775124 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential process by which new blood vessels develop from existing ones. While adequate angiogenesis is a physiological process during, for example, tissue repair, insufficient and excessive angiogenesis stands on the pathological side. Fine balance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors in the tissue environment regulates angiogenesis. Identification of these factors and how they function is a pressing topic to develop angiogenesis-targeted therapeutics. During the last decade, exciting data highlighted non-metabolic functions of intermediates of the mitochondrial Krebs cycle including succinate. Among these functions is the contribution of succinate to angiogenesis in various contexts and through different mechanisms. As the concept of targeting metabolism to treat a wide range of diseases is rising, in this review we summarize the mechanisms by which succinate regulates angiogenesis in normal and pathological settings. Gaining a comprehensive insight into how this metabolite functions as an angiogenic signal will provide a useful approach to understand diseases with aberrant or excessive angiogenic background, and may provide strategies to tackle them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reham Atallah
- Otto-Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Otto-Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kuo CC, Wu JY, Wu KK. Cancer-derived extracellular succinate: a driver of cancer metastasis. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:93. [DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00878-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSuccinate is a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediate normally confined to the mitochondrial matrix. It is a substrate of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Mutation of SDH subunits (SDHD and SDHB) in hereditary tumors such as paraganglioma or reduction of SDHB expression in cancer results in matrix succinate accumulation which is transported to cytoplasma and secreted into the extracellular milieu. Excessive cytosolic succinate is known to stabilize hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) by inhibiting prolyl hydroxylase. Recent reports indicate that cancer-secreted succinate enhances cancer cell migration and promotes cancer metastasis by activating succinate receptor-1 (SUCNR-1)-mediated signaling and transcription pathways. Cancer-derived extracellular succinate enhances cancer cell and macrophage migration through SUCNR-1 → PI-3 K → HIF-1α pathway. Extracellular succinate induces tumor angiogenesis through SUCNR-1-mediated ERK1/2 and STAT3 activation resulting in upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Succinate increases SUCNR-1 expression in cancer cells which is considered as a target for developing new anti-metastasis drugs. Furthermore, serum succinate which is elevated in cancer patients may be a theranostic biomarker for selecting patients for SUCNR-1 antagonist therapy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Schulze AS, Kleinau G, Krakowsky R, Rochmann D, Das R, Worth CL, Krumbholz P, Scheerer P, Stäubert C. Evolutionary analyses reveal immune cell receptor GPR84 as a conserved receptor for bacteria-derived molecules. iScience 2022; 25:105087. [PMID: 36164652 PMCID: PMC9508565 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) is found in immune cells and its expression is increased under inflammatory conditions. Activation of GPR84 by medium-chain fatty acids results in pro-inflammatory responses. Here, we screened available vertebrate genome data and found that GPR84 is present in vertebrates for more than 500 million years but absent in birds and a pseudogene in bats. Cloning and functional characterization of several mammalian GPR84 orthologs in combination with evolutionary and model-based structural analyses revealed evidence for positive selection of bear GPR84 orthologs. Naturally occurring human GPR84 variants are most frequent in Asian populations causing a loss of function. Further, we identified cis- and trans-2-decenoic acid, both known to mediate bacterial communication, as evolutionary highly conserved ligands. Our integrated set of approaches contributes to a comprehensive understanding of GPR84 in terms of evolutionary and structural aspects, highlighting GPR84 as a conserved immune cell receptor for bacteria-derived molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amadeus Samuel Schulze
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosanna Krakowsky
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Rochmann
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ranajit Das
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Catherine L Worth
- Independent Data Lab UG, Frauenmantelanger 31, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Krumbholz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Stäubert
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vorobieva VV, Levchenkova OS, Shabanov PD. Activity of Succinate Dehydrogenase in Rabbit Blood Lymphocytes Depends on the Characteristics of the Vibration-Based Impact. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350922020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
22
|
Macrophage-Mediated Immune Responses: From Fatty Acids to Oxylipins. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010152. [PMID: 35011385 PMCID: PMC8746402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages have diverse functions in the pathogenesis, resolution, and repair of inflammatory processes. Elegant studies have elucidated the metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles of activated macrophages. However, the versatility of macrophage responses in inflammation is likely due, at least in part, to their ability to rearrange their repertoire of bioactive lipids, including fatty acids and oxylipins. This review will describe the fatty acids and oxylipins generated by macrophages and their role in type 1 and type 2 immune responses. We will highlight lipidomic studies that have shaped the current understanding of the role of lipids in macrophage polarization.
Collapse
|
23
|
Pre-Clinical and Clinical Applications of Small Interfering RNAs (siRNA) and Co-Delivery Systems for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123348. [PMID: 34943856 PMCID: PMC8699513 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the leading causes of death and is the fourth most malignant tumor in men. The epigenetic and genetic alterations appear to be responsible for development of PC. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a powerful genetic tool that can bind to its target and reduce expression level of a specific gene. The various critical genes involved in PC progression can be effectively targeted using diverse siRNAs. Moreover, siRNAs can enhance efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in inhibiting PC progression. However, siRNAs suffer from different off target effects and their degradation by enzymes in serum can diminish their potential in gene silencing. Loading siRNAs on nanoparticles can effectively protect them against degradation and can inhibit off target actions by facilitating targeted delivery. This can lead to enhanced efficacy of siRNAs in PC therapy. Moreover, different kinds of nanoparticles such as polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles and metal nanostructures have been applied for optimal delivery of siRNAs that are discussed in this article. This review also reveals that how naked siRNAs and their delivery systems can be exploited in treatment of PC and as siRNAs are currently being applied in clinical trials, significant progress can be made by translating the current findings into the clinical settings.
Collapse
|
24
|
Selecting Hub Genes and Predicting Target Genes of microRNAs in Tuberculosis via the Bioinformatics Analysis. Genet Res (Camb) 2021; 2021:6226291. [PMID: 34803519 PMCID: PMC8572619 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6226291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the world's most prevalently infectious disease. Molecular mechanisms behind tuberculosis remain unknown. microRNA (miRNA) is involved in a wide variety of diseases. To validate the significant genes and miRNAs in the current sample, two messenger RNA (mRNA) expression profile datasets and three miRNA expression profile datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed (DE) genes (DEGs) and miRNAs (DE miRNAs) between healthy and TB patients were filtered out. Enrichment analysis was executed, and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was developed to understand the enrich pathways and hub genes of TB. Additionally, the target genes of miRNA were predicted and overlapping target genes were identified. We studied a total of 181 DEGs (135 downregulated and 46 upregulated genes) and two DE miRNAs (2 downregulated miRNAs) from two gene profile datasets and three miRNA profile datasets, respectively. 10 hub genes were defined based on high degree of connectivity. A PPI network's top module was constructed. The 23 DEGs identified have a significant relationship with miRNAs. 25 critically significant Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were discovered. The detailed study revealed that, in tuberculosis, the DE miRNA and DEGs form an interaction network. The identification of novel target genes and main pathways would aid with our understanding of miRNA's function in tuberculosis progression.
Collapse
|
25
|
Sanders KM, Mutafova-Yambolieva VN. Neurotransmitters responsible for purinergic motor neurotransmission and regulation of GI motility. Auton Neurosci 2021; 234:102829. [PMID: 34146957 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Classical concepts of peripheral neurotransmission were insufficient to explain enteric inhibitory neurotransmission. Geoffrey Burnstock and colleagues developed the idea that ATP or a related purine satisfies the criteria for a neurotransmitter and serves as an enteric inhibitory neurotransmitter in GI muscles. Cloning of purinergic receptors and development of specific drugs and transgenic mice have shown that enteric inhibitory responses depend upon P2Y1 receptors in post-junctional cells. The post-junctional cells that transduce purinergic neurotransmitters in the GI tract are PDGFRα+ cells and not smooth muscle cells (SMCs). PDGFRα+ cells express P2Y1 receptors, are activated by enteric inhibitory nerve stimulation and generate Ca2+ oscillations, express small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SK3), and generate outward currents when exposed to P2Y1 agonists. These properties are consistent with post-junctional purinergic responses, and similar responses and effectors are not functional in SMCs. Refinements in methodologies to measure purines in tissue superfusates, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with etheno-derivatization of purines and fluorescence detection, revealed that multiple purines are released during stimulation of intrinsic nerves. β-NAD+ and other purines, better satisfy criteria for the purinergic neurotransmitter than ATP. HPLC has also allowed better detection of purine metabolites, and coupled with isolation of specific types of post-junctional cells, has provided new concepts about deactivation of purine neurotransmitters. In spite of steady progress, many unknowns about purinergic neurotransmission remain and require additional investigation to understand this important regulatory mechanism in GI motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Violeta N Mutafova-Yambolieva
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kurtz R, Anderman MF, Shepard BD. GPCRs get fatty: the role of G protein-coupled receptor signaling in the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G304-G318. [PMID: 33205999 PMCID: PMC8202238 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00275.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by the abnormal deposition of lipids within the liver not due to alcohol consumption, is a growing epidemic affecting over 30% of the United States population. Both simple fatty liver and its more severe counterpart, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, represent one of the most common forms of liver disease. Recently, several G protein-coupled receptors have emerged as targets for therapeutic intervention for these disorders. These include those with known hepatic function as well as those involved in global metabolic regulation. In this review, we highlight these emerging therapeutic targets, focusing on several common themes including their activation by microbial metabolites, stimulatory effect on insulin and incretin secretion, and contribution to glucose tolerance. The overlap in ligands, localization, and downstream effects of activation indicate the interdependent nature of these receptors and highlight the importance of this signaling family in the development and prevention of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kurtz
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Meghan F. Anderman
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Blythe D. Shepard
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Serhan N, Cenac N, Basso L, Gaudenzio N. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgprs) - Key regulators of neuroimmune interactions. Neurosci Lett 2021; 749:135724. [PMID: 33600909 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interplay between physiological systems in the body plays a prominent role in health and disease. At the cellular level, such interplay is orchestrated through the binding of specific ligands to their receptors expressed on cell surface. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are seven-transmembrane domain receptors that initiate various cellular responses and regulate homeostasis. In this review, we focus on particular GPCRs named Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgprs) mainly expressed by sensory neurons and specialized immune cells. We describe the different subfamilies of Mrgprs and their specific ligands, as well as recent advances in the field that illustrate the role played by these receptors in neuro-immune biological processes, including itch, pain and inflammation in diverse organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Serhan
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Lilian Basso
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
| | - Nicolas Gaudenzio
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Grundmann M, Bender E, Schamberger J, Eitner F. Pharmacology of Free Fatty Acid Receptors and Their Allosteric Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041763. [PMID: 33578942 PMCID: PMC7916689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological function of free fatty acids (FFAs) has long been regarded as indirect in terms of their activities as educts and products in metabolic pathways. The observation that FFAs can also act as signaling molecules at FFA receptors (FFARs), a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), has changed the understanding of the interplay of metabolites and host responses. Free fatty acids of different chain lengths and saturation statuses activate FFARs as endogenous agonists via binding at the orthosteric receptor site. After FFAR deorphanization, researchers from the pharmaceutical industry as well as academia have identified several ligands targeting allosteric sites of FFARs with the aim of developing drugs to treat various diseases such as metabolic, (auto)inflammatory, infectious, endocrinological, cardiovascular, and renal disorders. GPCRs are the largest group of transmembrane proteins and constitute the most successful drug targets in medical history. To leverage the rich biology of this target class, the drug industry seeks alternative approaches to address GPCR signaling. Allosteric GPCR ligands are recognized as attractive modalities because of their auspicious pharmacological profiles compared to orthosteric ligands. While the majority of marketed GPCR drugs interact exclusively with the orthosteric binding site, allosteric mechanisms in GPCR biology stay medically underexploited, with only several allosteric ligands currently approved. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the biology of FFAR1 (GPR40), FFAR2 (GPR43), FFAR3 (GPR41), FFAR4 (GPR120), and GPR84, including structural aspects of FFAR1, and discusses the molecular pharmacology of FFAR allosteric ligands as well as the opportunities and challenges in research from the perspective of drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Grundmann
- Research and Early Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Eckhard Bender
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany; (E.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Jens Schamberger
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany; (E.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Frank Eitner
- Research and Early Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Succinate Receptor 1: An Emerging Regulator of Myeloid Cell Function in Inflammation. Trends Immunol 2020; 42:45-58. [PMID: 33279412 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly evolving area of immunometabolism has shed new light on the fundamental properties of products and intermediates of cellular metabolism (metabolites), highlighting their key signaling roles in cell-to-cell communication. Recent evidence identifies the succinate-succinate receptor 1 (SUCNR1) axis as an essential regulator of tissue homeostasis. Succinate signaling via SUCNR1 guides divergent responses in immune cells, which are tissue and context dependent. Herein, we explore the main cellular pathways regulated by the succinate-SUCNR1 axis and focus on the biology of SUCNR1 and its roles influencing the function of myeloid cells. Hence, we identify new therapeutic targets and putative therapeutic approaches aimed at resolving detrimental myeloid cell responses in tissues, including those occurring in the persistently inflamed central nervous system (CNS).
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen LH, Zhang Q, Xie X, Nan FJ. Modulation of the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 84 (GPR84) by Agonists and Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15399-15409. [PMID: 33267584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of medium-chain fatty acids as GPR84 ligands, significant advancements have been made in the development of GPR84 agonists and antagonists. Most agonists have lipid-like structures except for 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), which acts as an allosteric agonist. GPR84 activation in macrophages leads to increased cytokine secretion, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, revealing the proinflammatory role of GPR84 associated with various inflammatory responses. Three GPR84 antagonists (S)-2-((1,4-dioxan-2-yl)methoxy)-9-(cyclopropylethynyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-pyrimido[6,1-a]isoquinolin-4-one (GLPG1205), sodium 2-(3-pentylphenyl)acetate (PBI-4050), and sodium 2-(3,5-dipentylphenyl)acetate (PBI-4547) have displayed therapeutic effects in animal models of several inflammatory and fibrotic diseases and are being evaluated in clinical studies. Although GLPG1205 has failed in a clinical trial for ulcerative colitis, it is undergoing another phase II clinical study for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Further studies are needed to resolve the GPR84 structure, identify more endogenous ligands, elucidate their physiological and pathological roles, and fulfill the therapeutic potential of GPR84 antagonists and agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fa-Jun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 264000, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Luscombe VB, Lucy D, Bataille CJR, Russell AJ, Greaves DR. 20 Years an Orphan: Is GPR84 a Plausible Medium-Chain Fatty Acid-Sensing Receptor? DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1926-1937. [PMID: 33001759 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR84 is an inflammation-induced receptor highly expressed on immune cells, yet its endogenous ligand is still unknown. This makes any interpretation of its physiological activity in vivo difficult. However, experiments with potent synthetic agonists have highlighted what the receptor can do, namely, enhance proinflammatory signaling and macrophage effector functions such as phagocytosis. Developing drugs to block these effects has attracted interest from the scientific community with the aim of decreasing disease activity in inflammatory disorders or enhancing inflammation resolution. In this review, we critically reassess the widely held belief that the major role of GPR84 is that of being a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) receptor. While MCFAs have been shown to activate GPR84, it remains to be demonstrated that they are present in relevant tissues at appropriate concentrations. In contrast to four other "full-time" free fatty acid receptor subtypes, GPR84 is not expressed by enteroendocrine cells and has limited expression in the gastrointestinal tract. Across multiple tissues and cell types, the highest expression levels of GPR84 are observed hours after exposure to an inflammatory stimulus. These factors obscure the relationship between ligand and receptor in the human body and do not support the exclusive physiological pairing of MCFAs with GPR84. To maximize the chances of developing efficacious drugs for inflammatory diseases, we must advance our understanding of GPR84 and what it does in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent B Luscombe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Lucy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Angela J Russell
- Department of Chemistry and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mizuno H, Kihara Y. Druggable Lipid GPCRs: Past, Present, and Prospects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:223-258. [PMID: 32894513 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have seven transmembrane spanning domains and comprise the largest superfamily with ~800 receptors in humans. GPCRs are attractive targets for drug discovery because they transduce intracellular signaling in response to endogenous ligands via heterotrimeric G proteins or arrestins, resulting in a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological responses. The endogenous ligands for GPCRs are highly chemically diverse and include ions, biogenic amines, nucleotides, peptides, and lipids. In this review, we follow the KonMari method to better understand druggable lipid GPCRs. First, we have a comprehensive tidying up of lipid GPCRs including receptors for prostanoids, leukotrienes, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), lysophospholipids, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), cannabinoids, platelet-activating factor (PAF), free fatty acids (FFAs), and sterols. This tidying up consolidates 46 lipid GPCRs and declutters several perplexing lipid GPCRs. Then, we further tidy up the lipid GPCR-directed drugs from the literature and databases, which identified 24 clinical drugs targeting 16 unique lipid GPCRs available in the market and 44 drugs under evaluation in more than 100 clinical trials as of 2019. Finally, we introduce drug designs for GPCRs that spark joy, such as positive or negative allosteric modulators (PAM or NAM), biased agonism, functional antagonism like fingolimod, and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). These strategic drug designs may increase the efficacy and specificity of drugs and reduce side effects. Technological advances will help to discover more endogenous lipid ligands from the vast number of remaining orphan GPCRs and will also lead to the development novel lipid GPCR drugs to treat various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuyuki Kihara
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yamamoto I, Kawasumi K, Ohkusu‐Tsukada K, Arai T. Molecular characterization of free fatty acid receptors FFAR2 and FFAR3 in the domestic cat. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:77-85. [PMID: 32929853 PMCID: PMC7840215 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein‐coupled receptors 41 and 43 were identified and characterized as free fatty acid receptors (FFAR) 3 and 2, respectively. FFAR2 and FFAR3 mediate short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as signalling molecules. The present study aimed to give molecular characterization of FFAR2 and FFAR3 in the domestic cat. High homology with that in other mammals was revealed by cDNA cloning of cat FFAR2 FFAR3. We analyzed the tissue distribution of cat FFAR2 and FFAR3 mRNA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The inhibition of intracellular cAMP concentrations was observed in cells transfected with cat FFAR2 or FFAR3 and treated with SCFAs. The activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells‐luciferase reporter was only observed in cat FFAR2 transfected cells but not in FFAR3. Split luciferase assay (NanoLuc Binary Technology; NanoBiT) for FFAR2 or FFAR3 and Arrestin‐3/β‐arrestin‐2 revealed acetate‐/propionate‐induced recruitment to cat FFAR2 or FFAR3 in CHO‐K1 cells. Our results indicate that FFAR2 and FFAR3 are functional receptor proteins that are expressed in cat tissues and show differential distribution patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Basic Veterinary MedicineSchool of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary ScienceNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityMusashino‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Koh Kawasumi
- Department of Basic Veterinary MedicineSchool of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary ScienceNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityMusashino‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Kozo Ohkusu‐Tsukada
- Department of Veterinary PathologySchool of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary ScienceNippon Veterinary and Life‐Science UniversityMusashino‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Toshiro Arai
- Department of Basic Veterinary MedicineSchool of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary ScienceNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityMusashino‐shiTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Marsango S, Barki N, Jenkins L, Tobin AB, Milligan G. Therapeutic validation of an orphan G protein-coupled receptor: The case of GPR84. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 179:3529-3541. [PMID: 32869860 PMCID: PMC9361006 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of members of the GPCR superfamily as targets of a broad range of effective medicines many GPCRs remain poorly characterised. GPR84 is an example. Expression of GPR84 is strongly up regulated in immune cells in a range of pro-inflammatory settings and clinical trials to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are currently ongoing using ligands with differing levels of selectivity and affinity as GPR84 antagonists. Although blockade of GPR84 may potentially prove effective also in diseases associated with inflammation of the lower gut there is emerging interest in defining if agonists of GPR84 might find utility in conditions in which regulation of metabolism or energy sensing is compromised. Here, we consider the physiological and pathological expression profile of GPR84 and, in the absence of direct structural information, recent developments and use of GPR84 pharmacological tool compounds to study its broader role and biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marsango
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Natasja Barki
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Li X, Xie L, Qu X, Zhao B, Fu W, Wu B, Wu J. GPR91, a critical signaling mechanism in modulating pathophysiologic processes in chronic illnesses. FASEB J 2020; 34:13091-13105. [PMID: 32812686 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001037r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Succinate receptor GPR91 is one of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and is expressed in a variety of cell types and tissues. Succinate is its natural ligand, and its activation represents that an intrinsic metabolic intermediate exerts a regulatory role on many critical life processes involving pathophysiologic mechanisms, such as innate immunity, inflammation, tissue repair, and oncogenesis. With the illustration of 3-dimensional crystal structure of the receptor and discovery of its antagonists, it is possible to dissect the succinate-GPR91-G protein signaling pathways in different cell types under pathophysiological conditions. Deep understanding of the GPR91-ligand binding mode with various agonists and antagonists would aid in elucidating the molecular basis of a spectrum of chronic illnesses, such as hypertension, diabetes, and their renal and retina complications, metabolic-associated fatty liver diseases, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and its fibrotic progression, inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), age-related macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, and progressive behaviors of malignancies. With better delineation of critical regulatory role of the succinate-GPR91 axis in these illnesses, therapeutic intervention may be developed by specifically targeting this signaling pathway with small molecular antagonists or other strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangli Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bangyi Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Beili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ceylan S, Bahadori F, Akbas F. Engineering of siRNA loaded PLGA Nano-Particles for highly efficient silencing of GPR87 gene as a target for pancreatic cancer treatment. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 25:855-864. [PMID: 32188321 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1745232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) 87, is overexpressed in various cancer cells especially pancreatic cancer and plays a critical role in tumor cell survival. Nano-particles (NP) have become the essential vehicles for nucleotide internalization to the cell, due to the negative charge of nucleotides and their poor stability in blood circulation. In this study, the HEK293T cell linewas transfected with GPR87-plasmid after which the double-stranded RNA molecules targeting the GPR87 gene were prepared and purified. 1.1B4 cancer cell lines were used as model pancreatic cancer cells. Produced siRNA molecules were encapsulated in Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) nano-micelles using three different methods, two of which were according to literature with (siR-PLGA-S) or without (siR-PLGA-V) sonication. However, a new method was suggested to overcome problems such as poly-dispersity and large sizes of siR-PLGA-S and siR-PLGA-V. The new method consists of encapsulating siRNA using mild agitation to the pre-made PLGA NPs. The latter method provided mono-dispersed particles (siR-P-PLGA) with 92 nm size and desired Encapsulation Efficiency (EE%). siR-P-PLGA was able to silence the GPR-87 gene in a ratio of 83.9%, almost 41 times more effective than siR-PLGA-S and siR-PLGA-V in HEK 293 T cells. siR-P-PLGA was able to show a mild cytotoxic effect on 1.1B4 pancreatic cancer cells within 48 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyma Ceylan
- Department of Medicinal Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatemeh Bahadori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fahri Akbas
- Department of Medicinal Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Guo Y, Cho SW, Saxena D, Li X. Multifaceted Actions of Succinate as a Signaling Transmitter Vary with Its Cellular Locations. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:36-43. [PMID: 32207262 PMCID: PMC7090288 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.35.1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of succinate's receptor in 2004, studies supporting the involvement of succinate signaling through its receptor in various diseases have accumulated and most of these investigations have highlighted succinate's pro-inflammatory role. Taken with the fact that succinate is an intermediate metabolite in the center of mitochondrial activity, and considering its potential regulation of protein succinylation through succinyl-coenzyme A, a review on the overall multifaceted actions of succinate to discuss whether and how these actions relate to the cellular locations of succinate is much warranted. Mechanistically, it is important to consider the sources of succinate, which include somatic cellular released succinate and those produced by the microbiome, especially the gut microbiota, which is an equivalent, if not greater contributor of succinate levels in the body. Continue learning the critical roles of succinate signaling, known and unknown, in many pathophysiological conditions is important. Furthermore, studies to delineate the regulation of succinate levels and to determine how succinate elicits various types of signaling in a temporal and spatial manner are also required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Guo
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sun Wook Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Köse M, Pillaiyar T, Namasivayam V, De Filippo E, Sylvester K, Ulven T, von Kügelgen I, Müller CE. An Agonist Radioligand for the Proinflammatory Lipid-Activated G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR84 Providing Structural Insights. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2391-2410. [PMID: 31721581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) GPR84 is expressed on immune cells mediating proinflammatory and immunostimulatory effects. In this study, we prepared the fully efficacious, nonbiased GPR84 agonist 6-hexylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione (6) in tritium-labeled form ([3H]PSB-1584) by hydrogenation of a hexenyl-substituted precursor with tritium gas. The radioligand was characterized by kinetic, saturation, and competition assays using membranes of Chinese hamster ovary cells recombinantly expressing the human GPR84. [3H]6 reversibly labeled the receptor with high affinity (KD 2.08 nM). Structurally diverse orthosteric and allosteric ligands, including newly designed and synthesized compounds, were studied in competition binding assays. A homology model of GPR84 was generated to perform docking studies rationalizing the experimental data. The radioligand was additionally used for labeling GPR84 in native cells and tissues. [3H]6 constitutes the first GPR84 agonist radioligand representing a powerful tool for this poorly investigated GPCR, which has potential as a future drug target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Köse
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Elisabetta De Filippo
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Sylvester
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivar von Kügelgen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharma Center Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Montgomery MK, Osborne B, Brandon AE, O'Reilly L, Fiveash CE, Brown SHJ, Wilkins BP, Samsudeen A, Yu J, Devanapalli B, Hertzog A, Tolun AA, Kavanagh T, Cooper AA, Mitchell TW, Biden TJ, Smith NJ, Cooney GJ, Turner N. Regulation of mitochondrial metabolism in murine skeletal muscle by the medium-chain fatty acid receptor Gpr84. FASEB J 2019; 33:12264-12276. [PMID: 31415180 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900234r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid receptors have been recognized as important players in glycaemic control. This study is the first to describe a role for the medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) receptor G-protein-coupled receptor (Gpr) 84 in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and insulin secretion. We are able to show that Gpr84 is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Mice with global deletion of Gpr84 [Gpr84 knockout (KO)] exhibit a mild impairment in glucose tolerance when fed a MCFA-enriched diet. Studies in mice and pancreatic islets suggest that glucose intolerance is accompanied by a defect in insulin secretion. MCFA-fed KO mice also exhibit a significant impairment in the intrinsic respiratory capacity of their skeletal muscle mitochondria, but at the same time also exhibit a substantial increase in mitochondrial content. Changes in canonical pathways of mitochondrial biogenesis and turnover are unable to explain these mitochondrial differences. Our results show that Gpr84 plays a crucial role in regulating mitochondrial function and quality control.-Montgomery, M. K., Osborne, B., Brandon, A. E., O'Reilly, L., Fiveash, C. E., Brown, S. H. J., Wilkins, B. P., Samsudeen, A., Yu, J., Devanapalli, B., Hertzog, A., Tolun, A. A., Kavanagh, T., Cooper, A. A., Mitchell, T. W., Biden, T. J., Smith, N. J., Cooney, G. J., Turner, N. Regulation of mitochondrial metabolism in murine skeletal muscle by the medium-chain fatty acid receptor Gpr84.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene K Montgomery
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brenna Osborne
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda E Brandon
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liam O'Reilly
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Corrine E Fiveash
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon H J Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brendan P Wilkins
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Division of Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Azrah Samsudeen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Josephine Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Beena Devanapalli
- New South Wales (NSW) Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ashley Hertzog
- New South Wales (NSW) Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adviye A Tolun
- New South Wales (NSW) Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Genomic Medicine, and Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tomas Kavanagh
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Antony A Cooper
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Todd W Mitchell
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Trevor J Biden
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicola J Smith
- Division of Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gregory J Cooney
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Shemarova IV, Nesterov VP. Molecular Basis of Cardioprotection in Ischemic Heart Disease. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093019030013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
41
|
Cherry AE, Vicente JJ, Xu C, Morrison RS, Ong SE, Wordeman L, Stella N. GPR124 regulates microtubule assembly, mitotic progression, and glioblastoma cell proliferation. Glia 2019; 67:1558-1570. [PMID: 31058365 PMCID: PMC6557680 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
GPR124 is involved in embryonic development and remains expressed by select organs. The importance of GPR124 during development suggests that its aberrant expression might participate in tumor growth. Here we show that both increases and decreases in GPR124 expression in glioblastoma cells reduce cell proliferation by differentially altering the duration mitotic progression. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we discovered that GPR124 interacts with ch-TOG, a known regulator of both microtubule (MT)-plus-end assembly and mitotic progression. Accordingly, changes in GPR124 expression and ch-TOG similarly affect MT assembly measured by real-time microscopy in cells. Our study describes a novel molecular interaction involving GPR124 and ch-TOG at the plasma membrane that controls glioblastoma cell proliferation by modifying MT assembly rates and controlling the progression of distinct phases of mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison E. Cherry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Juan Jesus Vicente
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Shao-En Ong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Falomir-Lockhart LJ, Cavazzutti GF, Giménez E, Toscani AM. Fatty Acid Signaling Mechanisms in Neural Cells: Fatty Acid Receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:162. [PMID: 31105530 PMCID: PMC6491900 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are typically associated with structural and metabolic roles, as they can be stored as triglycerides, degraded by β-oxidation or used in phospholipids’ synthesis, the main components of biological membranes. It has been shown that these lipids exhibit also regulatory functions in different cell types. FAs can serve as secondary messengers, as well as modulators of enzymatic activities and substrates for cytokines synthesis. More recently, it has been documented a direct activity of free FAs as ligands of membrane, cytosolic, and nuclear receptors, and cumulative evidence has emerged, demonstrating its participation in a wide range of physiological and pathological conditions. It has been long known that the central nervous system is enriched with poly-unsaturated FAs, such as arachidonic (C20:4ω-6) or docosohexaenoic (C22:6ω-3) acids. These lipids participate in the regulation of membrane fluidity, axonal growth, development, memory, and inflammatory response. Furthermore, a whole family of low molecular weight compounds derived from FAs has also gained special attention as the natural ligands for cannabinoid receptors or key cytokines involved in inflammation, largely expanding the role of FAs as precursors of signaling molecules. Nutritional deficiencies, and alterations in lipid metabolism and lipid signaling have been associated with developmental and cognitive problems, as well as with neurodegenerative diseases. The molecular mechanism behind these effects still remains elusive. But in the last two decades, different families of proteins have been characterized as receptors mediating FAs signaling. This review focuses on different receptors sensing and transducing free FAs signals in neural cells: (1) membrane receptors of the family of G Protein Coupled Receptors known as Free Fatty Acid Receptors (FFARs); (2) cytosolic transport Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins (FABPs); and (3) transcription factors Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs). We discuss how these proteins modulate and mediate direct regulatory functions of free FAs in neural cells. Finally, we briefly discuss the advantages of evaluating them as potential targets for drug design in order to manipulate lipid signaling. A thorough characterization of lipid receptors of the nervous system could provide a framework for a better understanding of their roles in neurophysiology and, potentially, help for the development of novel drugs against aging and neurodegenerative processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisandro Jorge Falomir-Lockhart
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Centro Científico Tecnológico - La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gian Franco Cavazzutti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Centro Científico Tecnológico - La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Giménez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Centro Científico Tecnológico - La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Andrés Martín Toscani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Centro Científico Tecnológico - La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vorobieva VV, Shabanov PD. Exposure to Whole Body Vibration Impairs the Functional Activity of the Energy Producing System in Rabbit Myocardium. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350919020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
44
|
Wang M, Zhang X, Zhang S, Liu Z. Zebrafish fatty acids receptor Gpr84 enhances macrophage phagocytosis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:1098-1099. [PMID: 30414894 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
GPR84 was identified as a receptor for medium-chain fatty acids with carbon chain lengths of 9-14. It has previously been reported that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces significantly up-regulation of zebrafish gpr84, and zebrafish gpr84 overexpression markedly increased the LPS-stimulated production of the cytokine IL-12. Here we expanded on these studies to further investigate the roles of zebrafish Gpr84 in immune reaction. Flow cytometric assay was used to assess the effects of zebrafish Gpr84 on the phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages. It was found that overexpression of zebrafish gpr84 significantly increased both the phagocytic ability (PA) and phagocytic index (PI) values of the macrophages engulfing the bacteria, suggesting that zebrafish Gpr84 was able to promote the phagocytosis of bacteria by the macrophages. The data proves the direct effect of Gpr84 in immune reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xueyang Zhang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhenhui Liu
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Recio C, Lucy D, Iveson P, Iqbal AJ, Valaris S, Wynne G, Russell AJ, Choudhury RP, O'Callaghan C, Monaco C, Greaves DR. The Role of Metabolite-Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Inflammation and Metabolic Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:237-256. [PMID: 29117706 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Great attention has been placed on the link between metabolism and immune function giving rise to the term "immunometabolism." It is widely accepted that inflammation and oxidative stress are key processes that underlie metabolic complications during obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Therefore, identifying the mechanisms and mediators that are involved in the regulation of both inflammation and metabolic homeostasis is of high scientific and therapeutic interest. Recent Advances: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that signal in response to metabolites have emerged as attractive therapeutic targets in inflammatory disease. Critical Issues and Future Directions: In this review, we discuss recent findings about the physiological role of the main metabolite-sensing GPCRs, their implication in immunometabolic disorders, their principal endogenous and synthetic ligands, and their potential as drug targets in inflammation and metabolic disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 237-256.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Recio
- 1 Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - Daniel Lucy
- 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - Poppy Iveson
- 1 Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- 1 Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - Sophia Valaris
- 1 Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - Graham Wynne
- 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - Angela J Russell
- 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - Robin P Choudhury
- 3 Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - Chris O'Callaghan
- 4 Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - Claudia Monaco
- 5 Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - David R Greaves
- 1 Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Rexen Ulven E, Trauelsen M, Brvar M, Lückmann M, Bielefeldt LØ, Jensen LKI, Schwartz TW, Frimurer TM. Structure-Activity Investigations and Optimisations of Non-metabolite Agonists for the Succinate Receptor 1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10010. [PMID: 29968758 PMCID: PMC6030209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The succinate receptor 1 (SUCNR1) is a receptor for the metabolite succinate, which functions as a metabolic stress signal in the liver, kidney, adipose tissue and the retina. However, potent non-metabolite tool compounds are needed to reveal the physiological role and pharmacological potential of SUCNR1. Recently, we published the discovery of a computationally receptor-structure derived non-metabolite SUCNR1 agonist series with high target selectivity. We here report our structure-activity exploration and optimisation that has resulted in the development of agonists with nanomolar potency and excellent solubility and stability properties in a number of in vitro assays. Ligand-guided receptor models with high discriminative power between binding of active and inactive compounds were developed for design of novel chemotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rexen Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Mette Trauelsen
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matjaz Brvar
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Michael Lückmann
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Ø Bielefeldt
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Lisa K I Jensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Frimurer
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lu VB, Gribble FM, Reimann F. Free Fatty Acid Receptors in Enteroendocrine Cells. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2826-2835. [PMID: 29688303 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptors (FFAs) are highly enriched in enteroendocrine cells providing pathways to link dietary fats and microbially generated short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) to the secretion of a variety of gut hormones. FFA1 and FFA4 are receptors for long-chain fatty acids that have been linked to the elevation of plasma gut hormones after fat ingestion. FFA2 and FFA3 are receptors for SCFA, which are generated at high concentrations by microbial fermentation of dietary fiber and have also been implicated in enhancement of gut hormone secretion. FFAs are candidate drug targets for increasing the secretion of intestinal hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY as potential new treatments for type 2 diabetes and obesity. This review will examine aspects of intestinal physiology and pharmacology related to the function of FFAs in enteroendocrine cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Van B Lu
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
A Newly Discovered Antifibrotic Pathway Regulated by Two Fatty Acid Receptors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1132-1148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
49
|
Pillaiyar T, Köse M, Namasivayam V, Sylvester K, Borges G, Thimm D, von Kügelgen I, Müller CE. 6-(Ar)Alkylamino-Substituted Uracil Derivatives: Lipid Mimetics with Potent Activity at the Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor 84 (GPR84). ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:3365-3383. [PMID: 30023867 PMCID: PMC6044507 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b02092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
GPR84, a Gi protein-coupled receptor that is activated by medium-chain (hydroxy)fatty acids, appears to play an important role in inflammation, immunity, and cancer. Recently, 6-octylaminouracil (4) has been reported to act as an agonist at GPR84. Here, we describe the synthesis of 69 derivatives and analogs of 4, 66 of which represent new compounds. They were evaluated in (a) cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation and (b) β-arrestin assays in human GPR84-expressing cells. Potent nonbiased as well as G protein-biased agonists were developed, e.g., 6-hexylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione (20, PSB-1584, EC50 5.0 nM (a), 3.2 nM (b), bias factor: 0) and 6-((p-chloro- and p-bromo-phenylethyl)amino)-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione (47, PSB-16434, EC50 7.1 nM (a), 520 nM (b), bias factor: 1.9 = 79-fold Gi pathway-selective; 48, PSB-17365, EC50 2.5 nM (a), 100 nM (b), bias factor 1.3 = 20-fold selective), which were selective versus other free fatty acid-activated receptors. Compounds 20 and 48 were found to be metabolically stable upon incubation with human liver microsomes. A pharmacophore model was created on the basis of structurally diverse lipidlike GPR84 agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Meryem Köse
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Sylvester
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gleice Borges
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominik Thimm
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ivar von Kügelgen
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University
of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Embelin and its derivatives unravel the signaling, proinflammatory and antiatherogenic properties of GPR84 receptor. Pharmacol Res 2018; 131:185-198. [PMID: 29471103 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
GPR84 is an orphan G-protein coupled receptor, expressed on monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils and is significantly upregulated by inflammatory stimuli. The physiological role of GPR84 remains largely unknown. Medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) activate the receptor and have been proposed to be its endogenous ligands, although the high concentrations of MCFAs required for receptor activation generally exceed normal physiological levels. We identified the natural product embelin as a highly potent and selective surrogate GPR84 agonist (originally disclosed in patent application WO2007027661A2, 2007) and synthesized close structural analogs with widely varying receptor activities. These tools were used to perform a comprehensive study of GPR84 signaling and function in recombinant cells and in primary human macrophages and neutrophils. Activation of recombinant GPR84 by embelin in HEK293 cells results in Gi/o as well as G12/13-Rho signaling. In human macrophages, GPR84 initiates PTX sensitive Erk1/2 and Akt phosphorylation, PI-3 kinase activation, calcium flux, and release of prostaglandin E2. In addition, GPR84 signaling in macrophages elicits Gi Gβγ-mediated augmentation of intracellular cAMP, rather than the decrease expected from Giα engagement. GPR84 activation drives human neutrophil chemotaxis and primes them for amplification of oxidative burst induced by FMLP and C5A. Loss of GPR84 is associated with attenuated LPS-induced release of proinflammatory mediators IL-6, KC-GROα, VEGF, MIP-2 and NGAL from peritoneal exudates. While initiating numerous proinflammatory activities in macrophages and neutrophils, GPR84 also possesses GPR109A-like antiatherosclerotic properties in macrophages. Macrophage receptor activation leads to upregulation of cholesterol transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 and stimulates reverse cholesterol transport. These data suggest that GPR84 may be a target of therapeutic value and that distinct modes of receptor modulation (inhibition vs. stimulation) may be required for inflammatory and atherosclerotic indications.
Collapse
|