1
|
Ioakeimidis NS, Pitsis A, Zegkos T, Ntelios D, Kelpis T, Papamitsou T, Parcharidou D, Gossios T, Efthimiadis G, Meditskou S. Periostin is overexpressed, correlated with fibrosis and differs among grades of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in myectomy tissue of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293427. [PMID: 37939043 PMCID: PMC10631645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Periostin, a secreted matricellular protein, has been implicated in cardiac extracellular matrix remodeling and fibrosis. Evidence suggest that periostin stimulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. The current study aims to investigate the extent of periostin expression in patients with advanced Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) and its correlation with fibrosis and hallmark histopathological features of the disease. Interventricular septal tissue from thirty-nine HCM patients who underwent myectomy and five controls who died from non-cardiac causes was obtained. Staining with Masson's Trichrome and immunohistochemistry were used to localize fibrosis and periostin respectively. The extent of fibrosis and the expression of periostin were defined as the stained percentage of total tissue area using digital pathology software. Periostin expression was higher in HCM patients compared to controls (p<0.0001), positively correlated with the extent of fibrosis (r = 0.82, p<0.001), positively correlated with maximal interventricular septal thickness (Rho = 0.33, p = 0.04) and negatively correlated with LVEF (r = -0.416, p = 0.009). Periostin was approximately co-localized with fibrosis. Mean periostin expression was lower in patients with mild grade cardiomyocyte hypertrophy compared to those with moderate grade (p = 0.049) and lower in patients with mild grade replacement fibrosis compared to moderate grade (p = 0.036). In conclusion, periostin is overexpressed in advanced HCM, correlated with fibrosis and possibly related to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos S. Ioakeimidis
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonios Pitsis
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, European Interbalkan Medical Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas Zegkos
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Ntelios
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Timotheos Kelpis
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, European Interbalkan Medical Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Papamitsou
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Parcharidou
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas Gossios
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Efthimiadis
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Soultana Meditskou
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Angeloni M, Thievessen I, Engel FB, Magni P, Ferrazzi F. Functional genomics meta-analysis to identify gene set enrichment networks in cardiac hypertrophy. Biol Chem 2021; 402:953-972. [PMID: 33951759 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to take advantage of the continuously increasing number of transcriptome studies, it is important to develop strategies that integrate multiple expression datasets addressing the same biological question to allow a robust analysis. Here, we propose a meta-analysis framework that integrates enriched pathways identified through the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) approach and calculates for each meta-pathway an empirical p-value. Validation of our approach on benchmark datasets showed comparable or even better performance than existing methods and an increase in robustness with increasing number of integrated datasets. We then applied the meta-analysis framework to 15 functional genomics datasets of physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Within these datasets we grouped expression sets measured at time points that represent the same hallmarks of heart tissue remodeling ('aggregated time points') and performed meta-analysis on the expression sets assigned to each aggregated time point. To facilitate biological interpretation, results were visualized as gene set enrichment networks. Here, our meta-analysis framework identified well-known biological mechanisms associated with pathological cardiac hypertrophy (e.g., cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiac contractile dysfunction, and alteration in energy metabolism). In addition, results highlighted novel, potentially cardioprotective mechanisms in physiological cardiac hypertrophy involving the down-regulation of immune cell response, which are worth further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Angeloni
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, D-91054Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, D-91054Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingo Thievessen
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 91, D-91052Erlangen, Germany.,Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 12, D-91054Erlangen, Germany.,Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paolo Magni
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 5, I-27100Pavia, Italy
| | - Fulvia Ferrazzi
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, D-91054Erlangen, Germany.,Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Parreira RC, Gómez-Mendoza DP, de Jesus ICG, Lemos RP, Santos AK, Rezende CP, Figueiredo HCP, Pinto MCX, Kjeldsen F, Guatimosim S, Resende RR, Verano-Braga T. Cardiomyocyte Proteome Remodeling due to Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy during the Compensated Phase. Proteomics Clin Appl 2020; 14:e2000017. [PMID: 32506788 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the pathophysiological response of cardiac tissue to pro-hypertrophic stimulus is well characterized, a comprehensive characterization of the molecular events underlying the pathological hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes during the early compensated cardiac hypertrophy is currently lacking. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A quantitative label-free proteomic analysis of cardiomyocytes isolated was conducted from mice treated subcutaneously with isoproterenol (ISO) during 7 days in comparison with cardiomyocytes from control animals (CT). RESULTS Canonical pathway analysis of dysregulated proteins indicated that ISO-hypertrophy drives the activation of actin cytoskeleton and integrin-linked kinase (ILK) signaling, and inhibition of the sirtuin signaling. Alteration in cardiac contractile function and calcium signaling are predicted as downstream effects of ISO-hypertrophy probably due to the upregulation of key elements such as myosin-7 (MYH7). Confocal microscopy corroborated that indeed ISO-treatment led to increased abundance of MYH7. Potential early markers for cardiac hypertrophy as APBB1, GOLGA4, HOOK1, KATNA1, KIFBP, MAN2B2, and SLC16A1 are also reported. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The data consist in a complete molecular mapping of ISO-induced compensated cardiac hypertrophy model at cardiomyocyte level. Marker candidates reported may assist early diagnosis of cardiac hypertrophy and ultimately heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cambraia Parreira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.,Centro Universitário de Mineiros, UNIFIMES, Trindade, Golás, 75380-307, Brazil
| | - Diana Paola Gómez-Mendoza
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Itamar Couto Guedes de Jesus
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pereira Lemos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Anderson Kennedy Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Perdigão Rezende
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Henrique César Pereira Figueiredo
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mauro Cunha Xavier Pinto
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Golás, 74968-755, Brazil
| | - Frank Kjeldsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ribeiro Resende
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago Verano-Braga
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Q, Chen Z, Huang X, Chen L, Chen B, Zhu Y, Cao S, Liao W, Bin J, Kitakaze M, Liao Y. Olmesartan attenuates pressure-overload- or post-infarction-induced cardiac remodeling in mice. Oncotarget 2017; 9:24601-24618. [PMID: 29872491 PMCID: PMC5973849 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Either angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor 1 blocker (ARB) attenuates cardiac remodeling. However, the overall molecular modulation of the reversing remodeling process in response to the ACEI or ARB treatment is not yet well determined. In this study, we examined whether gene expressions are modulated by ACEI (temocapril), ARB (olmesartan) or both in a murine model with transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and confirm whether periostin is a target gene of olmesartan in mice with myocardial infarction (MI). We detected 109 genes that were significantly up-regulated in TAC mice and a majority of these were down-regulated in response to temocapril, olmesartan or their combination which significantly attenuated cardiac remodeling at one or four weeks. Real-time RT-PCR demonstrated that olmesartan, temocapril or their combination down-regulated the expression of periostin. In MI mice treated with olmesartan for 4 weeks, the left ventricular end-diastolic and systolic dimensions measured with echocardiography were lower, whereas maximum rate of rise and fall rate of LV pressure (±dp/dt max) were greater, and Azan-staining cardiac fibrotic area was smaller. Furthermore, periostin was upregulated in response to MI, whereas olmesartan blocked this upregulation. Post-MI fibrosis was smaller in periostin knockout adult mice than in wildtype mice, while glycogen synthase kinase 3β was increased and cyclin D1 was decreased in periostin knockout mice. These findings indicate that periostin is a target gene of ARB and olmesartan reverses cardiac remodeling at least partially through the downregulation of periostin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiancheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of Cardiology, Jiaozuo People's Hospital of Henan Province, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Zhenhuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Baihe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yingqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shiping Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wangjun Liao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianping Bin
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Masafumi Kitakaze
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Cardiovascular Division of the Department of Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Yulin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Extracellular matrix-mediated cellular communication in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 91:228-37. [PMID: 26778458 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex and dynamic scaffold that maintains tissue structure and dynamics. However, the view of the ECM as an inert architectural support has been increasingly challenged. The ECM is a vibrant meshwork, a crucial organizer of cellular microenvironments. It plays a direct role in cellular interactions regulating cell growth, survival, spreading, proliferation, differentiation and migration through the intricate relationship among cellular and acellular tissue components. This complex interrelationship preserves cardiac function during homeostasis; however it is also responsible for pathologic remodeling following myocardial injury. Therefore, enhancing our understanding of this cross-talk may provide mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of heart failure and suggest new approaches to novel, targeted pharmacologic therapies. This review explores the implications of ECM-cell interactions in myocardial cell behavior and cardiac function at baseline and following myocardial injury.
Collapse
|
6
|
Deregulations in the cyclin-dependent kinase-9-related pathway in cancer: implications for drug discovery and development. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:305371. [PMID: 23840966 PMCID: PMC3690251 DOI: 10.1155/2013/305371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The CDK9-related pathway is an important regulator of mammalian cell biology and is also involved in the replication cycle of several viruses, including the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. CDK9 is present in two isoforms termed CDK9-42 and CDK9-55 that bind noncovalently type T cyclins and cyclin K. This association forms a heterodimer, where CDK9 carries the enzymatic site and the cyclin partner functions as a regulatory subunit. This heterodimer is the main component of the positive transcription elongation factor b, which stabilizes RNA elongation via phosphorylation of the RNA pol II carboxyl terminal domain. Abnormal activities in the CDK9-related pathway were observed in human malignancies and cardiac hypertrophies. Thus, the elucidation of the CDK9 pathway deregulations may provide useful insights into the pathogenesis and progression of human malignancies, cardiac hypertrophy, AIDS and other viral-related maladies. These studies may lead to the improvement of kinase inhibitors for the treatment of the previously mentioned pathological conditions. This review describes the CDK9-related pathway deregulations in malignancies and the development of kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy, which can be classified into three categories: antagonists that block the ATP binding site of the catalytic domain, allosteric inhibitors, and small molecules that disrupt protein-protein interactions.
Collapse
|
7
|
Intrapericardial delivery of gelfoam enables the targeted delivery of Periostin peptide after myocardial infarction by inducing fibrin clot formation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36788. [PMID: 22590609 PMCID: PMC3349650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Administration of a recombinant peptide of Periostin (rPN) has recently been shown to stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and angiogenesis after myocardial infarction (MI) [1]. However, strategies for targeting the delivery of rPN to the heart are lacking. Intrapericardial administration of drug-eluting hydrogels may provide a clinically viable strategy for increasing myocardial retention, therapeutic efficacy, and bioactivity of rPN and to decrease systemic re-circulation. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the ability of intrapericardial injections of drug-eluting hydrogels to deliver and prolong the release of rPN to the myocardium in a large animal model of myocardial infarction. Gelfoam is an FDA-approved hemostatic material commonly used in surgery, and is known to stimulate fibrin clot formation. We show that Gelfoam disks loaded with rPN, when implanted within the pericardium or peritoneum of mammals becomes encapsulated within a non-fibrotic fibrin-rich hydrogel, prolonging the in vitro and in vivo release of rPN. Administration into the pericardial cavity of pigs, following a complete occlusion of the left anterior descending artery, leads to greater induction of cardiomyocyte mitosis, increased cardiomyocyte cell cycle activity, and enhanced angiogenesis compared to direct injection of rPN alone. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that intrapericardial drug delivery of Gelfoam, enhanced by triggered clot formation, can be used to effectively deliver rPN to the myocardium in a clinically relevant model of myocardial infarction. The work presented here should enhance the translational potential of pharmaceutical-based strategies that must be targeted to the myocardium.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Disturbances in gene expression as a result of perturbed transcription or posttranscriptional regulation is one of the main causes of cellular dysfunction that underlies different disease states. Approximately a decade ago, the discovery of microRNAs in mammalian cells has renewed our focus on posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms during pathogenesis. These tiny posttranscriptional regulators are differentially expressed in almost every disease that has been studied to date and can modulate expression of a gene via specifically binding to its messenger RNA. Because of their capacity to simultaneously target multiple functionally related, genes, they are proving to be potentially powerful therapeutic agents/targets. In this review, we focus on the microRNAs that are differentially regulated in the more common cardiovascular pathologies, their targets, and potential function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maha Abdellatif
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
MicroRNAs refer to a subfamily of small non-coding RNA species that are designed to influence gene expression in nearly all cell types studied to date. Studies from the past decade have demonstrated that microRNAs are atypically expressed in the cardiovascular system under specific pathological conditions. Gain- and loss-of-function studies using in vitro and in vivo models have revealed distinct roles for specific microRNAs in cardiovascular development, physiological functions, and cardiac pathological conditions. In this review, the current relevant findings on the role of microRNAs in cardiac hypertrophic growth are updated, the target genes of these microRNAs are summarized, and the future of microRNAs as potential therapeutic targets is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Da Costa Martins
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Banerjee I, Zhang J, Moore-Morris T, Lange S, Shen T, Dalton ND, Gu Y, Peterson KL, Evans SM, Chen J. Thymosin beta 4 is dispensable for murine cardiac development and function. Circ Res 2011; 110:456-64. [PMID: 22158707 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.258616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) is a 43-amino acid factor encoded by an X-linked gene. Recent studies have suggested that Tβ4 is a key factor in cardiac development, growth, disease, epicardial integrity, and blood vessel formation. Cardiac-specific short hairpin (sh)RNA knockdown of tβ4 has been reported to result in embryonic lethality at E14.5-16.5, with severe cardiac and angiogenic defects. However, this shRNA tβ4-knockdown model did not completely abrogate Tβ4 expression. To completely ablate Tβ4 and to rule out the possibility of off-target effects associated with shRNA gene silencing, further studies of global or cardiac-specific knockouts are critical. OBJECTIVE We examined the role of Tβ4 in developing and adult heart through global and cardiac specific tβ4-knockout mouse models. METHODS AND RESULTS Global tβ4-knockout mice were born at mendelian ratios and exhibited normal heart and blood vessel formation. Furthermore, in adult global tβ4-knockout mice, cardiac function, capillary density, expression of key cardiac fetal and angiogenic genes, epicardial marker expression, and extracellular matrix deposition were indistinguishable from that of controls. Tissue-specific tβ4-deficient mice, generated by crossing tβ4-floxed mice to Nkx2.5-Cre and αMHC-Cre, were also found to have no phenotype. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that Tβ4 is dispensable for embryonic viability, heart development, coronary vessel development, and adult myocardial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indroneal Banerjee
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Reprogramming of gene expression underlies the mechanisms involved in cardiac pathogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are unique posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression whose function in cardiac development and disease has recently begun to unravel. In addition, they are potentially highly effective therapeutic tools. In this review, we will summarize the recent advancements in the field. RECENT FINDINGS The cardiac-enriched miRNAs, including miR-1, miR-133, and miR-208, as well as the ubiquitous miR-23a and miR-199b, play major roles in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. On the other hand, miR-21, miR-199a, miR-210, and miR-494 have been proven critical for the myocytes' adaptation and survival during hypoxia/ischemia. Using depletion or replacement strategies against some of these miRNAs has proven very effective in preventing or even reversing some disorders. These findings and more will be detailed in this review. SUMMARY In general, the discovery of miRNAs has uncovered a new dimension of gene regulation that provides us with unique mechanistic insights into cardiac diseases, in addition to which they can be utilized for new diagnostics and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
12
|
Conway SJ, Molkentin JD. Periostin as a heterofunctional regulator of cardiac development and disease. Curr Genomics 2011; 9:548-55. [PMID: 19516962 PMCID: PMC2694556 DOI: 10.2174/138920208786847917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2008] [Revised: 08/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Periostin (Postn) is a heterofunctional secreted extracellular matrix (ECM) protein comprised of four fasciclin domains that promotes cellular adhesion and movement, as well as collagen fibrillogenesis. Postn is expressed in unique growth centers during embryonic development where it facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of select cell populations undergoing reorganization. In the heart, Postn is expressed in the developing valves, cardiac fibroblasts and in regions of the outflow track. In the adult, Postn expression is specifically induced in areas of tissue injury or areas with ongoing cellular re-organization. In the adult heart Postn is induced in the ventricles following myocardial infarction, pressure overload stimulation, or generalized cardiomyopathy. Here we will review the functional consequences associated with Postn induction in both the developing and adult heart. The majority of data collected to date suggest a common function for Postn in both development and disease as a potent inducible regulator of cellular reorganization and extracellular matrix homeostasis, although some alternate and controversial functions have also been ascribed to Postn, the validity of which will be discussed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Conway
- Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of posttranscriptional regulators that have recently introduced an additional level of intricacy to our understanding of gene regulation. There are currently over 10,000 miRNAs that have been identified in a range of species including metazoa, mycetozoa, viridiplantae, and viruses, of which 940, to date, are found in humans. It is estimated that more than 60% of human protein-coding genes harbor miRNA target sites in their 3′ untranslated region and, thus, are potentially regulated by these molecules in health and disease. This review will first briefly describe the discovery, structure, and mode of function of miRNAs in mammalian cells, before elaborating on their roles and significance during development and pathogenesis in the various mammalian organs, while attempting to reconcile their functions with our existing knowledge of their targets. Finally, we will summarize some of the advances made in utilizing miRNAs in therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danish Sayed
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Maha Abdellatif
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Espinoza-Derout J, Wagner M, Salciccioli L, Lazar JM, Bhaduri S, Mascareno E, Chaqour B, Siddiqui MAQ. Positive transcription elongation factor b activity in compensatory myocardial hypertrophy is regulated by cardiac lineage protein-1. Circ Res 2009; 104:1347-54. [PMID: 19443839 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.191726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence illustrates the importance of the positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEF)b in control of global RNA synthesis, which constitutes a major feature of the compensatory response to diverse hypertrophic stimuli in cardiomyocytes. P-TEFb complex, composed of cyclin T and cdk9, is critical for elongation of nascent RNA chains via phosphorylation of the carboxyl-terminal domain of RNA polymerase (Pol) II. We and others have shown that the activity of P-TEFb is inhibited by its association with cardiac lineage protein (CLP)-1, the mouse homolog of human HEXIM1, in various physiological and pathological conditions. To investigate the mechanism of control of P-TEFb activity by CLP-1 in cardiac hypertrophy, we used a transgenic mouse model of hypertrophy caused by overexpression of calcineurin in the heart. We observed that the level of CLP-1 associated with P-TEFb was reduced markedly in hypertrophic hearts. We also generated bigenic mice (MHC-cyclin T1/CLP-1(+/-)) by crossing MHC-cyclin T1 transgenic mice with CLP-1 heterozygote. The bigenic mice exhibit enhanced susceptibility to hypertrophy that is accompanied with an increase in cdk9 activity via an increase in serine 2 phosphorylation of carboxyl-terminal domain and an increase in GLUT1/GLUT4 ratio. These mice have compensated systolic function without evidence of fibrosis and reduced lifespan. These data suggest that the reduced level of CLP-1 introduced in the background of elevated levels of cyclin T1 elevates derepression of P-TEFb activity and emphasizes the importance of the role of CLP-1 in the mechanism governing compensatory hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Espinoza-Derout
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wei YJ, Cui CJ, Huang YX, Zhang XL, Zhang H, Hu SS. Upregulated expression of cardiac ankyrin repeat protein in human failing hearts due to arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail 2009; 11:559-66. [PMID: 19359327 DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfp049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Expression of cardiac ankyrin repeat protein (CARP) is augmented in heart failure due to dilated or ischaemic cardiomyopathy. It is unclear whether CARP is upregulated in heart failure due to arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). In the present study, we investigated the expression pattern of CARP and the correlation between CARP and the well-known heart failure marker pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (proANP) in ARVC failing hearts. METHODS AND RESULTS Gene microarray analysis demonstrated increased CARP expression in ARVC failing hearts compared with non-failing control hearts, which was further validated by real-time RT-PCR, western blot, and ELISA at the mRNA and protein levels. Fractionation experiments revealed that the upregulation of CARP expression is restricted to the nuclei of residual cardiac cells in ARVC failing hearts. Regression analysis showed a positive correlation between CARP and proANP in ARVC failing hearts. CONCLUSION Augmented CARP expression may be a common molecular event in failing hearts regardless of cardiomyopathic aetiology. The upregulation of nuclear CARP expression and positive correlation between cardiac CARP and proANP suggests that CARP may be used as a genetic marker existing in the nuclei in contrast to proANP existing in the cytosol of cardiac cells in heart failure patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital & Cardiovascular Institute, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100037, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sheehy SP, Huang S, Parker KK. Time-warped comparison of gene expression in adaptive and maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 2:116-24. [PMID: 20031575 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.108.806935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac hypertrophy is classically regarded as a compensatory response, yet the active tissue remodeling processes triggered by various types of mechanical stress can enhance or diminish the function of the heart. Despite the disparity in outcomes, there are similarities in the hypertrophic responses. We hypothesized that a generic genetic response that is not dependent on the particular nature of the hypertrophic stimulus exists. To test our hypothesis, we compared the temporal evolution of transcriptomes measured in hearts subjected to either adaptive (exercise-induced) or maladaptive (aortic banding-induced) hypertrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS Generic hypertrophy-associated genes were identified and distinguished from stimulus-dependent transcripts by coupling a metric of cardiac growth with a dynamic time-warping algorithm to align transcriptome changes with respect to the hypertrophy response. The major differences in expression between the adaptive and maladaptive hypertrophy models were centered around the genes involved in metabolism, fibrosis, and immune response. Conversely, transcripts with common expression patterns in both hypertrophy models were associated with signal transduction, cytoskeletal development, and muscle contraction. Thus, despite the apparent differences in the expression response of the heart to either athletic conditioning or pressure overload, there is a set of genes that displays similar expression profiles. CONCLUSIONS This finding lends support to the notion of a generalized cardiac growth mechanism that is activated in response to mechanical perturbation. The common and unique genetic signatures of adaptive and maladaptive hypertrophy may be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of pathological myocardial remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Sheehy
- Disease Biophysics Group, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lorts A, Schwanekamp JA, Elrod JW, Sargent MA, Molkentin JD. Genetic manipulation of periostin expression in the heart does not affect myocyte content, cell cycle activity, or cardiac repair. Circ Res 2008; 104:e1-7. [PMID: 19038863 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.188649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Following a pathological insult, the adult mammalian heart undergoes hypertrophic growth and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Although a small subpopulation of cardiomyocytes can reenter the cell cycle following cardiac injury, the myocardium is largely thought to be incapable of significant regeneration. Periostin, an extracellular matrix protein, has recently been proposed to induce reentry of differentiated cardiomyocytes back into the cell cycle and promote meaningful repair following myocardial infarction. Here, we show that although periostin is induced in the heart following injury, it does not stimulate DNA synthesis, mitosis, or cytokinesis of cardiomyocytes in vitro or in vivo. Mice lacking the gene encoding periostin and mice with inducible overexpression of full-length periostin were analyzed at baseline and after myocardial infarction. There was no difference in heart size or a change in cardiomyocyte number in either periostin transgenic or gene-targeted mice at baseline. Quantification of proliferating myocytes in the periinfarct area showed no difference between periostin-overexpressing and -null mice compared with strain-matched controls. In support of these observations, neither overexpression of periostin in cell culture, via an adenoviral vector, nor stimulation with recombinant protein induced DNA synthesis, mitosis, or cytokinesis. Periostin is a regulator of cardiac remodeling and hypertrophy and may be a reasonable pharmacological target to mitigate heart failure, but manipulation of this protein appears to have no obvious effect on myocardial regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lorts
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Deletion of Shp2 tyrosine phosphatase in muscle leads to dilated cardiomyopathy, insulin resistance, and premature death. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 29:378-88. [PMID: 19001090 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01661-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular signaling mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases are not fully understood. We report here that selective deletion of Shp2, an SH2-containing cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase, in striated muscle results in severe dilated cardiomyopathy in mice, leading to heart failure and premature mortality. Development of cardiomyopathy in this mouse model is coupled with insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and impaired glucose uptake in striated muscle cells. Shp2 deficiency leads to upregulation of leukemia inhibitory factor-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, Erk5, and Stat3 pathways in cardiomyocytes. Insulin resistance and impaired glucose uptake in Shp2-deficient mice are at least in part due to impaired protein kinase C-zeta/lambda and AMP-kinase activities in striated muscle. Thus, we have generated a mouse line modeling human patients suffering from cardiomyopathy and insulin resistance. This study reinforces a concept that a compound disease with multiple cardiovascular and metabolic disturbances can be caused by a defect in a single molecule such as Shp2, which modulates multiple signaling pathways initiated by cytokines and hormones.
Collapse
|
19
|
Vidavalur R, Penumathsa SV, Thirunavukkarasu M, Zhan L, Krueger W, Maulik N. Sildenafil augments early protective transcriptional changes after ischemia in mouse myocardium. Gene 2008; 430:30-7. [PMID: 19013509 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, targeting cyclic-GMP specific phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) has attracted much interest in several cardiopulmonary diseases, in particular myocardial ischemia (MI). Although multiple mechanisms were postulated for these beneficial effects at cellular level, early transcriptional changes were unknown. The aim of present study was to examine gene expression profiles in response to MI after 24 h of ischemia in murine model and compare transcriptional modulation by sildenafil, a popular phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor. Mice were divided into four groups: Control sham (C), Sildenafil sham (S), Control MI (CMI) and Sildenafil MI (SMI). Sildenafil was given at a dose of 0.7 mg/kg intraperitoneally 30 min before LAD occlusion. cDNA microarray analysis of peri-infarct tissue was done using a custom cloneset and employing a looped dye swap design. Replicate signals were median averaged and normalized using LOWESS algorithm. R/MAANOVA analysis was used and false discovery rate corrected permutation p-values <0.005 were employed as significance thresholds. 156 genes were identified as significantly regulated demonstrating fold difference >1.5 in at least one of the four groups. 52 genes were significantly upregulated in SMI compared to CMI. For a randomly chosen subset of genes (9), microarray data were confirmed through real time RT-PCR. The differentially expressed genes could be classified into following groups based on their function: phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, apoptosis, differentiation, ATP binding. Our results suggest that sildenafil treatment might regulate early genetic reprogramming strategy for preservation of the ischemic myocardium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Vidavalur
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center; 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sayed D, Rane S, Abdellatif M. MicroRNAs challenge the status quo of therapeutic targeting. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2008; 2:100-7. [PMID: 20559973 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-008-9052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recently discovered posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression that have become a cause célèbre. There are currently more than 600 miRNAs identified in humans that are estimated to regulate about one third of all messenger RNA (mRNA). Because miRNA levels were found widely deregulated in diseases, they have been implicated in the underlying pathogenesis. In addition, the changes in their expression patterns are proving to be reliable diagnostic and prognostic measures. But the specific mRNA targets and, hence, function of each miRNA is still work-in-progress. This information would be necessary before fully exploiting miRNA for therapeutic purposes. In this review we will discuss why miRNAs are considered major posttranscriptional regulators and how they impact gene expression and cell function during cardiac hypertrophy and failure. In addition, we will highlight their potential for therapeutic targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danish Sayed
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sayed D, Rane S, Lypowy J, He M, Chen IY, Vashistha H, Yan L, Malhotra A, Vatner D, Abdellatif M. MicroRNA-21 targets Sprouty2 and promotes cellular outgrowths. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:3272-82. [PMID: 18508928 PMCID: PMC2488276 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-02-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The posttranscriptional regulator, microRNA-21 (miR-21), is up-regulated in many forms of cancer, as well as during cardiac hypertrophic growth. To understand its role, we overexpressed it in cardiocytes where it revealed a unique type of cell-to-cell "linker" in the form of long slender outgrowths and branches. We subsequently confirmed that miR-21 directly targets and down-regulates the expression of Sprouty2 (SPRY2), an inhibitor of branching morphogenesis and neurite outgrowths. We found that beta-adrenergic receptor (betaAR) stimulation induces up-regulation of miR-21 and down-regulation of SPRY2 and is, likewise, associated with connecting cell branches. Knockdown of SPRY2 reproduced the branching morphology in cardiocytes, and vice versa, knockdown of miR-21 using a specific 'miRNA eraser' or overexpression of SPRY2 inhibited betaAR-induced cellular outgrowths. These structures enclose sarcomeres and connect adjacent cardiocytes through functional gap junctions. To determine how this aspect of miR-21 function translates in cancer cells, we knocked it down in colon cancer SW480 cells. This resulted in disappearance of their microvillus-like protrusions accompanied by SPRY2-dependent inhibition of cell migration. Thus, we propose that an increase in miR-21 enhances the formation of various types of cellular protrusions through directly targeting and down-regulating SPRY2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danish Sayed
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stansfield WE, Rojas M, Corn D, Willis M, Patterson C, Smyth SS, Selzman CH. Characterization of a model to independently study regression of ventricular hypertrophy. J Surg Res 2007; 142:387-93. [PMID: 17574596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a host of studies catalogue changes that occur with the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), there is little information about features related solely to LVH regression. This is due, in part, to a lack of animal models to study this question. While traditional models of aortic banding have provided useful information regarding the development of LVH, a similarly effective model is necessary to study mechanisms associated with LVH regression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Minimally invasive transverse arch banding was performed in C57BL6 mice using a slipknot technique. Twenty-eight days later, the band was removed. Carotid Doppler velocity gradients were serially measured to assess the degree of aortic constriction. Echocardiography, histology, electron microscopy, and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to assess functional, structural, and genetic aspects of hypertrophy. RESULTS Banding of the transverse arch created the expected increase in aortic velocity and gradient between the left and right carotid artery, which normalized with relief of the constriction. Pressure overload resulted in a robust hypertrophic response as assessed by heart weight/body weight ratios, gross and microscopic histology, transthoracic echocardiography, electron microscopy, and hypertrophy gene expression. These markers were reversed within 1 week following debanding and were maintained for up to 4 weeks. Mortality rate for the cumulative procedure was 5% over a 2-month period. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a safe, effective, and reproducible method of promoting LVH regression-avoiding the need for endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, and a second invasive surgery to remove the constriction. The simplicity of this technique combined with the well-known advantages of using the mouse species makes this model both unique and relevant. Ultimately, this model will facilitate focused study of independent mechanisms involved with LVH regression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William E Stansfield
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Oka T, Xu J, Kaiser RA, Melendez J, Hambleton M, Sargent MA, Lorts A, Brunskill EW, Dorn GW, Conway SJ, Aronow BJ, Robbins J, Molkentin JD. Genetic manipulation of periostin expression reveals a role in cardiac hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling. Circ Res 2007; 101:313-21. [PMID: 17569887 PMCID: PMC2680305 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.149047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac extracellular matrix is a dynamic structural support network that is both influenced by, and a regulator of, pathological remodeling and hypertrophic growth. In response to pathologic insults, the adult heart reexpresses the secreted extracellular matrix protein periostin (Pn). Here we show that Pn is critically involved in regulating the cardiac hypertrophic response, interstitial fibrosis, and ventricular remodeling following long-term pressure overload stimulation and myocardial infarction. Mice lacking the gene encoding Pn (Postn) were more prone to ventricular rupture in the first 10 days after a myocardial infarction, but surviving mice showed less fibrosis and better ventricular performance. Pn(-/-) mice also showed less fibrosis and hypertrophy following long-term pressure overload, suggesting an intimate relationship between Pn and the regulation of cardiac remodeling. In contrast, inducible overexpression of Pn in the heart protected mice from rupture following myocardial infarction and induced spontaneous hypertrophy with aging. With respect to a mechanism underlying these alterations, Pn(-/-) hearts showed an altered molecular program in fibroblast function. Indeed, fibroblasts isolated from Pn(-/-) hearts were less effective in adherence to cardiac myocytes and were characterized by a dramatic alteration in global gene expression (7% of all genes). These are the first genetic data detailing the function of Pn in the adult heart as a regulator of cardiac remodeling and hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Oka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Robert A. Kaiser
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Jaime Melendez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Michael Hambleton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Michelle A. Sargent
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Angela Lorts
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Eric W. Brunskill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Gerald W. Dorn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Simon J. Conway
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Bruce J. Aronow
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Jeffrey Robbins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Jeffery D. Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA
- correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Espinoza-Derout J, Wagner M, Shahmiri K, Mascareno E, Chaqour B, Siddiqui MAQ. Pivotal role of cardiac lineage protein-1 (CLP-1) in transcriptional elongation factor P-TEFb complex formation in cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 75:129-38. [PMID: 17459355 PMCID: PMC2778048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to determine if the expression pattern of CLP-1 in developing heart is consistent with its role in controlling RNA transcript elongation by transcriptional elongation factor b (P-TEFb) and if the inhibitory control exerted over P-TEFb by CLP-1 is released under hypertrophic conditions. METHODS We performed immunoblot and immunofluorescence analysis of CLP-1 and the P-TEFb components cdk9 and cyclin T in fetal mouse heart and 2 day post-natal mouse cardiomyocytes to determine if they are co-localized. We induced hypertrophy in rat cardiomyocytes either by mechanical stretch or treatment with hypertrophic agents such as endothelin-1 and phenylephrine to determine if CLP-1 is released from P-TEFb in response to hypertrophic stimuli. The involvement of the Jak/STAT signal transduction pathway in this process was studied by blocking this pathway with the Jak2 kinase inhibitor, AG490, and assessing the association of CLP-1 with P-TEFb complexes. RESULTS We found that CLP-1 is expressed along with P-TEFb components in developing heart during the period in which knockout mice lacking the CLP-1 gene develop cardiac hypertrophy and die. Under conditions of hypertrophy induced by mechanical stretch or agonist treatment, CLP-1 dissociates from the P-TEFb complex, a finding consistent with the de-repression of P-TEFb kinase activity seen in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. Blockage of Jak/STAT signaling by AG490 prevented release of CLP-1 from P-TEFb despite the ongoing presence of hypertrophic stimulation by mechanical stretch. CONCLUSIONS CLP-1 expression in developing heart and isolated post-natal cardiomyocytes colocalizes with P-TEFb expression and therefore has the potential to regulate RNA transcript elongation by controlling P-TEFb cdk9 kinase activity in heart. We further conclude that the dissociation of CLP-1 from P-TEFb is responsive to hypertrophic stimuli transduced by cellular signal transduction pathways. This process may be part of the genomic stress response resulting in increased RNA transcript synthesis in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - M. A. Q. Siddiqui
- Address correspondence to: M.A.Q. Siddiqui at Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, New York 11203. Tel. 718-270-1014; Fax. 718-270-3732; ,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
MicroRNAs are naturally existing, small, noncoding RNA molecules that downregulate posttranscriptional gene expression. Their expression pattern and function in the heart remain unknown. Here we report an array of microRNAs that are differentially and temporally regulated during cardiac hypertrophy. Significantly, the muscle-specific microRNA-1 (miR-1) was singularly downregulated as early as day 1 (0.56+/-0.036), persisting through day 7 (0.29+/-0.14), after aortic constriction-induced hypertrophy in a mouse model. Overexpression experiments showed that miR-1 inhibited its in silico-predicted, growth-related targets, including Ras GTPase-activating protein (RasGAP), cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (Cdk9), fibronectin, and Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb), in addition to protein synthesis and cell size. Thus, we propose that microRNAs play an essential regulatory role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy, wherein downregulation of miR-1 is necessary for the relief of growth-related target genes from its repressive influence and induction of hypertrophy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aortic Valve Stenosis/complications
- Blotting, Northern
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/etiology
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/pathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/physiopathology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Size
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Constriction
- Culture Media/pharmacology
- Culture Media, Serum-Free/pharmacology
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Down-Regulation
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- MicroRNAs/biosynthesis
- MicroRNAs/classification
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/isolation & purification
- MicroRNAs/physiology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA Polymerase III/physiology
- RNA, Small Nuclear/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danish Sayed
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cardiac Hypertrophy. CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84628-715-2_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
27
|
Torrado M, Nespereira B, Bouzamayor Y, Centeno A, López E, Mikhailov AT. Differential atrial versus ventricular ANKRD1 gene expression is oppositely regulated at diastolic heart failure. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:4182-7. [PMID: 16828759 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Diastolic heart failure (DHF) was produced in 6-day-old piglets by intravenous administration of Doxorubicin, and ANKRD1 protein and mRNA levels were determined in atrial (A) and ventricular (V) chambers of failing vs control hearts. In controls, ANKRD1 showed a left-right (L-R) asymmetric distribution with protein levels 2-fold higher in the LA as compared to the RA, and 8-fold higher in the LV than the RV. In failing hearts, ANKRD1 levels were augmented about 2-fold in each ventricle but equally reduced in both atria as compared to controls. ANKRD1 downregulation in atria is discussed as a process associated with advanced DHF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Torrado
- Developmental Biology Group, Institute of Health Sciences, University of La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen IY, Lypowy J, Pain J, Sayed D, Grinberg S, Alcendor RR, Sadoshima J, Abdellatif M. Histone H2A.z is essential for cardiac myocyte hypertrophy but opposed by silent information regulator 2alpha. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:19369-77. [PMID: 16687393 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601443200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we have shown that the histone variant H2A.z is up-regulated during cardiac hypertrophy. Upon its knock-down with RNA interference, hypertrophy and the underlying increase in growth-related genes, protein synthesis, and cell size were down-regulated. During attempts to understand the mode of regulation of H2A.z, we found that overexpression of silent information regulator 2alpha (Sir2alpha) specifically induced down-regulation of H2A.z via NAD-dependent activity. This effect was reversed by the proteasome inhibitor epoxomicin, suggesting a Sir2alpha-mediated ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent mechanism for degradation of H2A.z. An increase in Sir2alpha also resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of the response to hypertrophic stimuli, whereas its inhibition resulted in enhanced hypertrophy and apoptosis. We have shown that Sir2alpha directly deacetylates H2A.z. Mutagenesis proved that lysines 4, 7, 11, and 13 do not play a role in the stability of H2A.z, whereas Lys-15 was indispensable. Meanwhile, Lys-115 and conserved, ubiquitinatable Lys-121 are critical for Sir2alpha-mediated degradation. Fusion of the C terminus of H2A.z (amino acids 115-127) to H2A.x or green fluorescence protein conferred Sir2alpha-inducible degradation to the former protein only. Because H2A.x and H2A.z have conserved N-tails, this implied that both the C and N termini are critical for mediating the effect of Sir2alpha. In short, the results suggest that H2A.z is required for cardiac hypertrophy, where its stability and the extent of cell growth and apoptosis are moderated by Sir2alpha. We also propose that Sir2alpha is involved in deacetylation of H2A.z, which results in ubiquitination of Lys-115 and Lys-121 and its degradation via a ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ieng-Yi Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lindsey ML, Goshorn DK, Comte-Walters S, Hendrick JW, Hapke E, Zile MR, Schey K. A multidimensional proteomic approach to identify hypertrophy-associated proteins. Proteomics 2006; 6:2225-35. [PMID: 16493702 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a leading cause of congestive heart failure. The exact mechanisms that control cardiac growth and regulate the transition to failure are not fully understood, in part due to the lack of a complete inventory of proteins associated with LVH. We investigated the proteomic basis of LVH using the transverse aortic constriction model of pressure overload in mice coupled with a multidimensional approach to identify known and novel proteins that may be relevant to the development and maintenance of LVH. We identified 123 proteins that were differentially expressed during LVH, including LIM proteins, thioredoxin, myoglobin, fatty acid binding protein 3, the abnormal spindle-like microcephaly protein (ASPM), and cytoskeletal proteins such as actin and myosin. In addition, proteins with unknown functions were identified, providing new directions for future research in this area. We also discuss common pitfalls and strategies to overcome the limitations of current proteomic technologies. Together, the multidimensional approach provides insight into the proteomic changes that occur in the LV during hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merry L Lindsey
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Research, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mariappan D, Winkler J, Hescheler J, Sachinidis A. Cardiovascular genomics: a current overview of in vivo and in vitro studies. STEM CELL REVIEWS 2006; 2:59-66. [PMID: 17142888 PMCID: PMC7102225 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-006-0010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system is the first system that is developed in the embryo. The cardiovascular development is a complex process involving the coordination, differentiation, and interaction of distinct cell lineages to form the heart and the diverse array of arteries, veins, and capillaries required to supply oxygen and nutrients to all tissues. Embryonic stem cells have been proposed as an interesting model system to investigate molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in mammalian development. The present review is focused on extrinsic soluble factors, intrinsic transcription factors, receptors, signal transduction pathways, and genes regulating the development of cardiovascular system in vivo and in vitro. Special emphasis has been given to cardiovascular genomics including gene expression studies on the cardiovascular system under developmental and pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devi Mariappan
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Robert Koch Strasse 39, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Winkler
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Robert Koch Strasse 39, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Robert Koch Strasse 39, Cologne, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Robert Koch Strasse 39, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen H, Huang XN, Yan W, Chen K, Guo L, Tummalapali L, Dedhar S, St-Arnaud R, Wu C, Sepulveda JL. Role of the integrin-linked kinase/PINCH1/alpha-parvin complex in cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. J Transl Med 2005; 85:1342-56. [PMID: 16170337 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Outside-in signaling from fibronectin (FN) through integrin receptors has been shown to play an important role in promoting cardiac myocyte hypertrophy and synergizes with other hypertrophic stimuli such as the alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (PE) and mechanical strain. The integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a critical molecule involved in cell adhesion, motility and survival in nonmyocytes such as fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Its role in cardiac myocytes is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that (1) ILK forms a complex with PINCH1 and alpha-parvin proteins (IPAP1 complex) in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes; (2) localization of IPAP1 complex proteins to costameres in cardiac myocytes is stimulated by FN, PE and synergistically by the combination of FN and PE in an integrin beta1-dependent manner; (3) a dominant-negative mutant lacking the PINCH-binding N-terminus of ILK (ILK-C) prevents costamere association of ILK and alpha-parvin, but not PINCH1; (4) FN- and PE-induced hypertrophy, measured by increased protein/DNA ratio, beating frequency and atrial natriuretic peptide expression, is stimulated by low levels of ILK-C but repressed by high ILK-C expression; and (5) overexpression of ILK-C, as well as deletion of the ILK gene in mouse neonatal ventricular myocytes, induces marked apoptosis of cardiac myocytes. These results suggest that the IPAP1 complex plays an important role in mediating integrin-signaling pathways that regulate cardiac myocyte hypertrophy and resistance to apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chen
- Department of Pathology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhou D, Herrick DJ, Rosenbloom J, Chaqour B. Cyr61 mediates the expression of VEGF, alphav-integrin, and alpha-actin genes through cytoskeletally based mechanotransduction mechanisms in bladder smooth muscle cells. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 98:2344-54. [PMID: 15649872 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01093.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of cyclic strain to bladder smooth muscle (SM) cells results in profound alterations of the histomorphometry, phenotype, and function of the cells. The onset of this process is characterized by the activation of a cascade of signaling events coupled to progressive and, perhaps, interdependent changes of gene expression. In particular, externally applied cyclic stretch to cultured bladder SM cells results in the transient expression of the Cyr61 gene that encodes a cysteine-rich heparin-binding protein originally described as a proangiogenic factor capable of altering the gene programs for angiogenesis, adhesion, and extracellular matrix synthesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of mechanical stretch-induced Cyr61 on the expression of potential mechanosensitive Cyr61 target genes and the signaling pathways involved. We showed that suppression of Cyr61 expression with an adenoviral vector encoding an antisense oligonucleotide reduced mechanical strain-induced VEGF, alpha(v)-integrin, and SM alpha-actin gene expression but had no effect on the myosin heavy chain isoforms SM-1 and SM-2. Signaling pathways involving RhoA GTPase, phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase, and cytoskeletal actin dynamics altered stretch-induced Cyr61 and Cyr61 target genes. Reciprocally, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of Cyr61 in cells cultured under static conditions increased the expression of VEGF, alpha(v)-integrin, and SM alpha-actin, as well as that of SM-1 and SM-2 isoforms, suggesting that the effects of a sustained expression of Cyr61 extend to SM specific contractile function. These effects were dependent on integrity of the actin cytoskeleton. Together, these results indicate that Cyr61 is an important determinant of the genetic reprogramming that occurs in mechanically challenged cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Zhou
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Box 5, Brooklyn, NY 11203-2098, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The challenge of medical practice today is to identify individuals who are at risk of developing disease, determine the severity of the disease and distinguish the responders from the nonresponders to therapy (individualized medicine). Advances in molecular genetics and biology have shifted the paradigm for identification of markers from large-scale epidemiologic studies to studies on genomic- and proteomic-based techniques. Consequently, a large number of biologic markers, referred to as biomarkers, are being identified and validated to serve for risk stratification, prognostication and individualization of therapy. Identification of biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases could also provide insight into the pathogenesis of the phenotype, which is fundamental for the development of specific therapies. The list of biomarkers for cardiovascular disease is expanding rapidly. Nonetheless, the field is in the early stages of evolution and large-scale clinical studies are required to validate the utility of newly identified biomarkers in diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Selected biomarkers for coronary atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndromes and heart failure are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Marian
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, 519D, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Su J, Zhang Q, Moalem J, Tse J, Scholz PM, Weiss HR. Functional effects of C-type natriuretic peptide and nitric oxide are attenuated in hypertrophic myocytes from pressure-overloaded mouse hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 288:H1367-73. [PMID: 15550520 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00880.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Increases in the myocardial level of cGMP usually exert negative inotropic effects in the mammalian hearts. We tested the hypothesis that the negative functional effects caused by nitric oxide (NO) or C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) through cGMP would be blunted in hypertrophied cardiac myocytes. Contractile function, guanylyl cyclase activity, cGMP-dependent protein phosphorylation, and calcium transients were assessed in ventricular myocytes from aortic stenosis-induced hypertrophic and age-matched control mice. Basal percentage shortening was similar in control and hypertrophic myocytes. S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP, an NO donor, 10(-6) and 10(-5) M) or CNP (10(-8) and 10(-7) M) reduced percentage shortening in both groups, but their effects were blunted in hypertrophic myocytes. Maximal rates of shortening and relaxation were depressed at the basal level, and both reagents had attenuated effects in hypertrophy. Similar results were also found after treatment with guanylin and carbon monoxide, other stimulators of particulate, and soluble guanylyl cyclase, respectively. Guanylyl cyclase activity was not significantly changed in hypertrophy. Addition of Rp-8-[(4-chlorophenyl)thio]-cGMPS triethylamine (an inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase, 5 x 10(-6) M) blocked SNAP or the effect of CNP in control mice but not in hypertrophy, indicating the cGMP-dependent kinase (PKG) may not mediate the actions of cGMP induced by NO or CNP in the hypertrophic state. Calcium transients after SNAP or CNP were not significantly changed in hypertrophy. These results suggest that in hypertrophied mice, diminished effects of NO or CNP on ventricular myocyte contraction are not due to changes in guanylyl cyclase activity. The data also indicated that PKG-mediated pathways were diminished in hypertrophied myocardium, contributing to blunted effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Su
- Heart and Brain Circulation Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-5635, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Torrado M, López E, Centeno A, Castro-Beiras A, Mikhailov AT. Left-right asymmetric ventricular expression of CARP in the piglet heart: regional response to experimental heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2004; 6:161-72. [PMID: 14984723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2003.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2003] [Revised: 07/15/2003] [Accepted: 11/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Cardiac ankyrin repeat protein (CARP), whose expression is down-regulated in response to doxorubicin (Dox) in vitro, has been proposed to be a marker of experimentally-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rodent models. In piglets, the rapid hypertrophy rate of the left ventricle (LV) as compared to that of the right ventricle (RV) represents a natural model of asymmetric ventricular enlargement. We tested whether CARP expression correlates with postnatal ventricular hypertrophy and to what extent CARP can be sensitive to Dox treatment in vivo. METHODS CARP mRNA and protein levels were quantified (by Northern blot hybridization, semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot) in the piglet heart, both during early postnatal development and upon Dox-induced cardiomyopathy (Dox-CM). RESULTS The study revealed: (1) significantly augmented CARP mRNA and protein levels in the LV compared to the RV resulting in left vs. right asymmetry in ventricular CARP expression throughout early postnatal development; (2) dose- and chamber-dependent CARP mRNA and protein enrichment in ventricular myocardium in response to Dox; and (3) abolishment of asymmetric patterns of ventricular CARP expression at heart failure resulting from Dox-CM. CONCLUSIONS (1) CARP is differentially regulated in the LV and RV during both postnatal development and disease; and (2) monitoring of ventricular CARP expression patterns can be used for further analysis of transition from compensated to overt heart failure.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/adverse effects
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Cardiomegaly/drug therapy
- Cloning, Molecular
- Doxorubicin/adverse effects
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Doxorubicin/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Heart Failure/metabolism
- Heart Failure/physiopathology
- Models, Animal
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/drug effects
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Random Allocation
- Repressor Proteins/drug effects
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Swine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Torrado
- Developmental Biology Unit, Institute of Health Sciences, University of La Coruña, Campus de Oza, Building 'El Fortín', Las Xubias s/n, La Coruña 15006, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chen HW, Yu SL, Chen WJ, Yang PC, Chien CT, Chou HY, Li HN, Peck K, Huang CH, Lin FY, Chen JJW, Lee YT. Dynamic changes of gene expression profiles during postnatal development of the heart in mice. Heart 2004; 90:927-34. [PMID: 15253972 PMCID: PMC1768375 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2002.006734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study postnatal cardiac differentiation in the mouse. HYPOTHESIS There might be mechanisms or factors in cardiac differentiation that could be identified by systematic gene expression analysis during postnatal cardiac development. METHODS Expression of 6144 genes was examined in mouse heart, from the newborn period (day 0), through day 7 and day 14 day, to adulthood, using the cDNA microarray approach. Northern blotting and immunohistochemical techniques were used to confirm the microarray results. RESULTS Various cardiac development related genes involving the cell cycle (cyclin B1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and Ki67), growth factors (IGF-II, pleiotrophin (PTN), and midkine (MK)), and transcriptional regulation, cytoskeleton, and detoxification enzymes were identified by microarray analysis. Some of these genes were also confirmed by Northern blotting and immunohistochemistry of their RNA and protein content. In vivo treatment with PTN (20 ng/g) increased bromodeoxyuridine incorporation (by 2.24-fold) and PCNA expression (by 1.71-fold) during day 7 to day 14, indicating that PTN induces cell proliferation in mouse heart. CONCLUSIONS Global gene expression analysis in the whole heart may be useful in understanding the orchestrated process of postnatal development or terminal differentiation in the cardiac environment. These data are likely to be helpful in studying developmental anomalies of the heart in neonates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H-W Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Affiliation(s)
- M V Podgoreanu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schild C, Trueb B. Three members of the connective tissue growth factor family CCN are differentially regulated by mechanical stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2004; 1691:33-40. [PMID: 15053922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2003] [Revised: 11/14/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a member of the CCN gene family, is known to be significantly induced by mechanical stress. We have therefore investigated whether other members of the CCN gene family, including Cyr61 and Nov, might reveal a similar stress-dependent regulation. Fibroblasts growing under stressed conditions within a three-dimensional collagen gel showed at least a 15 times higher level of Cyr61 mRNA than cells growing under relaxed conditions. Upon relaxation, the decline of the Cyr61 mRNA to a lower level occurred within 2 h, and was thus quicker than the response of CTGF. The regulation was fully reversible when stress was reapplied. Thus, Cyr61 represents another typical example of a stress-responsive gene. The level of the Nov mRNA was low in the stressed state, but increased in the relaxed state. This CCN gene therefore shows an inverted regulation relative to that of Cyr61 and CTGF. Inhibition of protein kinases by means of staurosporine suppressed the stress-induced expression of Cyr61 and CTGF. Elevated levels of cAMP induced by forskolin mimicked the effects of relaxation on the regulation of Cyr61, CTGF and Nov. Thus, adenylate cyclase as well as one or several protein kinases might be involved in the mechanoregulation of these CCN genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christof Schild
- ITI Research Institute, University of Bern, P.O. Box 54, Murteustr. 35, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chen YW, Hubal MJ, Hoffman EP, Thompson PD, Clarkson PM. Molecular responses of human muscle to eccentric exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 95:2485-94. [PMID: 12937035 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01161.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of eccentric exercise on the transcriptome of skeletal muscle in three male human volunteers who performed 300 concentric contractions with one leg and 300 eccentric contractions with the opposite leg. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were taken from both legs at 4-8 h after exercise, and expression was profiled by using 12000 gene Affymetrix U95Av2 microarrays. We found a high concordance of expression responses to eccentric contractions between our human and rat data from a previous study (Chen YW, Nader GA, Baar KR, Fedele MJ, Hoffman EP, and Esser KA. J Physiol 545: 27-41, 2002) ( approximately 50% of gene expression changes shared between species). Potential human-specific changes included greater inflammatory responses [chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, C/EBP delta, and IL-1 receptor] and vascular remodeling (tenascin C and lipocortin II). Induction of c-fos and lipocortin II were confirmed at the protein level, with c-fos localized to myofiber nuclei and lipocortin II to intramuscular capillaries. We also confirmed the eccentric-induced expression of six transcripts by quantitative RT-PCR (cardiac ankyrin-repeated protein, chemokine ligand 2, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta, IL-1 receptor, tenascin C, and cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61). These data provide the first characterization of the transcriptional response of skeletal muscle to eccentric exercise in humans and represent a preliminary step in understanding the molecular processes underlying muscle remodeling (including a new focus on rapid changes in the capillary bed) and inflammatory responses after damaging lengthening contractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Chen
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Asakura M, Takashima S, Asano Y, Honma T, Asanuma H, Sanada S, Shintani Y, Liao Y, Kim J, Ogita H, Node K, Minamino T, Yorikane R, Agai A, Kitamura S, Tomoike H, Hori M, Kitakaze M. Canine DNA array as a potential tool for combining physiology and molecular biology. Circ J 2003; 67:788-92. [PMID: 12939556 DOI: 10.1253/circj.67.788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The combining of molecular biology and physiology is essential for the further development of cardiovascular medicine, and DNA microarray is a useful tool for assessing multiple gene expressions. A canine DNA microarray has been designed and tested. Approximately 60 cardiovascular-related genes were cloned from newly developed canine cDNA libraries and spotted on slides. Using the arrays, the gene expression profiles of canine myocardium in were analyzed 2 protocols: (1). ischemic myocardium by 50% reduction of the coronary blood flow, and (2). necrotic myocardium caused by coronary artery ligation. Three hours after 50% flow reduction, cardiovascular-related genes, including ecto-5'-nucleotidase, endothelin-1, PAI-1, and AT receptors, exhibited rapid alteration and there were many more altered genes than with the complete coronary occlusion. Irreversible ischemic damage without necrosis more strongly affected gene expressions in surviving myocardium than in fatally damaged myocardium. The canine DNA microarray is a useful tool for assessing the precise molecular events following changes in the pathophysiological conditions of the heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Asakura
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Juhasz O, Zhu Y, Garg R, Anisimov SV, Boheler KR. Analysis of altered genomic expression profiles in the senescent and diseased myocardium using cDNA microarrays. Eur J Heart Fail 2002; 4:687-97. [PMID: 12453538 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-9842(02)00169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac function deteriorates with aging or disease. Short term, any changes in heart function may be beneficial, but long term the alterations are often detrimental. At a molecular level, functional adaptations involve quantitative and qualitative changes in gene expression. Analysis of all the RNA transcripts present in a cell's population (transcriptome) offers unprecedented opportunities to map these transitions. Microarrays (chips), capable of evaluating thousands of transcripts in one assay, are ideal for transcriptome analyses. Gene expression profiling provides information about the dynamics of total genome expression in response to environmental changes and may point to candidate genes responsible for the cascade of events that result in disease or are a consequence of aging. The aim of this review is to describe how comparisons of cellular transcriptomes by cDNA array based techniques provide information about the dynamics of total gene expression, and how the results can be applied to the study of cardiovascular disease and aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Juhasz
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chen YW, Nader GA, Baar KR, Fedele MJ, Hoffman EP, Esser KA. Response of rat muscle to acute resistance exercise defined by transcriptional and translational profiling. J Physiol 2002; 545:27-41. [PMID: 12433947 PMCID: PMC2290672 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.021220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To further understand molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle hypertrophy, expression profiles of translationally and transcriptionally regulated genes were characterized following an acute bout of maximally activated eccentric contractions. Experiments demonstrated that translational mechanisms contribute to acute gene expression changes following high resistance contractions with two candidate mRNAs, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1alpha), targeted to the heavier polysomal fractions after a bout of contractions. Gene profiling was performed using Affymetrix Rat U34A GeneChips with either total RNA or polysomal RNA at one and six hours following contractions. There were 18 genes that changed expression at one hour and 70 genes that were different (60 genes increased:10 genes decreased)at six hours after contractions. The model from this profiling suggests that following high resistance contractions skeletal muscle shares a common growth profile with proliferating cells exposed to serum. This cluster of genes can be classified as "growth" genes and is commonly associated with progression of the cell cycle. However, a unique aspect was that there was induction of a cluster of tumour suppressor or antigrowth genes. We propose that this cluster of "antigrowth" genes is induced by the stress of contractile activity and may act to maintain skeletal muscle in the differentiated state. From the profiling results, further experiments determined that p53 levels increased in skeletal muscle at 6 h following contractions. This novel finding of p53 induction following exercise also demonstrates the power of expression profiling for identification of novel pathways involved in the response to muscle contraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Chen
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ozcelik C, Erdmann B, Pilz B, Wettschureck N, Britsch S, Hübner N, Chien KR, Birchmeier C, Garratt AN. Conditional mutation of the ErbB2 (HER2) receptor in cardiomyocytes leads to dilated cardiomyopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:8880-5. [PMID: 12072561 PMCID: PMC124392 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.122249299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ErbB2 (Her2) proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase, which is frequently amplified and overexpressed in human tumors. ErbB2 provides the target for a novel and effective antibody-based therapy (Trastuzumab/Herceptin) used for the treatment of mammary carcinomas. However, cardiomyopathies develop in a proportion of patients treated with Trastuzumab, and the incidence of such complications is increased by combination with standard chemotherapy. Gene ablation studies have previously demonstrated that the ErbB2 receptor, together with its coreceptor ErbB4 and the ligand Neuregulin-1, are essential for normal development of the heart ventricle. We use here Cre-loxP technology to mutate ErbB2 specifically in ventricular cardiomyocytes. Conditional mutant mice develop a severe dilated cardiomyopathy, with signs of cardiac dysfunction generally appearing by the second postnatal month. We infer that signaling from the ErbB2 receptor, which is enriched in T-tubules in cardiomyocytes, is crucial for adult heart function. Conditional ErbB2 mutant mice provide a model of dilated cardiomyopathy. In particular, they will allow a rigorous assessment of the role of ErbB2 in the heart and provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that underlie the adverse effects of anti-ErbB2 antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cemil Ozcelik
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the opportunities afforded cardiovascular medicine by the comprehensive and integrative approaches of genomics in cellular physiology. We present a meta-analysis of recently reported results obtained by means of high-throughput technologies (complementary DNA and oligonucleotide arrays, serial analysis of gene expression [SAGE]), as well as more traditional molecular biology approaches (real-time polymerase chain reaction, differential display, and others). DATA SOURCES Newly published articles identified on PubMed and additional data provided by authors on-line (where available). CONCLUSIONS The impact of genomic analysis on cardiovascular research is already visible. New genes of cardiovascular interest have been discovered, while a number of known genes have been found to be changed in unexpected contexts. The patterns in the variation of expression of many genes correlate well with the models currently used to explain the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Much more work has yet to be done, however, for the full exploitation of the immense informative potential still dormant in the genomic technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leni Moldovan
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mavroidis M, Capetanaki Y. Extensive induction of important mediators of fibrosis and dystrophic calcification in desmin-deficient cardiomyopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:943-52. [PMID: 11891192 PMCID: PMC1867168 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mice lacking the intermediate filament protein desmin demonstrate abnormal mitochondria behavior, disruption of muscle architecture, and myocardial degeneration with extensive calcium deposits and fibrosis. These abnormalities are associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiac chamber dilation and eventually with heart failure. In an effort to elucidate the molecular mechanisms leading to the observed pathogenesis, we have analyzed gene expression changes in cardiac tissue using differential display polymerase chain reaction and cDNA atlas array methods. The most substantial changes were found in genes coding the small extracellular matrix proteins osteopontin and decorin that are dramatically induced in the desmin-null myocardium. We further analyzed their expression pattern both at the RNA and protein levels and we compared their spatial expression with the onset of calcification. Extensive osteopontin localization is observed by immunohistochemistry in the desmin-null myocardium in areas with massive myocyte death, as well as in hypercellular regions with variable degrees of calcification and fibrosis. Osteopontin is consistently co-localized with calcified deposits, which progressively are transformed to psammoma bodies surrounded by decorin, especially in the right ventricle. These data together with the observed up-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 and angiotensin-converting enzyme, could explain the extensive fibrosis and dystrophic calcification observed in the heart of desmin-null mice, potentially crucial events leading to heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manolis Mavroidis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kirsch T, Wellner M, Luft FC, Haller H, Lippoldt A. Altered gene expression in cerebral capillaries of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Res 2001; 910:106-15. [PMID: 11489260 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) are a well-characterized, genetic model for stroke. We showed earlier that the structure and function of the tight junctions in SHRSP blood-brain barrier endothelial cells is disturbed prior to stroke. To investigate the molecular events leading to endothelial dysfunction in SHRSP cerebral capillaries, we carried out suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) in combination with a cDNA filter screening step. We identified two cDNA fragments that were upregulated in SHRSP, compared to stroke-resistant spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and found open reading frames of 133 and 138 amino acids, respectively. These peptides did not match any known proteins in public databases. A third upregulated SHRSP cDNA fragment was identified as the rat sulfonylurea receptor 2B (SUR2B). We also isolated and cloned the cDNA of the rat homologue for the mouse G-protein signaling 5 (RGS5) regulator. This regulator was downregulated in SHRSP. We used in situ hybridization to show that rat RGS5 is expressed in the brain capillary endothelium and in the choroid plexus. Our findings may lead to the identification of new stroke-related genes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blood-Brain Barrier/genetics
- Causality
- Cerebral Arteries/metabolism
- Cerebral Arteries/pathology
- Cerebral Arteries/physiopathology
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Hypertension/complications
- Hypertension/genetics
- Hypertension/metabolism
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Potassium Channels/genetics
- Potassium Channels/metabolism
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying
- RGS Proteins/genetics
- RGS Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR/abnormalities
- Rats, Inbred SHR/genetics
- Rats, Inbred SHR/metabolism
- Receptors, Drug/genetics
- Receptors, Drug/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Stroke/genetics
- Stroke/metabolism
- Stroke/physiopathology
- Sulfonylurea Receptors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Kirsch
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Aronow BJ, Toyokawa T, Canning A, Haghighi K, Delling U, Kranias E, Molkentin JD, Dorn GW. Divergent transcriptional responses to independent genetic causes of cardiac hypertrophy. Physiol Genomics 2001; 6:19-28. [PMID: 11395543 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.2001.6.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To define molecular mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy, genes whose expression was perturbed by any of four different transgenic mouse hypertrophy models [protein kinase C-epsilon activation peptide (PsiepsilonRACK), calsequestrin (CSQ), calcineurin (CN), and Galpha(q)] were compared by DNA microarray analyses using the approximately 8,800 genes present on the Incyte mouse GEM1. The total numbers of regulated genes (tens to hundreds) correlated with phenotypic severity of the model (Galpha(q) > CN > CSQ > PsiepsilonRACK), but demonstrated that no single gene was consistently upregulated. Of the three models exhibiting pathological hypertrophy, only atrial natriuretic peptide was consistently upregulated, suggesting that transcriptional alterations are highly specific to individual genetic causes of hypertrophy. However, hierarchical-tree and K-means clustering analyses revealed that subsets of the upregulated genes did exhibit coordinate regulatory patterns that were unique or overlapping across the different hypertrophy models. One striking set consisted of apoptotic genes uniquely regulated in the apoptosis-prone Galpha(q) model. Thus, rather than identifying a single common hypertrophic cardiomyopathy gene program, these data suggest that extensive groups of genes may be useful for the prediction of specific underlying genetic determinants and condition-specific therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J Aronow
- Department of Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital Research Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Schneider MD, Schwartz RJ. Chips ahoy: gene expression in failing hearts surveyed by high-density microarrays. Circulation 2000; 102:3026-7. [PMID: 11120689 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.102.25.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
49
|
Affiliation(s)
- V M Riccardi
- The Neurofibromatosis Institute, La Crescenta, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abdellatif M. Leading the way using microarray: a more comprehensive approach for discovery of gene expression patterns. Circ Res 2000; 86:919-20. [PMID: 10807860 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.86.9.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Abdellatif
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|