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Rojas-Solé C, Pinilla-González V, Lillo-Moya J, González-Fernández T, Saso L, Rodrigo R. Integrated approach to reducing polypharmacy in older people: exploring the role of oxidative stress and antioxidant potential therapy. Redox Rep 2024; 29:2289740. [PMID: 38108325 PMCID: PMC10732214 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2023.2289740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased life expectancy, attributed to improved access to healthcare and drug development, has led to an increase in multimorbidity, a key contributor to polypharmacy. Polypharmacy is characterised by its association with a variety of adverse events in the older persons. The mechanisms involved in the development of age-related chronic diseases are largely unknown; however, altered redox homeostasis due to ageing is one of the main theories. In this context, the present review explores the development and interaction between different age-related diseases, mainly linked by oxidative stress. In addition, drug interactions in the treatment of various diseases are described, emphasising that the holistic management of older people and their pathologies should prevail over the individual treatment of each condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Rojas-Solé
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Pinilla-González
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Lillo-Moya
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tommy González-Fernández
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ramón Rodrigo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Zheng H, Xu Y, Liehn EA, Rusu M. Vitamin C as Scavenger of Reactive Oxygen Species during Healing after Myocardial Infarction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3114. [PMID: 38542087 PMCID: PMC10970003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, coronary artery bypass and reperfusion therapies are considered the gold standard in long-term treatments to restore heart function after acute myocardial infarction. As a drawback of these restoring strategies, reperfusion after an ischemic insult and sudden oxygen exposure lead to the exacerbated synthesis of additional reactive oxidative species and the persistence of increased oxidation levels. Attempts based on antioxidant treatment have failed to achieve an effective therapy for cardiovascular disease patients. The controversial use of vitamin C as an antioxidant in clinical practice is comprehensively systematized and discussed in this review. The dose-dependent adsorption and release kinetics mechanism of vitamin C is complex; however, this review may provide a holistic perspective on its potential as a preventive supplement and/or for combined precise and targeted therapeutics in cardiovascular management therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabo Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Yichen Xu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Elisa A. Liehn
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
- National Institute of Pathology “Victor Babes”, Splaiul Independentei Nr. 99-101, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Rusu
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, Medical Faculty, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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3
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Chen Q, Thompson J, Hu Y, Lesnefsky EJ. Aging-induced mitochondrial dysfunction: two distinct populations of mitochondria versus a combined population. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H385-H395. [PMID: 38099846 PMCID: PMC11219051 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00363.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function in aged hearts is impaired, and studies of isolated mitochondria are commonly used to assess their function. The two populations of cardiac mitochondria, subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) and interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM), are affected by aging. However, the yield of these mitochondria, particularly SSM, is limited in the mouse heart because of the smaller heart size. To address this issue, the authors developed a method to isolate a mixed population (MIX) of SSM and IFM mitochondria from a single mouse heart. The aim of the study was to compare the mitochondrial function between SSM, IFM, and the MIX population from young and aged mouse hearts. The MIX population had a higher yield of total protein and citrate synthase activity from both young and aged hearts compared with the individual yields of SSM or IFM. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) decreased in aged SSM and IFM compared with young SSM and IFM, as well as in the MIX population isolated from aged hearts compared with young hearts, when using complex I or IV substrates. Furthermore, aging barely affected the sensitivity to mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening in SSM, whereas the sensitivity was increased in IFM isolated from aged hearts and in the MIX population from aged hearts compared with the corresponding populations isolated from young hearts. These results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction exists in aged hearts and the isolation of a MIX population of mitochondria from the mouse heart is a potential approach to studying mitochondrial function in the mouse heart.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We developed two methods to isolate mitochondria from a single mouse heart. We compared mitochondrial function in young and aged mice using mitochondria isolated with different methods. Both methods can be successfully used to isolate cardiac mitochondria from single mouse hearts. Our results provide the flexibility to isolate mitochondria from a single mouse heart based on the purpose of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Jeremy Thompson
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Ying Hu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Edward J Lesnefsky
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
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4
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Hernandez-Resendiz S, Prakash A, Loo SJ, Semenzato M, Chinda K, Crespo-Avilan GE, Dam LC, Lu S, Scorrano L, Hausenloy DJ. Targeting mitochondrial shape: at the heart of cardioprotection. Basic Res Cardiol 2023; 118:49. [PMID: 37955687 PMCID: PMC10643419 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-023-01019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
There remains an unmet need to identify novel therapeutic strategies capable of protecting the myocardium against the detrimental effects of acute ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), to reduce myocardial infarct (MI) size and prevent the onset of heart failure (HF) following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In this regard, perturbations in mitochondrial morphology with an imbalance in mitochondrial fusion and fission can disrupt mitochondrial metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and reactive oxygen species production, factors which are all known to be critical determinants of cardiomyocyte death following acute myocardial IRI. As such, therapeutic approaches directed at preserving the morphology and functionality of mitochondria may provide an important strategy for cardioprotection. In this article, we provide an overview of the alterations in mitochondrial morphology which occur in response to acute myocardial IRI, and highlight the emerging therapeutic strategies for targeting mitochondrial shape to preserve mitochondrial function which have the future therapeutic potential to improve health outcomes in patients presenting with AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauri Hernandez-Resendiz
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aishwarya Prakash
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sze Jie Loo
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kroekkiat Chinda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Gustavo E Crespo-Avilan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Linh Chi Dam
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shengjie Lu
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Singapore, Singapore.
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- National University Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore.
- University College London, The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, London, UK.
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5
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Abdellatif M, Rainer PP, Sedej S, Kroemer G. Hallmarks of cardiovascular ageing. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:754-777. [PMID: 37193857 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00881-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Normal circulatory function is a key determinant of disease-free life expectancy (healthspan). Indeed, pathologies affecting the cardiovascular system, which are growing in prevalence, are the leading cause of global morbidity, disability and mortality, whereas the maintenance of cardiovascular health is necessary to promote both organismal healthspan and lifespan. Therefore, cardiovascular ageing might precede or even underlie body-wide, age-related health deterioration. In this Review, we posit that eight molecular hallmarks are common denominators in cardiovascular ageing, namely disabled macroautophagy, loss of proteostasis, genomic instability (in particular, clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential), epigenetic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell senescence, dysregulated neurohormonal signalling and inflammation. We also propose a hierarchical order that distinguishes primary (upstream) from antagonistic and integrative (downstream) hallmarks of cardiovascular ageing. Finally, we discuss how targeting each of the eight hallmarks might be therapeutically exploited to attenuate residual cardiovascular risk in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Abdellatif
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Peter P Rainer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Simon Sedej
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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6
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Deng QS, Gao Y, Rui BY, Li XR, Liu PL, Han ZY, Wei ZY, Zhang CR, Wang F, Dawes H, Zhu TH, Tao SC, Guo SC. Double-network hydrogel enhanced by SS31-loaded mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles: Symphonic collaboration of near-infrared photothermal antibacterial effect and mitochondrial maintenance for full-thickness wound healing in diabetes mellitus. Bioact Mater 2023; 27:409-428. [PMID: 37152712 PMCID: PMC10160601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic wound healing has become a serious healthcare challenge. The high-glucose environment leads to persistent bacterial infection and mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in chronic inflammation, abnormal vascular function, and tissue necrosis. To solve these issues, we developed a double-network hydrogel, constructed with pluronic F127 diacrylate (F127DA) and hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA), and enhanced by SS31-loaded mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles (MPDA NPs). As components, SS31, a mitochondria-targeted peptide, maintains mitochondrial function, reduces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus regulates macrophage polarization, as well as promoting cell proliferation and migration, while MPDA NPs not only scavenge ROS and exert an anti-bacterial effect by photothermal treatment under near-infrared light irradiation, but also control release of SS31 in response to ROS. This F127DA/HAMA-MPDA@SS31 (FH-M@S) hydrogel has characteristics of adhesion, superior biocompatibility and mechanical properties which can adapt to irregular wounds at different body sites and provide sustained release of MPDA@SS31 (M@S) NPs. In addition, in a diabetic rat full thickness skin defect model, the FH-M@S hydrogel promoted macrophage M2 polarization, collagen deposition, neovascularization and wound healing. Therefore, the FH-M@S hydrogel exhibits promising therapeutic potential for skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Song Deng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Bi-Yu Rui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xu-Ran Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Po-Lin Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Zi-Yin Han
- Department of Rheumatology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No.29, Xinglongxiang, Tianning District, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Zhan-Ying Wei
- Shanghai Clinical Research Centre of Bone Diseases, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Chang-Ru Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Clinical and Translational Research Center for 3D Printing Technology, Medical 3D Printing Innovation Research Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Helen Dawes
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Road, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
- NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- College of Medicine and Health, St Lukes Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Tong-He Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Intelligent Equipment, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular Non-Coding RNA, Institute for Frontier Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Cong Tao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Shang-Chun Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Qi X, Rusch NJ, Fan J, Mora CJ, Xie L, Mu S, Rabinovitch PS, Zhang H. Mitochondrial proton leak in cardiac aging. GeroScience 2023; 45:2135-2143. [PMID: 36856945 PMCID: PMC10651624 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated diseases are becoming progressively more prevalent, reflecting the increased lifespan of the world's population. However, the fundamental mechanisms of physiologic aging are poorly understood, and in particular, the molecular pathways that mediate cardiac aging and its associated dysfunction are unclear. Here, we focus on certain ion flux abnormalities of the mitochondria that may contribute to cardiac aging and age-related heart failure. Using oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria pump protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space to generate a proton gradient across the inner membrane. The protons are returned to the matrix by the ATPase complex within the membrane to generate ATP. However, a portion of protons leak back to the matrix and do not drive ATP production, and this event is called proton leak or uncoupling. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial proton leak is increased in the cardiac myocytes of aged hearts. In this mini-review, we discuss the measurement methods and major sites of mitochondrial proton leak with an emphasis on the adenine nucleotide transporter 1 (ANT1), and explore the possibility of inhibiting augmented mitochondrial proton leak as a therapeutic intervention to mitigate cardiac aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Qi
- Department of Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, USA
| | - Nancy J Rusch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Jiaojiao Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Christoph J Mora
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Lixin Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Shengyu Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Peter S Rabinovitch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
| | - Huiliang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA.
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8
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4-Hydroxycinnamic acid attenuates neuronal cell death by inducing expression of plasma membrane redox enzymes and improving mitochondrial functions. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Aging Heart. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020336. [PMID: 35204217 PMCID: PMC8868312 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical advances and the availability of diagnostic tools have considerably increased life expectancy and, consequently, the elderly segment of the world population. As age is a major risk factor in cardiovascular disease (CVD), it is critical to understand the changes in cardiac structure and function during the aging process. The phenotypes and molecular mechanisms of cardiac aging include several factors. An increase in oxidative stress is a major player in cardiac aging. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is an important mechanism for maintaining physiological processes; its generation is regulated by a system of antioxidant enzymes. Oxidative stress occurs from an imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant defenses resulting in the accumulation of free radicals. In the heart, ROS activate signaling pathways involved in myocyte hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, contractile dysfunction, and inflammation thereby affecting cell structure and function, and contributing to cardiac damage and remodeling. In this manuscript, we review recent published research on cardiac aging. We summarize the aging heart biology, highlighting key molecular pathways and cellular processes that underlie the redox signaling changes during aging. Main ROS sources, antioxidant defenses, and the role of dysfunctional mitochondria in the aging heart are addressed. As metabolism changes contribute to cardiac aging, we also comment on the most prevalent metabolic alterations. This review will help us to understand the mechanisms involved in the heart aging process and will provide a background for attractive molecular targets to prevent age-driven pathology of the heart. A greater understanding of the processes involved in cardiac aging may facilitate our ability to mitigate the escalating burden of CVD in older individuals and promote healthy cardiac aging.
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10
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Chen Q, Thompson J, Hu Y, Lesnefsky EJ. Reversing mitochondrial defects in aged hearts: role of mitochondrial calpain activation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C296-C310. [PMID: 35044856 PMCID: PMC8836732 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00279.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Aging chronically increases endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction. Activation of calpain 1 (CPN1) impairs mitochondrial function during acute ER stress. We proposed that aging-induced ER stress led to mitochondrial dysfunction by activating CPN1. We posit that attenuation of the ER stress or direct inhibition of CPN1 in aged hearts can decrease cardiac injury during ischemia-reperfusion by improving mitochondrial function. Male young (3 mo) and aged mice (24 mo) were used in the present study, and 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) was used to decrease the ER stress in aged mice. Subsarcolemmal (SSM) and interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM) were isolated. Chronic 4-PBA treatment for 2 wk decreased CPN1 activation as shown by the decreased cleavage of spectrin in cytosol and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and the α1 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) in mitochondria. Treatment improved oxidative phosphorylation in 24-mo-old SSM and IFM at baseline compared with vehicle. When 4-PBA-treated 24-mo-old hearts were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion, infarct size was decreased. These results support that attenuation of the ER stress decreased cardiac injury in aged hearts by improving mitochondrial function before ischemia. To challenge the role of CPN1 as an effector of the ER stress, aged mice were treated with MDL-28170 (MDL, an inhibitor of calpain 1). MDL treatment improved mitochondrial function in aged SSM and IFM. MDL-treated 24-mo-old hearts sustained less cardiac injury following ischemia-reperfusion. These results support that age-induced ER stress augments cardiac injury during ischemia-reperfusion by impairing mitochondrial function through activation of CPN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jeremy Thompson
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ying Hu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Edward J Lesnefsky
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- McGuire Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
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11
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Mahmoodzadeh S, Koch K, Schriever C, Xu J, Steinecker M, Leber J, Dworatzek E, Purfürst B, Kunz S, Recchia D, Canepari M, Heuser A, Di Francescantonio S, Morano I. Age-related decline in murine heart and skeletal muscle performance is attenuated by reduced Ahnak1 expression. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:1249-1265. [PMID: 34212535 PMCID: PMC8517348 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is associated with a progressive reduction in cellular function leading to poor health and loss of physical performance. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the hallmarks of aging; hence, interventions targeting mitochondrial dysfunction have the potential to provide preventive and therapeutic benefits to elderly individuals. Meta-analyses of age-related gene expression profiles showed that the expression of Ahnak1, a protein regulating several signal-transduction pathways including metabolic homeostasis, is increased with age, which is associated with low VO2MAX and poor muscle fitness. However, the role of Ahnak1 in the aging process remained unknown. Here, we investigated the age-related role of Ahnak1 in murine exercise capacity, mitochondrial function, and contractile function of cardiac and skeletal muscles. METHODS We employed 15- to 16-month-old female and male Ahnak1-knockout (Ahnak1-KO) and wild-type (WT) mice and performed morphometric, biochemical, and bioenergetics assays to evaluate the effects of Ahnak1 on exercise capacity and mitochondrial morphology and function in cardiomyocytes and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. A human left ventricular (LV) cardiomyocyte cell line (AC16) was used to investigate the direct role of Ahnak1 in cardiomyocytes. RESULTS We found that the level of Ahnak1 protein is significantly up-regulated with age in the murine LV (1.9-fold) and TA (1.8-fold) tissues. The suppression of Ahnak1 was associated with improved exercise tolerance, as all aged adult Ahnak1-KO mice (100%) successfully completed the running programme, whereas approximately 31% male and 8% female WT mice could maintain the required running speed and distance. Transmission electron microscopic studies showed that LV and TA tissue specimens of aged adult Ahnak1-KO of both sexes have significantly more enlarged/elongated mitochondria and less small mitochondria compared with WT littermates (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively) at basal level. Further, we observed a shift in mitochondrial fission/fusion balance towards fusion in cardiomyocytes and TA muscle from aged adult Ahnak1-KO mice. The maximal and reserve respiratory capacities were significantly higher in cardiomyocytes from aged adult Ahnak1-KO mice compared with the WT counterparts (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Cardiomyocyte contractility and fatigue resistance of TA muscles were significantly increased in Ahnak1-KO mice of both sexes, compared with the WT groups. In vitro studies using AC16 cells have confirmed that the alteration of mitochondrial function is indeed a direct effect of Ahnak1. Finally, we presented Ahnak1 as a novel cardiac mitochondrial membrane-associated protein. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Ahnak1 is involved in age-related cardiac and skeletal muscle dysfunction and could therefore serve as a promising therapeutical target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoufeh Mahmoodzadeh
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Koch
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Cindy Schriever
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jingman Xu
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,Heart Institute, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Maria Steinecker
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Leber
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Dworatzek
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, and Berliner Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Purfürst
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Severine Kunz
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Deborah Recchia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Monica Canepari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Arnd Heuser
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvia Di Francescantonio
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Morano
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
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12
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Rizvi F, Preston CC, Emelyanova L, Yousufuddin M, Viqar M, Dakwar O, Ross GR, Faustino RS, Holmuhamedov EL, Jahangir A. Effects of Aging on Cardiac Oxidative Stress and Transcriptional Changes in Pathways of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Clearance. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019948. [PMID: 34369184 PMCID: PMC8475058 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Age-related heart diseases are significant contributors to increased morbidity and mortality. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondria within cardiomyocytes contribute to age-related increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that plays an essential role in aging-associated cardiac diseases. Methods and Results The present study investigated differences between ROS production in cardiomyocytes isolated from adult (6 months) and aged (24 months) Fischer 344 rats, and in cardiac tissue of adult (18-65 years) and elderly (>65 years) patients with preserved cardiac function. Superoxide dismutase inhibitable ferricytochrome c reduction assay (1.32±0.63 versus 0.76±0.31 nMol/mg per minute; P=0.001) superoxide and H2O2 production, measured as dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence (1646±428 versus 699±329, P=0.04), were significantly higher in the aged versus adult cardiomyocytes. Similarity in age-related alteration between rats and humans was identified in mitochondrial-electron transport chain-complex-I-associated increased oxidative-stress by MitoSOX fluorescence (53.66±18.58 versus 22.81±12.60; P=0.03) and in 4-HNE adduct levels (187.54±54.8 versus 47.83±16.7 ng/mg protein, P=0.0063), indicative of increased peroxidation in the elderly. These differences correlated with changes in functional enrichment of genes regulating ROS homeostasis pathways in aged human and rat hearts. Functional merged collective network and pathway enrichment analysis revealed common genes prioritized in human and rat aging-associated networks that underlay enriched functional terms of mitochondrial complex I and common pathways in the aging human and rat heart. Conclusions Aging sensitizes mitochondrial and extramitochondrial mechanisms of ROS buildup within the heart. Network analysis of the transcriptome highlights the critical elements involved with aging-related ROS homeostasis pathways common in rat and human hearts as targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Rizvi
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging (CIRCA)Aurora Research InstituteMilwaukeeWI
| | - Claudia C. Preston
- Division of Cardiovascular DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMayo Clinic RochesterRochesterMN
- Genetics and Genomics GroupSanford ResearchSioux FallsSD
| | - Larisa Emelyanova
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging (CIRCA)Aurora Research InstituteMilwaukeeWI
| | | | - Maria Viqar
- Division of Cardiovascular DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMayo Clinic RochesterRochesterMN
| | - Omar Dakwar
- Center for Advanced Atrial Fibrillation TherapiesAdvocate Aurora HealthMilwaukeeWI
| | - Gracious R. Ross
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging (CIRCA)Aurora Research InstituteMilwaukeeWI
| | | | - Ekhson L. Holmuhamedov
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging (CIRCA)Aurora Research InstituteMilwaukeeWI
| | - Arshad Jahangir
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging (CIRCA)Aurora Research InstituteMilwaukeeWI
- Division of Cardiovascular DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMayo Clinic RochesterRochesterMN
- Center for Advanced Atrial Fibrillation TherapiesAdvocate Aurora HealthMilwaukeeWI
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13
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Gao M, Qin Y, Li A, Wei S, Liu B, Tian X, Gong G. Mitoflash generated at the Qo site of mitochondrial Complex III. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:2920-2933. [PMID: 32930405 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The previous research has shown that mitochondrial flash (mitoflash) genesis are functionally and mechanistically integrated with mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) energy metabolism. However, the response of mitoflash to superoxide is not entirely consistent with the response of MitoSOX Red. The generation mechanism of mitoflash is still unclear. Here, we investigated mitoflash activities, using the different combinations of ETC substrates and inhibitors, in permeabilized cardiomyocytes or hearts. We found that blocking the complete electron flow, from Complex I to IV, with any one of ETC inhibitors including rotenone (Rot), antimycin A (AntA), myxothiazol (Myxo), stigmatellin, and sodium cyanide, will lead to the abolishment of mitoflashes triggered by substrates in adult permeabilized cardiomyocytes. However, Myxo boosted mitoflashes triggered by the reverse electron of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine/ascorbate. Moreover, Rot and AntA furtherly enhanced mitoflash activity rather than depressed it, suggesting that mitoflashes generated at the Complex III Qo site. Meanwhile, the inhibition of Complex III protein expression resulted in the activity of Complex III decrease, which decreased mitoflash frequency. The function defect (no change of protein level) of the Qo site of Complex III in aging hearts augmented mitoflash generation confirmed the Qo site function was critical to mitoflash genesis. Thus, our results indicate that mitoflash detected by circularly permuted yellow fluorescent protein is generated at the Qo site of Complex III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anqi Li
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sailei Wei
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bilin Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangang Tian
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Guohua Gong
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Chronic metformin treatment decreases cardiac injury during ischemia-reperfusion by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress with improved mitochondrial function. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:7828-7845. [PMID: 33746115 PMCID: PMC8034968 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aging impairs mitochondrial function that leads to greater cardiac injury during ischemia and reperfusion. Cardiac endoplasm reticulum (ER) stress increases with age and contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction. Metformin is an anti-diabetic drug that protects cardiac mitochondria during acute ER stress. We hypothesized that metformin treatment would improve preexisting mitochondrial dysfunction in aged hearts by attenuating ER stress, followed by a decrease in cardiac injury during subsequent ischemia and reperfusion. Male young (3 mo.) and aged mice (24 mo.) received metformin (300 mg/kg/day) dissolved in drinking water with sucrose (0.2 g/100 ml) as sweetener for two weeks versus sucrose vehicle alone. Cytosol, subsarcolemmal (SSM), and interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM) were isolated. In separate groups, cardioprotection was evaluated using ex vivo isolated heart perfusion with 25 min. global ischemia and 60 min. reperfusion. Infarct size was measured. The contents of CHOP and cleaved ATF6 were decreased in metformin-treated 24 mo. mice compared to vehicle, supporting a decrease in ER stress. Metformin treatment improved OXPHOS in IFM in 24 mo. using a complex I substrate. Metformin treatment decreased infarct size following ischemia-reperfusion. Thus, metformin feeding decreased cardiac injury in aged mice during ischemia-reperfusion by improving pre-ischemic mitochondrial function via inhibition of ER stress.
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15
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Gerber L, Clow KA, Gamperl AK. Acclimation to warm temperatures has important implications for mitochondrial function in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar). J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb236257. [PMID: 33288533 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.236257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In fish, the capacity of thermal acclimation to preserve cardiac mitochondrial function under future warming scenarios is important to understand given the central roles that cardiac energy metabolism and performance play in this taxa's thermal tolerance. We acclimated Atlantic salmon to 12 and 20°C (for >2 months), and investigated the effects of acute and chronic warming on cardiac mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (release rate) using high-resolution fluorespirometry. Further, we compared the sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration to nitric oxide (i.e. the NO IC50), and assessed the mitochondrial response to anoxia-reoxygenation (AR). Acute exposure to 20°C increased maximal mitochondrial respiration by ∼55%; however, the mitochondria's complex I respiratory control ratio was 17% lower and ROS production was increased by ≥60%. Acclimation to 20°C: (1) preserved mitochondrial coupling and aerobic capacity; (2) decreased the mitochondria's ROS production by ∼30%; (3) increased the mitochondria's NO IC50 by ∼23%; and (4) improved mitochondrial membrane integrity at 20°C. AR did not affect mitochondrial function at 12°C, but acute exposure to 20°C and AR depressed maximal mitochondrial respiration (by ∼9%) and coupling (by ∼16%) without impacting ROS production. Finally, warm acclimation did not improve the capacity of mitochondria to recover from AR, indicating that there was no 'cross-tolerance' between these challenges. Our findings provide compelling evidence that thermal plasticity of cardiac mitochondrial function contributes to the Atlantic salmon's capability to survive at ≥20°C for prolonged periods, but call into question whether this plasticity may allow them to withstand high temperatures when combined with other stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Gerber
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Kathy A Clow
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Anthony K Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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16
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Barth syndrome: cardiolipin, cellular pathophysiology, management, and novel therapeutic targets. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1605-1629. [PMID: 33415565 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-04021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Barth syndrome is a rare X-linked genetic disease classically characterized by cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, growth retardation, neutropenia, and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. It is caused by mutations in the tafazzin gene localized to chromosome Xq28.12. Mutations in tafazzin may result in alterations in the level and molecular composition of the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin and result in large elevations in the lysophospholipid monolysocardiolipin. The increased monolysocardiolipin:cardiolipin ratio in blood is diagnostic for the disease, and it leads to disruption in mitochondrial bioenergetics. In this review, we discuss cardiolipin structure, synthesis, and function and provide an overview of the clinical and cellular pathophysiology of Barth Syndrome. We highlight known pharmacological management for treatment of the major pathological features associated with the disease. In addition, we discuss non-pharmacological management. Finally, we highlight the most recent promising therapeutic options for this rare mitochondrial disease including lipid replacement therapy, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, tafazzin gene replacement therapy, induced pluripotent stem cells, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and peptides, and the polyphenolic compound resveratrol.
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17
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Yeh CH, Chou YJ, Kao CH, Tsai TF. Mitochondria and Calcium Homeostasis: Cisd2 as a Big Player in Cardiac Ageing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239238. [PMID: 33287440 PMCID: PMC7731030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ageing of human populations has become a problem throughout the world. In this context, increasing the healthy lifespan of individuals has become an important target for medical research and governments. Cardiac disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in ageing populations and results in significant increases in healthcare costs. Although clinical and basic research have revealed many novel insights into the pathways that drive heart failure, the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac ageing and age-related cardiac dysfunction are still not fully understood. In this review we summarize the most updated publications and discuss the central components that drive cardiac ageing. The following characters of mitochondria-related dysfunction have been identified during cardiac ageing: (a) disruption of the integrity of mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) contact sites; (b) dysregulation of energy metabolism and dynamic flexibility; (c) dyshomeostasis of Ca2+ control; (d) disturbance to mitochondria–lysosomal crosstalk. Furthermore, Cisd2, a pro-longevity gene, is known to be mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and MAM. The expression level of Cisd2 decreases during cardiac ageing. Remarkably, a high level of Cisd2 delays cardiac ageing and ameliorates age-related cardiac dysfunction; this occurs by maintaining correct regulation of energy metabolism and allowing dynamic control of metabolic flexibility. Together, our previous studies and new evidence provided here highlight Cisd2 as a novel target for developing therapies to promote healthy ageing
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsiao Yeh
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko 333, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, Keelung 204, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Chou
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Heng Kao
- Center of General Education, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.K.); (T.-F.T.); Tel.: +886-3-211-8800 (ext. 5149) (C.-H.K.); +886-2-2826-7293 (T.-F.T.); Fax: +886-3-211-8700 (C.-H.K.); +886-2-2828-0872 (T.-F.T.)
| | - Ting-Fen Tsai
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan;
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.K.); (T.-F.T.); Tel.: +886-3-211-8800 (ext. 5149) (C.-H.K.); +886-2-2826-7293 (T.-F.T.); Fax: +886-3-211-8700 (C.-H.K.); +886-2-2828-0872 (T.-F.T.)
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18
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Thompson J, Maceyka M, Chen Q. Targeting ER stress and calpain activation to reverse age-dependent mitochondrial damage in the heart. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 192:111380. [PMID: 33045249 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severity of cardiovascular disease increases markedly in elderly patients. In addition, many therapeutic strategies that decrease cardiac injury in adult patients are invalid in elderly patients. Thus, it is a challenge to protect the aged heart in the context of underlying chronic or acute cardiac diseases including ischemia-reperfusion injury. The cause(s) of this age-related increased damage remain unknown. Aging impairs the function of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), leading to decreased energy production and increased oxidative stress due to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, ROS-induced oxidative stress can increase cardiac injury during ischemia-reperfusion by potentiating mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening. Aging leads to increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction, including reduced function of the ETC. The activation of both cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium-activated proteases termed calpains leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased ETC function. Intriguingly, mitochondrial ROS generation also induces ER stress, highlighting the dynamic interaction between mitochondria and ER. Here, we discuss the role of ER stress in sensitizing and potentiating mitochondrial dysfunction in response to ischemia-reperfusion, and the promising potential therapeutic benefit of inhibition of ER stress and / or calpains to attenuate cardiac injury in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Thompson
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States
| | - Michael Maceyka
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States
| | - Qun Chen
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States.
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Hyun DH. Insights into the New Cancer Therapy through Redox Homeostasis and Metabolic Shifts. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071822. [PMID: 32645959 PMCID: PMC7408991 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Modest levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are necessary for intracellular signaling, cell division, and enzyme activation. These ROS are later eliminated by the body’s antioxidant defense system. High amounts of ROS cause carcinogenesis by altering the signaling pathways associated with metabolism, proliferation, metastasis, and cell survival. Cancer cells exhibit enhanced ATP production and high ROS levels, which allow them to maintain elevated proliferation through metabolic reprograming. In order to prevent further ROS generation, cancer cells rely on more glycolysis to produce ATP and on the pentose phosphate pathway to provide NADPH. Pro-oxidant therapy can induce more ROS generation beyond the physiologic thresholds in cancer cells. Alternatively, antioxidant therapy can protect normal cells by activating cell survival signaling cascades, such as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) pathway, in response to radio- and chemotherapeutic drugs. Nrf2 is a key regulator that protects cells from oxidative stress. Under normal conditions, Nrf2 is tightly bound to Keap1 and is ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome. However, under oxidative stress, or when treated with Nrf2 activators, Nrf2 is liberated from the Nrf2-Keap1 complex, translocated into the nucleus, and bound to the antioxidant response element in association with other factors. This cascade results in the expression of detoxifying enzymes, including NADH-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase 1. NQO1 and cytochrome b5 reductase can neutralize ROS in the plasma membrane and induce a high NAD+/NADH ratio, which then activates SIRT1 and mitochondrial bioenergetics. NQO1 can also stabilize the tumor suppressor p53. Given their roles in cancer pathogenesis, redox homeostasis and the metabolic shift from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (through activation of Nrf2 and NQO1) seem to be good targets for cancer therapy. Therefore, Nrf2 modulation and NQO1 stimulation could be important therapeutic targets for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hoon Hyun
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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20
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Savcı A, Koçpınar EF, Budak H, Çiftci M, Şişecioğlu M. The Effects of Amoxicillin, Cefazolin, and Gentamicin Antibiotics on the Antioxidant System in Mouse Heart Tissues. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:614-622. [PMID: 31721686 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666191112125949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Free radicals lead to destruction in various organs of the organism. The improper use of antibiotics increases the formation of free radicals and causes oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of gentamicin, amoxicillin, and cefazolin antibiotics on the mouse heart. METHODS 20 male mice were divided into 4 groups (1st control, 2nd amoxicillin, 3rd cefazolin, and 4th gentamicin groups). The mice in the experimental groups were administered antibiotics intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 mg / kg for 6 days. The control group received normal saline in the same way. The gene expression levels and enzyme activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GST, and G6PD antioxidant enzymes were investigated. RESULTS GSH levels decreased in both the amoxicillin and cefazolin groups, while GR, CAT, and SOD enzyme activities increased. In the amoxicillin group, Gr, Gst, Cat, and Sod gene expression levels increased. CONCLUSION As a result, it was concluded that amoxicillin and cefazolin caused oxidative stress in the heart, however, gentamicin did not cause any effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Savcı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Enver Fehim Koçpınar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Mus Alparslan University, Mus, Turkey
| | - Harun Budak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Çiftci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Melda Şişecioğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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21
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Hyun DH. Plasma membrane redox enzymes: new therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:436-445. [PMID: 30919268 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by oxidative stress appears at early stages of aging and age-related diseases. Plasma membrane redox enzymes act in a compensatory manner to decrease oxidative stress and supply reductive capacity to ensure cell survival. Plasma membrane redox enzymes transfer electrons from NAD(P)H to oxidized ubiquinone and α-tocopherol, resulting in inhibition of further oxidative damage. Plasma membrane redox enzymes and their partners are affected by aging, leading to progression of neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. Up-regulating plasma membrane redox enzymes via calorie restriction and phytochemicals make cells more resistant to oxidative damage under stress conditions by maintaining redox homeostasis and improving mitochondrial function. Investigation into plasma membrane redox enzymes can provide mechanistic details underlying the relationships between plasma membrane redox enzymes and mitochondrial complexes and provide a good therapeutic target for prevention and delay of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hoon Hyun
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, South Korea.
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Desler C, Lillenes MS, Tønjum T, Rasmussen LJ. The Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019; 25:5578-5587. [PMID: 28618998 PMCID: PMC6446443 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170616110111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The current molecular understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has still not resulted in successful interventions. Mitochondrial dysfunction of the AD brain is currently emerging as a hallmark of this disease. One mitochondrial function often affected in AD is oxidative phosphorylation responsible for ATP production, but also for production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and for the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines. This paper reviews the role of mitochondrial produced ROS and pyrimidines in the aetiology of AD and their proposed role in oxidative degeneration of macromolecules, synthesis of essential phospholipids and maintenance of mitochondrial viability in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Desler
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Meryl S Lillenes
- Healthy Brain Aging Centre (HBAC), Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tone Tønjum
- Healthy Brain Aging Centre (HBAC), Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene Juel Rasmussen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Malandraki-Miller S, Lopez CA, Al-Siddiqi H, Carr CA. Changing Metabolism in Differentiating Cardiac Progenitor Cells-Can Stem Cells Become Metabolically Flexible Cardiomyocytes? Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:119. [PMID: 30283788 PMCID: PMC6157401 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is a metabolic omnivore and the adult heart selects the substrate best suited for each circumstance, with fatty acid oxidation preferred in order to fulfill the high energy demand of the contracting myocardium. The fetal heart exists in an hypoxic environment and obtains the bulk of its energy via glycolysis. After birth, the "fetal switch" to oxidative metabolism of glucose and fatty acids has been linked to the loss of the regenerative phenotype. Various stem cell types have been used in differentiation studies, but most are cultured in high glucose media. This does not change in the majority of cardiac differentiation protocols. Despite the fact that metabolic state affects marker expression and cellular function and activity, the substrate composition is currently being overlooked. In this review we discuss changes in cardiac metabolism during development, the various protocols used to differentiate progenitor cells to cardiomyocytes, what is known about stem cell metabolism and how consideration of metabolism can contribute toward maturation of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carolyn A. Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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24
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Childs BG, Li H, van Deursen JM. Senescent cells: a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1217-1228. [PMID: 29608141 DOI: 10.1172/jci95146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence, a major tumor-suppressive cell fate, has emerged from humble beginnings as an in vitro phenomenon into recognition as a fundamental mechanism of aging. In the process, senescent cells have attracted attention as a therapeutic target for age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Given the aging global population and the inadequacy of current medical management, attenuating the health care burden of CVD would be transformative to clinical practice. Here, we review the evidence that cellular senescence drives CVD in a bimodal fashion by both priming the aged cardiovascular system for disease and driving established disease forward. Hence, the growing field of senotherapy (neutralizing senescent cells for therapeutic benefit) is poised to contribute to both prevention and treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and
| | - Jan M van Deursen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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25
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Zhong C, Qiu H, Chen J, Liu H. Effects of volatile anesthetic preconditioning on expression of NFkB-regulated genes in aged rat myocardium. J Biomed Res 2017; 33:264. [PMID: 29569577 PMCID: PMC6813522 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.32.20170071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile anesthetic preconditioning has been shown to be a potent way to provide myocardium protection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, this cardioprotection is lost in senescent animal models and elderly patients. NFkB-regulated genes have been linked to myocardial I/R injury and anesthetic preconditioning. Here, we investigated NFkB activation related to anesthetic preconditioning in aging rat myocardium. Isolated, Langendorff perfused rat hearts from Fischer 344 male rats, 24 months old, were randomly assigned to one of the three groups. The hearts of the control group were perfused with physiologic solution without any intervention. The hearts in the I/R group were subjected to 25 minutes ischemia and followed by 60 minutes reperfusion. The hearts in the treatment group were subjected to 10 minutes 2.5% sevoflurane, followed by 20 minutes washout and by 25 minutes ischemia and 60 minutes of reperfusion, respectively. Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were measured. Western blot analysis was used to measure inhibitor of kB (IkB) and anti-apoptotic genes: A1, ILP, c-IAP-2, Bcl-2, caspase 8 and caspase 9. Ischemia and reperfusion significantly decreased LVDP and increased LVEDP in aged rat hearts. Anesthetic preconditioning with sevoflurane did not change the effects I/R on LVDP and LVEDP, despite the fact that after treatment with anesthetic preconditioning, the levels of IκB, A1, ILP, caspase 8 and caspase 9 were significantly different compared to those of the control hearts. In conclusion, anesthetic preconditioning with sevoflurane does not improve myocardial systolic and diastolic functions. Our results suggest that the activation of NFkB regulated genes is different in the senescent myocardium and could account for loss of cardioprotection with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Zhong
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Hong Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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26
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Garvin AM, Aurigemma NC, Hackenberger JL, Korzick DH. Age and ischemia differentially impact mitochondrial ultrastructure and function in a novel model of age-associated estrogen deficiency in the female rat heart. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:1591-1602. [PMID: 28776263 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Altered mitochondrial respiration, morphology, and quality control collectively contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction in the aged heart. Because myocardial infarction remains the leading cause of death in aged women, the present study utilized a novel rodent model to recapitulate human menopause to interrogate the combination of age and estrogen deficiency on mitochondrial ultrastructure and function with cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Female F344 rats were ovariectomized (OVX) at 15 months and studied at 24 months (MO OVX; n = 40) vs adult ovary intact (6 months; n = 41). Temporal declines in estrogen concomitant with increased visceral adipose tissue were observed in MO OVX vs adult. Following in vivo coronary artery ligation or sham surgery, state 3 mitochondrial respiration was selectively reduced by age in subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) and by I/R in interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM); left ventricular maximum dP/dt was reduced in MO OVX (p < 0.05). Elevated cyclophilin D and exacerbated I/R-induced mitochondrial acetylation in MO OVX suggest permeability transition pore involvement and reduced protection vs adult (p < 0.05). Mitochondrial morphology by TEM revealed an altered time course of autophagy coordinate with attenuated Drp1 and LC3BII protein levels with age-associated estrogen loss (p < 0.05). Here, reductions in both SSM and IFM function may play an additive role in enhanced susceptibility to regional I/R injury in aged estrogen-deficient female hearts. Moreover, novel insight into altered cardiac mitochondrial quality control garnered here begins to unravel the potentially important regulatory role of mitochondrial dynamics on sustaining respiratory function in the aged female heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Garvin
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University, 106 Noll Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nicole C Aurigemma
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University, 106 Noll Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jenna L Hackenberger
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Donna H Korzick
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University, 106 Noll Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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27
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Boengler K, Kosiol M, Mayr M, Schulz R, Rohrbach S. Mitochondria and ageing: role in heart, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:349-369. [PMID: 28432755 PMCID: PMC5476857 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is the most important risk factor for most diseases. Mitochondria play a central role in bioenergetics and metabolism. In addition, several lines of evidence indicate the impact of mitochondria in lifespan determination and ageing. The best-known hypothesis to explain ageing is the free radical theory, which proposes that cells, organs, and organisms age because they accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage over time. Mitochondria play a central role as the principle source of intracellular ROS, which are mainly formed at the level of complex I and III of the respiratory chain. Dysfunctional mitochondria generating less ATP have been observed in various aged organs. Mitochondrial dysfunction comprises different features including reduced mitochondrial content, altered mitochondrial morphology, reduced activity of the complexes of the electron transport chain, opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and increased ROS formation. Furthermore, abnormalities in mitochondrial quality control or defects in mitochondrial dynamics have also been linked to senescence. Among the tissues affected by mitochondrial dysfunction are those with a high-energy demand and thus high mitochondrial content. Therefore, the present review focuses on the impact of mitochondria in the ageing process of heart and skeletal muscle. In this article, we review different aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction and discuss potential therapeutic strategies to improve mitochondrial function. Finally, novel aspects of adipose tissue biology and their involvement in the ageing process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Boengler
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Maik Kosiol
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Rohrbach
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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28
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Lesnefsky EJ, Chen Q, Hoppel CL. Mitochondrial Metabolism in Aging Heart. Circ Res 2017; 118:1593-611. [PMID: 27174952 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.307505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Altered mitochondrial metabolism is the underlying basis for the increased sensitivity in the aged heart to stress. The aged heart exhibits impaired metabolic flexibility, with a decreased capacity to oxidize fatty acids and enhanced dependence on glucose metabolism. Aging impairs mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, with a greater role played by the mitochondria located between the myofibrils, the interfibrillar mitochondria. With aging, there is a decrease in activity of complexes III and IV, which account for the decrease in respiration. Furthermore, aging decreases mitochondrial content among the myofibrils. The end result is that in the interfibrillar area, there is ≈50% decrease in mitochondrial function, affecting all substrates. The defective mitochondria persist in the aged heart, leading to enhanced oxidant production and oxidative injury and the activation of oxidant signaling for cell death. Aging defects in mitochondria represent new therapeutic targets, whether by manipulation of the mitochondrial proteome, modulation of electron transport, activation of biogenesis or mitophagy, or the regulation of mitochondrial fission and fusion. These mechanisms provide new ways to attenuate cardiac disease in elders by preemptive treatment of age-related defects, in contrast to the treatment of disease-induced dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Lesnefsky
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pauley Heart Center (E.J.L, Q.C.), Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology and Biophsyics (E.J.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (E.J.L., Q.C.); Medical Service, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA (E.J.L.); and Departments of Pharmacology (C.L.H.) and Medicine (E.J.L., C.L.H.), Center for Mitochondrial Disease (C.L.H.), Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Qun Chen
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pauley Heart Center (E.J.L, Q.C.), Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology and Biophsyics (E.J.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (E.J.L., Q.C.); Medical Service, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA (E.J.L.); and Departments of Pharmacology (C.L.H.) and Medicine (E.J.L., C.L.H.), Center for Mitochondrial Disease (C.L.H.), Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Charles L Hoppel
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pauley Heart Center (E.J.L, Q.C.), Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology and Biophsyics (E.J.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (E.J.L., Q.C.); Medical Service, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA (E.J.L.); and Departments of Pharmacology (C.L.H.) and Medicine (E.J.L., C.L.H.), Center for Mitochondrial Disease (C.L.H.), Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.
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29
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Aging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 982:451-464. [PMID: 28551802 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the prime source of ATP in cardiomyocytes. Impairment of mitochondrial metabolism results in damage to existing proteins and DNA. Such deleterious effects are part and parcel of the aging process, reducing the ability of cardiomyocytes to counter stress, such as myocardial infarction and consequent reperfusion. In such conditions, mitochondria in the heart of aged individuals exhibit decreased oxidative phosphorylation, decreased ATP production, and increased net reactive oxygen species production; all of these effects are independent of the decrease in number of mitochondria that occurs in these situations. Rather than being associated with the mitochondrial population in toto, these defects are almost exclusively confined to those organelles positioned between myofibrils (interfibrillar mitochondria). It is in complex III and IV where these dysfunctional aspects are manifested. In an apparent effort to correct mitochondrial metabolic defects, affected organelles are to some extent eliminated by mitophagy; at the same time, new, unaffected organelles are generated by fission of mitochondria. Because these cardiac health issues are localized to specific mitochondria, these organelles offer potential targets for therapeutic approaches that could favorably affect the aging process in heart.
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30
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Zou D, Geng N, Chen Y, Ren L, Liu X, Wan J, Guo S, Wang S. Ranolazine improves oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in the atrium of acetylcholine-CaCl2 induced atrial fibrillation rats. Life Sci 2016; 156:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Murphy E, Ardehali H, Balaban RS, DiLisa F, Dorn GW, Kitsis RN, Otsu K, Ping P, Rizzuto R, Sack MN, Wallace D, Youle RJ. Mitochondrial Function, Biology, and Role in Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circ Res 2016; 118:1960-91. [PMID: 27126807 PMCID: PMC6398603 DOI: 10.1161/res.0000000000000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a major leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and elsewhere. Alterations in mitochondrial function are increasingly being recognized as a contributing factor in myocardial infarction and in patients presenting with cardiomyopathy. Recent understanding of the complex interaction of the mitochondria in regulating metabolism and cell death can provide novel insight and therapeutic targets. The purpose of this statement is to better define the potential role of mitochondria in the genesis of cardiovascular disease such as ischemia and heart failure. To accomplish this, we will define the key mitochondrial processes that play a role in cardiovascular disease that are potential targets for novel therapeutic interventions. This is an exciting time in mitochondrial research. The past decade has provided novel insight into the role of mitochondria function and their importance in complex diseases. This statement will define the key roles that mitochondria play in cardiovascular physiology and disease and provide insight into how mitochondrial defects can contribute to cardiovascular disease; it will also discuss potential biomarkers of mitochondrial disease and suggest potential novel therapeutic approaches.
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32
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Taegtmeyer H, Young ME, Lopaschuk GD, Abel ED, Brunengraber H, Darley-Usmar V, Des Rosiers C, Gerszten R, Glatz JF, Griffin JL, Gropler RJ, Holzhuetter HG, Kizer JR, Lewandowski ED, Malloy CR, Neubauer S, Peterson LR, Portman MA, Recchia FA, Van Eyk JE, Wang TJ. Assessing Cardiac Metabolism: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circ Res 2016; 118:1659-701. [PMID: 27012580 DOI: 10.1161/res.0000000000000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In a complex system of interrelated reactions, the heart converts chemical energy to mechanical energy. Energy transfer is achieved through coordinated activation of enzymes, ion channels, and contractile elements, as well as structural and membrane proteins. The heart's needs for energy are difficult to overestimate. At a time when the cardiovascular research community is discovering a plethora of new molecular methods to assess cardiac metabolism, the methods remain scattered in the literature. The present statement on "Assessing Cardiac Metabolism" seeks to provide a collective and curated resource on methods and models used to investigate established and emerging aspects of cardiac metabolism. Some of those methods are refinements of classic biochemical tools, whereas most others are recent additions from the powerful tools of molecular biology. The aim of this statement is to be useful to many and to do justice to a dynamic field of great complexity.
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33
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Brandenburg S, Arakel EC, Schwappach B, Lehnart SE. The molecular and functional identities of atrial cardiomyocytes in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:1882-93. [PMID: 26620800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atrial cardiomyocytes are essential for fluid homeostasis, ventricular filling, and survival, yet their cell biology and physiology are incompletely understood. It has become clear that the cell fate of atrial cardiomyocytes depends significantly on transcription programs that might control thousands of differentially expressed genes. Atrial muscle membranes propagate action potentials and activate myofilament force generation, producing overall faster contractions than ventricular muscles. While atria-specific excitation and contractility depend critically on intracellular Ca(2+) signalling, voltage-dependent L-type Ca(2+) channels and ryanodine receptor Ca(2+) release channels are each expressed at high levels similar to ventricles. However, intracellular Ca(2+) transients in atrial cardiomyocytes are markedly heterogeneous and fundamentally different from ventricular cardiomyocytes. In addition, differential atria-specific K(+) channel expression and trafficking confer unique electrophysiological and metabolic properties. Because diseased atria have the propensity to perpetuate fast arrhythmias, we discuss our understanding about the cell-specific mechanisms that lead to metabolic and/or mitochondrial dysfunction in atrial fibrillation. Interestingly, recent work identified potential atria-specific mechanisms that lead to early contractile dysfunction and metabolic remodelling, suggesting highly interdependent metabolic, electrical, and contractile pathomechanisms. Hence, the objective of this review is to provide an integrated model of atrial cardiomyocytes, from tissue-specific cell properties, intracellular metabolism, and excitation-contraction (EC) coupling to early pathological changes, in particular metabolic dysfunction and tissue remodelling due to atrial fibrillation and aging. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Brandenburg
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiology & Pulmonology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eric C Arakel
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Blanche Schwappach
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephan E Lehnart
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiology & Pulmonology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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34
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Tocchi A, Quarles EK, Basisty N, Gitari L, Rabinovitch PS. Mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac aging. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:1424-33. [PMID: 26191650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in most developed nations. While it has received the least public attention, aging is the dominant risk factor for developing cardiovascular diseases, as the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases increases dramatically with increasing age. Cardiac aging is an intrinsic process that results in impaired cardiac function, along with cellular and molecular changes. Mitochondria play a great role in these processes, as cardiac function is an energetically demanding process. In this review, we examine mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac aging. Recent research has demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction can disrupt morphology, signaling pathways, and protein interactions; conversely, mitochondrial homeostasis is maintained by mechanisms that include fission/fusion, autophagy, and unfolded protein responses. Finally, we describe some of the recent findings in mitochondrial targeted treatments to help meet the challenges of mitochondrial dysfunction in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn Tocchi
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, USA.
| | - Ellen K Quarles
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, USA.
| | - Nathan Basisty
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, USA.
| | - Lemuel Gitari
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, USA.
| | - Peter S Rabinovitch
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, USA.
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35
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Acetyl-L-carnitine increases mitochondrial protein acetylation in the aged rat heart. Mech Ageing Dev 2015; 145:39-50. [PMID: 25660059 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously we showed that in vivo treatment of elderly Fisher 344 rats with acetylcarnitine abolished the age-associated defect in respiratory chain complex III in interfibrillar mitochondria and improved the functional recovery of the ischemic/reperfused heart. Herein, we explored mitochondrial protein acetylation as a possible mechanism for acetylcarnitine's effect. In vivo treatment of elderly rats with acetylcarnitine restored cardiac acetylcarnitine content and increased mitochondrial protein lysine acetylation and increased the number of lysine-acetylated proteins in cardiac subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar mitochondria. Enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, mitochondrial β-oxidation, and ATP synthase of the respiratory chain showed the greatest acetylation. Acetylation of isocitrate dehydrogenase, long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, complex V, and aspartate aminotransferase was accompanied by decreased catalytic activity. Several proteins were found to be acetylated only after treatment with acetylcarnitine, suggesting that exogenous acetylcarnitine served as the acetyl-donor. Two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that acetylcarnitine treatment also induced changes in mitochondrial protein amount; a two-fold or greater increase/decrease in abundance was observed for thirty one proteins. Collectively, our data provide evidence for the first time that in the aged rat heart in vivo administration of acetylcarnitine provides acetyl groups for protein acetylation and affects the amount of mitochondrial proteins.
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36
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Fernandez-Sanz C, Ruiz-Meana M, Castellano J, Miro-Casas E, Nuñez E, Inserte J, Vázquez J, Garcia-Dorado D. Altered FoF1 ATP synthase and susceptibility to mitochondrial permeability transition pore during ischaemia and reperfusion in aging cardiomyocytes. Thromb Haemost 2015; 113:441-51. [PMID: 25631625 DOI: 10.1160/th14-10-0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a major determinant of the incidence and severity of ischaemic heart disease. Preclinical information suggests the existence of intrinsic cellular alterations that contribute to ischaemic susceptibility in senescent myocardium, by mechanisms not well established. We investigated the role of altered mitochondrial function in the adverse effect of aging. Isolated perfused hearts from old mice (> 20 months) displayed increased ischaemia-reperfusion injury as compared to hearts from adult mice (6 months) despite delayed onset of ischaemic rigor contracture. In cardiomyocytes from aging hearts there was a more rapid decline of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) as compared to young ones, but ischaemic rigor shortening was also delayed. Transient recovery of Δψm observed during ischaemia, secondary to the reversal of mitochondrial FoF1 ATP synthase to ATPase mode, was markedly reduced in aging cardiomyocytes. Proteomic analysis demonstrated increased oxidation of different subunits of ATP synthase. Altered bionergetics in aging cells was associated with reduced mitochondrial calcium uptake and more severe cytosolic calcium overload during ischaemia-reperfusion. Despite attenuated ROS burst and mitochondrial calcium overload, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and cell death was increased in reperfused aged cells. In vitro studies demonstrated a significantly reduced calcium retention capacity in interfibrillar mitochondria from aging hearts. Our results identify altered FoF1 ATP synthase and increased sensitivity of mitochondria to undergo mPTP opening as important determinants of the reduced tolerance to ischaemia-reperfusion in aging hearts. Because ATP synthase has been proposed to conform mPTP, it is tempting to hypothesise that oxidation of ATP synthase underlie both phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marisol Ruiz-Meana
- Marisol Ruiz-Meana, Cardiologia, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Pg Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Tel.: +34 93 489 4037, Fax:+34 93 489 4032, E-mail:
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Szeto HH, Birk AV. Serendipity and the discovery of novel compounds that restore mitochondrial plasticity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 96:672-83. [PMID: 25188726 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2014.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) plays a central role in energy generation in the cell. Mitochondrial dysfunctions diminish adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and result in insufficient energy to maintain cell function. As energy output declines, the most energetic tissues are preferentially affected. To satisfy cellular energy demands, the mitochondrial ETC needs to be able to elevate its capacity to produce ATP at times of increased metabolic demand or decreased fuel supply. This mitochondrial plasticity is reduced in many age-associated diseases. In this review, we describe the serendipitous discovery of a novel class of compounds that selectively target cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane to optimize efficiency of the ETC and thereby restore cellular bioenergetics in aging and diverse disease models, without any effect on the normal healthy organism. The first of these compounds, SS-31, is currently in multiple clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Szeto
- Research Program in Mitochondrial Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - A V Birk
- Research Program in Mitochondrial Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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Hollander JM, Thapa D, Shepherd DL. Physiological and structural differences in spatially distinct subpopulations of cardiac mitochondria: influence of cardiac pathologies. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H1-14. [PMID: 24778166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00747.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac tissue contains discrete pools of mitochondria that are characterized by their subcellular spatial arrangement. Subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) exist below the cell membrane, interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM) reside in rows between the myofibrils, and perinuclear mitochondria are situated at the nuclear poles. Microstructural imaging of heart tissue coupled with the development of differential isolation techniques designed to sequentially separate spatially distinct mitochondrial subpopulations have revealed differences in morphological features including shape, absolute size, and internal cristae arrangement. These findings have been complemented by functional studies indicating differences in biochemical parameters and, potentially, functional roles for the ATP generated, based upon subcellular location. Consequently, mitochondrial subpopulations appear to be influenced differently during cardiac pathologies including ischemia/reperfusion, heart failure, aging, exercise, and diabetes mellitus. These influences may be the result of specific structural and functional disparities between mitochondrial subpopulations such that the stress elicited by a given cardiac insult differentially impacts subcellular locales and the mitochondria contained within. The goal of this review is to highlight some of the inherent structural and functional differences that exist between spatially distinct cardiac mitochondrial subpopulations as well as provide an overview of the differential impact of various cardiac pathologies on spatially distinct mitochondrial subpopulations. As an outcome, we will instill a basis for incorporating subcellular spatial location when evaluating the impact of cardiac pathologies on the mitochondrion. Incorporation of subcellular spatial location may offer the greatest potential for delineating the influence of cardiac pathology on this critical organelle.
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Mourmoura E, Couturier K, Hininger-Favier I, Malpuech-Brugère C, Azarnoush K, Richardson M, Demaison L. Functional changes of the coronary microvasculature with aging regarding glucose tolerance, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9670. [PMID: 24994535 PMCID: PMC4150905 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9670-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at characterizing the functional progression of the endothelial (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the coronary microvasculature between youth and old age, as well as at determining the mechanisms of the observed changes on the basis of the glucose tolerance, mitochondrial energy metabolism, and oxidative stress. Male rats were divided into four age groups (3, 6, 11, and 17 months for the young (Y), young adult (YA), middle-aged (MA), and old (O) animals). The cardiac mechanical function, endothelial-dependent dilatation (EDD) and endothelial-independent dilatation (EID) of the coronary microvasculature were determined in a Langendorff preparation. The mitochondrial respiration and H2O2 production were evaluated and completed by ex vivo measurements of oxidative stress. EDD progressively decreased from youth to old age. The relaxation properties of the SMCs, although high in the Y rats, decreased drastically between youth and young adulthood and stabilized thereafter, paralleling the reduction of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The ECs dilatation activity, low at youth, was stimulated in YA animals and returned to their initial level at middle age. That parameter followed faithfully the progression of the amount of active cardiac endothelial nitric oxide synthase and whole body glucose intolerance. In conclusion, the progressive decrease in EDD occurring with aging is due to different functional behaviors of the ECs and SMCs, which appear to be associated with the systemic glucose intolerance and cardiac energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Mourmoura
- />Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, INSERM U1055, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 09, France
| | - Karine Couturier
- />Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, INSERM U1055, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 09, France
| | - Isabelle Hininger-Favier
- />Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, INSERM U1055, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 09, France
| | - Corinne Malpuech-Brugère
- />Unité de Nutrition Humaine, INRA, UMR 1019, Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Kasra Azarnoush
- />Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Heart Surgery Department, G. Montpied Hospital, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Melanie Richardson
- />Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Luc Demaison
- />Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, INSERM U1055, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 09, France
- />Unité de Nutrition Humaine, INRA, UMR 1019, Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Shekar KC, Li L, Dabkowski ER, Xu W, Ribeiro RF, Hecker PA, Recchia FA, Sadygov RG, Willard B, Kasumov T, Stanley WC. Cardiac mitochondrial proteome dynamics with heavy water reveals stable rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis in heart failure despite decline in mitochondrial oxidative capacity. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 75:88-97. [PMID: 24995939 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We recently developed a method to measure mitochondrial proteome dynamics with heavy water ((2)H2O)-based metabolic labeling and high resolution mass spectrometry. We reported the half-lives and synthesis rates of several proteins in the two cardiac mitochondrial subpopulations, subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar (SSM and IFM), in Sprague Dawley rats. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the mitochondrial protein synthesis rate is reduced in heart failure, with possible differential changes in SSM versus IFM. Six to seven week old male Sprague Dawley rats underwent transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and developed moderate heart failure after 22weeks. Heart failure and sham rats of the same age received heavy water (5% in drinking water) for up to 80days. Cardiac SSM and IFM were isolated from both groups and the proteins were separated by 1D gel electrophoresis. Heart failure reduced protein content and increased the turnover rate of several proteins involved in fatty acid oxidation, electron transport chain and ATP synthesis, while it decreased the turnover of other proteins, including pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit in IFM, but not in SSM. Because of these bidirectional changes, the average overall half-life of proteins was not altered by heart failure in both SSM and IFM. The kinetic measurements of individual mitochondrial proteins presented in this study may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for mitochondrial alterations in the failing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling Li
- Proteomics Core, Department of Research Core Services, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Erinne R Dabkowski
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wenhong Xu
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Peter A Hecker
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fabio A Recchia
- Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rovshan G Sadygov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics Core, Department of Research Core Services, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - William C Stanley
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Anderson Stuart Building (F13) Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
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Szeto HH. First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2029-50. [PMID: 24117165 PMCID: PMC3976620 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A decline in energy is common in aging, and the restoration of mitochondrial bioenergetics may offer a common approach for the treatment of numerous age-associated diseases. Cardiolipin is a unique phospholipid that is exclusively expressed on the inner mitochondrial membrane where it plays an important structural role in cristae formation and the organization of the respiratory complexes into supercomplexes for optimal oxidative phosphorylation. The interaction between cardiolipin and cytochrome c determines whether cytochrome c acts as an electron carrier or peroxidase. Cardiolipin peroxidation and depletion have been reported in a variety of pathological conditions associated with energy deficiency, and cardiolipin has been identified as a target for drug development. This review focuses on the discovery and development of the first cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent. SS-31 is a member of the Szeto-Schiller (SS) peptides known to selectively target the inner mitochondrial membrane. SS-31 binds selectively to cardiolipin via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. By interacting with cardiolipin, SS-31 prevents cardiolipin from converting cytochrome c into a peroxidase while protecting its electron carrying function. As a result, SS-31 protects the structure of mitochondrial cristae and promotes oxidative phosphorylation. SS-31 represents a new class of compounds that can recharge the cellular powerhouse and restore bioenergetics. Extensive animal studies have shown that targeting such a fundamental mechanism can benefit highly complex diseases that share a common pathogenesis of bioenergetics failure. This review summarizes the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of SS-31 and provides an update of its clinical development programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel H Szeto
- Research Program in Mitochondrial Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew York, NY, USA
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Boudina S. Cardiac aging and insulin resistance: could insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling be used as a therapeutic target? Curr Pharm Des 2014; 19:5684-94. [PMID: 23448491 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319320004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic cardiac aging is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is associated with structural and functional changes that impede cardiac responses to stress and to cardio-protective mechanisms. Although systemic insulin resistance and the associated risk factors exacerbate cardiac aging, cardiac-specific insulin resistance without confounding systemic alterations, could prevent cardiac aging. Thus, strategies aimed to reduce insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling in the heart prevent cardiac aging in lower organisms and in mammals but the mechanisms underlying this protection are not fully understood. In this review, we describe the impact of aging on the cardiovascular system and discuss the mounting evidence that reduced insulin/IGF signaling in the heart could alleviate age-associated alterations and preserve cardiac performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Boudina
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Program in Human Molecular Biology & Genetics, 15 N 2030 E Bldg # 533 Rm. 3410B, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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Huang HH, Shao ZH, Li CQ, Vanden Hoek TL, Li J. Baicalein Protects Cardiomyocytes Against Mitochondrial Oxidant Injury Associated with JNK Inhibition and Mitochondrial Akt Activation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 42:79-94. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Baicalein, a flavonoid derived from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, possesses cardioprotection against oxidant injury by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Few studies investigate whether baicalein protection is mediated by attenuating mitochondrial ROS and modulating the prosurvival and proapoptotic signaling. Primary cultured chick cardiomyocytes were used to study the role of baicalein in mitochondrial superoxide [Formula: see text] generation and signaling of Akt and JNK. Cells were exposed to H 2 O 2 for 2 h and baicalein was given 2 h prior to and during 2 h of H 2 O 2 exposure. Cell viability was assessed by propidium iodide and DNA fragmentation. H 2 O 2 (500 μM) significantly induced 45.3 ± 6.2% of cell death compared to the control (p < 0.001) and resulted in DNA laddering. Baicalein (10, 25 or 50 μM) dose-dependently reduced the cell death to 38.7 ± 5.6% (p = 0.226); 31.2 ± 3.9% (p < 0.01); 30.3 ± 5.3% (p < 0.01), respectively. It also attenuated DNA laddering. Further, baicalein decreased intracellular ROS and mitochondrial [Formula: see text] generation that was confirmed by superoxide dismutase PEG-SOD and mitochondria electron transport chain complex III inhibitor stigmatellin. In addition, baicalein increased Akt phosphorylation and decreased JNK phosphorylation in H 2 O 2-exposed cells. Moreover, baicalein augmented mitochondrial phosphorylation of Akt Thr308 and GSK3β Ser9, and prevented mitochondrial cytochrome c release assessed by cellular fractionation. Our results suggest that baicalein cardioprotection may involve an attenuation of mitochondrial [Formula: see text] and an increase in mitochondrial phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β while decreasing JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Hao Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zuo-Hui Shao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Chang-Qing Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Terry L. Vanden Hoek
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Salabei JK, Gibb AA, Hill BG. Comprehensive measurement of respiratory activity in permeabilized cells using extracellular flux analysis. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:421-38. [PMID: 24457333 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular flux (XF) analysis has become a mainstream method for measuring mitochondrial function in cells and tissues. Although this technique is commonly used to measure bioenergetics in intact cells, we outline here a detailed XF protocol for measuring respiration in permeabilized cells. Cells are permeabilized using saponin (SAP), digitonin (DIG) or recombinant perfringolysin O (rPFO) (XF-plasma membrane permeabilizer (PMP) reagent), and they are provided with specific substrates to measure complex I- or complex II-mediated respiratory activity, complex III+IV respiratory activity or complex IV activity. Medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines or glutamine may also be provided for measuring fatty acid (FA) oxidation or glutamine oxidation, respectively. This protocol uses a minimal number of cells compared with other protocols and does not require isolation of mitochondria. The results are highly reproducible, and mitochondria remain well coupled. Collectively, this protocol provides comprehensive and detailed information regarding mitochondrial activity and efficiency, and, after preparative steps, it takes 6-8 h to complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Salabei
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Andrew A Gibb
- 1] Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA. [2] Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Bradford G Hill
- 1] Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA. [2] Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA. [3] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Ischemic preconditioning protects cardiomyocyte mitochondria through mechanisms independent of cytosol. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 68:79-88. [PMID: 24434643 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in the protection conferred by ischemic preconditioning (IP) by not fully elucidated mechanisms. We investigated whether IP protects mitochondria against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury through mechanisms independent of cytosolic signaling. In isolated rat hearts, sublethal IR increased superoxide production and reduced complex-I- and II-mediated respiration in subsarcolemmal (SS), but not interfibrillar (IF) mitochondria. This effect of IR on mitochondrial respiration was significantly attenuated by IP. Similar results were obtained in isolated cardiac mitochondria subjected to in vitro IR. The reduction in SS mitochondrial respiration in the heart and in vitro model was paralleled by an increase in oxidized cysteine residues, which was also prevented by IP. IP was also protective in mitochondria submitted to lethal IR. The protective effect of IP against respiratory failure was unaffected by inhibition of mitochondrial KATP channels or mitochondrial permeability transition. However, IP protection was lost in mitochondria from genetically-modified animals in which connexin-43, a protein present in SS but not IF mitochondria, was replaced by connexin-32. Our results demonstrate the existence of a protective mitochondrial mechanism or "mitochondrial preconditioning" independent of cytosol that confers protection against IR-induced respiratory failure and oxidative damage, and requires connexin-43.
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Gao XH, Qanungo S, Pai HV, Starke DW, Steller KM, Fujioka H, Lesnefsky EJ, Kerner J, Rosca MG, Hoppel CL, Mieyal JJ. Aging-dependent changes in rat heart mitochondrial glutaredoxins--Implications for redox regulation. Redox Biol 2013; 1:586-98. [PMID: 25126518 PMCID: PMC4127417 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and animal studies have documented that hearts of the elderly are more susceptible to ischemia/reperfusion damage compared to young adults. Recently we found that aging-dependent increase in susceptibility of cardiomyocytes to apoptosis was attributable to decrease in cytosolic glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) and concomitant decrease in NF-κB-mediated expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Besides primary localization in the cytosol, Grx1 also exists in the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS). In contrast, Grx2 is confined to the mitochondrial matrix. Here we report that Grx1 is decreased by 50–60% in the IMS, but Grx2 is increased by 1.4–2.6 fold in the matrix of heart mitochondria from elderly rats. Determination of in situ activities of the Grx isozymes from both subsarcolemmal (SSM) and interfibrillar (IFM) mitochondria revealed that Grx1 was fully active in the IMS. However, Grx2 was mostly in an inactive form in the matrix, consistent with reversible sequestration of the active-site cysteines of two Grx2 molecules in complex with an iron–sulfur cluster. Our quantitative evaluations of the active/inactive ratio for Grx2 suggest that levels of dimeric Grx2 complex with iron–sulfur clusters are increased in SSM and IFM in the hearts of elderly rats. We found that the inactive Grx2 can be fully reactivated by sodium dithionite or exogenous superoxide production mediated by xanthine oxidase. However, treatment with rotenone, which generates intramitochondrial superoxide through inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain Complex I, did not lead to Grx2 activation. These findings suggest that insufficient ROS accumulates in the vicinity of dimeric Grx2 to activate it in situ. Glutaredoxins play key roles in cellular redox regulation, which is sensitive to aging-dependent dysregulation. Grx1 is diminished in the intermembrane space of mitochondria from aged heart; matrix Grx2 is increased but mostly in an inactive form. The inactive Grx2 is selectively activated by superoxide. Mitochondrial glutaredoxin changes may contribute to dysregulation of redox homeostasis during aging. Changes in in situ activities of heart mitochondrial Grx1 and Grx2 with aging provide mechanistic insights for future studies.
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Key Words
- Aging
- Cys-SSG, l-cysteine–glutathione mixed disulfide
- DT, sodium dithionite
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GSSG, glutathione disulfide
- Glutaredoxin
- Glutathionylation
- Grx, glutaredoxin
- IFM, Heart interfibrillar mitochondria
- Iron–sulfur cluster
- Mitochondria
- Mn-TMPyP, Mn(III) tetrakis (1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin
- Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
- Redox regulation
- SSM, heart subsarcolemmal mitochondria
- t-Bid, caspase-8-cleaved human BID
- tetratosylate, hydroxide
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Huang Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Suparna Qanungo
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Harish V Pai
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - David W Starke
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kelly M Steller
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA ; Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Research Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hisashi Fujioka
- Center for Mitochondrial Disease, Division of Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Edward J Lesnefsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Janos Kerner
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA ; Center for Mitochondrial Disease, Division of Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mariana G Rosca
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA ; Center for Mitochondrial Disease, Division of Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Charles L Hoppel
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA ; Center for Mitochondrial Disease, Division of Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA ; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - John J Mieyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA ; Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Research Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Hardeland R. Melatonin and the theories of aging: a critical appraisal of melatonin's role in antiaging mechanisms. J Pineal Res 2013; 55:325-56. [PMID: 24112071 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The classic theories of aging such as the free radical theory, including its mitochondria-related versions, have largely focused on a few specific processes of senescence. Meanwhile, numerous interconnections have become apparent between age-dependent changes previously thought to proceed more or less independently. Increased damage by free radicals is not only linked to impairments of mitochondrial function, but also to inflammaging as it occurs during immune remodeling and by release of proinflammatory cytokines from mitotically arrested, DNA-damaged cells that exhibit the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Among other effects, SASP can cause mutations in stem cells that reduce the capacity for tissue regeneration or, in worst case, lead to cancer stem cells. Oxidative stress has also been shown to promote telomere attrition. Moreover, damage by free radicals is connected to impaired circadian rhythmicity. Another nexus exists between cellular oscillators and metabolic sensing, in particular to the aging-suppressor SIRT1, which acts as an accessory clock protein. Melatonin, being a highly pleiotropic regulator molecule, interacts directly or indirectly with all the processes mentioned. These influences are critically reviewed, with emphasis on data from aged organisms and senescence-accelerated animals. The sometimes-controversial findings obtained either in a nongerontological context or in comparisons of tumor with nontumor cells are discussed in light of evidence obtained in senescent organisms. Although, in mammals, lifetime extension by melatonin has been rarely documented in a fully conclusive way, a support of healthy aging has been observed in rodents and is highly likely in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Singh AK, Pandey P, Tewari M, Pandey HP, Shukla HS. Human mitochondrial genome flaws and risk of cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:329-34. [PMID: 25204536 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2013.796520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria perform significant roles in cellular energy metabolism. Among others, these functions include free radicals generation, control of cell death, growth, development, integration of signals from mitochondria to nucleus and nucleus to mitochondria, and various metabolic pathways. The biological impact of a given mutation may vary, depending on the nature of the mutation and the proportion of mutant mtDNAs carried by the cell. Identification of mtDNA mutations in precancerous lesions supports their early contribution to cell transformation and cancer progression. Introduction of mtDNA mutations in transformed cells has been associated with increased ROS production and tumor growth. Studies reveal that increased and altered mtDNA plays a role in the development of cancer but further work is required to establish the functional significance of specific mitochondrial mutations in cancer and disease progression. This review briefly summarizes the recent progress in this field.
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Marzetti E, Csiszar A, Dutta D, Balagopal G, Calvani R, Leeuwenburgh C. Role of mitochondrial dysfunction and altered autophagy in cardiovascular aging and disease: from mechanisms to therapeutics. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H459-76. [PMID: 23748424 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00936.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advanced age is associated with a disproportionate prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Intrinsic alterations in the heart and the vasculature occurring over the life course render the cardiovascular system more vulnerable to various stressors in late life, ultimately favoring the development of CVD. Several lines of evidence indicate mitochondrial dysfunction as a major contributor to cardiovascular senescence. Besides being less bioenergetically efficient, damaged mitochondria also produce increased amounts of reactive oxygen species, with detrimental structural and functional consequences for the cardiovascular system. The age-related accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondrial likely results from the combination of impaired clearance of damaged organelles by autophagy and inadequate replenishment of the cellular mitochondrial pool by mitochondriogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about relevant mechanisms and consequences of age-related mitochondrial decay and alterations in mitochondrial quality control in the cardiovascular system. The involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular conditions especially prevalent in late life and the emerging connections with neurodegeneration are also illustrated. Special emphasis is placed on recent discoveries on the role played by alterations in mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission), mitophagy, and their interconnections in the context of age-related CVD and endothelial dysfunction. Finally, we discuss pharmacological interventions targeting mitochondrial dysfunction to delay cardiovascular aging and manage CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Marzetti
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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Effects of caloric restriction on cardiac oxidative stress and mitochondrial bioenergetics: potential role of cardiac sirtuins. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:528935. [PMID: 23577224 PMCID: PMC3614061 DOI: 10.1155/2013/528935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The biology of aging has not been fully clarified, but the free radical theory of aging is one of the strongest aging theories proposed to date. The free radical theory has been expanded to the oxidative stress theory, in which mitochondria play a central role in the development of the aging process because of their critical roles in bioenergetics, oxidant production, and regulation of cell death. A decline in cardiac mitochondrial function associated with the accumulation of oxidative damage might be responsible, at least in part, for the decline in cardiac performance with age. In contrast, lifelong caloric restriction can attenuate functional decline with age, delay the onset of morbidity, and extend lifespan in various species. The effect of caloric restriction appears to be related to a reduction in cellular damage induced by reactive oxygen species. There is increasing evidence that sirtuins play an essential role in the reduction of mitochondrial oxidative stress during caloric restriction. We speculate that cardiac sirtuins attenuate the accumulation of oxidative damage associated with age by modifying specific mitochondrial proteins posttranscriptionally. Therefore, the distinct role of each sirtuin in the heart subjected to caloric restriction should be clarified to translate sirtuin biology into clinical practice.
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