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Yoon JK, Kim DH, Kang ML, Jang HK, Park HJ, Lee JB, Yi SW, Kim HS, Baek S, Park DB, You J, Lee SD, Sei Y, Ahn SI, Shin YM, Kim CS, Bae S, Kim Y, Sung HJ. Anti-Atherogenic Effect of Stem Cell Nanovesicles Targeting Disturbed Flow Sites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000012. [PMID: 32239653 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis development leads to irreversible cascades, highlighting the unmet need for improved methods of early diagnosis and prevention. Disturbed flow formation is one of the earliest atherogenic events, resulting in increased endothelial permeability and subsequent monocyte recruitment. Here, a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived nanovesicle (NV) that can target disturbed flow sites with the peptide GSPREYTSYMPH (PREY) (PMSC-NVs) is presented which is selected through phage display screening of a hundred million peptides. The PMSC-NVs are effectively produced from human MSCs (hMSCs) using plasmid DNA designed to functionalize the cell membrane with PREY. The potent anti-inflammatory and pro-endothelial recovery effects are confirmed, similar to those of hMSCs, employing mouse and porcine partial carotid artery ligation models as well as a microfluidic disturbed flow model with human carotid artery-derived endothelial cells. This nanoscale platform is expected to contribute to the development of new theragnostic strategies for preventing the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Kee Yoon
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Lan Kang
- TMD LAB Co., Ltd, Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ki Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Park
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30313, USA
| | - Jung Bok Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Won Yi
- TMD LAB Co., Ltd, Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sewoom Baek
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dan Bi Park
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin You
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yoshitaka Sei
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30313, USA
| | - Song Ih Ahn
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30313, USA
| | - Young Min Shin
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sangsu Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - YongTae Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience (IBB), Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology (IEN), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30313, USA
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Özütemiz C, Roshan SK, Kroll NJ, Rykken JB, Ott F, McKinney AM. Concomitant Acute Toxic Leukoencephalopathy and Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome. J Neuroimaging 2018; 28:535-541. [PMID: 29797465 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and acute toxic leukoencephalopathy (ATL) are both potentially reversible clinicoradiologic entities. Although their magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings differ, rarely both may occur simultaneously in acutely encephalopathic patients. Our aim was to determine the incidence and causes of concomitant "ATL-PRES." METHODS Retrospective search of suspected acutely encephalopathic adults since 1998 throughout our picture archiving and communication system revealed 167 patients with PRES and 106 patients with ATL. Images of these patients were retrospectively evaluated by two neuroradiologists and a fellow to identify the cases which carry both features of PRES and ATL. Imaging findings were scored based on previously reported scoring system as mild, moderate, and severe. The clinical outcome of the patients was determined according to the modified Rankin scale. RESULTS Our search revealed a series of 6 patients (%2.2) in 273 patients who presented acutely with either encephalopathy or seizures, caused by various etiologies, including immunosuppression following transplantation (n = 2), hypertensive crisis (n = 2), chemotherapy (n = 1), and sepsis (n = 1). MRI demonstrated findings consistent with both PRES and ATL simultaneously on FLAIR and diffusion weighted imaging. Severity of imaging findings of concomitant "ATL-PRES" was concordant with each other (rho ≈ 1.0, P < .00001), and each patient eventually returned to clinical baseline. This finding, along with their similar etiologies, raises the possibility of an underlying common pathophysiologic thread, perhaps being endothelial toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Concomitant "ATL-PRES" was found in 2.2% of the patients in a large cohort of ATL and PRES. Etiologies varied. Clinical symptoms and MRI findings were potentially reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Özütemiz
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | - Jeffrey B Rykken
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Frederick Ott
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Sawabe T, Imafuku S. Cyclosporin-induced cortical blindness in a patient with dermatomyositis. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-004-0307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
BMP9 signaling has been implicated in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) and vascular remodeling, acting via the HHT target genes, endoglin and ALK1. This study sought to identify endothelial BMP9-regulated proteins that could affect the HHT phenotype. Gene ontology analysis of cDNA microarray data obtained after BMP9 treatment of primary human endothelial cells indicated regulation of chemokine, adhesion, and inflammation pathways. These responses included the up-regulation of the chemokine CXCL12/SDF1 and down-regulation of its receptor CXCR4. Quantitative mass spectrometry identified additional secreted proteins, including the chemokine CXCL10/IP10. RNA knockdown of endoglin and ALK1 impaired SDF1/CXCR4 regulation by BMP9. Because of the association of SDF1 with ischemia, we analyzed its expression under hypoxia in response to BMP9 in vitro, and during the response to hindlimb ischemia, in endoglin-deficient mice. BMP9 and hypoxia were additive inducers of SDF1 expression. Moreover, the data suggest that endoglin deficiency impaired SDF1 expression in endothelial cells in vivo. Our data implicate BMP9 in regulation of the SDF1/CXCR4 chemokine axis in endothelial cells and point to a role for BMP9 signaling via endoglin in a switch from an SDF1-responsive autocrine phenotype to an SDF1 nonresponsive paracrine state that represses endothelial cell migration and may promote vessel maturation.
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Um JY, Rim HK, Kim SJ, Kim HL, Hong SH. Functional polymorphism of IL-1 alpha and its potential role in obesity in humans and mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29524. [PMID: 22216303 PMCID: PMC3246492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines secreted from adipose tissue contribute to the morbidity associated with obesity. IL-1α is one of the proinflammatory cytokines; however, it has not been clarified whether IL-1α may also cause obesity. In this study, we investigated whether polymorphisms in IL-1α contribute to human obesity. A total of 260 obese subjects were genotyped for IL-1α C-889T (rs1800587) and IL-1α G+4845T (rs17561). Analyses of genotype distributions revealed that both IL-1α polymorphisms C-889T (rs1800587) and G+4845T (rs17561) were associated with an increase in body mass index in obese healthy women. In addition, the effect of rs1800587 on the transcriptional activity of IL-1α was explored in pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 cells. Significant difference was found between the rs1800587 polymorphism in the regulatory region of the IL-1α gene and transcriptional activity. We extended these observations in vivo to a high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model and in vitro to pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 cells. IL-1α levels were dramatically augmented in obese mice, and triglyceride was increased 12 hours after IL-1α injection. Taken together, IL-1α treatment regulated the differentiation of preadipocytes. IL-1α C-889T (rs1800587) is a functional polymorphism of IL-1α associated with obesity. IL-1α may have a critical function in the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Um
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Burciaga-Nava JA, Reyes-Romero MA, Avelar-González FJ, Guerrero-Barrera AL. Establishment and characterization of porcine aortic endothelial cell cultures with prolonged replicative lifespan by a non-enzymatic method. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2008; 45:15-8. [PMID: 18830773 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-008-9146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was the establishment and characterization of porcine aortic endothelial cell cultures with prolonged lifespan. Endothelial cells where isolated from porcine thoracic aorta and established in primary culture; after sub cultivation, the cells showed typical morphology of endothelial phenotype with cobblestone appearance and growth in monolayer; they were positive against anti-CD31 and anti-CD54 immunostaining and Ac-LDL-Dil uptake. The cells were able to migrate in culture and showed a normal growth curve. The phenotype of our in vitro model of endothelial cells was stable through subcultivation; so, it should be a valuable tool for diverse studies of the endothelial response against physiological and pathological stimulus, particularly it could be useful to study interactions of endothelium with pathogenic bacteria causing diseases in pigs, as they are difficult to study in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Burciaga-Nava
- Basic Sciences Center, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
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LaSpina M, Tripathi S, Gatto LA, Bruch D, Maier KG, Kittur DS. An interleukin-6-neutralizing antibody prevents cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. J Surg Res 2008; 148:121-5. [PMID: 18561950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.12.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic use of cyclosporine A (CyA) induces nephrotoxicity primarily due to endothelial dysfunction. In our previous studies, potential mechanisms were identified in vitro and implicated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as key components in causing endothelial dysfunction. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that NADPH oxidase activity and IL-6 are key components in renal damage in an in vivo model. METHODS Male mice C57B/6 mice from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) at 6-8 wks were subjected to a low-salt diet throughout the trial. After 1 week on a low-salt diet, the mice were injected daily with treatments in 50 muL vehicle composed of 75% cremaphor (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and ethanol for 5 wks. A vehicle-alone group was also set aside. Mice were weighed and 25 mg/kg/day cyclosporine (Novartis Pharma, St. Louis, MO) was injected daily. Apocynin (Calbiochem, Gibbstown, NJ) 20 mg/kg were injected either alone or concomitantly with CyA. Another group of mice were administered IL-6 antibody (Cat no. MAB406; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) at 2 mug/day along with CyA. The kidneys were removed en bloc immediately and submitted in formalin for paraffin sections. Trichrome stains were performed. Slides were blinded and 10 photographs of cortical areas per treatment group were taken, which covered an estimate of 10% surface area in random fashion. Areas of renal damage, which were determined by tubular necrosis, were identified and quantified by amount of necrosis per photograph. Each photograph was divided into 10 blocks, and the number of blocks that contained necrotic tubules per photo was recorded. RESULTS The two control mice (low salt only) had no damage. The four vehicle mice had trace amounts of tubular necrosis. CyA treatment group demonstrated the highest amount of damage (29/70; 41%). CyA with apocynin, a specific NADPH oxidase inhibitor, was found to have 36% (22/60) damage, whereas the CyA with IL-6 antibody only was observed to have 15% (6/40) damage. Comparing imaging analysis, there was no difference between mice treated with CyA alone and with CyA with apocynin. However, the amount of damage in mice treated with CyA and IL-6 antibody was found to be significantly lower than both CyA and CyA with apocynin. CONCLUSIONS CyA action as a calcineurin inhibitor has allowed prolongation of kidney transplants, but its chronic use has led to devastating consequences such as allograft nephropathy. Previously, we have identified potential mechanisms of CyA-induced endothelial dysfunction in vitro. The current study identifies increased IL-6 expression as a mechanism by which CyA induces renal damage and that the use of an IL-6-neutralizing antibody may be useful in reducing CyA-induced renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark LaSpina
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, St. Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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McKinney AM, Short J, Truwit CL, McKinney ZJ, Kozak OS, SantaCruz KS, Teksam M. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: incidence of atypical regions of involvement and imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189:904-12. [PMID: 17885064 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.07.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is classically characterized as symmetric parietooccipital edema but may occur in other distributions with varying imaging appearances. This study determines the incidence of atypical and typical regions of involvement and unusual imaging manifestations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-six patients were eventually included as having confirmed PRES from 111 initially suspected cases, per imaging and clinical follow-up. Two neuroradiologists retrospectively reviewed each MR image. Standard sequences were unenhanced FLAIR and T1- and T2-weighted images in all patients, with diffusion-weighted imaging (n = 75) and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging (n = 69) in most. The regions involved were recorded on the basis of FLAIR findings, and the presence of atypical imaging findings (contrast enhancement, restricted diffusion, hemorrhage) was correlated with the severity (extent) of hyperintensity or mass effect on FLAIR. RESULTS The incidence of regions of involvement was parietooccipital, 98.7%; posterior frontal, 78.9%; temporal, 68.4%; thalamus, 30.3%; cerebellum, 34.2%; brainstem, 18.4%; and basal ganglia, 11.8%. The incidence of less common manifestations was enhancement, 37.7%; restricted diffusion, 17.3%; hemorrhage, 17.1%; and a newly described unilateral variant, 2.6%. Poor correlation was found between edema severity and enhancement (r = 0.072), restricted diffusion (r = 0.271), hemorrhage (r = 0.267), blood pressure (systolic, r = 0.13; diastolic, r = 0.02). Potentially new PRES causes included contrast-related anaphylaxis and alcohol withdrawal. CONCLUSION This large series of PRES cases shows that atypical distributions and imaging manifestations of PRES have a higher incidence than commonly perceived, and atypical manifestations do not correlate well with the edema severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M McKinney
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Kamari Y, Werman-Venkert R, Shaish A, Werman A, Harari A, Gonen A, Voronov E, Grosskopf I, Sharabi Y, Grossman E, Iwakura Y, Dinarello CA, Apte RN, Harats D. Differential role and tissue specificity of interleukin-1alpha gene expression in atherogenesis and lipid metabolism. Atherosclerosis 2006; 195:31-8. [PMID: 17173923 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the role of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta expressed by bone marrow-derived cells in atherogenesis and lipid metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS We first studied the effect of atherogenic diet on wild-type C57BL/6 IL-1alpha or IL-1beta deficient mice. IL-1alpha KO resulted in a comparatively higher total cholesterol levels, compared to WT and IL-1beta KO mice (398+/-10; 266+/-19; 223+/-13 mg/dl, respectively, p<0.001), due to higher non-HDL cholesterol. Nevertheless, aortic sinus lesion area was 56% lower in IL-1alpha KO (p<0.05) and 50% lower in IL-1beta KO (p=0.08), compared to WT mice. Likewise, SAA levels in IL-1alpha KO mice were markedly lower compared to WT and IL-1beta KO mice (31+/-14; 220+/-33 and 106+/-39 microg/ml, respectively, p<0.001). To study the specific role of bone marrow-derived IL-1, irradiated C57BL/6 mice were transplanted with either IL-1+/+, IL-1alpha-/- or IL-1beta-/- bone marrow cells. Despite similar lipoprotein levels, aortic sinus lesion area was 59% lower in IL-1alpha-/- transplanted (p<0.05) compared to IL-1+/+ transplanted mice. Lesion area in IL-1beta-/- was 33% lower than in IL-1+/+ recipient mice, but it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that early lesion formation is accelerated specifically by bone marrow-derived IL-1alpha. Furthermore, we showed that the expression of IL-1alpha in cells other than the bone marrow plays a significant role in non-HDL cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Kamari
- Institute of Lipid and Atherosclerosis Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
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Ben-Yosef Y, Miller A, Shapiro S, Lahat N. Hypoxia of endothelial cells leads to MMP-2-dependent survival and death. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 289:C1321-31. [PMID: 16210427 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00079.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of endothelial cells (ECs) to hypoxia has separately been shown to induce their angiogenesis or death. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 is associated with EC angiogenesis, although recent studies also implicate this molecule in EC death. We studied the effect of hypoxia in the absence or presence of TNF-alpha (characteristic of the inflammatory microenvironment accompanying hypoxia) on MMP-2 expression and its role in angiogenesis (proliferation, migration, and tube formation) and in the death of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Hypoxia alone (24-48 h in 0.3% O(2) in the hypoxic chamber) and furthermore, when combined with TNF-alpha, significantly enhanced MMP-2 expression and activity. Hypoxia also led to a reduction in membrane type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 mRNA and protein while enhancing the expression of alpha(v)beta(3) integrin and the cytoskeletal protein phosphopaxillin. Moreover, hypoxia led to colocalization of alpha(v)beta(3) and MMP-2, but not MT1-MMP, with phosphopaxillin in ECs. These results suggest MT1-MMP-independent activation of MMP-2 during hypoxia and support interactions between the ECM, integrins, and the cytoskeleton in hypoxia-induced MMP-2-related functions. Hypoxia enhanced EC migration in an MMP-2-dependent manner while leading to a reduction of cell number via their apoptosis, which was also dependent on MMP-2. In addition, hypoxia caused an aberrant tubelike formation on Matrigel that appeared to be unaffected by MMP-2. The hypoxia-induced, MMP-2-dependent migration of ECs is in accordance with the proangiogenic role ascribed to MMP-2, while the involvement of this protease in the hypoxia-related death of ECs supports an additional apoptotic role for this protease. Hence, in the hypoxic microenvironment, MMP-2 appears to have a dual autocrine role in determining the fate of ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaara Ben-Yosef
- Immunology Research Unit, Carmel Medical Center, 7 Michal St., Haifa 34362, Israel
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Weiss JM, Shivakumar R, Feller S, Li LH, Hanson A, Fogler WE, Fratantoni JC, Liu LN. Rapid, in vivo, evaluation of antiangiogenic and antineoplastic gene products by nonviral transfection of tumor cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2004; 11:346-53. [PMID: 15031722 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Using a nonviral, electroporation-based gene transfection approach, we demonstrate the efficient and consistent transfection of two poorly immunogenic tumor cell lines: B16F10 melanoma and renal carcinoma (RENCA). Three genes, IL-12, angiostatin (AS), and an endostatin:angiostatin fusion protein (ES:AS) were subcloned into a DNA plasmid containing EBNA1-OriP, which was then transfected into B16F10 and RENCA cells. Significant levels of protein were secreted into the culture supernatants of transfected cells in vitro. Transfected tumor cells were injected subcutaneously into mice. All the three transgenes were capable of significantly delaying and reducing the formation of primary B16F10 and RENCA tumors, as well as B16F10 lung metastases. By day 11 post-injection, all control mice that received either mock-transfected or empty vector DNA-transfected B16F10 tumor cells had developed large primary tumors. In contrast, mice that received IL-12-transfected B16F10 cells did not develop appreciable tumors until day 17, and these were significantly smaller than controls. Similar results were observed for the RENCA model, in which only one of the IL-12 mice had developed tumors out to day 31. Expression of AS or ES:AS also significantly delayed and reduced primary tumors. Overall, ES:AS was more effective than AS alone. Furthermore, 25% of the AS mice and 33% of the ES:AS mice remained tumor-free at day 17, by which point all control mice had significant tumors. Mouse survival rates also correlated with the extent of tumor burden. Importantly, no lung metastases were detected in the lungs of mice that had received either AS or ES:AS-transfected B16F10 tumor cells and significantly fewer metastases were found in the IL-12 group. The consistency of our transfection results highlight the feasibility of directly electroporating tumor cells as a means to screen, identify, and validate in vivo potentially novel antiangiogenic and/or antineoplastic genes.
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MESH Headings
- Angiostatins/biosynthesis
- Angiostatins/genetics
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cloning, Molecular
- Electroporation
- Endostatins/biosynthesis
- Endostatins/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/biosynthesis
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Therapy
- Genetic Vectors
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/blood supply
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Male
- Melanoma/blood supply
- Melanoma/genetics
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Melanoma/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Transfection
- Viruses/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Weiss
- MaxCyte, Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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Schmidt-Hansen B, Ornås D, Grigorian M, Klingelhöfer J, Tulchinsky E, Lukanidin E, Ambartsumian N. Extracellular S100A4(mts1) stimulates invasive growth of mouse endothelial cells and modulates MMP-13 matrix metalloproteinase activity. Oncogene 2004; 23:5487-95. [PMID: 15122322 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
S100A4(mts1) protein expression has been strongly associated with metastatic tumor progression. It has been suggested as a prognostic marker for a number of human cancers. It is proposed that extracellular S100A4 accelerates cancer progression by stimulating the motility of endothelial cells, thereby promoting angiogenesis. Here we show that in 3D culture mouse endothelial cells (SVEC 4-10) respond to recombinant S100A4 by stimulating invasive growth of capillary-like structures. The outgrowth is not dependent on the stimulation of cell proliferation, but rather correlates with the transcriptional modulation of genes involved in the proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Treatment of SVEC 4-10 with the S100A4 protein leads to the transcriptional activation of collagenase 3 (MMP-13) mRNA followed by subsequent release of the protein from the cells. Beta-casein zymography demonstrates enhancement of proteolytic activity associated with MMP-13. This observation indicates that extracellular S100A4 stimulates the production of ECM degrading enzymes from endothelial cells, thereby stimulating the remodeling of ECM. This could explain the angiogenic and metastasis-stimulating activity of S100A4(mts1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Schmidt-Hansen
- Department of Molecular Cancer Biology, Institute for Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wilasrusmee C, Shah G, Kittur S, Halverson A, Bruch D, Kittur D. Signal transduction pathway in endothelial dysfunction. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2004; 5:9-14. [PMID: 15142418 DOI: 10.1089/109629604773860255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction is an important feature of sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and other infectious conditions. Previously, we reported an in vitro model to study endothelial dysfunction, in which endothelial cells are induced to form capillary tube networks by culturing on a basement membrane matrix (Matrigel). In this study, we defined the signal transduction pathways that lead to endothelial cell function and capillary disruption characteristic of sepsis and other infectious conditions. METHODS Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were cultured on a laminin-rich matrix to form capillary-like networks. The HAECs were treated with a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor (sodium orthovanadate), a phosphoinositon-3-phosphate inhibitor (wortmannin), or a protein kinase C inhibitor (bisindolylmaleimide) before capillary tubes had formed or after the capillary tubes had matured. The degree of capillary tube formation was quantified by counting the intersection of capillary networks in triplicate wells. Statistical significance was determined by analysis of variance. RESULTS Endothelial dysfunction occurred after inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase or protein kinase C. Whereas inhibition of phosphoinositon-3-phosphate did not cause endothelial dysfunction, sodium orthovanadate (2-20 microM) and bisindolylmaleimide (2-10 microM) significantly reduced capillary networks. The mean +/- SD of the number of capillary tubes in the control, sodium orthovanadate-treated, and bisindolylmaleimide-treated groups were 251.0 +/- 7.0, 65.6 +/- 9.9 (p < 0.001), and 181.7 +/- 0.1 (p < 0.001), respectively. Sodium orthovanadate (20-200 microM) and bisindolylmaleimide (10-100 microM) inhibited capillary tube formation. At higher concentrations, sodium orthovanadate (> 200 microM) and bisindolylmaleimide (>100 microM) disrupted mature capillary tubes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PKC and protein tyrosine phosphatase play a role in endothelial dysfunction by interfering with the phosphorylation signals within endothelial cells. These mechanisms may be important in the endothelial dysfunction in sepsis and other infectious conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chumpon Wilasrusmee
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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Wilasrusmee C, Silva M, Shah G, Kittur S, Ondocin P, Siddiqui J, Bruch D, Wilasrusmee S, Kittur DS. The effect of allo-injury in an in vitro model of allograft microvasculature. Transpl Int 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2004.tb00438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wilasrusmee C, Da Silva M, Singh B, Siddiqui J, Bruch D, Kittur S, Wilasrusmee S, Kittur DS. Morphological and biochemical effects of immunosuppressive drugs in a capillary tube assay for endothelial dysfunction. Clin Transplant 2004; 17 Suppl 9:6-12. [PMID: 12795661 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0012.17.s9.1.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive drugs common in clinical transplantation are known to have untoward effects on the vascular system. The effects of some drugs, notably cyclosporin A (CyA), have been studied on the vascular system, while those of others have not. In the vascular system, endothelial cells are the predominant cell type exposed to intravascular concentrations of immunosuppressive drugs. We therefore studied the effects of drugs common in clinical transplantation on endothelial cells in a capillary tube assay. The endothelial cells in the capillary tubes are morphologically more similar to those in the microvasculature than endothelial cells in monolayers. We studied the kinetics and extent of capillary tube formation and prostacyclin (PGI2) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) release from the in vitro capillaries to determine the morphological and biochemical effects of five immunosuppressive agents on endothelial function. We found a significant difference in the morphological and biochemical effects of the two common calcineurin inhibitors, CyA and tacrolimus (FK506) on capillary morphology in vitro. The former had a pronounced injurious effect on the morphology of the in vitro capillaries, while the latter did not. CyA also significantly increased ET-1 release by the capillaries, but FK506 did not. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was the only other agent that had a moderately injurious effect on the morphology of the in vitro capillaries. Sirolimus (rapamycin) and dexamethasone, similar to FK506, had no effect on the capillary morphology. All these agents, except dexamethasone, increased PGI2 release. Our data suggest that CyA adversely affects the morphology of the microvasculature and that this is mediated, at least partly, by an increased ET-1 release by endothelial cells exposed to CyA. These findings describe a novel effect of CyA and MMF on endothelial cells that could be relevant to understanding the mechanisms of immunosuppressive drug-mediated endothelial injury in clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chumpon Wilasrusmee
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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16
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Wilasrusmee C, Botash R, Da Silva M, Shah G, Siddiqui J, Bruch D, Kittur S, Wilasrusmee S, Kittur DS. Initial angiogenic response in reduced renal mass after transplantation. J Surg Res 2003; 115:63-8. [PMID: 14572774 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-4804(03)00346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shortage of organs is a major problem in kidney transplantation and requires novel strategies to increase the number of kidney transplants. To reduce the shortage of kidneys, we have proposed transplantation of two halves of one kidney into two recipients (hemirenal transplantation, HRT) and have shown its feasibility in pig and human kidneys. However, reduced renal mass can lead to progressive renal failure in rodents and can reduce the longevity of kidney transplants in humans. Recent studies suggest that derangement of angiogenesis plays a role in the progressive renal failure after reduction in renal mass in rodents. However, since the renal physiology of rats is different from that of large animals, we studied angiogenesis in reduced renal mass transplants in pigs and determined if the reduction in renal mass has the same effect in large animals as that in rodents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Kidney autotransplantation was performed in domestic outbred swine. Heminephrectomy of the autotransplanted kidney and nephrectomy of the contralateral kidney were performed 1 week after transplantation to reduce the renal mass. Four weeks after transplantation, the pigs were sacrificed and the hemirenal and control nephrectomy specimens were processed for morphometric analysis of glomerular capillary density and immunohistochemical analysis of VEGF expression. Soluble extracts from the kidneys were tested in an in vitro angiogenesis assay to determine their activity to influence angiogenesis. Statistical analysis with ANOVA was performed on the glomerular capillary density in kidney specimens. RESULTS All these parameters of angiogenesis were increased in the reduced renal mass autotransplants as compared to normal kidneys or whole kidney autotransplants. Glomerular capillary density was increased significantly after reduction in renal mass. VEGF expression also was increased progressively by the third week after reduction in renal mass. Soluble extract from the reduced renal mass transplants significantly increased the in vitro angiogenesis. CONCLUSION This is the first study to demonstrate that angiogenesis is increased in the initial stages of reduction in renal mass after transplantation in a large animal model. Increased angiogenesis was found in this model earlier than reported in small animal models (2 weeks in pigs versus 6 weeks in rats). Taken together with other studies, our data suggest that derangement in angiogenesis could play an important role in long-term graft function after hemirenal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chumpon Wilasrusmee
- Department of Surgery, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Wilasrusmee C, Ondocin P, Bruch D, Shah G, Kittur S, Wilasrusmee S, Kittur DS. Amelioration of cyclosporin A effect on microvasculature by endothelin inhibitor. Surgery 2003; 134:384-9. [PMID: 12947345 DOI: 10.1067/msy.2003.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that endothelial injury by cyclosporin A (CyA) is associated with an increased endothelin-1 (ET-1) release. We now sought to determine, in an animal model of angiogenesis, if inhibiting the effect of ET-1 on endothelial cells (ECs) would reverse the CyA-mediated endothelial injury in an animal model of angiogenesis. METHODS An angiogenic mixture of Matrigel (0.5 ml), fibroblast growth factor (1 ng/ml), vascular endothelial growth factor (100 ng/ml), and heparin (64 unit/ml) was injected as a subcutaneous plug in the flank of C3H mice (n = 5). In experimental groups CyA (20 mg/ml), CyA, and BQ 123 (ET-A receptor antagonist), CyA and PD 142893 (ET-A and ET-B receptor antagonist), or CyA and ET-1 antibody were added to the angiogenic mixture. Angiogenesis in the mixture was quantified by modified planimetric point counting method in skin/Matrigel cross-sections stained with factor VIII to highlight endothelial neocapillaries. Mean +/- SD of angiogenic area was analyzed with analysis of variance and Bonferroni test. The survival curves obtained by Kaplan-Meier analysis were compared between the groups, and the statistical significance of survival and mortality rates was computed by log rank's and Fisher's exact test, respectively. RESULTS The mean +/- SD of angiogenic area in control animals (without CyA in the angiogenic mixture) was 56.76 +/- 4.2. CyA inhibited angiogenesis in the subcutaneous angiogenic plug. Adding CyA to the angiogenic mixture significantly reduced angiogenic area (5.33 +/- 1.4, P <.001) while vehicle for CyA had no such effect (56.33 +/- 3.8, P =.10). Polyclonal ET-1 antibody or PD 142893 ameliorated the effect of CyA, whereas BQ 123 did not. The mean angiogenic areas in animals with ET-1 antibody, PD 142893, or BQ 123 in the angiogenic mixture were 57.20 +/- 7.5 (P =.06), 46.00 +/- 11.5 (P = 1.0), 8.60 +/- 2.9 (P <.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that blocking ET-B receptors specifically ameliorates the microvascular injury to the neocapillaries in angiogenesis caused by CyA. Antiendothelin-1 antibody and ETR antagonist (PD 142893) could, therefore, reduce the ill effects of CyA on microvascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chumpon Wilasrusmee
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Wilasrusmee C, Da Silva M, Siddiqui J, Bruch D, Kittur S, Wilasrusmee S, Kittur DS. Role of endothelin-1 in microvascular dysfunction caused by cyclosporin A. J Am Coll Surg 2003; 196:584-91. [PMID: 12691936 DOI: 10.1016/s1072-7515(03)00109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictive peptide, is implicated in cyclosporin A (CyA) vasculopathy. Previously we have demonstrated, in an in vitro model of endothelial capillaries, that CyA inhibits the formation of the capillaries and, in high doses, disrupts the capillaries. This study addresses the role of ET-1 in CyA-induced endothelial dysfunction of the in vitro capillaries. STUDY DESIGN Endothelial cells (ECs) were cultured on a laminin-rich matrix, Matrigel, to form capillary-like networks. The ECs were treated with CyA either before capillary tube formation or after capillary tubes had formed. ppET-1 gene expression was studied by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. To determine if ET-1 was involved in the CyA-mediated disruption of the in vitro capillaries, ET-1 binding to the endothelial cells was blocked by ET-1 antibody and ET receptor antagonists. The effects of exogenous ET-1 were also studied. The results were quantified by counting the number of capillary networks, and the statistical significance was determined with ANOVA. RESULTS ppET-1 was expressed in ECs during capillary tube formation, but disappeared once capillary tubes had matured. The ppET-1 gene expression reappeared when the capillary tubes were exposed to CyA. Exogenous ET-1 partially reversed the inhibition of tube formation by cyclohexamide, allowing initiation of tube formation. CyA-mediated capillary dysfunction was completely prevented by an anti-ET-1 antibody and an ET-B receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Endothelin-1 plays a significant role in CyA-induced endothelial dysfunction and may play a role in allograft vasculopathy. Blocking of ET-1 is a strategy to prevent endothelial dysfunction caused by CyA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chumpon Wilasrusmee
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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