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Muraleedharan M, Chandak AO, Chatterjee S, Shivakumar R, Swapna N. PAs in India: A survey report on qualifications, deployment, specialties, and job satisfaction. JAAPA 2024; 37:1-4. [PMID: 38531039 DOI: 10.1097/01.jaa.0001007372.08019.3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This report is based on a 2023 nationwide survey and literature review of physician associates/assistants (PAs) in India. The National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions Act, 2021, which is being implemented in India, included guidelines for PA licensing, creating a unified national curriculum, and preventing malpractice. METHODS Using a purposive sampling strategy, we surveyed 536 PAs in India between February 10 and April 30, 2023. The survey collected data on demographics, academic qualifications, specialties, salaries, job satisfaction, and future outlooks through an online questionnaire. RESULTS The survey showed that most PAs are below age 30 years, and most graduated PAs were involved in clinical practice in 2023. PAs work in almost all clinical specialties; most practice in private hospitals. States in southern India continued to dominate educating and employing PAs, with a nationwide representation of more than 14 states. More than 80% of practicing PAs are satisfied with their profession; however, the majority are unsatisfied with their wages. CONCLUSIONS This first formal survey on India's PAs illustrates the challenges of PA professional practice and standardization of education and licensure in the Indian healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manesh Muraleedharan
- At Symbiosis International University in Pune, India, Manesh Muraleedharan is a senior research fellow at the Symbiosis Centre for Healthcare and Alaka Omprakash Chandak is a professor in the Symbiosis Institute of Health Sciences and director of the Symbiosis Centre for Healthcare. Somu Chatterjee is an associate professor in the PA program at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, Ky. R. Shivakumar is president of the Indian Association of Physician Assistants (IAPA) and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases at the Madras Medical Mission in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Nalla Swapna is vice president of the IAPA and practices at AIG Hospitals in Gachibowli, India. The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise
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Mathew T, Kamath V, John SK, Netravathi M, Iyer RB, Raghavendra S, Kumar S, Neeharika ML, Gupta S, Murgod U, Shivakumar R, Annadure RK, Ichaporia N, Rohatgi A, Nair SS, Yareeda S, Anand B, Singh P, Renukaradhya U, Arulselvan V, Reddy YM, Surya N, Sarma GRK, Nadig R, Deepalam S, Sharath Kumar GG, Satishchandra P, Singhal BS, Parry G. A real world multi center study on efficacy and safety of natalizumab in Indian patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 66:104059. [PMID: 35908446 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natalizumab (NTZ) is increasingly being used in Indian multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. There are no reports on its safety and efficacy, especially with respect to the occurrence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). OBJECTIVES To describe the patient characteristics, treatment outcomes, and adverse events, especially the occurrence of PML in NTZ-treated patients. METHODS A multicentre ambispective study was conducted across 18 centres, from Jan 2012 to Dec 2021. Patients at and above the age of 18 years treated with NTZ were included. Descriptive and comparative statistics were applied to analyze data. RESULTS During the study period of 9 years, 116 patients were treated with NTZ. Mean age of the cohort was 35.6 ± 9.7 years; 83/116 (71.6%) were females. Relapse rate for the entire cohort in the year before NTZ was 3.1 ± 1.51 while one year after was 0.20±0.57 (p = 0.001; CI 2.45 -3.35). EDSS of the entire cohort in the year before NTZ was 4.5 ± 1.94 and one year after was 3.8 ± 2.7 (p = 0.013; CI 0.16-1.36). At last follow up (38.3 ± 22.78 months) there were no cases of PML identified. CONCLUSIONS Natalizumab is highly effective and safe in Indian MS patients, with no cases of PML identified at last follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mathew
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034, India.
| | - Vikram Kamath
- Department of Neurology, Trustwell Hospitals, Chandrika tower 5 JC Road Sudama Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560002, India
| | - Saji K John
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034, India
| | - M Netravathi
- Department of Neurology, NIMHANS, Hosur Road, Near Banglore Milk Dairy, Hombegowda Nagar, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Rajesh B Iyer
- Department of Neurology, Manipal Hospital, Millers Road 71/1 Millers Road Opp to St Annes College, Vasant Nagar, Bengaluru 560052
| | - S Raghavendra
- Department of Neurology, Manipal Hospital, Millers Road 71/1 Millers Road Opp to St Annes College, Vasant Nagar, Bengaluru 560052
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Renai Medicity Multi Super Speciality Hospital, Palarivattom Edapally, Road Near Palarivattom Metro Station Palarivattom, Kochi, Kerala 682025, India
| | - M L Neeharika
- Department of Neurology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta rd, Punjagutta market, Hyderabad, Telengana 500082
| | - Salil Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Command Hospital Air force, Agram post, Bengaluru 560007, India
| | - Uday Murgod
- Department of Neurology, Manipal Hospital, HAL Airport Road, Banglore 560017, India
| | - R Shivakumar
- Department of Neurology, Sakra World Hospital, Devarabeesanahalli Varthur Hobli Opp intel, Outer Ring Road, Marathahalli, Bengaluru 560103, India
| | - Ravi K Annadure
- Department of Neurology, AFC Delhi, Defence Office Complex, Central Vista, KG Marg, New Delhi 110011
| | - Nasli Ichaporia
- Department of Neurology, Sahyadri Super Speciality Hospital Nagar Raod Shastrinagar, Yerawada, Pune, Maharashtra 411006, India
| | - Anshu Rohatgi
- Department of Neurology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar New Delhi 110060, India
| | - Sruthi S Nair
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, GWCG, Jai nagar w Rd chalakkuzhi, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695011, India
| | - Sireesha Yareeda
- Department of Neurology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta rd, Punjagutta market, Hyderabad, Telengana 500082
| | - Bawani Anand
- Department of Neurology, Manipal Hospital, HAL Airport Road, Banglore 560017, India; Department of Neurology, Sakra World Hospital, Devarabeesanahalli Varthur Hobli Opp intel, Outer Ring Road, Marathahalli, Bengaluru 560103, India
| | - Prabhjeet Singh
- Department of Neurology, Dr Prabhjeets Neuro Centre, F-1/338, Kashmir Avenue, Amritsar 143001, India
| | - Umashankar Renukaradhya
- Department of Neurology, Bengaluru Neuro Centre, 10th Cross Margosa road, Malleshwaram, Banglore 560003, India
| | - V Arulselvan
- Department of Neurology, Royal Care Super Speciality Hospital, NO 1/520, L&T Road Neelambur, Coimbatore 641062, India
| | - Y Muralidhar Reddy
- Department of Neurology, Care Hospital, Rd Number 1 Prem Nagar, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana 500034, India
| | - Nirmal Surya
- Department of Neurology, Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre, 12 Vitthaldas, Thackersey Marg, Near Liberty Cinema, New Marine Lines Mumbai 400020, India
| | - G R K Sarma
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034, India
| | - Raghunandan Nadig
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034, India
| | - Saikanth Deepalam
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034, India
| | - G G Sharath Kumar
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034, India
| | - P Satishchandra
- Department of Neurology, Apollo Speciality Hospital, 14 th Cross 3rd Block Near Madhavan Park, Jaynagar, Bengaluru 560011, India
| | - Bhim Sen Singhal
- Department of Neurology, Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre, 12 Vitthaldas, Thackersey Marg, Near Liberty Cinema, New Marine Lines Mumbai 400020, India
| | - Gareth Parry
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034, India
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Gopinath P, Shivakumar R. Classification of vein pattern recognition using hybrid deep learning. IFS 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/jifs-220423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of finger vein patterns is essential technique that analyses the finger vein patterns to enable accurate authentication of an individual. A proper, accurate and quick learning of patterns is essentially required for improving the classification pattern. It is essential in developing an intelligent algorithm to effectively study and classify the patterns. In this paper, we develop an improved deep learning hybrid model for feature extraction and classification. A dimensional reduction deep neural network (DR-DNN) model has included a dimensional reduction model for extracting the essential features by reducing the dimensionality of feature datasets. A convolutional neural network (CNN) helps in classifying the benign vein patterns from the malignant vein patterns. The effectiveness is compared against existing deep learning classifiers to measure how effective the deep learning model is used for classifying finger vein patterns for biometric authentication. The results shows that the proposed method achieves an accuracy rate of 97.16% for the proposed method, where the other existing methods including CNN, Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and Deep Neural Nets (DNN) has an accuracy rate of 86%, 80.66% and 88.31%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Gopinath
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sengunthar Engineering College, Tiruchengode, Tamilnadu, India
| | - R. Shivakumar
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem, Tamilnadu, India
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Gurney M, Stikvoort A, Nolan E, Kirkham-McCarthy L, Khoruzhenko S, Shivakumar R, Zweegman S, Van de Donk NWCJ, Mutis T, Szegezdi E, Sarkar S, O'Dwyer M. CD38 knockout natural killer cells expressing an affinity optimized CD38 chimeric antigen receptor successfully target acute myeloid leukemia with reduced effector cell fratricide. Haematologica 2020; 107:437-445. [PMID: 33375774 PMCID: PMC8804573 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.271908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a strong biological rationale for the augmentation of allogeneic natural killer (NK) cell therapies with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to enhance acute myeloid leukemia (AML) targeting. CD38 is an established immunotherapeutic target in multiple myeloma and under investigation as a target antigen in AML. CD38 expression on NK cells and its further induction during ex vivo NK cell expansion represent barriers to the development of a CD38 CAR-NK cell therapy. We set out to develop a CD38 CAR-NK cell therapy for AML, first by using an NK cell line which has low baseline CD38 expression and subsequently NK cells expanded from healthy donors. To overcome anticipated fratricide due to NK cell CD38 expression when using primary expanded NK cells, we applied CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to disrupt the CD38 gene during expansion, achieving a mean knockdown efficiency of 84%. The resulting CD38 knockdown expanded NK cells, after expression of an affinity optimized CD38 CAR, showed reduced NK-cell fratricide and an enhanced ability to target primary AML blasts. Furthermore, the cytotoxic potential of CD38 CAR-NK cells was augmented by pretreatment of the AML cells with all-trans retinoic acid which drove enhanced CD38 expression, offering a rational combination therapy. These findings support the further investigation of CD38 knockdown - CD38 CAR-NK cells as a viable immunotherapeutic approach to the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gurney
- National University of Ireland Galway, Galway
| | - Arwen Stikvoort
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | - Emma Nolan
- National University of Ireland Galway, Galway
| | | | | | | | - Sonja Zweegman
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | | | - Tuna Mutis
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
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Maurouard T, Shivakumar R, Brady J. Advancing cellular therapies using clinically scalable engineering of T Cells and NK cells. Cytotherapy 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.03.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hung CF, Xu X, Li L, Ma Y, Jin Q, Viley A, Allen C, Natarajan P, Shivakumar R, Peshwa MV, Emens LA. Development of Anti-Human Mesothelin-Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor Messenger RNA-Transfected Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes for Ovarian Cancer Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:614-625. [PMID: 29334771 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered T/natural killer (NK)-cell therapies can result in durable clinical responses in B-cell malignancies. However, CAR-based immunotherapies have been much less successful in solid cancers, in part due to "on-target off-tumor" toxicity related to expression of target tumor antigens on normal tissue. Based on preliminary observations of safety and clinical activity in proof-of-concept clinical trials, tumor antigen-specific messenger RNA (mRNA) CAR transfection into selected, activated, and expanded T/NK cells may permit prospective control of "on-target off-tumor" toxicity. To develop a commercial product for solid tumors, mesothelin was selected as an antigen target based on its association with poor prognosis and overexpression in multiple solid cancers. It was hypothesized that selecting, activating, and expanding cells ex vivo prior to mRNA CAR transfection would not be necessary, thus simplifying the complexity and cost of manufacturing. Now, the development of anti-human mesothelin mRNA CAR transfected peripheral blood lymphocytes (CARMA-hMeso) is reported, demonstrating the manufacture and cryopreservation of multiple cell aliquots for repeat administrations from a single human leukapheresis. A rapid, automated, closed system for cGMP-compliant transfection of mRNA CAR in up to 20 × 109 peripheral blood lymphocytes was developed. Here we show that CARMA-hMeso cells recognize and lyse tumor cells in a mesothelin-specific manner. Expression of CAR was detectable over approximately 7 days in vitro, with a progressive decline of CAR expression that appears to correlate with in vitro cell expansion. In a murine ovarian cancer model, a single intraperitoneal injection of CARMA-hMeso resulted in the dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth and improved survival of mice. Furthermore, repeat weekly intraperitoneal administrations of the optimal CARMA-hMeso dose further prolonged disease control and survival. No significant off-target toxicities were observed. These data support further investigation of CARMA-hMeso as a potential treatment for ovarian cancer and other mesothelin-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Fu Hung
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xuequn Xu
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Linhong Li
- 3 MaxCyte, Inc. , Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Ying Ma
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qiu Jin
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leisha A Emens
- 2 Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,4 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy , Baltimore, Maryland
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Wolfraim LA, Takahara M, Viley AM, Shivakumar R, Nieda M, Maekawa R, Liu LN, Peshwa MV. Clinical scale electroloading of mature dendritic cells with melanoma whole tumor cell lysate is superior to conventional lysate co-incubation in triggering robust in vitro expansion of functional antigen-specific CTL. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 15:488-97. [PMID: 23474736 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent commercial approval of cancer vaccine, demonstrating statistically significant improvement in overall survival of prostate cancer patients has spurred renewed interest in active immunotherapies; specifically, strategies that lead to enhanced biological activity and robust efficacy for dendritic cell vaccines. A simple, widely used approach to generating multivalent cancer vaccines is to load tumor whole cell lysates into dendritic cells (DCs). Current DC vaccine manufacturing processes require co-incubation of tumor lysate antigens with immature DCs and their subsequent maturation. We compared electroloading of tumor cell lysates directly into mature DCs with the traditional method of lysate co-incubation with immature DCs. Electroloaded mature DCs were more potent in vitro, as judged by their ability to elicit significantly (p < 0.05) greater expansion of peptide antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, than either lysate-electroloaded immature DCs or lysate-co-incubated immature DCs, both of which must be subsequently matured. Expanded CD8(+) T cells were functional as judged by their ability to produce IFN-γ upon antigen-specific re-stimulation. The electroloading technology used herein is an automated, scalable, functionally closed cGMP-compliant manufacturing technology supported by a Master File at CBER, FDA and represents an opportunity for translation of enhanced potency DC vaccines at clinical/commercial scale.
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Abstract
Genetic modification for enhancing cellular function has been continuously pursued for fighting diseases. Messenger RNA (mRNA) transfection is found to be a promising solution in modifying hematopoietic and immune cells for therapeutic purpose. We have developed a flow electroporation-based system for large volume electroporation of cells with various molecules, including mRNA. This allows robust and scalable mRNA transfection of primary cells of different origin. Here we describe transfection of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) mRNA into NK cells to modulate the ability of NK cells to target tumor cells. High levels of CAR expression in NK cells can be maintained for 3-7 days post transfection. CD19-specific CAR mRNA transfected NK cells demonstrate targeted lysis of CD19-expressing tumor cells OP-1, primary B-CLL tumor cells, and autologous CD19+ B cells in in vitro assays with enhanced potency: >80% lysis at effector-target ratio of 1:1. This allows current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) and regulatory compliant manufacture of CAR mRNA transfected NK cells for clinical delivery.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD19/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Electroporation/methods
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen/immunology
- Transfection/methods
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9
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Witting SR, Li LH, Jasti A, Allen C, Cornetta K, Brady J, Shivakumar R, Peshwa MV. Efficient large volume lentiviral vector production using flow electroporation. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 23:243-9. [PMID: 21933028 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are beginning to emerge as a viable choice for human gene therapy. Here, we describe a method that combines the convenience of a suspension cell line with a scalable, nonchemically based, and GMP-compliant transfection technique known as flow electroporation (EP). Flow EP parameters for serum-free adapted HEK293FT cells were optimized to limit toxicity and maximize titers. Using a third generation, HIV-based, lentiviral vector system pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis glycoprotein envelope, both small- and large-volume transfections produced titers over 1×10(8) infectious units/mL. Therefore, an excellent option for implementing large-scale, clinical lentiviral productions is flow EP of suspension cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Witting
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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10
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Saravanan V, Shivakumar R, Jayanti S, Ramakrishna, Seetharamu S. Evaluation of the Effect of the Concentration of CO2 on the Overall Reactivity of Drop Tube Furnace Derived Indian Sub-bituminous Coal Chars during CO2/O2 Combustion. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie1019358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Saravanan
- Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | - S. Jayanti
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Ramakrishna
- Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore, India
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Saravanan V, Shivakumar R, babu PN. Combustion Kinetics of Pulverized Indian Coal-Char in Different CO 2-O 2Mixture Isothermally. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2009.53.6.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Shivakumar R, Kuruvilla A. FP13-MO-02 Phrenic nerve latencies predict mechanical ventilation at admission in early stage of Guillain–Barrésyndrome. J Neurol Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(09)70330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Li L, Liu LN, Feller S, Allen C, Shivakumar R, Fratantoni J, Wolfraim LA, Fujisaki H, Campana D, Chopas N, Dzekunov S, Peshwa M. Expression of chimeric antigen receptors in natural killer cells with a regulatory-compliant non-viral method. Cancer Gene Ther 2009; 17:147-54. [PMID: 19745843 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2009.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells hold promise for cancer therapy. NK cytotoxicity can be enhanced by expression of chimeric antigen receptors that re-direct specificity toward target cells by engaging cell surface molecules expressed on target cells. We developed a regulatory-compliant, scalable non-viral approach to engineer NK cells to be target-specific based on transfection of mRNA encoding chimeric receptors. Transfection of eGFP mRNA into ex vivo expanded NK cells (N=5) or purified unstimulated NK cells from peripheral blood (N=4) resulted in good cell viability with eGFP expression in 85+/-6% and 86+/-4%, 24 h after transfection, respectively. An mRNA encoding a receptor directed against CD19 (anti-CD19-BB-z) was also transfected into NK cells efficiently. Ex vivo expanded and purified unstimulated NK cells expressing anti-CD19-BB-z exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity against CD19(+) target cells resulting in > or =80% lysis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and B-lineage chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells at effector target ratios lower than 10:1. The target-specific cytotoxicity for anti-CD19-BB-z mRNA-transfected NK cells was observed as early as 3 h after transfection and persisted for up to 3 days. The method described here should facilitate the clinical development of NK-based antigen-targeted immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- MaxCyte Inc, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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15
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Shivakumar R, Tan W, Wilding GE, Wang ES, Wetzler M. Biologic features and treatment outcome of secondary acute lymphoblastic leukemia--a review of 101 cases. Ann Oncol 2008; 19:1634-8. [PMID: 18467310 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdn182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary acute lymphoblastic leukemia (sALL) is a rare disease and its biologic features are not well characterized. PATIENTS AND METHODS We describe a cohort of seven patients and discuss 94 additional cases from the literature for whom biological parameters were described. Cases with incomplete data were excluded. RESULTS Hodgkin's disease (HD) was more common in the 18-59 age group while breast and prostate cancers were prevalent only in the >or=18-year-old patients. The time interval to develop sALL was similar among all age groups but was significantly longer for HD and neuroblastoma primary diagnoses and sALL with complex karyotype. T-cell immunophenotype was more common in the <18 age group. Complete remission was infrequent in the >or=60 age group. The overall survival was poor for all sALL regardless of age, primary diagnoses, cytogenetic subgroups, or immunophenotype. Allogeneic transplantation most probably represents the only chance of cure. CONCLUSION Better identification of prognostic factors to prevent the occurrence of sALL is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shivakumar
- Leukemia Section, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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16
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Li LH, Biagi E, Allen C, Shivakumar R, Weiss JM, Feller S, Yvon E, Fratantoni JC, Liu LN. Rapid and efficient nonviral gene delivery of CD154 to primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 13:215-24. [PMID: 16082377 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD154) are essential in the regulation of both humoral and cellular immune responses. Forced expression of human CD154 in B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells can upregulate costimulatory and adhesion molecules and restore antigen-presenting capacity. Unfortunately, B-CLL cells are resistant to direct gene manipulation with most currently available gene transfer systems. In this report, we describe the use of a nonviral, clinical-grade, electroporation-based gene delivery system and a standard plasmid carrying CD154 cDNA, which achieved efficient (64+/-15%) and rapid (within 3 h) transfection of primary B-CLL cells. Consistent results were obtained from multiple human donors. Transfection of CD154 was functional in that it led to upregulated expression of CD80, CD86, ICAM-I and MHC class II (HLA-DR) on the B-CLL cells and induction of allogeneic immune responses in MLR assays. Furthermore, sustained transgene expression was demonstrated in long-term cryopreserved transfected cells. This simple and rapid gene delivery technology has been validated under the current Good Manufacturing Practice conditions, and multiple doses of CD154-expressing cells were prepared for CLL patients from one DNA transfection. Vaccination strategies using autologous tumor cells manipulated ex vivo for patients with B-CLL and perhaps with other hematopoietic malignancies could be practically implemented using this rapid and efficient nonviral gene delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Li
- MaxCyte, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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17
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Weiss JM, Allen C, Shivakumar R, Feller S, Li LH, Liu LN. Efficient responses in a murine renal tumor model by electroloading dendritic cells with whole-tumor lysate. J Immunother 2006; 28:542-50. [PMID: 16224271 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000179437.95335.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation of dendritic cells (DCs) with tumor lysate elicited greater antitumor responses in vitro and in vivo, using less lysate than standard coincubation. Electroloaded DCs had normal surface marker expression and matured into competent antigen-presenting cells. In a renal carcinoma (RENCA) model, mice were pretreated with lysate-loaded DCs before tumor challenge. Mice that received DCs electroloaded with RENCA lysate had significantly smaller tumors (9+/-6 mm2) than mice given DCs coincubated with the same lysate (23+/-5 mm2). To evaluate a metastatic therapeutic tumor model, mice were first injected with Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and then given 2 doses of cryopreserved LLC lysate-loaded DCs. Mice treated with electroloaded DCs had a 50% reduction in lung metastases compared with control mice that received no DCs or DCs loaded with liver lysate. In contrast, DCs coincubated with LLC lysate were indistinguishable from controls. Tumor lysate-electroloaded but not-coincubated DCs also primed syngeneic mouse splenocytes in vitro to produce interferon-gamma and, specifically, lyse tumor cells. The electroloaded DCs elicited specific T-cell responses with less lysate than the amount reported in standard coincubation procedures. This approach may be particularly useful when small amounts of tumor material are available.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/therapy
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dextrans/metabolism
- Electroporation
- Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate/analogs & derivatives
- Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate/metabolism
- Immunotherapy
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Kidney Neoplasms/therapy
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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18
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Holmes MLC, Liu L, Perez E, Li L, Shivakumar R, Allen C, Liu O, Miller JC, Urnov FD, Kim K, Rebar EJ, Ando D, Gregory PD, Riley J, Peshwa M, June C. 555. Large-Scale, Flow-Based Electroporation To Deliver Engineered Zinc Finger Protein Nucleases That Mediate High-Efficiency Disruption of the Human CCR5 Gene. Mol Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.08.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Weiss JM, Shivakumar R, Feller S, Li LH, Hanson A, Fogler WE, Fratantoni JC, Liu LN. Rapid, in vivo, evaluation of antiangiogenic and antineoplastic gene products by nonviral transfection of tumor cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2004; 11:346-53. [PMID: 15031722 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Using a nonviral, electroporation-based gene transfection approach, we demonstrate the efficient and consistent transfection of two poorly immunogenic tumor cell lines: B16F10 melanoma and renal carcinoma (RENCA). Three genes, IL-12, angiostatin (AS), and an endostatin:angiostatin fusion protein (ES:AS) were subcloned into a DNA plasmid containing EBNA1-OriP, which was then transfected into B16F10 and RENCA cells. Significant levels of protein were secreted into the culture supernatants of transfected cells in vitro. Transfected tumor cells were injected subcutaneously into mice. All the three transgenes were capable of significantly delaying and reducing the formation of primary B16F10 and RENCA tumors, as well as B16F10 lung metastases. By day 11 post-injection, all control mice that received either mock-transfected or empty vector DNA-transfected B16F10 tumor cells had developed large primary tumors. In contrast, mice that received IL-12-transfected B16F10 cells did not develop appreciable tumors until day 17, and these were significantly smaller than controls. Similar results were observed for the RENCA model, in which only one of the IL-12 mice had developed tumors out to day 31. Expression of AS or ES:AS also significantly delayed and reduced primary tumors. Overall, ES:AS was more effective than AS alone. Furthermore, 25% of the AS mice and 33% of the ES:AS mice remained tumor-free at day 17, by which point all control mice had significant tumors. Mouse survival rates also correlated with the extent of tumor burden. Importantly, no lung metastases were detected in the lungs of mice that had received either AS or ES:AS-transfected B16F10 tumor cells and significantly fewer metastases were found in the IL-12 group. The consistency of our transfection results highlight the feasibility of directly electroporating tumor cells as a means to screen, identify, and validate in vivo potentially novel antiangiogenic and/or antineoplastic genes.
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MESH Headings
- Angiostatins/biosynthesis
- Angiostatins/genetics
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cloning, Molecular
- Electroporation
- Endostatins/biosynthesis
- Endostatins/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/biosynthesis
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Therapy
- Genetic Vectors
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/blood supply
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Male
- Melanoma/blood supply
- Melanoma/genetics
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Melanoma/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Transfection
- Viruses/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Weiss
- MaxCyte, Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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David M, Mushigeri SB, Shivakumar R, Philip GH. Response of Cyprinus carpio (Linn) to sublethal concentration of cypermethrin: alterations in protein metabolic profiles. Chemosphere 2004; 56:347-52. [PMID: 15183996 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2003] [Revised: 01/29/2004] [Accepted: 02/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio were exposed to sublethal concentration (1.2 microg l(-1)) of cypermethrin for 6, 12, 24 and 48 h to analyze various parameters of protein metabolism in functionally different tissues. Total, structural and soluble proteins showed decrement; where as free amino acids and the activities of protease, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase significantly increased in cypermethrin exposed fish. Interestingly, ammonia content decreased but urea and glutamine increased at all periods of exposure. It was also observed that alterations steadily increased with the period of exposure and exhibited tissue specificity. Thus variation in the protein metabolism of the fish exposed to cypermethrin indicates its toxic effect on the cellular metabolism thereby leading to impaired protein synthetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M David
- Department of Zoology, Toxicology Division, Karnatak University's Research Laboratory, Karnatak Science College, Dharwad 580001, Karnataka, India.
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21
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Li LH, Shivakumar R, Feller S, Allen C, Weiss JM, Dzekunov S, Singh V, Holaday J, Fratantoni J, Liu LN. Highly efficient, large volume flow electroporation. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2002; 1:341-50. [PMID: 12625759 DOI: 10.1177/153303460200100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroporation is widely used to transfect and load cells with various molecules. Traditional electroporation using a static mode is typically restricted to volumes less than 1 mL, which limits its use in clinical and industrial bioprocessing applications. Here we report efficient, large volume transfection results by using a scalable-volume electroporation system. Suspended (Jurkat) and adherent cells (10T1/2 and Huh-7) were tested. A large macromolecule, FITC-conjugated dextran (MW=500 kD) was used to measure cell uptake, while a plasmid carrying the gene coding for enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) was used to quantitate the flow electrotransfection efficiency as determined by flow cytometry. The flow electroloading efficiency of FITC-dextran was >90%, while the cell viability was highly maintained (>90%). High flow electrotransfection efficiency (up to 75%) and cell viability (up to 90%) were obtained with processing volumes ranging from 1.5 to 50 mL. No significant difference of electrotransfection efficiency was observed between flow and static electrotransfection. When 50 mL of cell volume was processed and samples collected at different time points during electroporation, the transgene expression and cell viability results were identical. We also demonstrated that DNA plasmid containing EBNA1-OriP elements from Epstein-Barr virus were more efficient in transgene expression than standard plasmid without the elements (at least 500 too 1000-fold increase in expression level). Finally, to examine the feasibility of utilizing flow electrotransfected cells as a gene delivery vehicle, 10T1/2 cells were transfected with a DNA plasmid containing the gene coding for mIL12. mIL12 transfected cells were injected subcutaneously into mice, and produced functional mIL12, as demonstrated by anti-angiogenic activity. This is the first demonstration of efficient, large volume, flow electroporation and the in vivo efficacy of flow electrotransfected cells. This technology may be useful for clinical gene therapy and large-scale bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hong Li
- MaxCyte, Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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22
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Ingram DA, Hiatt K, King AJ, Fisher L, Shivakumar R, Derstine C, Wenning MJ, Diaz B, Travers JB, Hood A, Marshall M, Williams DA, Clapp DW. Hyperactivation of p21(ras) and the hematopoietic-specific Rho GTPase, Rac2, cooperate to alter the proliferation of neurofibromin-deficient mast cells in vivo and in vitro. J Exp Med 2001; 194:57-69. [PMID: 11435472 PMCID: PMC2193446 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2000] [Accepted: 05/16/2001] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene cause neurofibromatosis type I (NF1), a disease characterized by the formation of cutaneous neurofibromas infiltrated with a high density of degranulating mast cells. A hallmark of cell lines generated from NF1 patients or Nf1-deficient mice is their propensity to hyperproliferate. Neurofibromin, the protein encoded by NF1, negatively regulates p21(ras) activity by accelerating the conversion of Ras-GTP to Ras-GDP. However, identification of alterations in specific p21(ras) effector pathways that control proliferation in NF1-deficient cells is incomplete and critical for understanding disease pathogenesis. Recent studies have suggested that the proliferative effects of p21(ras) may depend on signaling outputs from the small Rho GTPases, Rac and Rho, but the physiologic importance of these interactions in an animal disease model has not been established. Using a genetic intercross between Nf1(+/)- and Rac2(-)(/)- mice, we now provide genetic evidence to support a biochemical model where hyperactivation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) via the hematopoietic-specific Rho GTPase, Rac2, directly contributes to the hyperproliferation of Nf1-deficient mast cells in vitro and in vivo. Further, we demonstrate that Rac2 functions as mediator of cross-talk between phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K) and the classical p21(ras)-Raf-Mek-ERK pathway to confer a distinct proliferative advantage to Nf1(+/)- mast cells. Thus, these studies identify Rac2 as a novel mediator of cross-talk between PI-3K and the p21(ras)-ERK pathway which functions to alter the cellular phenotype of a cell lineage involved in the pathologic complications of a common genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Ingram
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Kelly Hiatt
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Alastair J. King
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Lucy Fisher
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Rama Shivakumar
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Christina Derstine
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Mary Jo Wenning
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Bruce Diaz
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285
| | - Jeffrey B. Travers
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Antoinette Hood
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | | | - David A. Williams
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - D. Wade Clapp
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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