1
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Sharma G, Garg N, Hasan S, Saffarini D, Shirodkar S. Fumarate and nitrite reduction by Prevotella nigrescens and Prevotella buccae isolated from Chronic Periodontitis patients. Microb Pathog 2023; 176:106022. [PMID: 36739100 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study is an investigation of anaerobic nitrite and fumarate reduction/respiration abilities of two characterised Prevotella species namely Prevotella nigrescens (SS6B) and Prevotella buccae (GS6B) isolated from the periodontal pockets of chronic periodontitis (ChP) patients. METHODS Isolation and identification of the periodontal bacteria from 20 patients showing clinical symptoms of ChP. Characterisation of anaerobic nitrite and fumarate reduction was done in P. nigrescens (SS6B) and P. buccae (GS6B) using reduction assays, inhibition assays with use of specific inhibitors, growth assays and enzyme activity assays. Degenerate PCR was used to detect and amplify nitrite reductase (nrfA) and fumarate reductase (frdA) gene sequences in these Prevotella isolates. In addition, molecular and in silico analysis of the amplified anaerobic reductase gene sequences was performed using NCBI conserved domain analysis, Interpro database and MegaX. RESULTS We provided experimental evidence for presence of active nitrite and fumarate reductase activities through enzyme activity, reduction, inhibitor and growth assays. Moreover, we were able to detect presence of 505 bps nrfA gene fragment and 400 bps frdA gene fragment in these Prevotella spp. These fragments show similarity to multiheme ammonia forming cytochrome c nitrite reductases and fumarate reductases flavoprotein subunit, respectively. CONCLUSION Anaerobic nitrite and fumarate respiration abilities in P. nigrescens and P. buccae isolates appear to be important for detoxification process and growth, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida Campus, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Nancy Garg
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida Campus, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Shamimul Hasan
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Daad Saffarini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3209 N. Maryland Ave Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Sheetal Shirodkar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida Campus, Noida, 201313, India.
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2
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Amalia R, Panenggak NSR, Doohan D, Rezkitha YAA, Waskito LA, Syam AF, Lubis M, Yamaoka Y, Miftahussurur M. A comprehensive evaluation of an animal model for Helicobacter pylori-associated stomach cancer: Fact and controversy. Helicobacter 2023; 28:e12943. [PMID: 36627714 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Even though Helicobacter pylori infection was the most causative factor of gastric cancer, numerous in vivo studies failed to induce gastric cancer using H. pylori infection only. The utilization of established animal studies in cancer research is crucial as they aim to investigate the coincidental association between suspected oncogenes and pathogenesis as well as generate models for the development and testing of potential treatments. The methods to establish gastric cancer using infected animal models remain limited, diverse in methods, and showed different results. This study investigates the differences in animal models, which highlight different pathological results in gaster by literature research. Electronic databases searched were performed in PubMed, Science Direct, and Cochrane, without a period filter. A total of 135 articles were used in this study after a full-text assessment was conducted. The most frequent animal models used for gastric cancer were Mice, while Mongolian gerbils and Transgenic mice were the most susceptible model for gastric cancer associated with H. pylori infection. Additionally, transgenic mice showed that the susceptibility to gastric cancer progression was due to genetic and epigenetic factors. These studies showed that in Mongolian gerbil models, H. pylori could function as a single agent to trigger stomach cancer. However, most gastric cancer susceptibilities were not solely relying on H. pylori infection, and numerous factors are involved in cancer progression. Further study using Mongolian gerbils and Transgenic mice is crucial to conduct and establish the best models for gastric cancer associated H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizki Amalia
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nur Syahadati Retno Panenggak
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dalla Doohan
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Yudith Annisa Ayu Rezkitha
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Langgeng Agung Waskito
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Physiology and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ari Fahrial Syam
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Masrul Lubis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas, Houston, USA
| | - Muhammad Miftahussurur
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Division of Gastroentero-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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3
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The dCache Chemoreceptor TlpA of Helicobacter pylori Binds Multiple Attractant and Antagonistic Ligands via Distinct Sites. mBio 2021; 12:e0181921. [PMID: 34340539 PMCID: PMC8406319 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01819-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Helicobacter pylori chemoreceptor TlpA plays a role in dampening host inflammation during chronic stomach colonization. TlpA has a periplasmic dCache_1 domain, a structure that is capable of sensing many ligands; however, the only characterized TlpA signals are arginine, bicarbonate, and acid. To increase our understanding of TlpA’s sensing profile, we screened for diverse TlpA ligands using ligand binding arrays. TlpA bound seven ligands with affinities in the low- to middle-micromolar ranges. Three of these ligands, arginine, fumarate, and cysteine, were TlpA-dependent chemoattractants, while the others elicited no response. Molecular docking experiments, site-directed point mutants, and competition surface plasmon resonance binding assays suggested that TlpA binds ligands via both the membrane-distal and -proximal dCache_1 binding pockets. Surprisingly, one of the nonactive ligands, glucosamine, acted as a chemotaxis antagonist, preventing the chemotaxis response to chemoattractant ligands, and acted to block the binding of ligands irrespective of whether they bound the membrane-distal or -proximal dCache_1 subdomains. In total, these results suggest that TlpA senses multiple attractant ligands as well as antagonist ones, an emerging theme in chemotaxis systems.
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4
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Steiner TM, Lettl C, Schindele F, Goebel W, Haas R, Fischer W, Eisenreich W. Substrate usage determines carbon flux via the citrate cycle in Helicobacter pylori. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:841-860. [PMID: 34164854 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori displays a worldwide infection rate of about 50%. The Gram-negative bacterium is the main reason for gastric cancer and other severe diseases. Despite considerable knowledge about the metabolic inventory of H. pylori, carbon fluxes through the citrate cycle (TCA cycle) remained enigmatic. In this study, different 13 C-labeled substrates were supplied as carbon sources to H. pylori during microaerophilic growth in a complex medium. After growth, 13 C-excess and 13 C-distribution were determined in multiple metabolites using GC-MS analysis. [U-13 C6 ]Glucose was efficiently converted into glyceraldehyde but only less into TCA cycle-related metabolites. In contrast, [U-13 C5 ]glutamate, [U-13 C4 ]succinate, and [U-13 C4 ]aspartate were incorporated at high levels into intermediates of the TCA cycle. The comparative analysis of the 13 C-distributions indicated an adaptive TCA cycle fully operating in the closed oxidative direction with rapid equilibrium fluxes between oxaloacetate-succinate and α-ketoglutarate-citrate. 13 C-Profiles of the four-carbon intermediates in the TCA cycle, especially of malate, together with the observation of an isocitrate lyase activity by in vitro assays, suggested carbon fluxes via a glyoxylate bypass. In conjunction with the lack of enzymes for anaplerotic CO2 fixation, the glyoxylate bypass could be relevant to fill up the TCA cycle with carbon atoms derived from acetyl-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Steiner
- Bavarian NMR Center-Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Clara Lettl
- Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, München, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, München, Germany
| | - Franziska Schindele
- Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Rainer Haas
- Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, München, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fischer
- Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, München, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Bavarian NMR Center-Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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5
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Schubert C, Winter M, Ebert‐Jung A, Kierszniowska S, Nagel‐Wolfrum K, Schramm T, Link H, Winter S, Unden G. C4
‐dicarboxylates and
l
‐aspartate utilization by
Escherichia coli
K‐12 in the mouse intestine:
l
‐aspartate as a major substrate for fumarate respiration and as a nitrogen source. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:2564-2577. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Schubert
- Institute for Molecular Physiology Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz 55099 Germany
| | - Maria Winter
- Department of Microbiology UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75287 USA
| | - Andrea Ebert‐Jung
- Institute for Molecular Physiology Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz 55099 Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Nagel‐Wolfrum
- Institute for Molecular Physiology Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz 55099 Germany
| | - Thorben Schramm
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Karl‐von‐Frisch‐Straße 10 Marburg 35043 Germany
| | - Hannes Link
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Karl‐von‐Frisch‐Straße 10 Marburg 35043 Germany
| | - Sebastian Winter
- Department of Microbiology UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75287 USA
| | - Gottfried Unden
- Institute for Molecular Physiology Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz 55099 Germany
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6
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Bueno E, Pinedo V, Cava F. Adaptation of Vibrio cholerae to Hypoxic Environments. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:739. [PMID: 32425907 PMCID: PMC7212424 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can colonize virtually any environment on Earth due to their remarkable capacity to detect and respond quickly and adequately to environmental stressors. Vibrio cholerae is a cosmopolitan bacterium that inhabits a vast range of environments. The V. cholerae life cycle comprises diverse environmental and infective stages. The bacterium is found in aquatic ecosystems both under free-living conditions or associated with a wide range of aquatic organisms, and some strains are also capable of causing epidemics in humans. In order to adapt between environments, V. cholerae possesses a versatile metabolism characterized by the rapid cross-regulation of energy-producing pathways. Low oxygen concentration is a key environmental factor that governs V. cholerae physiology. This article reviews the metabolic plasticity that enables V. cholerae to thrive on low oxygen concentrations and its role in environmental and host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Bueno
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Felipe Cava
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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7
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Taylor AJ, Kelly DJ. The function, biogenesis and regulation of the electron transport chains in Campylobacter jejuni: New insights into the bioenergetics of a major food-borne pathogen. Adv Microb Physiol 2019; 74:239-329. [PMID: 31126532 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a zoonotic Epsilonproteobacterium that grows in the gastrointestinal tract of birds and mammals, and is the most frequent cause of food-borne bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. As an oxygen-sensitive microaerophile, C. jejuni has to survive high environmental oxygen tensions, adapt to oxygen limitation in the host intestine and resist host oxidative attack. Despite its small genome size, C. jejuni is a versatile and metabolically active pathogen, with a complex and highly branched set of respiratory chains allowing the use of a wide range of electron donors and alternative electron acceptors in addition to oxygen, including fumarate, nitrate, nitrite, tetrathionate and N- or S-oxides. Several novel enzymes participate in these electron transport chains, including a tungsten containing formate dehydrogenase, a Complex I that uses flavodoxin and not NADH, a periplasmic facing fumarate reductase and a cytochrome c tetrathionate reductase. This review presents an updated description of the composition and bioenergetics of these various respiratory chains as they are currently understood, including recent work that gives new insights into energy conservation during electron transport to various alternative electron acceptors. The regulation of synthesis and assembly of the electron transport chains is also discussed. A deeper appreciation of the unique features of the respiratory systems of C. jejuni may be helpful in informing strategies to control this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan J Taylor
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David J Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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8
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Nho SW, Abdelhamed H, Karsi A, Lawrence ML. Improving safety of a live attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine against enteric septicemia of catfish and evaluation of efficacy. Vet Microbiol 2017; 210:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Lancaster CRD, Betz YM, Heit S, Lafontaine MA. Transmembrane Electron and Proton Transfer in Diheme-Containing Succinate : Quinone Oxidoreductases. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Roy D. Lancaster
- Department of Structural Biology; Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB); Saarland University; Faculty of Medicine Building 60 D-66421 Homburg (Saar) Germany
| | - Yamila M. Betz
- Department of Structural Biology; Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB); Saarland University; Faculty of Medicine Building 60 D-66421 Homburg (Saar) Germany
| | - Sabine Heit
- Department of Structural Biology; Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB); Saarland University; Faculty of Medicine Building 60 D-66421 Homburg (Saar) Germany
| | - Michael A. Lafontaine
- Department of Structural Biology; Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB); Saarland University; Faculty of Medicine Building 60 D-66421 Homburg (Saar) Germany
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10
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Abstract
The emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogens and our inability to develop new antimicrobials to overcome resistance has inspired scientists to consider new targets for drug development. Cellular bioenergetics is an area showing promise for the development of new antimicrobials, particularly in the discovery of new anti-tuberculosis drugs where several new compounds have entered clinical trials. In this review, we have examined the bioenergetics of various bacterial pathogens, highlighting the versatility of electron donor and acceptor utilisation and the modularity of electron transport chain components in bacteria. In addition to re-examining classical concepts, we explore new literature that reveals the intricacies of pathogen energetics, for example, how Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter jejuni exploit host and microbiota to derive powerful electron donors and sinks; the strategies Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa use to persist in lung tissues; and the importance of sodium energetics and electron bifurcation in the chemiosmotic anaerobe Fusobacterium nucleatum. A combination of physiological, biochemical, and pharmacological data suggests that, in addition to the clinically-approved target F1Fo-ATP synthase, NADH dehydrogenase type II, succinate dehydrogenase, hydrogenase, cytochrome bd oxidase, and menaquinone biosynthesis pathways are particularly promising next-generation drug targets. The realisation of cellular energetics as a rich target space for the development of new antimicrobials will be dependent upon gaining increased understanding of the energetic processes utilised by pathogens in host environments and the ability to design bacterial-specific inhibitors of these processes.
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11
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Lery LMS, Frangeul L, Tomas A, Passet V, Almeida AS, Bialek-Davenet S, Barbe V, Bengoechea JA, Sansonetti P, Brisse S, Tournebize R. Comparative analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae genomes identifies a phospholipase D family protein as a novel virulence factor. BMC Biol 2014; 12:41. [PMID: 24885329 PMCID: PMC4068068 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-12-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Klebsiella pneumoniae strains are pathogenic to animals and humans, in which they are both a frequent cause of nosocomial infections and a re-emerging cause of severe community-acquired infections. K. pneumoniae isolates of the capsular serotype K2 are among the most virulent. In order to identify novel putative virulence factors that may account for the severity of K2 infections, the genome sequence of the K2 reference strain Kp52.145 was determined and compared to two K1 and K2 strains of low virulence and to the reference strains MGH 78578 and NTUH-K2044. Results In addition to diverse functions related to host colonization and virulence encoded in genomic regions common to the four strains, four genomic islands specific for Kp52.145 were identified. These regions encoded genes for the synthesis of colibactin toxin, a putative cytotoxin outer membrane protein, secretion systems, nucleases and eukaryotic-like proteins. In addition, an insertion within a type VI secretion system locus included sel1 domain containing proteins and a phospholipase D family protein (PLD1). The pld1 mutant was avirulent in a pneumonia model in mouse. The pld1 mRNA was expressed in vivo and the pld1 gene was associated with K. pneumoniae isolates from severe infections. Analysis of lipid composition of a defective E. coli strain complemented with pld1 suggests an involvement of PLD1 in cardiolipin metabolism. Conclusions Determination of the complete genome of the K2 reference strain identified several genomic islands comprising putative elements of pathogenicity. The role of PLD1 in pathogenesis was demonstrated for the first time and suggests that lipid metabolism is a novel virulence mechanism of K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia M S Lery
- Institut Pasteur - Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Paris, France.
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12
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H. pylori virulence factors: influence on immune system and pathology. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:426309. [PMID: 24587595 PMCID: PMC3918698 DOI: 10.1155/2014/426309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is the most widespread chronic bacterial agent in humans and is well recognized for its association with ulcer disease and gastric cancer, with both representing major global health and socioeconomic issues. Given the high level of adaptation and the coevolution of this bacterium with its human host, a thorough and multidirectional view of the specific microbiological characteristics of this infection as well as the host physiology is needed in order to develop novel means of prevention of therapy. This review aims to pinpoint some of these potentially important angles, which have to be considered mutually when studying H. pylori's pathogenicity. The host's biological changes due to the virulence factors are a valuable pillar of H. pylori research as are the mechanisms by which bacteria provoke these changes. In this context, necessary adhesion molecules and significant virulence factors of H. pylori are discussed. Moreover, metabolism of the bacteria, one of the most important aspects for a better understanding of bacterial physiology and consequently possible therapeutic and prophylactic strategies, is addressed. On the other hand, we discuss the recent experimental proofs of the "hygiene hypothesis" in correlation with Helicobacter's infection, which adds another aspect of complexity to this infection.
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13
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Nasiri HR, Madej MG, Panisch R, Lafontaine M, Bats JW, Lancaster CRD, Schwalbe H. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Testing of Novel Naphthoquinones as Substrate-Based Inhibitors of the Quinol/Fumarate Reductase from Wolinella succinogenes. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9530-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400978u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Nasiri
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular
Magnetic Resonance, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße
7, D-60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - M. Gregor Madej
- Department of
Molecular Membrane Biology, Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt “Macromolecular
Complexes,” Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robin Panisch
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Lafontaine
- Department
of Structural Biology, Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Faculty
of Medicine, Saarland University, Building 60, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Jan W. Bats
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular
Magnetic Resonance, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße
7, D-60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - C. Roy D. Lancaster
- Department of
Molecular Membrane Biology, Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt “Macromolecular
Complexes,” Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department
of Structural Biology, Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Faculty
of Medicine, Saarland University, Building 60, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular
Magnetic Resonance, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße
7, D-60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium
(DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer
Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Champasa K, Longwell SA, Eldridge AM, Stemmler EA, Dube DH. Targeted identification of glycosylated proteins in the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori (Hp). Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2568-86. [PMID: 23754784 PMCID: PMC3769331 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.029561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is directly linked to the pathogen's ability to glycosylate proteins; for example, Hp flagellin proteins are heavily glycosylated with the unusual nine-carbon sugar pseudaminic acid, and this modification is absolutely essential for Hp to synthesize functional flagella and colonize the host's stomach. Although Hp's glycans are linked to pathogenesis, Hp's glycome remains poorly understood; only the two flagellin glycoproteins have been firmly characterized in Hp. Evidence from our laboratory suggests that Hp synthesizes a large number of as-yet unidentified glycoproteins. Here we set out to discover Hp's glycoproteins by coupling glycan metabolic labeling with mass spectrometry analysis. An assessment of the subcellular distribution of azide-labeled proteins by Western blot analysis indicated that glycoproteins are present throughout Hp and may therefore serve diverse functions. To identify these species, Hp's azide-labeled glycoproteins were tagged via Staudinger ligation, enriched by tandem affinity chromatography, and analyzed by multidimensional protein identification technology. Direct comparison of enriched azide-labeled glycoproteins with a mock-enriched control by both SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry-based analyses confirmed the selective enrichment of azide-labeled glycoproteins. We identified 125 candidate glycoproteins with diverse biological functions, including those linked with pathogenesis. Mass spectrometry analyses of enriched azide-labeled glycoproteins before and after cleavage of O-linked glycans revealed the presence of Staudinger ligation-glycan adducts in samples only after beta-elimination, confirming the synthesis of O-linked glycoproteins in Hp. Finally, the secreted colonization factors urease alpha and urease beta were biochemically validated as glycosylated proteins via Western blot analysis as well as by mass spectrometry analysis of cleaved glycan products. These data set the stage for the development of glycosylation-based therapeutic strategies, such as new vaccines based on natively glycosylated Hp proteins, to eradicate Hp infection. Broadly, this report validates metabolic labeling as an effective and efficient approach for the identification of bacterial glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokwan Champasa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, USA
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15
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Dahal N, Abdelhamed H, Lu J, Karsi A, Lawrence ML. Tricarboxylic acid cycle and one-carbon metabolism pathways are important in Edwardsiella ictaluri virulence. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65973. [PMID: 23762452 PMCID: PMC3676347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen causing enteric septicemia of channel catfish (ESC). The disease causes considerable economic losses in the commercial catfish industry in the United States. Although antibiotics are used as feed additive, vaccination is a better alternative for prevention of the disease. Here we report the development and characterization of novel live attenuated E. ictaluri mutants. To accomplish this, several tricarboxylic acid cycle (sdhC, mdh, and frdA) and one-carbon metabolism genes (gcvP and glyA) were deleted in wild type E. ictaluri strain 93-146 by allelic exchange. Following bioluminescence tagging of the E. ictaluri ΔsdhC, Δmdh, ΔfrdA, ΔgcvP, and ΔglyA mutants, their dissemination, attenuation, and vaccine efficacy were determined in catfish fingerlings by in vivo imaging technology. Immunogenicity of each mutant was also determined in catfish fingerlings. Results indicated that all of the E. ictaluri mutants were attenuated significantly in catfish compared to the parent strain as evidenced by 2,265-fold average reduction in bioluminescence signal from all the mutants at 144 h post-infection. Catfish immunized with the E. ictaluri ΔsdhC, Δmdh, ΔfrdA, and ΔglyA mutants had 100% relative percent survival (RPS), while E. ictaluri ΔgcvP vaccinated catfish had 31.23% RPS after re-challenge with the wild type E. ictaluri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeti Dahal
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Hossam Abdelhamed
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor-Toukh, Egypt
| | - Jingjun Lu
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Attila Karsi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AK); (MLL)
| | - Mark L. Lawrence
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AK); (MLL)
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Phylogeographic origin of Helicobacter pylori determines host-adaptive responses upon coculture with gastric epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2468-77. [PMID: 23630959 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01182-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While Helicobacter pylori infects over 50% of the world's population, the mechanisms involved in the development of gastric disease are not fully understood. Bacterial, host, and environmental factors play a role in disease outcome. To investigate the role of bacterial factors in H. pylori pathogenesis, global gene expression of six H. pylori isolates was analyzed during coculture with gastric epithelial cells. Clustering analysis of six Colombian clinical isolates from a region with low gastric cancer risk and a region with high gastric cancer risk segregated strains based on their phylogeographic origin. One hundred forty-six genes had increased expression in European strains, while 350 genes had increased expression in African strains. Differential expression was observed in genes associated with motility, pathogenicity, and other adaptations to the host environment. European strains had greater expression of the virulence factors cagA, vacA, and babB and were associated with increased gastric histologic lesions in patients. In AGS cells, European strains promoted significantly higher interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression than did African strains. African strains significantly induced apoptosis, whereas only one European strain significantly induced apoptosis. Our data suggest that gene expression profiles of clinical isolates can discriminate strains by phylogeographic origin and that these profiles are associated with changes in expression of the proinflammatory and protumorigenic cytokine IL-8 and levels of apoptosis in host epithelial cells. These findings support the hypothesis that bacterial factors determined by the phylogeographic origin of H. pylori strains may promote increased gastric disease.
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17
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Lancaster CRD. The di-heme family of respiratory complex II enzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:679-87. [PMID: 23466335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The di-heme family of succinate:quinone oxidoreductases is of particular interest, because its members support electron transfer across the biological membranes in which they are embedded. In the case of the di-heme-containing succinate:menaquinone reductase (SQR) from Gram-positive bacteria and other menaquinone-containing bacteria, this results in an electrogenic reaction. This is physiologically relevant in that it allows the transmembrane electrochemical proton potential Δp to drive the endergonic oxidation of succinate by menaquinone. In the case of the reverse reaction, menaquinol oxidation by fumarate, catalysed by the di-heme-containing quinol:fumarate reductase (QFR), evidence has been obtained that this electrogenic electron transfer reaction is compensated by proton transfer via a both novel and essential transmembrane proton transfer pathway ("E-pathway"). Although the reduction of fumarate by menaquinol is exergonic, it is obviously not exergonic enough to support the generation of a Δp. This compensatory "E-pathway" appears to be required by all di-heme-containing QFR enzymes and results in the overall reaction being electroneutral. In addition to giving a brief overview of progress in the characterization of other members of this diverse family, this contribution summarizes key evidence and progress in identifying constituents of the "E-pathway" within the framework of the crystal structure of the QFR from the anaerobic epsilon-proteobacterium Wolinella succinogenes at 1.78Å resolution. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Respiratory complex II: Role in cellular physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roy D Lancaster
- Department of Structural Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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18
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Ge R, Chen Z, Zhou Q. The actions of bismuth in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections: an update. Metallomics 2012; 4:239-43. [PMID: 22358069 DOI: 10.1039/c2mt00180b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori causes various gastric diseases, such as gastritis, peptic ulcerations and gastric cancer. Bismuth-based triple or quadruple therapies have been commonly recommended for the treatment of H. pylori infections. Up to now, the molecular mechanisms by which bismuth inhibits the growth of H. pylori are far from clear. The present concise review intends to cover the most recent reports and discoveries in the field of the inhibitory mechanism of bismuth against H. pylori as well as the bacterial protective response to drug treatment, which will help us to further understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of metal-based drugs and stimulate further development of effective anti-bacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiguang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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19
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Ekici S, Pawlik G, Lohmeyer E, Koch HG, Daldal F. Biogenesis of cbb(3)-type cytochrome c oxidase in Rhodobacter capsulatus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:898-910. [PMID: 22079199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cbb(3)-type cytochrome c oxidases (cbb(3)-Cox) constitute the second most abundant cytochrome c oxidase (Cox) group after the mitochondrial-like aa(3)-type Cox. They are present in bacteria only, and are considered to represent a primordial innovation in the domain of Eubacteria due to their phylogenetic distribution and their similarity to nitric oxide (NO) reductases. They are crucial for the onset of many anaerobic biological processes, such as anoxygenic photosynthesis or nitrogen fixation. In addition, they are prevalent in many pathogenic bacteria, and important for colonizing low oxygen tissues. Studies related to cbb(3)-Cox provide a fascinating paradigm for the biogenesis of sophisticated oligomeric membrane proteins. Complex subunit maturation and assembly machineries, producing the c-type cytochromes and the binuclear heme b(3)-Cu(B) center, have to be coordinated precisely both temporally and spatially to yield a functional cbb(3)-Cox enzyme. In this review we summarize our current knowledge on the structure, regulation and assembly of cbb(3)-Cox, and provide a highly tentative model for cbb(3)-Cox assembly and formation of its heme b(3)-Cu(B) binuclear center. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biogenesis/Assembly of Respiratory Enzyme Complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Ekici
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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20
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Chen Z, Zhou Q, Ge R. Inhibition of fumarase by bismuth(III): implications for the tricarboxylic acid cycle as a potential target of bismuth drugs in Helicobacter pylori. Biometals 2011; 25:95-102. [PMID: 21818585 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-011-9485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori causes various gastric diseases, such as gastritis, peptic ulcerations and gastric cancer. Triple therapy combining bismuth compounds with two antibiotics is the cornerstone of the treatment of H. pylori infections. Up to now, the molecular mechanisms by which bismuth inhibits the growth of H. pylori are far from clear. In the bacterial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fumarase catalyses the reversible hydration of fumarate to malic acid. Our previous proteomic work indicated that fumarase was capable of bismuth-binding. The interactions as well as the inhibitory effects of bismuth to fumarase have been characterized in this study. The titration of bismuth showed that each fumarase monomer binds one mol equiv of Bi(3+), with negligible secondary structural change. Bismuth-binding results in a near stoichiometric inactivation of the enzyme, leading to an apparent non-competitive mechanism as reflected by the Lineweaver-Burk plots. Our collective data indicate that the TCA cycle is a potential molecular target of bismuth drugs in H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- The Laboratory of Integrative Biosciences, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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21
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Shift in ribonucleotide reductase gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during infection. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2663-9. [PMID: 21502590 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01212-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of different ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) in bacterial pathogenesis have not been studied systematically. In this work we analyzed the importance of the different Pseudomonas aeruginosa RNRs in pathogenesis using the Drosophila melanogaster host-pathogen interaction model. P. aeruginosa codes for three different RNRs with different environmental requirements. Class II and III RNR chromosomal mutants exhibited reduced virulence in this model. Translational reporter fusions of RNR gene nrdA, nrdJ, or nrdD to the green fluorescent protein were constructed to measure the expression of each class during the infection process. Analysis of the P. aeruginosa infection by flow cytometry revealed increased expression of nrdJ and nrdD and decreased nrdA expression during the infection process. Expression of each RNR class fits with the pathogenicities of the chromosomal deletion mutants. An extended understanding of the pathogenicity and physiology of P. aeruginosa will be important for the development of novel drugs against infections in cystic fibrosis patients.
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22
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Dresler J, Klimentova J, Stulik J. Bacterial protein complexes investigation using blue native PAGE. Microbiol Res 2011; 166:47-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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Wang X, He X, Jiang Z, Wang J, Chen X, Liu D, Wang F, Guo Y, Zhao J, Liu F, Huang L, Yuan J. Proteomic Analysis of the Enterococcus faecalis V583 Strain and Clinical Isolate V309 under Vancomycin Treatment. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:1772-85. [DOI: 10.1021/pr901216e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang He
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Xuannan Chen
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangli Zhao
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Liuyu Huang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogen of chronic periodontitis and exists in a biofilm on the surface of the tooth root. Oxantel, a cholinergic anthelmintic and fumarate reductase inhibitor, significantly inhibited biofilm formation by P. gingivalis and disrupted established biofilms at concentrations below its MIC against planktonic cells. Oxantel was more effective against P. gingivalis in biofilm than metronidazole, a commonly used antibiotic for periodontitis.
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25
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Duckworth MJ, Okoli AS, Mendz GL. Novel Helicobacter pylori therapeutic targets: the unusual suspects. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009; 7:835-67. [PMID: 19735225 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the current status of the discovery and development of anti-Helicobacter therapies requires an overview of the searches for therapeutic targets performed to date. A summary is given of the very substantial body of work conducted in the quest to find Helicobacter pylori genes that could be suitable candidates for therapeutic intervention. The products of most of these genes perform metabolic functions, and others have roles in growth, cell motility and colonization. The genes identified as potential targets have been organized into three categories according to their degree of characterization. A short description and evaluation is provided of the main candidates in each category. Investigations of potential therapeutic targets have generated a wealth of information about the physiology and genetics of H. pylori, and its interactions with the host, but have yielded little by way of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Duckworth
- School of Medicine, Sydney, The University of Notre Dame Australia, 160 Oxford Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
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26
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Promnares K, Kumar M, Shroder DY, Zhang X, Anderson JF, Pal U. Borrelia burgdorferi small lipoprotein Lp6.6 is a member of multiple protein complexes in the outer membrane and facilitates pathogen transmission from ticks to mice. Mol Microbiol 2009; 74:112-125. [PMID: 19703109 PMCID: PMC2754595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi lipoprotein Lp6.6 is a differentially produced spirochete antigen. An assessment of lp6.6 expression covering representative stages of the infectious cycle of spirochetes demonstrates that the gene is solely expressed during pathogen persistence in ticks. Deletion of lp6.6 in infectious B. burgdorferi did not influence in vitro growth, or its ability to persist and induce inflammation in mice, migrate to larval or nymphal ticks or survive through the larval-nymphal molt. However, Lp6.6-deficient spirochetes displayed significant impairment in their ability to transmit from infected ticks to naïve mice, which was restored upon genetic complementation of the mutant with a wild-type copy of lp6.6, establishing that Lp6.6 plays a role in pathogen transmission from ticks to mammals. Lp6.6 is a subsurface, yet highly abundant, outer membrane antigen. Two-dimensional blue native/SDS-PAGE coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis and protein cross-linking studies independently shows that Lp6.6 exists in multiple protein complexes in the outer membrane. We speculate that the function of Lp6.6 is connected to the physiological processes of these membrane complexes. Further characterization of differentially produced membrane antigens and associated protein complexes will likely aid in our understanding of the molecular details of B. burgdorferi persistence and transmission through a complex enzootic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamoltip Promnares
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD 20742, USA.Department of Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD 20742, USA.Department of Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
| | - Deborah Y Shroder
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD 20742, USA.Department of Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD 20742, USA.Department of Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
| | - John F Anderson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD 20742, USA.Department of Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
| | - Utpal Pal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD 20742, USA.Department of Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
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27
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Liao Y, Deng J, Zhang A, Zhou M, Hu Y, Chen H, Jin M. Immunoproteomic analysis of outer membrane proteins and extracellular proteins of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae JL03 serotype 3. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:172. [PMID: 19695095 PMCID: PMC2741471 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine contagious pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious respiratory infection in pigs, and all the 15 serotypes are able to cause disease. Current vaccines including subunit vaccines could not provide satisfactory protection against A. pleuropneumoniae. In this study, the immunoproteomic approach was applied to the analysis of extracellular and outer membrane proteins of A. pleuropneumoniae JL03 serotype 3 for the identification of novel immunogenic proteins for A. pleuropneumoniae. Results A total of 30 immunogenic proteins were identified from outer membrane and extracellular proteins of JL03 serotype 3, of which 6 were known antigens and 24 were novel immunogenic proteins for A. pleuropneumoniae. Conclusion These data provide information about novel immunogenic proteins for A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 3, and are expected to aid in development of novel vaccines against A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei, PR China.
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28
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The dual-functioning fumarate reductase is the sole succinate:quinone reductase in Campylobacter jejuni and is required for full host colonization. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:5293-300. [PMID: 19525346 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00166-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni encodes all the enzymes necessary for a complete oxidative tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Because of its inability to utilize glucose, C. jejuni relies exclusively on amino acids as the source of reduced carbon, and they are incorporated into central carbon metabolism. The oxidation of succinate to fumarate is a key step in the oxidative TCA cycle. C. jejuni encodes enzymes annotated as a fumarate reductase (Cj0408 to Cj0410) and a succinate dehydrogenase (Cj0437 to Cj0439). Null alleles in the genes encoding each enzyme were constructed. Both enzymes contributed to the total fumarate reductase activity in vitro. The frdA::cat(+) strain was completely deficient in succinate dehydrogenase activity in vitro and was unable to perform whole-cell succinate-dependent respiration. The sdhA::cat(+) strain exhibited wild-type levels of succinate dehydrogenase activity both in vivo and in vitro. These data indicate that Frd is the only succinate dehydrogenase in C. jejuni and that the protein annotated as a succinate dehydrogenase has been misannotated. The frdA::cat(+) strain was also unable to grow with the characteristic wild-type biphasic growth pattern and exhibited only the first growth phase, which is marked by the consumption of aspartate, serine, and associated organic acids. Substrates consumed in the second growth phase (glutamate, proline, and associated organic acids) were not catabolized by the the frdA::cat(+) strain, indicating that the oxidation of succinate is a crucial step in metabolism of these substrates. Chicken colonization trials confirmed the in vivo importance of succinate oxidation, as the frdA::cat(+) strain colonized chickens at significantly lower levels than the wild type, while the sdhA::cat(+) strain colonized chickens at wild-type levels.
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Zhang MJ, Zhao F, Xiao D, Gu YX, Meng FL, He LH, Zhang JZ. Comparative proteomic analysis of passaged Helicobacter pylori. J Basic Microbiol 2009; 49:482-90. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200800372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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Sonck KAJ, Kint G, Schoofs G, Vander Wauven C, Vanderleyden J, De Keersmaecker SCJ. The proteome of Salmonella Typhimurium grown under in vivo-mimicking conditions. Proteomics 2009; 9:565-79. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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31
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Li AH, Lam WL, Stokes RW. Characterization of genes differentially expressed within macrophages by virulent and attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis identifies candidate genes involved in intracellular growth. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 154:2291-2303. [PMID: 18667562 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/019661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To identify genes involved in the intracellular survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis we compared the transcriptomes of virulent (H37Rv) and attenuated (H37Ra) strains during their interaction with murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages. Expression profiling was accomplished via the bacterial artificial chromosome fingerprint array (BACFA) technique. Genes identified with BACFA, and confirmed via qPCR to be upregulated in the attenuated H37Ra at 168 h post-infection, were frdB, frdC and frdD. Genes upregulated in the virulent H37Rv were pks2, aceE and Rv1571. Further qPCR analysis of these genes at 4 and 96 h post-infection revealed that the frd operon (encoding the fumarate reductase enzyme complex) is expressed at higher levels in the virulent H37Rv at earlier time points while the expression of aceE and pks2 is higher in the virulent strain throughout the course of infection. Assessment of frd transcripts in oxygen-limited cultures of M. tuberculosis H37Ra and H37Rv showed that the attenuated strain displayed a lag in frdA and frdB expression at the onset of microaerophilic culture, when compared to microaerophilic cultures of H37Rv and aerated cultures of H37Ra. Lastly, treatment of intracellular bacteria with a putative inhibitor of fumarate reductase resulted in a significant reduction of bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Wan L Lam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Department of Cancer Genetics, BC Cancer Research Centre, 601 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Richard W Stokes
- Departments of Paediatrics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, BC Children's Hospital, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
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32
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Buettner FFR, Bendallah IM, Bosse JT, Dreckmann K, Nash JHE, Langford PR, Gerlach GF. Analysis of the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ArcA regulon identifies fumarate reductase as a determinant of virulence. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2284-95. [PMID: 18378638 PMCID: PMC2423083 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01540-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the bacterial pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to grow anaerobically allows the bacterium to persist in the lung. The ArcAB two-component system is crucial for metabolic adaptation in response to anaerobic conditions, and we recently showed that an A. pleuropneumoniae arcA mutant had reduced virulence compared to the wild type (F. F. Buettner, A. Maas, and G.-F. Gerlach, Vet. Microbiol. 127:106-115, 2008). In order to understand the attenuated phenotype, we investigated the ArcA regulon of A. pleuropneumoniae by using a combination of transcriptome (microarray) and proteome (two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and subsequent mass spectrometry) analyses. We show that ArcA negatively regulates the expression of many genes, including those encoding enzymes which consume intermediates during fumarate synthesis. Simultaneously, the expression of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a component of the respiratory chain serving as a direct reduction equivalent for fumarate reductase, was upregulated. This result, together with the in silico analysis finding that A. pleuropneumoniae has no oxidative branch of the citric acid cycle, led to the hypothesis that fumarate reductase might be crucial for virulence by providing (i) energy via fumarate respiration and (ii) succinate and other essential metabolic intermediates via the reductive branch of the citric acid cycle. To test this hypothesis, an isogenic A. pleuropneumoniae fumarate reductase deletion mutant was constructed and studied by using a pig aerosol infection model. The mutant was shown to be significantly attenuated, thereby strongly supporting a crucial role for fumarate reductase in the pathogenesis of A. pleuropneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk F R Buettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Functional characterization and mutagenesis of the proposed behavioral sensor TlpD of Helicobacter pylori. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:3244-55. [PMID: 18245281 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01940-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori requires flagellar motility and chemotaxis to establish and maintain chronic infection of the human stomach. The pH gradient in the stomach mucus is essential for bacterial orientation and guides the bacterium toward a narrow layer of the mucus, suggesting that H. pylori is capable of energy sensing or taxis. In the present study, H. pylori wild-type behavior in a temporal swimming assay could be altered by electron transport inhibitors, indicating that a connection between metabolism and behavior exists. In order to elucidate mechanisms of behavioral responses of H. pylori related to energy sensing, we investigated the phenotypes of single and multiple mutants of the four proposed chemotaxis sensor proteins. All sensor mutants were motile, but they diverged in their behavior in media supporting different energy yields. One proposed intracellular sensor, TlpD, was crucial for behavioral responses of H. pylori in defined media which did not permit growth and led to reduced bacterial energy levels. Suboptimal energetic conditions and inhibition of electron transport induced an increased frequency of stops and direction changes in the wild type but not in tlpD mutants. Loss of metabolism-dependent behavior in tlpD mutants could be reversed by complementation but not by electron donors bypassing the activity of the electron transport chain, in contrast to the case for the wild type. TlpD, which apparently lacks transmembrane domains, was detected both in the bacterial cytoplasm and at the bacterial periphery. The proposed energy sensor TlpD was found to mediate a repellent tactic response away from conditions of reduced electron transport.
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Pyndiah S, Lasserre JP, Ménard A, Claverol S, Prouzet-Mauléon V, Mégraud F, Zerbib F, Bonneu M. Two-dimensional blue native/SDS gel electrophoresis of multiprotein complexes from Helicobacter pylori. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006; 6:193-206. [PMID: 17092930 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m600363-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of protein interactions constitutes an important domain to understand the physiology and pathogenesis of microorganisms. The two-dimensional blue native/SDS-PAGE was initially reported to analyze membrane protein complexes. In this study, both cytoplasmic and membrane complexes of a bacterium, the strain J99 of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori, were analyzed by this method. It was possible to identify 34 different proteins grouped in 13 multiprotein complexes, 11 from the cytoplasm and two from the membrane, either previously reported partially or totally in the literature. Besides complexes involved in H. pylori physiology, this method allowed the description of interactions involving known pathogenic factors such as (i) urease with the heat shock protein GroEL or with the putative ketol-acid reductoisomerase IlvC and (ii) the cag pathogenicity island CagA protein with the DNA gyrase GyrA as well as insight on the partners of TsaA, a peroxide reductase/stress-dependent molecular chaperone. The two-dimensional blue native/SDS-PAGE combined with mass spectrometry is a potential tool to study the differences in complexes isolated in various situations and also to study the interactions between bacterial and eucaryotic cell proteins.
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Madej MG, Nasiri HR, Hilgendorff NS, Schwalbe H, Lancaster CRD. Evidence for transmembrane proton transfer in a dihaem-containing membrane protein complex. EMBO J 2006; 25:4963-70. [PMID: 17024183 PMCID: PMC1618101 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane protein complexes can support both the generation and utilisation of a transmembrane electrochemical proton potential ('proton-motive force'), either by transmembrane electron transfer coupled to protolytic reactions on opposite sides of the membrane or by transmembrane proton transfer. Here we provide the first evidence that both of these mechanisms are combined in the case of a specific respiratory membrane protein complex, the dihaem-containing quinol:fumarate reductase (QFR) of Wolinella succinogenes, so as to facilitate transmembrane electron transfer by transmembrane proton transfer. We also demonstrate the non-functionality of this novel transmembrane proton transfer pathway ('E-pathway') in a variant QFR where a key glutamate residue has been replaced. The 'E-pathway', discussed on the basis of the 1.78-Angstrom-resolution crystal structure of QFR, can be concluded to be essential also for the viability of pathogenic epsilon-proteobacteria such as Helicobacter pylori and is possibly relevant to proton transfer in other dihaem-containing membrane proteins, performing very different physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gregor Madej
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hamid R Nasiri
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicole S Hilgendorff
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - C Roy D Lancaster
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 3, PO Box 55 03 53, 60402 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Tel.: +49 69 6303 1013; Fax: +49 69 6303 1002; E-mail:
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36
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Filiatrault MJ, Picardo KF, Ngai H, Passador L, Iglewski BH. Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa genes involved in virulence and anaerobic growth. Infect Immun 2006; 74:4237-45. [PMID: 16790798 PMCID: PMC1489737 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02014-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen and a significant cause of acute and chronic infections in patients with compromised host defenses. Evidence suggests that within infections P. aeruginosa encounters oxygen limitation and exists in microbial aggregates known as biofilms. However, there is little information that describes genes involved in anaerobic growth of P. aeruginosa and their association with virulence of this pathogen. To identify genes required for anaerobic growth, random transposon (Tn) mutagenesis was used to screen for mutants that demonstrated the inability to grow anaerobically using nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor. Of approximately 35,000 mutants screened, 57 mutants were found to exhibit no growth anaerobically using nitrate. Identification of the genes disrupted by the Tn revealed 24 distinct loci required for anaerobic growth on nitrate, including several genes not previously associated with anaerobic growth of P. aeruginosa. Several of these mutants were capable of growing anaerobically using nitrite and/or arginine, while five mutants were unable to grow anaerobically under any of the conditions tested. Three mutants were markedly attenuated in virulence in the lettuce model of P. aeruginosa infection. These studies have identified novel genes important for anaerobic growth and demonstrate that anaerobic metabolism influences virulence of P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Filiatrault
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 672, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Mileni M, MacMillan F, Tziatzios C, Zwicker K, Haas A, Mäntele W, Simon J, Lancaster C. Heterologous production in Wolinella succinogenes and characterization of the quinol:fumarate reductase enzymes from Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni. Biochem J 2006; 395:191-201. [PMID: 16367742 PMCID: PMC1409705 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The epsilon-proteobacteria Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni are both human pathogens. They colonize mucosal surfaces causing severe diseases. The membrane protein complex QFR (quinol:fumarate reductase) from H. pylori has previously been established as a potential drug target, and the same is likely for the QFR from C. jejuni. In the present paper, we describe the cloning of the QFR operons from the two pathogenic bacteria H. pylori and C. jejuni and their expression in Wolinella succinogenes, a non-pathogenic -proteobacterium. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of heterologous membrane protein production in W. succinogenes. We demonstrate that the replacement of the homologous enzyme from W. succinogenes with the heterologous enzymes yields mutants where fumarate respiration is fully functional. We have isolated and characterized the heterologous QFR enzymes. The high quality of the enzyme preparation enabled us to determine unequivocally by analytical ultracentrifugation the homodimeric state of the three detergent-solubilized heterotrimeric QFR enzymes, to accurately determine the different oxidation-reduction ('redox') midpoint potentials of the six prosthetic groups, the Michaelis constants for the quinol substrate, maximal enzymatic activities and the characterization of three different anti-helminths previously suggested to be inhibitors of the QFR enzymes from H. pylori and C. jejuni. This characterization allows, for the first time, a detailed comparison of the QFR enzymes from C. jejuni and H. pylori with that of W. succinogenes.
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Key Words
- campylobacter jejuni
- helicobacter pylori
- heterologous gene expression
- membrane protein purification
- quinol:fumarate reductase
- wolinella succinogenes
- bv, benzyl viologen
- cat, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
- cw-epr, continuous-wave epr
- dmn, 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
- dmnh2, 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinol
- malt, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
- mb, methylene blue
- mk, menaquinone
- qfr, quinol:fumarate reductase
- sqor, succinate:quinone oxidoreductase
- sqr, succinate:quinone reductase
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mileni
- *Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Fraser MacMillan
- †Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, J.W. Goethe University, Marie-Curie-Str. 11, 60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christos Tziatzios
- ‡Institute of Biophysics, J.W. Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus Zwicker
- §Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Bioenergetics, Gustav Embden Centre of Biological Chemistry, J.W. Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 25B, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander H. Haas
- *Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Werner Mäntele
- ‡Institute of Biophysics, J.W. Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Simon
- ∥Institute of Molecular Biosciences, J.W. Goethe University, Marie-Curie-Str. 9, 60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - C. Roy D. Lancaster
- *Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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38
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Kudva IT, Griffin RW, Garren JM, Calderwood SB, John M. Identification of a protein subset of the anthrax spore immunome in humans immunized with the anthrax vaccine adsorbed preparation. Infect Immun 2005; 73:5685-96. [PMID: 16113286 PMCID: PMC1231109 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.9.5685-5696.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified spore targets of Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA)-induced immunity in humans by screening recombinant clones of a previously generated, limited genomic Bacillus anthracis Sterne (pXO1(+), pXO2(-)) expression library of putative spore surface (spore-associated [SA]) proteins with pooled sera from human adults immunized with AVA (immune sera), the anthrax vaccine currently approved for use by humans in the United States. We identified 69 clones that reacted specifically with pooled immune sera but not with pooled sera obtained from the same individuals prior to immunization. Positive clones expressed proteins previously identified as localized on the anthrax spore surface, proteins highly expressed during spore germination, orthologs of proteins of diverse pathogens under investigation as drug targets, and orthologs of proteins contributing to the virulence of both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens. Among the reactive clones identified by this immunological screen was one expressing a 15.2-kDa hypothetical protein encoded by a gene with no significant homology to sequences contained in databases. Further studies are required to define the subset of SA proteins identified in this study that contribute to the virulence of this pathogen. We hypothesize that optimal delivery of a subset of SA proteins identified by such studies to the immune system in combination with protective antigen (PA), the principal immunogen in AVA, might facilitate the development of defined, nonreactogenic, more-efficacious PA-based anthrax vaccines. Future studies might also facilitate the identification of SA proteins with potential to serve as targets for drug design, spore inactivation, or spore detection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira T Kudva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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39
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Gaynor EC, Cawthraw S, Manning G, MacKichan JK, Falkow S, Newell DG. The genome-sequenced variant of Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 and the original clonal clinical isolate differ markedly in colonization, gene expression, and virulence-associated phenotypes. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:503-17. [PMID: 14702320 PMCID: PMC305761 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.2.503-517.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome sequence of the enteric bacterial pathogen Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 (11168-GS) was published in 2000, providing a valuable resource for the identification of C. jejuni-specific colonization and virulence factors. Surprisingly, the 11168-GS clone was subsequently found to colonize 1-day-old chicks following oral challenge very poorly compared to other strains. In contrast, we have found that the original clinical isolate from which 11168-GS was derived, 11168-O, is an excellent colonizer of chicks. Other marked phenotypic differences were also identified: 11168-O invaded and translocated through tissue culture cells far more efficiently and rapidly than 11168-GS, was significantly more motile, and displayed a different morphology. Serotyping, multiple high-resolution molecular genotyping procedures, and subtractive hybridization did not yield observable genetic differences between the variants, suggesting that they are clonal. However, microarray transcriptional profiling of these strains under microaerobic and severely oxygen-limited conditions revealed dramatic expression differences for several gene families. Many of the differences were in respiration and metabolism genes and operons, suggesting that adaptation to different oxygen tensions may influence colonization potential. This correlates biologically with our observation that anaerobically priming 11168-GS or aerobically passaging 11168-O caused an increase or decrease, respectively, in colonization compared to the parent strain. Expression differences were also observed for several flagellar genes and other less well-characterized genes that may participate in motility. Targeted sequencing of the sigma factors revealed specific DNA differences undetected by the other genomic methods [corrected].
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Gaynor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
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40
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Lloyd D. Noninvasive methods for the investigation of organisms at low oxygen levels. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 51:155-83. [PMID: 12236057 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(02)51005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Lloyd
- School of Biosciences (Microbiology), Main Building, Cardiff University, P. O. Box 915, Cardiff CF10 3TL, Wales, United Kingdom
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41
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Guo BP, Mekalanos JJ. Rapid genetic analysis of Helicobacter pylori gastric mucosal colonization in suckling mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:8354-9. [PMID: 12060779 PMCID: PMC123071 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.122244899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously described animal models for Helicobacter pylori infection have been limited by cumbersome host requirements (e.g., germ-free conditions or unusual species) or are applicable to only special subsets of H. pylori strains (e.g., fresh clinical isolates or animal-adapted derivatives). Here, we report that 5- to 6-day-old outbred CD-1 (ICR) suckling mice support 24-h colonization of all H. pylori strains tested (SS1, 26695 SmR-1, 43504 SmR-1, and G27 SmR-1), including lab-passaged strains that cannot be adapted for colonization of adult animals. Total colony-forming units (cfu) recovered from infection with lab-passaged strains did not differ from those with mouse-adapted SS1. We also tested this model's ability to detect colonization defects in strains carrying mutations in known virulence genes by coinfecting with wild-type H. pylori and measuring differential recovery. This competition assay identified colonization defects in several classes of known attenuated mutants, including those defective in acid resistance (ureA), metabolism (frdA), motility (motB), and chemotaxis (cheY). A mutant defective in copA (copper transporting P-type ATPase) is nonattenuated in adult and infant mice. Possibly because of the limited duration of infection, our model did not identify defects in vacuolating cytotoxin (vacA) or gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (ggt) as attenuating, in contrast to results from other animal models. We also identified a new virulence gene (HP0507) encoding a conserved hypothetical protein, which is important for colonization in our model. The suckling mouse model offers a rapid method to identify colonization defects in any H. pylori strain and may have utility as a new tool for studying immunity to primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty P Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Armenise 408, Boston, MA 02115
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42
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Ge Z. Potential of fumarate reductase as a novel therapeutic target in Helicobacter pylori infection. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2002; 6:135-46. [PMID: 12223076 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.6.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 50% of the world's population carries Helicobacter pylori, a gastric bacterial pathogen linked to diseases including gastritis, ulcers and gastric cancer. Chemotherapies are being routinely used to treat systemic H. pylori infection. The common regimens consist of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC) and two antibiotics. Although these regimens efficiently eradicate H. pylori, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant H. pylori strains, their severe side effects and high costs are major drawbacks of these treatments. More efficient, economic and friendly drugs need to be developed. Fumarate reductase (FRD) catalyses the reduction of fumarate to succinate in the Krebs cycle and is also a key enzyme in anaerobic respiration with fumarate as the terminal electron acceptor for many facultative bacteria. H. pylori FRD contains three subunits, FrdA, FrdB and FrdC. Genome analysis and experimental evidence indicate that this enzyme appears to play an important role in the energy metabolism of H. pylori. In addition, FRD is essential for the colonisation of H. pylori in the acidic stomach as demonstrated in the mouse model of infection. Furthermore, three FRD inhibitors used to cure helminthic infection in animals and humans have both inhibitory and bactericidal effects on H. pylori. These lines of evidence indicate that FRD may be a promising chemotherapeutic target. Given that FrdA is strongly immunogenic in the sera from H. pylori-positive patients, this protein may also be used as a candidate for the development of an anti-H. pylori vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Ge
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 16-873, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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43
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Lancaster CRD, Simon J. Succinate:quinone oxidoreductases from epsilon-proteobacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1553:84-101. [PMID: 11803019 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(01)00230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The epsilon-proteobacteria form a subdivision of the Proteobacteria including the genera Wolinella, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Sulfurospirillum, Arcobacter and Dehalospirillum. The majority of these bacteria are oxidase-positive microaerophiles indicating an electron transport chain with molecular oxygen as terminal electron acceptor. However, numerous members of the epsilon-proteobacteria also grow in the absence of oxygen. The common presence of menaquinone and fumarate reduction activity suggests anaerobic fumarate respiration which was demonstrated for the rumen bacterium Wolinella succinogenes as well as for Sulfurospirillum deleyianum, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter rectus and Dehalospirillum multivorans. To date, complete genome sequences of Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni are available. These bacteria and W. succinogenes contain the genes frdC, A and B encoding highly similar heterotrimeric enzyme complexes belonging to the family of succinate:quinone oxidoreductases. The crystal structure of the W. succinogenes quinol:fumarate reductase complex (FrdCAB) was solved recently, thus providing a model of succinate:quinone oxidoreductases from epsilon-proteobacteria. Succinate:quinone oxidoreductases are being discussed as possible therapeutic targets in the treatment of several pathogenic epsilon-proteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roy D Lancaster
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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44
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is known to be the cause of most gastric diseases, including both peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. In the absence of eradication, infection tends to be lifelong and the immune response ineffective in clearing the bacteria. A number of groups have investigated whether the immune clearance of infection can be achieved through a vaccination strategy, but to date, the results have been inconclusive. In fact, in most cases of natural infection, the host immune response leads to a chronic inflammation within the gastric mucosa that actually promotes the development of atrophy and neoplasia. In most cases, eradication of the organism leads to resolution of inflammation, which in many instances can result in reduction in atrophy and gastric cancer risk. This finding suggests that even at late stages, cancer progression is dependent, to a large extent, on infection/immune response. Work from a number of laboratories has led to the hypothesis that T-cells and the Th1 immune response, governed largely by host genetic factors, are strongly associated with the H. pylori-mediated induction of atrophy and cancer. Interleukin-1beta appears to be a particularly important cytokine that inhibits acid secretion and increases serum gastrin levels, factors strongly associated with cancer induction. The induction by H. pylori of cytokines and chemokines and growth-related genes is mediated by the MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Recent studies have shown that NF-kappaB is activated through a NF-kappaB-inducing kinase/p21-activated kinase 1 pathway. H. pylori can also promote cellular apoptosis through a number of mechanisms, the most important of which is upregulation of the Fas/FasL pathway. Finally, understanding of H. pylori pathogenesis has been broadened and deepened by the application of genomics and proteomics to the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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45
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Chen M, Zhai L, Christensen SB, Theander TG, Kharazmi A. Inhibition of fumarate reductase in Leishmania major and L. donovani by chalcones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:2023-9. [PMID: 11408218 PMCID: PMC90595 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.7.2023-2029.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that chalcones exhibit potent antileishmanial and antimalarial activities in vitro and in vivo. Preliminary studies showed that these compounds destroyed the ultrastructure of Leishmania parasite mitochondria and inhibited the respiration and the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases of Leishmania parasites. The present study was designed to further investigate the mechanism of action of chalcones, focusing on the parasite respiratory chain. The data show that licochalcone A inhibited the activity of fumarate reductase (FRD) in the permeabilized Leishmania major promastigote and in the parasite mitochondria, and it also inhibited solubilized FRD and a purified FRD from L. donovani. Two other chalcones, 2,4-dimethoxy-4'-allyloxychalcone (24m4ac) and 2,4-dimethoxy-4'-butoxychalcone (24mbc), also exhibited inhibitory effects on the activity of solubilized FRD in L. major promastigotes. Although licochalcone A inhibited the activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), NADH dehydrogenase (NDH), and succinate- and NADH-cytochrome c reductases in the parasite mitochondria, the 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of licochalcone A for these enzymes were at least 20 times higher than that for FRD. The IC(50) of licochalcone A for SDH and NDH in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were at least 70 times higher than that for FRD. These findings indicate that FRD, one of the enzymes of the parasite respiratory chain, might be the specific target for the chalcones tested. Since FRD exists in the Leishmania parasite and does not exist in mammalian cells, it could be an excellent target for antiprotozoal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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46
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Inhibition of fumarate reductase in Leishmania major and L. donovani by chalcones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001. [PMID: 11408218 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.7.2023-2029-2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that chalcones exhibit potent antileishmanial and antimalarial activities in vitro and in vivo. Preliminary studies showed that these compounds destroyed the ultrastructure of Leishmania parasite mitochondria and inhibited the respiration and the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases of Leishmania parasites. The present study was designed to further investigate the mechanism of action of chalcones, focusing on the parasite respiratory chain. The data show that licochalcone A inhibited the activity of fumarate reductase (FRD) in the permeabilized Leishmania major promastigote and in the parasite mitochondria, and it also inhibited solubilized FRD and a purified FRD from L. donovani. Two other chalcones, 2,4-dimethoxy-4'-allyloxychalcone (24m4ac) and 2,4-dimethoxy-4'-butoxychalcone (24mbc), also exhibited inhibitory effects on the activity of solubilized FRD in L. major promastigotes. Although licochalcone A inhibited the activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), NADH dehydrogenase (NDH), and succinate- and NADH-cytochrome c reductases in the parasite mitochondria, the 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of licochalcone A for these enzymes were at least 20 times higher than that for FRD. The IC(50) of licochalcone A for SDH and NDH in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were at least 70 times higher than that for FRD. These findings indicate that FRD, one of the enzymes of the parasite respiratory chain, might be the specific target for the chalcones tested. Since FRD exists in the Leishmania parasite and does not exist in mammalian cells, it could be an excellent target for antiprotozoal drugs.
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