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6-Benzyloxyphthalides as selective and reversible monoamine oxidase B inhibitors with antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory activities for Parkinson’s disease treatment. Bioorg Chem 2022; 120:105623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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2
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Araújo LTFD, Reis MEMD, Andrade WMGD, Resende NDS, Lima RRMD, Nascimento ESD, Costa MSMDO, Cavalcante JC. Distribution of nitric oxide in the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris) brain II: The brainstem. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 116:101989. [PMID: 34126223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In a recent paper, we described the distribution of Nitric oxide (NO) in the diencephalon of the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris). This present paper follows this work, showing the distribution of NO synthesizing neurons in the rock cavy's brainstem. For this, we used immunohistochemistry against the neuronal form of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and NADPH diaphorase histochemistry. In contrast to the diencephalon in the rock cavy, where the NOS neurons were seen to be limited to some nuclei in the thalamus and hypothalamus, the distribution of NOS in the brainstem is widespread. Neurons immunoreactive to NOS (NOS-ir) were seen as rostral as the precommissural nuclei and as caudal as the caudal and gelatinous parts of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Places such as the raphe nuclei, trigeminal complex, superior and inferior colliculus, oculomotor complex, periaqueductal grey matter, solitary tract nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental, and other nuclei of the reticular formation are among the locations with the most NOS-ir neurons. This distribution is similar, but with some differences, to those described for other rodents, indicating that NO also has an important role in rock cavy's physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucimário Thiago Félix de Araújo
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Maria Emanuela Martins Dos Reis
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Wylqui Mikael Gomes de Andrade
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Nayra da Silva Resende
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ruthnaldo Rodrigues Melo de Lima
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Expedito Silva do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Judney Cley Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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3
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Calmodulin and Its Binding Proteins in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063016. [PMID: 33809535 PMCID: PMC8001340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that manifests with rest tremor, muscle rigidity and movement disturbances. At the microscopic level it is characterized by formation of specific intraneuronal inclusions, called Lewy bodies (LBs), and by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the striatum and substantia nigra. All living cells, among them neurons, rely on Ca2+ as a universal carrier of extracellular and intracellular signals that can initiate and control various cellular processes. Disturbances in Ca2+ homeostasis and dysfunction of Ca2+ signaling pathways may have serious consequences on cells and even result in cell death. Dopaminergic neurons are particularly sensitive to any changes in intracellular Ca2+ level. The best known and studied Ca2+ sensor in eukaryotic cells is calmodulin. Calmodulin binds Ca2+ with high affinity and regulates the activity of a plethora of proteins. In the brain, calmodulin and its binding proteins play a crucial role in regulation of the activity of synaptic proteins and in the maintenance of neuronal plasticity. Thus, any changes in activity of these proteins might be linked to the development and progression of neurodegenerative disorders including PD. This review aims to summarize published results regarding the role of calmodulin and its binding proteins in pathology and pathogenesis of PD.
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Chong PS, Poon CH, Fung ML, Guan L, Steinbusch HWM, Chan YS, Lim WL, Lim LW. Distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in adult male Sprague-Dawley rat brain. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:151437. [PMID: 31492421 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal NOS (nNOS) accounts for most of the NO production in the nervous system that modulates synaptic transmission and neuroplasticity. Although previous studies have selectively described the localisation of nNOS in specific brain regions, a comprehensive distribution profile of nNOS in the brain is lacking. Here we provided a detailed morphological characterization on the rostro-caudal distribution of neurons and fibres exhibiting positive nNOS-immunoreactivity in adult Sprague-Dawley rat brain. Our results demonstrated that neurons and fibres in the brain regions that exhibited high nNOS immunoreactivity include the olfactory-related areas, intermediate endopiriform nucleus, Islands of Calleja, subfornical organ, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, parafascicular thalamic nucleus, superior colliculus, lateral terminal nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, periaqueductal gray, dorsal raphe nucleus, supragenual nucleus, nucleus of the trapezoid body, and the cerebellum. Moderate nNOS immunoreactivity was detected in the cerebral cortex, caudate putamen, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and the spinal cord. Finally, low NOS immunoreactivity were found in the corpus callosum, fornix, globus pallidus, anterior commissure, and the dorsal hippocampal commissure. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive view of the morphology and localisation of nNOS immunoreactivity in the brain that would contribute to a better understanding of the role played by nNOS in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pit Shan Chong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Chi Him Poon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Man Lung Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Li Guan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- Department of Neuroscience and European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ying-Shing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Wei Ling Lim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia.
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5
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Masuda K, Tsutsuki H, Kasamatsu S, Ida T, Takata T, Sugiura K, Nishida M, Watanabe Y, Sawa T, Akaike T, Ihara H. Involvement of nitric oxide/reactive oxygen species signaling via 8-nitro-cGMP formation in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and rat cerebellar granule neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:2165-2170. [PMID: 29258821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO)/reactive oxygen species (ROS) redox signaling in Parkinson's disease-like neurotoxicity, we used 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) treatment (a model of Parkinson's disease). We show that MPP+-induced neurotoxicity was dependent on ROS from neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) in nNOS-expressing PC12 cells (NPC12 cells) and rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Following MPP+ treatment, we found production of 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP), a second messenger in the NO/ROS redox signaling pathway, in NPC12 cells and rat CGNs, that subsequently induced S-guanylation and activation of H-Ras. Additionally, following MPP+ treatment, extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) phosphorylation was enhanced. Treatment with a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor attenuated MPP+-induced ERK phosphorylation and neurotoxicity. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that NO/ROS redox signaling via 8-nitro-cGMP is involved in MPP+-induced neurotoxicity and that 8-nitro-cGMP activates H-Ras/ERK signaling. Our results indicate a novel mechanism underlying MPP+-induced neurotoxicity, and therefore contribute novel insights to the mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Masuda
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan; Project Management Department, SHIONOGI & CO., LTD., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Tsutsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shingo Kasamatsu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takata
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kikuya Sugiura
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nishida
- Division of Cardiocirculatory Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuo Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ihara
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.
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6
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Chen LN, Sun J, Yang XD, Xiao K, Lv Y, Zhang BY, Zhou W, Chen C, Gao C, Shi Q, Dong XP. The Brain NO Levels and NOS Activities Ascended in the Early and Middle Stages and Descended in the Terminal Stage in Scrapie-Infected Animal Models. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1786-1796. [PMID: 26887380 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9755-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The infections of prion agents may cause progressive and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and a serial of animal species. Previous studies have proposed that the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the brains of some neurodegeneration diseases changed, while S-nitrosylation (SNO) of many brain proteins altered in prion diseases. To elucidate the potential changes of brain NO levels during prion infection, the NO levels and NOS activities in the brain tissues of three scrapie experimental rodents were measured, including scrapie agent 263 K-infected hamsters and 139A- and ME7-infected mice. Both NO levels and NOS activities, including total NOS (TNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS), were increased at the terminal stages of scrapie-infected animals. Assays of the brain samples collected at different time points during scrapie infection showed that the NO levels and NOS activities started to increase at early stage, reached to the peak in the middle stage, and dropped down at late stage. Western blots for brain iNOS revealed increased firstly and decreased late, especially in the brains of 139A- and ME7-infected mice. In line with those alterations, the levels of the SNO forms of several selected brain proteins such as aquaporin-1 (AQP1), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), neurogranin, and opalin, underwent similar changing trends, while their total protein levels did not change obviously during scrapie infection. Our data here for the first time illustrate the changing profile of brain NO and NOS during prion infection. Time-dependent alterations of brain NO level and the associated protein S-nitrosylation process may contribute greatly to the neuropathological damage in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China. .,Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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7
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Copetti-Santos D, Moraes V, Weiler DF, de Mello AS, Machado FDS, Marinho JP, Siebert C, Kolling J, Funchal C, Wyse ATS, Coelho JC. U18666A Treatment Results in Cholesterol Accumulation, Reduced Na+, K+-ATPase Activity, and Increased Oxidative Stress in Rat Cortical Astrocytes. Lipids 2015; 50:937-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Ozawa K, Komatsubara AT, Nishimura Y, Sawada T, Kawafune H, Tsumoto H, Tsuji Y, Zhao J, Kyotani Y, Tanaka T, Takahashi R, Yoshizumi M. S-nitrosylation regulates mitochondrial quality control via activation of parkin. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2202. [PMID: 23857542 PMCID: PMC3712319 DOI: 10.1038/srep02202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkin, a ubiquitin E3 ligase of the ring between ring fingers family, has been implicated in mitochondrial quality control. A series of recent reports have suggested that the recruitment of parkin is regulated by phosphorylation. However, the molecular mechanism that activates parkin to induce mitochondrial degradation is not well understood. Here, and in contrast to previous reports that S-nitrosylation of parkin is exclusively inhibitory, we identify a previously unrecognized site of S-nitrosylation in parkin (Cys323) that induces mitochondrial degradation. We demonstrate that endogenous S-nitrosylation of parkin is in fact responsible for activation of its E3 ligase activity to induce aggregation and degradation. We further demonstrate that mitochondrial uncoupling agents result in denitrosylation of parkin, and that prevention of denitrosylation restores mitochondrial degradation. Our data indicates that NO both positive effects on mitochondrial quality control, and suggest that targeted S-nitrosylation could provide a novel therapeutic strategy against Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ozawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Japan.
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9
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Kurauchi Y, Hisatsune A, Isohama Y, Sawa T, Akaike T, Katsuki H. Nitric oxide/soluble guanylyl cyclase signaling mediates depolarization-induced protection of rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons from MPP⁺ cytotoxicity. Neuroscience 2012; 231:206-15. [PMID: 23238575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal electrical activity has been known to affect the viability of neurons in the central nervous system. Here we show that long-lasting membrane depolarization induced by elevated extracellular K(+) recruits nitric oxide (NO)/soluble guanylyl cyclase/protein kinase G signaling pathway, induces 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP)-mediated protein S-guanylation, and confers dopaminergic neuroprotection. Treatment of primary mesencephalic cell cultures with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) for 72 h decreased the number of dopaminergic neurons, whereas the cell loss was markedly inhibited by elevated extracellular concentration of K(+) (+40 mM). The neuroprotective effect of elevated extracellular K(+) was significantly attenuated by tetrodotoxin (a Na(+) channel blocker), amlodipine (a voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channel blocker), N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) (a soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor), and KT5823 or Rp-8-bromo-β-phenyl-1,N(2)-ethenoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS) (protein kinase G inhibitors). Elevated extracellular K(+) increased 8-nitro-cGMP production resulting in the induction of protein S-guanylation in cells in mesencephalic cultures including dopaminergic neurons. In addition, exogenous application of 8-nitro-cGMP protected dopaminergic neurons from MPP(+) cytotoxicity, which was prevented by zinc protoporphyrin IX, an inhibitor of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Zinc protoporphyrin IX also inhibited the neuroprotective effect of elevated extracellular K(+). On the other hand, KT5823 or Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS did not inhibit the induction of HO-1 protein expression by 8-nitro-cGMP, although these protein kinase G inhibitors abrogated the neuroprotective effect of 8-nitro-cGMP. These results suggest that protein S-guanylation (leading to HO-1 induction) as well as canonical protein kinase G signaling pathway plays an important role in NO-mediated, activity-dependent dopaminergic neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kurauchi
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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10
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Mongin AA, Dohare P, Jourd'heuil D. Selective vulnerability of synaptic signaling and metabolism to nitrosative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:992-1012. [PMID: 22339371 PMCID: PMC3411350 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Nitric oxide (NO) plays diverse physiological roles in the central nervous system, where it modulates neuronal communication, regulates blood flow, and contributes to the innate immune responses. In a number of brain pathologies, the excessive production of NO also leads to the formation of reactive and toxic intermediates generically termed reactive nitrogen species (RNS). RNS cause irreversible or poorly reversible damage to brain cells. RECENT ADVANCES Recent work in the field focused on the ability of NO and RNS to yield protein modifications, including the S-nitrosation of cysteine residues, which, in many instances, impact cellular functions and viability. CRITICAL ISSUES The vast majority of neuropathological studies focus on the loss of cell viability, but nitrosative stress may also strongly impair the functions of neuronal processes: axonal projections and dendritic trees. The functional integrity of axons and dendrites critically depends on local metabolism and effective delivery of metabolic enzymes and organelles. Here, we summarize the existing literature describing the effects of nitrosative stress on the major pathways of energetic metabolism: glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and mitochondrial respiration, with the emphasis on modifications of protein thiols. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We propose that axons and dendrites are highly vulnerable to nitrosative stress because of their low glycolytic capacity and high dependence on timely delivery of metabolic enzymes and organelles from the cell body. Thus, supplementation with the end products of glycolysis, pyruvate or lactate, may help preserve metabolism in distal neuronal processes and protect or restore synaptic function in the ailing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Mongin
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, New York 12208, USA.
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11
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Nitric oxide and neuronal death. Nitric Oxide 2010; 23:153-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Ho JWM, Ho PWL, Zhang WY, Liu HF, Kwok KHH, Yiu DCW, Chan KH, Kung MHW, Ramsden DB, Ho SL. Transcriptional regulation of UCP4 by NF-kappaB and its role in mediating protection against MPP+ toxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:192-204. [PMID: 20385226 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-4 (UCP4) enhances neuronal cell survival in MPP(+)-induced toxicity by suppressing oxidative stress and preserving intracellular ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential. UCP4 expression is increased by MPP(+), but its regulation is unknown. Using serial human UCP4 promoter-luciferase reporter gene constructs, we identified and characterized several cis-acting elements that can regulate UCP4 expression. Core promoter activity exists within 100 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site (TIS=+1). Both CAAT box (-33/-27) and Sp1 (-62/-49) elements are crucial and act synergistically in its transcription. We identified a NF-kappaB putative binding site at -507/-495. Mutation of this site significantly decreased UCP4 promoter activity. Activation of NF-kappaB by TNFalpha or cycloheximide increased, whereas its inhibition by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal or transfection of pIkappaBalphaM suppressed, UCP4 promoter activity. NF-kappaB inhibition significantly suppressed the MPP(+)-induced increase in UCP4 expression. MPP(+) increased specific binding of NF-kappaB protein complexes to this site in electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Both UCP4 knockdown and NF-kappaB inhibition exacerbated MPP(+)-induced cell death. We present the first direct evidence that UCP4 is regulated by NF-kappaB, mediated via a functional NF-kappaB site in its promoter region, and that UCP4 has a significant role in NF-kappaB prosurvival signaling, mediating its protection against MPP(+) toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wing-Man Ho
- Division of Neurology, University Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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13
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Oxidative modifications, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired protein degradation in Parkinson's disease: how neurons are lost in the Bermuda triangle. Mol Neurodegener 2009; 4:24. [PMID: 19500376 PMCID: PMC2701947 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-4-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, the theory of oxidative stress has received considerable support. Although many correlations have been established and encouraging evidence has been obtained, conclusive proof of causation for the oxidative stress hypothesis is lacking and potential cures have not emerged. Therefore it is likely that other factors, possibly in coordination with oxidative stress, contribute to neuron death. Using Parkinson's disease (PD) as the paradigm, this review explores the hypothesis that oxidative modifications, mitochondrial functional disruption, and impairment of protein degradation constitute three interrelated molecular pathways that execute neuron death. These intertwined events are the consequence of environmental exposure, genetic factors, and endogenous risks and constitute a "Bermuda triangle" that may be considered the underlying cause of neurodegenerative pathogenesis.
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14
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Rubio-Osornio M, Montes S, Pérez-Severiano F, Aguilera P, Floriano-Sánchez E, Monroy-Noyola A, Rubio C, Ríos C. Copper reduces striatal protein nitration and tyrosine hydroxylase inactivation induced by MPP+ in rats. Neurochem Int 2009; 54:447-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Balda MA, Anderson KL, Itzhak Y. The neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene contributes to the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) by cocaine. Neurosci Lett 2009; 457:120-4. [PMID: 19429176 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that intact nitric oxide (NO) signaling is essential for the development of cocaine behavioral sensitization in adulthood [M.A. Balda, K.L. Anderson, Y. Itzhak, Differential role of the nNOS gene in the development of behavioral sensitization to cocaine in adolescent and adult B6;129S mice, Psychopharmacology (Berl) 200 (2008) 509-519]. Given the requirement of dopamine (DA) transmission in cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization and the interactions between NO and DA systems, the present study investigated the role of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene and the effect of cocaine on the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons. Adult (postnatal day 80) wild type (WT) and nNOS knockout (KO) mice received saline or a sensitizing regimen of cocaine (20mg/kg) for 5 days. After 24h, TH immunoreactivity was assessed in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the dorsal striatum (dST) using stereology and Western blotting, respectively. We report that (a) nNOS KO mice express lower levels of TH-ir neurons in the VTA compared to WT counterparts, (b) cocaine administration to WT mice significantly increased striatal TH expression, and (c) the same cocaine administration to nNOS KO mice significantly decreased striatal TH expression. Thus, the nitrergic system may contribute to cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization by regulating dopaminergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara A Balda
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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16
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Zhou L, Zhu DY. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase: structure, subcellular localization, regulation, and clinical implications. Nitric Oxide 2009; 20:223-30. [PMID: 19298861 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a free gaseous signaling molecule, is involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular, nervous and immune system. The neurotransmitter function of nitric oxide is dependent on dynamic regulation of its biosynthetic enzyme, nitric oxide synthase (NOS). There are three types of NOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Of the three NOS, we focus on nNOS in the present review. Brain nNOS exists in particulate and soluble forms and the differential subcellular localization of nNOS may contribute to its diverse functions. Proteins bearing PDZ domains can interact directly with the PDZ domain of nNOS, influencing the subcellular distribution and/or activity of the enzyme. During the past several years, an increasing number of reports have demonstrated the importance of nNOS in a variety of synaptic signaling events. nNOS has been implicated in modulating physiological functions such as learning, memory, and neurogenesis, as well as being involved in a number of human diseases. In this review we concentrate on recent findings regarding the structural features, subcellular localization and factors regulating nNOS function. In particular, we conclude with a section discussing the role of nNOS in a wide range of physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Fountaine TM, Venda LL, Warrick N, Christian HC, Brundin P, Channon KM, Wade-Martins R. The effect of alpha-synuclein knockdown on MPP+ toxicity in models of human neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 28:2459-73. [PMID: 19032594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The protein alpha-synuclein is central to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) but its role in the development of neurodegeneration remains unclear. alpha-Synuclein-knockout mice develop without gross abnormality and are resistant to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a mitochondrial inhibitor widely used to model parkinsonism. Here we show that differentiated human dopaminergic neuron-like cells also have increased resistance to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+), the active metabolite of MPTP, when alpha-synuclein is knocked down using RNA interference. In attempting to understand how this occurred we found that lowering alpha-synuclein levels caused changes to intracellular vesicles, dopamine transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2), each of which is known to be an important component of the early events leading to MPP+ toxicity. Knockdown of alpha-synuclein reduced the availability of DAT on the neuronal surface by 50%, decreased the total number of intracellular vesicles by 37% but increased the density of VMAT2 molecules per vesicle by 2.8-fold. However, these changes were not associated with any reduction in MPP+ -induced superoxide production, suggesting that alpha-synuclein knockdown may have other downstream effects which are important. We then showed that alpha-synuclein knockdown prevented MPP+ -induced activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Activation of NOS is an essential step in MPTP toxicity and increasing evidence points to nitrosative stress as being important in neurodegeneration. Overall, these results show that as well as having a number of effects on cellular events upstream of mitochondrial dysfunction alpha-synuclein affects pathways downstream of superoxide production, possibly involving regulation of NOS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Fountaine
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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18
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Huerta C, Sánchez-Ferrero E, Coto E, Blázquez M, Ribacoba R, Guisasola LM, Salvador C, Alvarez V. No association between Parkinson's disease and three polymorphisms in the eNOS, nNOS, and iNOS genes. Neurosci Lett 2007; 413:202-5. [PMID: 17174475 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and mitochondrial DNA-polymorphisms have been associated with the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). In this report, we genotyped 450 PD-patients and 200 controls for three polymorphisms in the endothelial, inducible and neuronal NOS-genes, and for the T4336C and A10398G mitochondrial DNA-polymorphisms. None of the eNOS (intron 4 VNTR), iNOS (exon 22 A/G), or nNOS (exon 29T/C) were significantly associated with PD. Mitochondrial 4336C increased the PD-risk among women (OR=6.13), while the 10398G had a protective effect (OR=0.52). We did not find significantly interactions between the NOS and mitochondrial polymorphisms in the risk for PD in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Huerta
- Genética Molecular-Instituto de Investigación Nefrológica, Hospital Central de Asturias, Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias, Spain
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19
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Himeda T, Kadoguchi N, Kamiyama Y, Kato H, Maegawa H, Araki T. Neuroprotective effect of arundic acid, an astrocyte-modulating agent, in mouse brain against MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) neurotoxicity. Neuropharmacology 2006; 50:329-44. [PMID: 16303147 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) causes the damage of dopaminergic neurons as seen in Parkinson's disease. Oxidative stress has been as one of several pathogenic hypotheses for Parkinson's disease. Here we investigated whether arundic acid, an astrocyte-modulating agent, can protect against alterations of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression on MPTP neurotoxicity in mice, utilizing an immunohistochemistry. For this purpose, anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibody, anti-dopamine transporter (DAT) antibody, anti-Cu/Zn-SOD antibody, anti-Mn-SOD antibody, anti-nNOS antibody, anti-eNOS antibody and anti-iNOS antibody were used. The present study showed that the arundic acid had a protective effect against MPTP-induced neuronal damage in the striatum and substantia nigra of mice. The protective effect may be, at least in part, caused by the reductions of the levels of reactive nitrogen (RNS) and oxygen species (ROS) against MPTP neurotoxicity. These results suggest that the pharmacological modulation of astrocyte may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, our results provide further evidence that a combination of nNOS inhibitors, iNOS inhibitors and free radical scavengers may be effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus our present results provide valuable information for the pathogenesis of degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Himeda
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Therapeutics, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78 Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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20
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Iravani MM, Haddon CO, Rose S, Jenner P. 3-Nitrotyrosine-dependent dopaminergic neurotoxicity following direct nigral administration of a peroxynitrite but not a nitric oxide donor. Brain Res 2006; 1067:256-62. [PMID: 16388785 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Revised: 10/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) adducts in Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease suggests a role for nitrative stress in dopaminergic cell death. Whether this is a direct effect of increased nitric oxide (NO) formation or requires its reaction with superoxide to form peroxynitrite is not clear. In the present study, we show that direct nigral administration of a NO donor, SNOG, in the rat produced only local toxicity to dopaminergic neurones pre-labeled with fluorogold with no 3-NT formation. However, administration of a peroxynitrite donor, SIN-1, caused widespread damage to dopaminergic neurones and marked expression of 3-NT immunoreactivity. Importantly, dopaminergic cell loss and the expression of 3-NT were completely prevented when SIN-1 was co-administered with the NO/peroxynitrite scavenger, carboxy-PTIO. The results suggest that increased NO formation is not inherently toxic to dopaminergic neurons, but when both oxidative and nitrative stress combine to cause peroxynitrite formation, neurotoxicity occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Iravani
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Centre, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London SE1 1UL, UK
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21
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Upregulation of guanylyl cyclase expression and activity in striatum of MPTP-induced parkinsonism in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324:118-26. [PMID: 15464991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate the expression and the activity of soluble guanylyl cyclase (GC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities that regulate cGMP level in the striatum, hippocampus, and brain cortex in an animal model of PD, induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). We observed the increase of total activity and protein level of GC in striatum after MPTP injection. It was accompanied by an enhancement of both mRNA expression and protein level of GCbeta1 subunit. MPTP induces mRNA expression and elevates protein concentration of GCbeta1 in striatum up to 14 days after its injection, which in turn causes a marked enhancement of cGMP formation. Furthermore, the activation of GC occurs through change of maximal enzyme activity (V(max)). Simultaneously, no change in PDE activity has been detected in all investigated regions of the brain after MPTP. MPTP injection caused the elevation of GCbeta1 protein level in both the membrane and cytosol fractions being significantly higher in cytosol. Western blot analysis demonstrated about 45-67% decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase protein content in striatum. These data suggest that NO/cGMP signaling pathway may at least partially contribute to dopaminergic fiber degeneration in the striatum, the damage attributed to PD.
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22
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Patel M. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress: cause and consequence of epileptic seizures. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1951-62. [PMID: 15544915 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated as a contributing factor in diverse acute and chronic neurological disorders. However, its role in the epilepsies has only recently emerged. Animal studies show that epileptic seizures result in free radical production and oxidative damage to cellular proteins, lipids, and DNA. Mitochondria contribute to the majority of seizure-induced free radical production. Seizure-induced mitochondrial superoxide production, consequent inactivation of susceptible iron-sulfur enzymes, e.g., aconitase, and resultant iron-mediated toxicity may mediate seizure-induced neuronal death. Epileptic seizures are a common feature of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with mitochondrial encephalopathies. Recent work suggests that chronic mitochondrial oxidative stress and resultant dysfunction can render the brain more susceptible to epileptic seizures. This review focuses on the emerging role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction both as a consequence and as a cause of epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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23
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Xu Q, Wink DA, Colton CA. Nitric oxide production and regulation of neuronal NOS in tyrosine hydroxylase containing neurons. Exp Neurol 2004; 188:341-50. [PMID: 15246834 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2003] [Revised: 04/14/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
CAD cells are a murine CNS catecholaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase-positive; TH+) neuronal cell line that undergoes morphological differentiation to resemble CNS catecholaminergic neurons upon serum deprivation. We show here that CAD cells also express neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) mRNA and protein and produce readily measurable levels of NO. Since both NO and catecholamines (L-DOPA; dopamine; norepinephrine) are redox active molecules, their production within the same cell may affect the cell's vulnerability to insult. Thus, we examined the regulation of NO production by CAD cells and the effect of NO on cell survival. NO is generated in a dose-dependent fashion by treatment with agents (ionomycin; A23817; KCl) known to increase calcium entry across the cell membrane. The NO level can be increased further by pretreatment with sepiapterin, a membrane permeable precursor for BH4 synthesis, suggesting that the BH4 levels or access required for nNOS activation is limited in CAD cells. Reducing mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake using ruthenium red (RuR) increased ionomycin-mediated NO production over ionomycin alone and indicates a critical role for mitochondria in nNOS regulation. Cell death was significantly increased by ionomycin treatment alone or in conjunction with reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. However, NO was not the primary mediator of cell death since NOS inhibitors rescued only less than 10% of the cells. These data suggest that endogenous NO production by nNOS is not a major factor in CAD cell death under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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24
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Shang T, Kotamraju S, Kalivendi SV, Hillard CJ, Kalyanaraman B. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons is mediated by transferrin receptor iron-dependent depletion of tetrahydrobiopterin and neuronal nitric-oxide synthase-derived superoxide. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:19099-112. [PMID: 14752097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400101200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)), an ultimate toxic metabolite of a mitochondrial neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, that causes Parkinson-like symptoms in experimental animals and humans. We used rat cerebellar granule neurons as a model cell system for investigating MPP(+) toxicity. Results show that MPP(+) treatment resulted in the generation of reactive oxygen species from inhibition of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and inactivation of aconitase. This, in turn, stimulated transferrin receptor (TfR)-dependent iron signaling via activation of the iron-regulatory protein/iron-responsive element interaction. MPP(+) caused a time-dependent depletion of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) that was mediated by H(2)O(2) and transferrin iron. Depletion of BH(4) decreased the active, dimeric form of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase (nNOS). MPP(+)-mediated "uncoupling" of nNOS decreased *NO and increased superoxide formation. Pretreatment of cells with sepiapterin to promote BH(4) biosynthesis or cell-permeable iron chelator and TfR antibody to prevent iron-catalyzed BH(4) decomposition inhibited MPP(+) cytotoxicity. Preincubation of cerebellar granule neurons with nNOS inhibitor exacerbated MPP(+)-induced iron uptake, BH(4) depletion, proteasomal inactivation, and apoptosis. We conclude that MPP(+)-dependent aconitase inactivation, Tf-iron uptake, and oxidant generation result in the depletion of intracellular BH(4), leading to the uncoupling of nNOS activity. This further exacerbates reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative damage and apoptosis. Implications of these results in unraveling the molecular mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiesong Shang
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226, USA
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25
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Watanabe H, Muramatsu Y, Kurosaki R, Michimata M, Matsubara M, Imai Y, Araki T. Protective effects of neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in mouse brain against MPTP neurotoxicity: an immunohistological study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2004; 14:93-104. [PMID: 15013024 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(03)00065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2003] [Revised: 04/15/2003] [Accepted: 05/06/2003] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole, can protect against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxicity in mice. It protected against both dopamine depletions and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neuron decreases in the mouse brain. In the present study, we further examined whether 7-nitroindazole can also protect against the alterations of TH-, microtubule-associated protein 2a,b (MAP2)-, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-, parvalbumin (PV)-, dopamine transporter (DAT)-, nNOS- or endothelial NOS (eNOS)-positive cells, in comparison with pargyline as a relatively selective inhibitor of the monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B). The present study showed that nNOS inhibitor as well as MAO-B inhibitor has a dose-dependent protective effect against MPTP-induced striatal dopamine and DOPAC depletion in mice. Furthermore, the present study revealed that 7-nitroindazole and pargyline can protect the alterations of immunohistochemical changes in the striatum and substantia nigra after MPTP treatment. These protective effects may be, at least in part, produced by the reduction of neuronally derived NO and peroxynitrite caused by MPTP. Our results also demonstrate that MPTP can cause functional damage of interneurons in the substantia nigra. These results suggest the possibility that nNOS inhibitors as well as MAO-B inhibitors may be therapeutically useful in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Thus our present results provide valuable information for the pathogenesis of degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hijiri Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science and Medicine, Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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26
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Kalivendi SV, Kotamraju S, Cunningham S, Shang T, Hillard CJ, Kalyanaraman B. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial oxidant generation: role of transferrin-receptor-dependent iron and hydrogen peroxide. Biochem J 2003; 371:151-64. [PMID: 12523938 PMCID: PMC1223270 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2002] [Revised: 12/18/2002] [Accepted: 01/10/2003] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) is a neurotoxin used in cellular models of Parkinson's Disease. Although intracellular iron plays a crucial role in MPP(+)-induced apoptosis, the molecular signalling mechanisms linking iron, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis are still unknown. We investigated these aspects using cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. MPP(+) enhanced caspase 3 activity after 24 h with significant increases as early as 12 h after treatment of cells. Pre-treatment of CGNs and neuroblastoma cells with the metalloporphyrin antioxidant enzyme mimic, Fe(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin (FeTBAP), completely prevented the MPP(+)-induced caspase 3 activity as did overexpression of glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) and pre-treatment with a lipophilic, cell-permeable iron chelator [N, N '-bis-(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-N, N '-diacetic acid, HBED]. MPP(+) treatment increased the number of TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end-labelling)-positive cells which was completely blocked by pre-treatment with FeTBAP. MPP(+) treatment significantly decreased the aconitase and mitochondrial complex I activities; pre-treatment with FeTBAP, HBED and GPx1 overexpression reversed this effect. MPP(+) treatment increased the intracellular oxidative stress by 2-3-fold, as determined by oxidation of dichlorodihydrofluorescein and dihydroethidium (hydroethidine). These effects were reversed by pre-treatment of cells with FeTBAP and HBED and by GPx1 overexpression. MPP(+)-treatment enhanced the cell-surface transferrin receptor (TfR) expression, suggesting a role for TfR-induced iron uptake in MPP(+) toxicity. Treatment of cells with anti-TfR antibody (IgA class) inhibited MPP(+)-induced caspase activation. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase activity did not affect caspase 3 activity, apoptotic cell death or ROS generation by MPP(+). Overall, these results suggest that MPP(+)-induced cell death in CGNs and neuroblastoma cells proceeds via apoptosis and involves mitochondrial release of ROS and TfR-dependent iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasi V Kalivendi
- Biophysics Research Institute and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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27
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Dennis J, Bennett JP. Interactions among nitric oxide and Bcl-family proteins after MPP+ exposure of SH-SY5Y neural cells I: MPP+ increases mitochondrial NO and Bax protein. J Neurosci Res 2003; 72:76-88. [PMID: 12645081 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We studied effects of methylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)) on apoptosis, cell death and regulation of Bcl-2-family proteins in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. MPP(+) increased intracellular accumulation of DNA-histone complexes as a measure of apoptosis and decreased intracellular calcein fluorescence as a measure of cell death. If ATP synthesis was supported, MPP(+) caused apoptosis in rho(0) cells devoid of electron transport function. Caspase inhibition blocked apoptosis but not cell death caused by MPP(+). MPP(+) increased levels of Bax, Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) proteins approximately 2-fold over 24 hr, with Bax increases occurring first; Bax did not increase in rho(0) cells. The Bax increase, but not that of Bcl-2 or Bcl-X(L), was dependent on nitric oxide (NO) and seemed post-transcriptional. DAF-FM imaging revealed increased mitochondrial NO within hours of exposure to MPP(+). Western blots showed a constitutive approximately 130 kD protein that stained for NOS-2, consistent with reports of mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS). MPP(+) caused a NO-dependent release of cytochrome C into cytoplasm. MPP(+) increases mitochondrial NO levels and causes a NO-dependent increase in Bax protein, providing a mechanism for NOS-and Bax-dependency of MPTP neurotoxicity in vivo and implicating locally produced NO as a signaling molecule used by mitochondria to manipulate cell death cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel Dennis
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 00908, USA
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28
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Browne SE, Beal MF. Toxin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2003; 53:243-79. [PMID: 12512343 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(02)53010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Browne
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- L V P Korlipara
- University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom, NW3 2PF
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30
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Abstract
Excessive generation of nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. Damage to the mitochondrial electron transport chain has also been implicated in these disorders. NO and its toxic metabolite peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) can inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain, leading to energy failure and ultimately cell death. There appears to be a differential susceptibility of brain cell types to NO/ONOO(-), which may be influenced by factors including cellular antioxidant status and the ability to maintain energy requirements in the face of marked respiratory chain damage. Although formation of NO/ONOO(-) following cytokine exposure does not affect astrocyte survival, these molecules may diffuse out and cause mitochondrial damage to neighboring NO/ONOO(-)-sensitive cells such as neurons. Evidence suggests that NO/ONOO(-) causes release of neuronal glutamate, leading to glutamate-induced activation of neuronal NO synthase and generation of further damaging species. While neurons appear able to recover from short-term exposure to NO/ONOO(-), extending the period of exposure results in persistent damage to the respiratory chain and cell death ensues. These findings have important implications for acute infection vs. chronic neuroinflammatory disease states. The evidence for NO/ONOO(-)-mediated mitochondrial damage in neurodegenerative disorders is reviewed and potential therapeutic strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Stewart
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Division of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, England
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31
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Groc L, Jackson Hunter T, Jiang H, Bezin L, Koubi D, Corcoran GB, Levine RA. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition during development: effect on apoptotic death of dopamine neurons. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2002; 138:147-53. [PMID: 12354642 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(02)00464-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring cell death via apoptosis occurs in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) during rat development, culminating during the perinatal period. We previously showed that lipid peroxidation-mediated oxidative stress is not involved in this cell death process. Nitric oxide (NO) has been proposed to be critical for many developmental processes in brain and has been shown to mediate cell death in neurotoxin models of neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we reported that in vivo pre- and postnatal treatment with the non-specific NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, L-NAME (60 mg/kg), or with the neuronal NOS inhibitor, 7-NI (30 mg/kg), dramatically decreased the NOS activity as well as the NADPH-diaphorase staining in brain. However, those treatments did not rescue dopamine neurons from developmental death, suggesting that NO is not involved in vivo in developmental death of these neurons or in the overall development of the SNc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Groc
- William T Gossett Neurology Laboratories, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
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32
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Bolin LM, Strycharska-Orczyk I, Murray R, Langston JW, Di Monte D. Increased vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in MPTP-lesioned interleukin-6 deficient mice. J Neurochem 2002; 83:167-75. [PMID: 12358740 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that neuroinflammation contributes to dopaminergic neuron death in the MPTP-lesioned mouse, we compared nigrostriatal degeneration in interleukin (IL)-6 (+/+) with IL-6 (-/-) mice. In the absence of IL-6, a single injection of MPTP (30 mg/kg) resulted in significantly greater striatal dopamine depletion than that measured in IL-6 (+/+) mice. The observed dopamine depletion was MPTP dose dependent. This loss of striatal dopamine and a significantly greater loss of TH+ cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta in IL-6 (-/-) mice as compared with control IL-6 (+/+) mice, suggest that IL-6 is neuroprotective in the MPTP-lesioned nigrostriatal system. Co-localization experiments identified striatal astrocytes as the source of IL-6 in IL-6 (+/+) mice at 1 and 7 days postinjection of MPTP. The increased sensitivity of dopaminergic neurons to neurotoxicant in the absence of IL-6, is compatible with a neuroprotective activity of IL-6 in the injured nigrostriatal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel M Bolin
- The Parkinson's Institute, 1170 Morse Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94089, USA.
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Dryhurst G. Are dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin precursors of biologically reactive intermediates involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative brain disorders? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 500:373-96. [PMID: 11764972 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0667-6_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Dryhurst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman 73019, USA
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Giasson BI, Ischiropoulos H, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ. The relationship between oxidative/nitrative stress and pathological inclusions in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32:1264-75. [PMID: 12057764 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's diseases (PD) are late-onset neurodegenerative diseases that have tremendous impact on the lives of affected individuals, their families, and society as a whole. Remarkable efforts are being made to elucidate the dominant factors that result in the pathogenesis of these disorders. Extensive postmortem studies suggest that oxidative/nitrative stresses are prominent features of these diseases, and several animal models support this notion. Furthermore, it is likely that protein modifications resulting from oxidative/nitrative damage contribute to the formation of intracytoplasmic inclusions characteristic of each disease. The frequent presentation of both AD and PD in individuals and the co-occurrence of inclusions characteristic of AD and PD in several other neurodegenerative diseases suggests the involvement of a common underlying aberrant process. It can be surmised that oxidative/nitrative stress, which is cooperatively influenced by environmental factors, genetic predisposition, and senescence, may be a link between these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit I Giasson
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
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35
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Iravani MM, Kashefi K, Mander P, Rose S, Jenner P. Involvement of inducible nitric oxide synthase in inflammation-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Neuroscience 2002; 110:49-58. [PMID: 11882372 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The loss of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra with Parkinson's disease may result from inflammation-induced proliferation of microglia and reactive macrophages expressing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). We have investigated the effects of the supranigral administration of lipopolysaccharide on iNOS-immunoreactivity, 3-nitrotyrosine formation and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neuronal number, and retrogradely labelled fluorogold-positive neurones in the ventral mesencephalon in male Wistar rats. Following supranigral lipopolysaccharide injection, 16-18 h previously, there was intense expression of NADPH-diaphorase and iNOS-immunoreactivity in non-neuronal, macrophage-like cells. This was accompanied by intense expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive astrocytosis in the substantia nigra. There were also significant reductions in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase(50-60%)- and fluorogold (65-75%)-positive neurones in the substantia nigra. In contrast, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity in the ventral tegmental area was not altered. Pre-treatment of animals with the iNOS inhibitor, S-methylisothiourea (10 mg kg(-1), i.p.), led to a significant reduction of lipopolysaccharide-induced cell death. Similar reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity and fluorogold-labelled neurones in the substantia nigra following lipopolysaccharide administration suggests dopaminergic cell death rather than down-regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase. We conclude that the expression of iNOS- and 3-nitrotyrosine-immunoreactivity and reduction of cell death by S-methylisothiourea suggest the effects of lipopolysaccharide may be nitric oxide-mediated, although other actions of lipopolysaccharide (independent of iNOS induction) cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Iravani
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Centre, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Biomedical Sciences, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, King's College, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Dere E, Frisch C, De Souza Silva MA, Gödecke A, Schrader J, Huston JP. Unaltered radial maze performance and brain acetylcholine of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mouse. Neuroscience 2002; 107:561-70. [PMID: 11720780 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proceeding from previous findings of a beneficial effect of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene inactivation on negatively reinforced water maze performance, we asked whether this improvement in place learning capacities also holds for a positively reinforced radial maze task. Unlike its beneficial effects on the water maze task, eNOS gene inactivation did not facilitate radial maze performance. The acquisition performance over the days of place learning did not differ between eNOS knockout (eNOS-/-) and wild-type mice (eNOS+/+). eNOS-/- mice displayed a slight and eNOS+/+ mice a more severe working memory deficit in the place learning version of the radial maze compared to the genetic background C57BL/6 strain. Possible differential effects of eNOS inactivation, related to differences in reinforcement contingencies between the Morris water maze and radial maze tasks, behavioral strategy requirements, or to different emotional and physiological concomitants inherent in the two tasks are discussed. These task-unique characteristics might be differentially affected by the reported anxiogenic and hypertensional effects of eNOS gene inactivation. Post-mortem determination of acetylcholine concentrations in diverse brain structures revealed that acetylcholine and choline contents were not different between eNOS-/- and eNOS+/+ mice, but were increased in eNOS+/+ mice compared to C57BL/6 mice in the frontal cortex. Our findings demonstrate that phenotyping of learning and memory capacities should not rely on one learning task only, but should include tasks employing both negative and positive reinforcement contingencies in order to allow valid statements regarding differences in learning capacities between rodent strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dere
- Institute of Physiological Psychology, Center for Biological and Medical Research, University of Düsseldorf, Germany
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37
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Gatto EM, Riobó N, Carreras MC, Poderoso JJ, Micheli FE. Neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease; a commentary. Neurotox Res 2002; 4:141-5. [PMID: 12829414 DOI: 10.1080/10298420290015881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a worldwide neurodegenerative disorder. Although the etiology has been linked to genetic and environmental factors, curative treatment remains a challenge. Several hypotheses support different pathophysiological mechanisms related to oxidative stress, glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity, mitochondrial energetic impairment and nitric oxide (NO) over-production. Moreover, apoptotic mechanisms have been identified in PD. In this way, classical drugs such as amantadine, selegiline and dopamine agonists show only a modest neuroprotective effect. New strategies with enormous potential are now under development. These include neuroprotectants and agents that might rescue dopaminergic neurons. Glutamate receptor antagonists, neurotrophins, neuroimmunophilins, adenosine A2A receptor antagonists, iron-chelators and NO modulators, as well as caspase inhibitors have evident neuroprotective properties in experimental PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Mabel Gatto
- Programa de Parkinson y Movimientos Anormales, Hospital de Clinicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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38
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Deng G, Vaziri ND, Jabbari B, Ni Z, Yan XX. Increased tyrosine nitration of the brain in chronic renal insufficiency: reversal by antioxidant therapy and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12:1892-1899. [PMID: 11518782 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v1291892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of reactive oxygen species with nitric oxide promotes nitric oxide inactivation and generation of cytotoxic reactive nitrogen species that attack DNA, lipids, and proteins. Nitration of free tyrosine and tyrosine residues of proteins results in production of nitrotyrosine, which can lead to excitotoxicity and frequently is found in the brain of patients and animals with various degenerative, ischemic, toxic, and other neurologic disorders. According to earlier studies, reactive oxygen species activity is increased and neuronal NO synthase expression in the brain is elevated in animals with chronic renal failure (CRF). It was hypothesized, therefore, that tyrosine nitration must be increased in the uremic brain. This hypothesis was tested, through determination of nitrotyrosine abundance (by Western blot analysis), as well as distribution (by immunohistology), in the cerebrum of rats with CRF 6 wk after 5/6 nephrectomy. The results were compared with those of sham-operated controls and antioxidant (lazaroid)-treated and captopril-treated rats with CRF. Western blot analysis revealed a significant increase in nitrotyrosine abundance in the cerebral cortex of rats with CRF. This was accompanied by an intense nitrotyrosine staining of the neuronal processes, including proximal segments of dendrites, axons, and axon terminals of the cortical neurons. Both antioxidant therapy and captopril administration alleviated oxidative stress (as evidenced by normalization of plasma lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde) and significantly reduced nitrotyrosine abundance in the cerebral cortex of the treated CRF group. In conclusion, CRF resulted in oxidative stress and increased tyrosine nitration in the cerebral cortex. Antioxidant therapy and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition alleviated the CRF-induced oxidative stress and mitigated tyrosine nitration in the rats with CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangmin Deng
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Bahman Jabbari
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zhemin Ni
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
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40
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Manning P, Cookson MR, McNeil CJ, Figlewicz D, Shaw PJ. Superoxide-induced nitric oxide release from cultured glial cells. Brain Res 2001; 911:203-10. [PMID: 11511391 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated as a potential contributor to neural cell death in a variety of neurological conditions. Cultured glial cells were exposed to extracellular superoxide generated by the action of xanthine oxidase on xanthine. In this experimental paradigm, both C6 glioma cells and primary astrocytes from rat cerebral cortex produced a rapid release of nitric oxide, measured using an NO specific electrode, in response to the applied superoxide stimulus. Application of a superoxide scavenger, or over-expression of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase decreased the observed NO release. Authenticity of the NO signal was confirmed by the addition of the NO scavenger 2-(carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyllimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (carboxy-PTIO), which abolished the observed NO release without affecting simultaneously measured superoxide. Therefore, we suggest that glial cells may produce NO under free radical stimulation, which may be relevant to several neurological disorders where superoxide radicals are generated in the vicinity of glia. This would be predicted to result in the release of NO, which may exert toxic effects on neighbouring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Manning
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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41
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Greenacre SA, Ischiropoulos H. Tyrosine nitration: localisation, quantification, consequences for protein function and signal transduction. Free Radic Res 2001; 34:541-81. [PMID: 11697033 DOI: 10.1080/10715760100300471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nitration of free tyrosine or protein tyrosine residues generates 3-nitrotyrosine the detection of which has been utilised as a footprint for the in vivo formation of peroxynitrite and other reactive nitrogen species. The detection of 3-nitrotyrosine by analytical and immunological techniques has established that tyrosine nitration occurs under physiological conditions and levels increase in most disease states. This review provides an updated, comprehensive and detailed summary of the tissue, cellular and specific protein localisation of 3-nitrotyrosine and its quantification. The potential consequences of nitration to protein function and the pathogenesis of disease are also examined together with the possible effects of protein nitration on signal transduction pathways and on the metabolism of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Greenacre
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine and Wolfson Centre for Age-related Disease, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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42
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Nucci C, Piccirilli S, Rodinò P, Nisticò R, Grandinetti M, Cerulli L, Leist M, Nicotera P, Bagetta G. Apoptosis in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus after monocular deprivation involves glutamate signaling, NO production, and PARP activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 278:360-7. [PMID: 11097843 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, visual experience during early postnatal life is critical for normal development of the visual system. Here we report that monocular deprivation for 2, 7, and 14 consecutive days causes p53 accumulation, cell death, and progressive loss of neurones in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of newborn rats and these are prevented by NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists, and by L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis. Monocular deprivation also increases dLGN levels of citrulline, the coproduct of nitric oxide synthesis, and this, as well as cell death and neuronal loss, is abolished by antagonists of glutamate receptors and by L-NAME. Finally, poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) knock-out mice appear to be protected from monocular deprivation-induced cell death. In conclusion, during early postnatal development of the rat visual system monocular deprivation causes excitotoxic, nitric oxide-mediated, cell death in the dLGN that appears to be apoptotic and also requires activation of PARP.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nucci
- Department of Biopathology, Chair of Physiopathological Optics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via O. Raimondo, Rome, 00173, Italy
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Abstract
MPTP is known to cause PD symptoms in primates and in rodents. In order to exert its neurotoxicity MPTP must be converted by monoamine oxidase B into MPP(+) which is the true toxic agent. MPP(+) is taken up by the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra in which it induces cell death. The present work reviews and discusses papers in which specific methods were used to determine whether cell death induced by MPTP/MPP(+) should be considered as apoptosis or necrosis. These two cell death modes may be distinguished using morphological and biochemical criteria. The effect of MPTP/MPP(+) was studied in vitro and in vivo. The results show that no univocal answer is possible. The most widespread interpretation is that MPTP/MPP(+) causes apoptosis when its neurotoxic effect is only sligh and necrosis when it is stronger. Similar considerations may be made also concerning the type of cell death occurring in the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nicotra
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, Università di Roma I, Viale dell' Università 32, 00185,., Rome, Italy
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44
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Friedlich AL, Beal MF. Prospects for redox-based therapy in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurotox Res 2000; 2:229-37. [PMID: 16787843 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports a primary role for perturbations in redox metabolism in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases. This evidence derives mainly from molecular genetic analysis, direct observation from post-mortem human brain, and biochemical, pathologic, and therapeutic studies in transgenic and other animal models of neurodegeneration. We review here the evidence for redox-mediated pathogenesis in neurodegenerative diseases. The emerging class of redox-based therapeutic agents is then discussed. Drugs of this class are distinguished by their proximate effect, which is oxidative and not phosphorylative.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Friedlich
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Mandir AS, Przedborski S, Jackson-Lewis V, Wang ZQ, Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Smulson ME, Hoffman BE, Guastella DB, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation mediates 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:5774-9. [PMID: 10318960 PMCID: PMC21936 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.10.5774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a neurotoxin that causes parkinsonism in humans and nonhuman animals, and its use has led to greater understanding of the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. However, its molecular targets have not been defined. We show that mice lacking the gene for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which catalyzes the attachment of ADP ribose units from NAD to nuclear proteins after DNA damage, are dramatically spared from MPTP neurotoxicity. MPTP potently activates PARP exclusively in vulnerable dopamine containing neurons of the substantia nigra. MPTP elicits a novel pattern of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear proteins that completely depends on neuronally derived nitric oxide. Thus, NO, DNA damage, and PARP activation play a critical role in MPTP-induced parkinsonism and suggest that inhibitors of PARP may have protective benefit in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Mandir
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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47
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FcepsilonRII/CD23 is expressed in Parkinson's disease and induces, in vitro, production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in glial cells. J Neurosci 1999. [PMID: 10212304 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.19-09-03440.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the mechanism of nerve cell death in Parkinson's disease (PD). Among several toxic oxidative species, nitric oxide (NO) has been proposed as a key element on the basis of the increased density of glial cells expressing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the substantia nigra (SN) of patients with PD. However, the mechanism of iNOS induction in the CNS is poorly understood, especially under pathological conditions. Because cytokines and FcepsilonRII/CD23 antigen have been implicated in the induction of iNOS in the immune system, we investigated their role in glial cells in vitro and in the SN of patients with PD and matched control subjects. We show that, in vitro, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) together with interleukin-1beta (Il-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) can induce the expression of CD23 in glial cells. Ligation of CD23 with specific antibodies resulted in the induction of iNOS and the subsequent release of NO. The activation of CD23 also led to an upregulation of TNF-alpha production, which was dependent on NO release. In the SN of PD patients, a significant increase in the density of glial cells expressing TNF-alpha, Il-1beta, and IFN-gamma was observed. Furthermore, although CD23 was not detectable in the SN of control subjects, it was found in both astroglial and microglial cells in parkinsonian patients. Altogether, these data demonstrate the existence of a cytokine/CD23-dependent activation pathway of iNOS and of proinflammatory mediators in glial cells and their involvement in the pathophysiology of PD.
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48
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Ferrante RJ, Hantraye P, Brouillet E, Beal MF. Increased nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in substantia nigra neurons in MPTP treated baboons is blocked by inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Brain Res 1999; 823:177-82. [PMID: 10095024 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) produces clinical, biochemical and neuropathologic changes reminiscent of those which occur in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. 7-Nitroindazole (7-NI) is a relatively selective inhibitor of the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase. We previously demonstrated that administration of 7-NI is effective in blocking MPTP toxicity in both mice and baboons. This was suggested to be due to inhibition of the generation of peroxynitrite which can nitrate tyrosines. In the present study we found increased 3-nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra of MPTP treated baboons, which was blocked by coadministration of 7-NI. These findings provide further evidence that peroxynitrite may play a role in MPTP induced parkinsonism in baboons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Ferrante
- Neurology, Pathology, and Psychiatry Departments, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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49
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Eiserich JP, Patel RP, O'Donnell VB. Pathophysiology of nitric oxide and related species: free radical reactions and modification of biomolecules. Mol Aspects Med 1998; 19:221-357. [PMID: 10231805 DOI: 10.1016/s0098-2997(99)00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since its initial discovery as an endogenously produced bioactive mediator, nitric oxide (.NO) has been found to play a critical role in the cellular function of nearly all organ systems. Furthermore, aberrant production of .NO or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) derived from .NO, has been implicated in a number of pathological conditions, such as acute lung disease, atherosclerosis and septic shock. While .NO itself is fairly non-toxic, secondary RNS are oxidants and nitrating agents that can modify both the structure and function of numerous biomolecules both in vitro, and in vivo. The mechanisms by which RNS mediate toxicity are largely dictated by its unique reactivity. The study of how reactive nitrogen species (RNS) derived from .NO interact with biomolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, to modify both their structure and function is an area of active research, which is lending major new insights into the mechanisms underlying their pathophysiological role in human disease. In the context of .NO-dependent pathophysiology, these biochemical reactions will play a major role since they: (i) lead to removal of .NO and decreased efficiency of .NO as an endothelial-derived relaxation factor (e.g. in hypertension, atherosclerosis) and (ii) lead to production of other intermediate species and covalently modified biomolecules that cause injury and cellular dysfunction during inflammation. Although the physical and chemical properties of .NO and .NO-derived RNS are well characterised, extrapolating this fundamental knowledge to a complicated biological environment is a current challenge for researchers in the field of .NO and free radical research. In this review, we describe the impact of .NO and .NO-derived RNS on biological processes primarily from a biochemical standpoint. In this way, it is our intention to outline the most pertinent and relevant reactions of RNS, as they apply to a diverse array of pathophysiological states. Since reactions of RNS in vivo are likely to be vast and complex, our aim in this review is threefold: (i) address the major sources and reactions of .NO-derived RNS in biological systems, (ii) describe current knowledge regarding the functional consequences underlying .NO-dependent covalent modification of specific biomolecules, and (iii) to summarise and critically evaluate the available evidence implicating these reactions in human pathology. To this end, three areas of special interest have been chosen for detailed description, namely, formation and role of S-nitrosothiols, modulation of lipid oxidation/nitration by RNS, and tyrosine nitration mechanisms and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Eiserich
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35233, USA
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