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Mazurchuk S, Fernandino L, Tong JQ, Conant LL, Binder JR. The neural representation of body part concepts. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae213. [PMID: 38863113 PMCID: PMC11166504 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies provide evidence for a degree of category-related organization of conceptual knowledge in the brain. Some of this evidence indicates that body part concepts are distinctly represented from other categories; yet, the neural correlates and mechanisms underlying these dissociations are unclear. We expand on the limited prior data by measuring functional magnetic resonance imaging responses induced by body part words and performing a series of analyses investigating the cortical representation of this semantic category. Across voxel-level contrasts, pattern classification, representational similarity analysis, and vertex-wise encoding analyses, we find converging evidence that the posterior middle temporal gyrus, the supramarginal gyrus, and the ventral premotor cortex in the left hemisphere play important roles in the preferential representation of this category compared to other concrete objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Mazurchuk
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Leonardo Fernandino
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Jia-Qing Tong
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Lisa L Conant
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Binder
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
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2
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Schwizer Ashkenazi S, Roell M, McCaskey U, Cachia A, Borst G, O'Gorman Tuura R, Kucian K. Are numerical abilities determined at early age? A brain morphology study in children and adolescents with and without developmental dyscalculia. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2024; 67:101369. [PMID: 38642426 PMCID: PMC11046253 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The intraparietal sulcus (IPS) has been associated with numerical processing. A recent study reported that the IPS sulcal pattern was associated with arithmetic and symbolic number abilities in children and adults. In the present study, we evaluated the link between numerical abilities and the IPS sulcal pattern in children with Developmental Dyscalculia (DD) and typically developing children (TD), extending previous analyses considering other sulcal features and the postcentral sulcus (PoCS). First, we confirm the longitudinal sulcal pattern stability of the IPS and the PoCS. Second, we found a lower proportion of left sectioned IPS and a higher proportion of a double-horizontal IPS shape bilaterally in DD compared to TD. Third, our analyses revealed that arithmetic is the only aspect of numerical processing that is significantly related to the IPS sulcal pattern (sectioned vs not sectioned), and that this relationship is specific to the left hemisphere. And last, correlation analyses of age and arithmetic in children without a sectioned left IPS indicate that although they may have an inherent disadvantage in numerical abilities, these may improve with age. Thus, our results indicate that only the left IPS sulcal pattern is related to numerical abilities and that other factors co-determine numerical abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schwizer Ashkenazi
- Neuropsychology, Dept. of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Margot Roell
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Ursina McCaskey
- Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Cachia
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris F-75005, France; Université de Paris, Imaging biomarkers for brain development and disorders, UMR INSERM 1266, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Gregoire Borst
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth O'Gorman Tuura
- Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Kucian
- Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Shahab QS, Young IM, Dadario NB, Tanglay O, Nicholas PJ, Lin YH, Fonseka RD, Yeung JT, Bai MY, Teo C, Doyen S, Sughrue ME. A connectivity model of the anatomic substrates underlying Gerstmann syndrome. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac140. [PMID: 35706977 PMCID: PMC9189613 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gerstmann syndrome is a constellation of neurological deficits that include agraphia, acalculia, left–right discrimination and finger agnosia. Despite a growing interest in this clinical phenomenon, there remains controversy regarding the specific neuroanatomic substrates involved. Advancements in data-driven, computational modelling provides an opportunity to create a unified cortical model with greater anatomic precision based on underlying structural and functional connectivity across complex cognitive domains. A literature search was conducted for healthy task-based functional MRI and PET studies for the four cognitive domains underlying Gerstmann’s tetrad using the electronic databases PubMed, Medline, and BrainMap Sleuth (2.4). Coordinate-based, meta-analytic software was utilized to gather relevant regions of interest from included studies to create an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) map for each cognitive domain. Machine-learning was used to match activated regions of the ALE to the corresponding parcel from the cortical parcellation scheme previously published under the Human Connectome Project (HCP). Diffusion spectrum imaging-based tractography was performed to determine the structural connectivity between relevant parcels in each domain on 51 healthy subjects from the HCP database. Ultimately 102 functional MRI studies met our inclusion criteria. A frontoparietal network was found to be involved in the four cognitive domains: calculation, writing, finger gnosis, and left–right orientation. There were three parcels in the left hemisphere, where the ALE of at least three cognitive domains were found to be overlapping, specifically the anterior intraparietal area, area 7 postcentral (7PC) and the medial intraparietal sulcus. These parcels surround the anteromedial portion of the intraparietal sulcus. Area 7PC was found to be involved in all four domains. These regions were extensively connected in the intraparietal sulcus, as well as with a number of surrounding large-scale brain networks involved in higher-order functions. We present a tractographic model of the four neural networks involved in the functions which are impaired in Gerstmann syndrome. We identified a ‘Gerstmann Core’ of extensively connected functional regions where at least three of the four networks overlap. These results provide clinically actionable and precise anatomic information which may help guide clinical translation in this region, such as during resective brain surgery in or near the intraparietal sulcus, and provides an empiric basis for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qazi S. Shahab
- University of New South Wales School of Medicine, , 2052, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas B. Dadario
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States of America
| | - Onur Tanglay
- Omniscient Neurotechnology , Sydney, 2000, Australia
| | | | - Yueh-Hsin Lin
- Prince of Wales Private Hospital Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, , Randwick, 2031, Australia
| | - R. Dineth Fonseka
- Prince of Wales Private Hospital Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, , Randwick, 2031, Australia
| | - Jacky T. Yeung
- Prince of Wales Private Hospital Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, , Randwick, 2031, Australia
| | - Michael Y. Bai
- Prince of Wales Private Hospital Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, , Randwick, 2031, Australia
| | - Charles Teo
- Prince of Wales Private Hospital Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, , Randwick, 2031, Australia
| | | | - Michael E. Sughrue
- Omniscient Neurotechnology , Sydney, 2000, Australia
- Prince of Wales Private Hospital Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, , Randwick, 2031, Australia
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4
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Ranzini M, Scarpazza C, Radua J, Cutini S, Semenza C, Zorzi M. A common neural substrate for number comparison, hand reaching and grasping: a SDM-PSI meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Cortex 2022; 148:31-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Canonical representations of fingers and dots trigger an automatic activation of number semantics: an EEG study on 10-year-old children. Neuropsychologia 2021; 157:107874. [PMID: 33930386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the course of development, children must learn to map a non-symbolic representation of magnitude to a more precise symbolic system. There is solid evidence that finger and dot representations can facilitate or even predict the acquisition of this mapping skill. While several behavioral studies demonstrated that canonical representations of fingers and dots automatically activate number semantics, no study so far has investigated their cerebral basis. To examine these questions, 10-year-old children were presented a behavioral naming task and a Fast Periodic Visual Stimulation EEG paradigm. In the behavioral task, children had to name as fast and as accurately as possible the numbers of dots and fingers presented in canonical and non-canonical configurations. In the EEG experiment, one category of stimuli (e.g., canonical representation of fingers or dots) was periodically inserted (1/5) in streams of another category (e.g., non-canonical representation of fingers or dots) presented at a fast rate (4 Hz). Results demonstrated an automatic access to number semantics and bilateral categorical responses at 4 Hz/5 for canonical representations of fingers and dots. Some differences between finger and dot configuration's processing were nevertheless observed and are discussed in light of an effortful-automatic continuum hypothesis.
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6
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EEG correlation during the solving of simple and complex logical-mathematical problems. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 19:1036-1046. [PMID: 30790182 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Solving logical-mathematical word problems is a complex task that requires numerous cognitive operations, including comprehension, reasoning, and calculation. These abilities have been associated with activation of the parietal, temporal, and prefrontal cortices. It has been suggested that the reasoning involved in solving logical-mathematical problems requires the coordinated functionality of all these cortical areas. In this study was evaluated the activation and electroencephalographic (EEG) correlation of the prefrontal, temporal, and parietal regions in young men while solving logical-mathematical word problems with two degrees of difficulty: simple and complex. During the solving of complex problems, higher absolute power and EEG correlation of the alpha and fast bands between the left frontal and parietal cortices were observed. A temporal deactivation and functional decoupling of the right parietal-temporal cortices also were obtained. Solving complex problems probably require activation of a left prefrontal-parietal circuit to maintain and manipulate multiple pieces of information. The temporal deactivation and decreased parietal-temporal correlation could be associated to text processing and suppression of the content-dependent reasoning to focus cognitive resources on the mathematical reasoning. Together, these findings support a pivotal role for the left prefrontal and parietal cortices in mathematical reasoning and of the temporal regions in text processing required to understand and solve written mathematical problems.
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7
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Baker JM, Gillam RB, Jordan KE. Children's neural activity during number line estimations assessed by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Brain Cogn 2020; 144:105601. [PMID: 32739744 PMCID: PMC7855273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Number line estimation (NLE) is an educational task in which children estimate the location of a value (e.g., 25) on a blank line that represents a numerical range (e.g., 0-100). NLE performance is a strong predictor of success in mathematics, and error patterns on this task help provide a glimpse into how children may represent number internally. However, a missing and fundamental element of this puzzle is the identification of neural correlates of NLE in children. That is, understanding possible neural signatures related to NLE performance will provide valuable insight into the cognitive processes that underlie children's development of NLE ability. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), we provide the first investigation of concurrent behavioral and cortical signatures of NLE performance in children. Specifically, our results highlight significant fronto-parietal changes in cortical activation in response to increases in NLE scale (e.g., 0-100 vs. 0-100,000). Furthermore, our results demonstrate that NLE performance feedback (auditory, visual, or audiovisual), as well as children's grade (2nd vs. 3rd) influence cortical responding during an NLE task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Baker
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Division of Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, United States.
| | - Ronald B Gillam
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Deaf Education, Utah State University, United States
| | - Kerry E Jordan
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, United States
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8
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Deficient body structural description contributes to apraxic end-position errors in imitation. Neuropsychologia 2019; 133:107150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Briggs RG, Pryor DP, Conner AK, Nix CE, Milton CK, Kuiper JK, Palejwala AH, Sughrue ME. The Artery of Aphasia, A Uniquely Sensitive Posterior Temporal Middle Cerebral Artery Branch that Supplies Language Areas in the Brain: Anatomy and Report of Four Cases. World Neurosurg 2019; 126:e65-e76. [PMID: 30735868 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.01.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial disruption during brain surgery can cause devastating injuries to wide expanses of white and gray matter beyond the tumor resection cavity. Such damage may occur as a result of disrupting blood flow through en passage arteries. Identification of these arteries is critical to prevent unforeseen neurologic sequelae during brain tumor resection. In this study, we discuss one such artery, termed the artery of aphasia (AoA), which when disrupted can lead to receptive and expressive language deficits. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of all patients undergoing an awake craniotomy for resection of a glioma by the senior author from 2012 to 2018. Patients were included if they experienced language deficits secondary to postoperative infarction in the left posterior temporal lobe in the distribution of the AoA. The gross anatomy of the AoA was then compared with activation likelihood estimations of the auditory and semantic language networks using coordinate-based meta-analytic techniques. RESULTS We identified 4 patients with left-sided posterior temporal artery infarctions in the distribution of the AoA on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. All 4 patients developed substantial expressive and receptive language deficits after surgery. Functional language improvement occurred in only 2/4 patients. Activation likelihood estimations localized parts of the auditory and semantic language networks in the distribution of the AoA. CONCLUSIONS The AoA is prone to blood flow disruption despite benign manipulation. Patients seem to have limited capacity for speech recovery after intraoperative ischemia in the distribution of this artery, which supplies parts of the auditory and semantic language networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Briggs
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Dillon P Pryor
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Andrew K Conner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Cameron E Nix
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Camille K Milton
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Joseph K Kuiper
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ali H Palejwala
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael E Sughrue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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10
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Woods KJ, Jacobson SW, Molteno CD, Jacobson JL, Meintjes EM. Altered Parietal Activation during Non-symbolic Number Comparison in Children with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 11:627. [PMID: 29358911 PMCID: PMC5766638 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Number processing is a cognitive domain particularly sensitive to prenatal alcohol exposure, which relies on intact parietal functioning. Alcohol-related alterations in brain activation have been found in the parietal lobe during symbolic number processing. However, the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the neural correlates of non-symbolic number comparison and the numerical distance effect have not been investigated. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined differences in brain activation associated with prenatal alcohol exposure in five parietal regions involved in number processing during a non-symbolic number comparison task with varying degrees of difficulty. fMRI results are presented for 27 Cape Colored children (6 fetal alcohol syndome (FAS)/partial FAS, 5 heavily exposed (HE) non-sydromal, 16 controls; mean age ± SD = 11.7 ± 1.1 years). Fetal alcohol exposure was assessed by interviewing mothers using a timeline follow-back approach. Separate subject analyses were performed in each of five regions of interest, bilateral horizontal intraparietal sulci (IPS), bilateral posterior superior parietal lobules (PSPL), and left angular gyrus (left AG), using the general linear model with predictors for number comparison and difficulty level. Mean percent signal change for each predictor was extracted for each subject for each region to examine group differences and associations with continuous measures of alcohol exposure. Although groups did not differ in performance, controls activated the right PSPL more during non-symbolic number comparison than exposed children, but this was not significant after controlling for maternal smoking, and the right IPS more than children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or partial FAS. More heavily exposed children recruited the left AG to a greater extent as task difficulty increased, possibly to compensate, in part, for impairments in function in the PSPL and IPS. Notably, in non-syndromal heavily exposed children activation was impaired in the right PSPL, but spared in the right IPS. These results extend previous findings of poor right IPS recruitment during symbolic number processing in FAS/PFAS, indicating that mental representation of relative quantity is affected by prenatal alcohol exposure for both symbolic and non-symbolic representations of quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri J Woods
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandra W Jacobson
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christopher D Molteno
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joseph L Jacobson
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ernesta M Meintjes
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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11
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Vogel SE, Goffin C, Bohnenberger J, Koschutnig K, Reishofer G, Grabner RH, Ansari D. The left intraparietal sulcus adapts to symbolic number in both the visual and auditory modalities: Evidence from fMRI. Neuroimage 2017; 153:16-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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12
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Michels L, O'Gorman R, Kucian K. Functional hyperconnectivity vanishes in children with developmental dyscalculia after numerical intervention. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 30:291-303. [PMID: 28442224 PMCID: PMC6969091 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental dyscalculia (DD) is a developmental learning disability associated with deficits in processing numerical and mathematical information. Although behavioural training can reduce these deficits, it is unclear which neuronal resources show a functional reorganization due to training. We examined typically developing (TD) children (N = 16, mean age: 9.5 years) and age-, gender-, and handedness-matched children with DD (N = 15, mean age: 9.5 years) during the performance of a numerical order task with fMRI and functional connectivity before and after 5-weeks of number line training. Using the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) as seed region, DD showed hyperconnectivity in parietal, frontal, visual, and temporal regions before the training controlling for age and IQ. Hyperconnectivity disappeared after training, whereas math abilities improved. Multivariate classification analysis of task-related fMRI data corroborated the connectivity results as the same group of TD could be discriminated from DD before but not after number line training (86.4 vs. 38.9%, respectively). Our results indicate that abnormally high functional connectivity in DD can be normalized on the neuronal level by intensive number line training. As functional connectivity in DD was indistinguishable to TD’s connectivity after training, we conclude that training lead to a re-organization of inter-regional task engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Michels
- Clinic of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Ruth O'Gorman
- Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Kucian
- Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Neuroscience Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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The Instructional Dependency of SNARC Effects Reveals Flexibility of the Space-Magnitude Association of Nonsymbolic and Symbolic Magnitudes. Perception 2016; 45:552-67. [DOI: 10.1177/0301006616629027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect refers to the phenomenon that small versus large numbers are responded to faster in the left versus right side of space, respectively. Using a pairwise comparison task, Shaki et al. found that task instruction influences the pattern of SNARC effects of certain types of magnitudes which are less rigid in their space-magnitude association .The present study examined the generalizability of this instruction effect using pairwise comparison of nonsymbolic and symbolic stimuli within a wide range of magnitudes. We contrasted performance between trials in which subjects were instructed to select the stimulus representing the smaller versus larger magnitude within each pair. We found an instruction-dependent pattern of SNARC effects for both nonsymbolic and symbolic magnitudes. Specifically, we observed a SNARC effect for the “Select Smaller” instruction, but a reverse SNARC effect for the “Select Larger” instruction. Considered together with previous studies, our findings suggest that nonsymbolic magnitudes and relatively large symbolic magnitudes have greater flexibility in their space-magnitude association.
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14
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Bi Y, Wang X, Caramazza A. Object Domain and Modality in the Ventral Visual Pathway. Trends Cogn Sci 2016; 20:282-290. [PMID: 26944219 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The nature of domain-specific organization in higher-order visual cortex (ventral occipital temporal cortex, VOTC) has been investigated both in the case of visual experience deprivation and of modality of stimulation in sighted individuals. Object domain interacts in an intriguing and revelatory way with visual experience and modality of stimulation: selectivity for artifacts and scene domains is largely immune to visual deprivation and is multi-modal, whereas selectivity for animate items in lateral posterior fusiform gyrus is present only with visual stimulation. This domain-by-modality interaction is not readily accommodated by existing theories of VOTC representation. We conjecture that these effects reflect a distinction between the visual features that characterize different object domains and their interaction with different types of downstream computational systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Alfonso Caramazza
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto TN, Italy
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15
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Majid A, van Staden M. Can Nomenclature for the Body be Explained by Embodiment Theories? Top Cogn Sci 2015; 7:570-94. [PMID: 26466949 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
According to widespread opinion, the meaning of body part terms is determined by salient discontinuities in the visual image; such that hands, feet, arms, and legs, are natural parts. If so, one would expect these parts to have distinct names which correspond in meaning across languages. To test this proposal, we compared three unrelated languages-Dutch, Japanese, and Indonesian-and found both naming systems and boundaries of even basic body part terms display variation across languages. Bottom-up cues alone cannot explain natural language semantic systems; there simply is not a one-to-one mapping of the body semantic system to the body structural description. Although body parts are flexibly construed across languages, body parts semantics are, nevertheless, constrained by non-linguistic representations in the body structural description, suggesting these are necessary, although not sufficient, in accounting for aspects of the body lexicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asifa Majid
- Center for Language Studies, Radboud University.,Language & Cognition Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics
| | - Miriam van Staden
- Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication, University of Amsterdam
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16
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Artemenko C, Moeller K, Huber S, Klein E. Differential influences of unilateral tDCS over the intraparietal cortex on numerical cognition. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:110. [PMID: 25798099 PMCID: PMC4350389 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent neuro-imaging research identified the bilateral intraparietal sulcus (IPS) to be a key area associated with number processing. However, causal structure-function relationships are hard to evaluate from neuro-imaging techniques such as fMRI. Nevertheless, brain stimulation methods like transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) allow for investigating the functional relevance of the IPS for number processing. Following up on a study using bilateral bi-cephalic tDCS over the IPS, the current study aimed at evaluating the differential lateralized functional contributions of the left and right IPS to number processing using unilateral bi-cephalic tDCS over either the left or right IPS. Results indicated a right lateralization for the processing of the place-value structure of the Arabic number system. Importantly, the processing of number magnitude information was not affected by unilateral IPS corroborating the assumption that number magnitude is processed in the bilateral IPS. Taken together, these data suggest that even though number magnitude is represented bilaterally, the left and right IPS seem to contribute differentially to numerical cognition with respect to the processing of specific other aspects of numerical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Artemenko
- LEAD Graduate School, Eberhardt Karls University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Korbinian Moeller
- LEAD Graduate School, Eberhardt Karls University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany ; Knowledge Media Research Center Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Huber
- Knowledge Media Research Center Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Elise Klein
- Knowledge Media Research Center Tuebingen, Germany
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17
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Chen Z, Xu M, Shang D, Peng G, Luo B. Distinct representations of symbolic ordinality and quantity: evidence from neuropsychological investigations in a Chinese patient with Gerstmann's syndrome. Brain Cogn 2014; 88:14-20. [PMID: 24833400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A number of recent studies have shown conflicting evidence as to common or distinct representations between symbolic ordinality and quantity. We investigated this issue through a series of neuropsychological tests in a unique Chinese patient with the left angular gyrus and left supramarginal gyrus lesions. Behavioral experiments revealed that (1) the patient showed Gerstmann syndrome, with minimal anomia and alexia and (2) the patient showed the dissociation among number semantic representations with relatively preserved symbolic quantity knowledge and impaired processing of symbolic order meaning. Together with existing evidence in the literature, results of the current study suggest that there might be two separate cognitive representations of symbolic ordinality and quantity in logographic language according to this dissociation. Most importantly, another merit of this study is that the left angular gyrus and left supramarginal gyrus might be necessary to symbolic ordinality representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqin Chen
- Department of Neurology & Brain Medical Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Mingwei Xu
- Department of Neurology & Brain Medical Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Desheng Shang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Guoping Peng
- Department of Neurology & Brain Medical Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Benyan Luo
- Department of Neurology & Brain Medical Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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18
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Mason M, Magee JC, Fiske ST. Neural substrates of social status inference: roles of medial prefrontal cortex and superior temporal sulcus. J Cogn Neurosci 2014; 26:1131-40. [PMID: 24392901 PMCID: PMC4915570 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The negotiation of social order is intimately connected to the capacity to infer and track status relationships. Despite the foundational role of status in social cognition, we know little about how the brain constructs status from social interactions that display it. Although emerging cognitive neuroscience reveals that status judgments depend on the intraparietal sulcus, a brain region that supports the comparison of targets along a quantitative continuum, we present evidence that status judgments do not necessarily reduce to ranking targets along a quantitative continuum. The process of judging status also fits a social interdependence analysis. Consistent with third-party perceivers judging status by inferring whose goals are dictating the terms of the interaction and who is subordinating their desires to whom, status judgments were associated with increased recruitment of medial pFC and STS, brain regions implicated in mental state inference.
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Pariyadath V, Plitt MH, Churchill SJ, Eagleman DM. Why overlearned sequences are special: distinct neural networks for ordinal sequences. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:328. [PMID: 23267320 PMCID: PMC3526771 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several observations suggest that overlearned ordinal categories (e.g., letters, numbers, weekdays, months) are processed differently than non-ordinal categories in the brain. In synesthesia, for example, anomalous perceptual experiences are most often triggered by members of ordinal categories (Rich et al., 2005; Eagleman, 2009). In semantic dementia (SD), the processing of ordinal stimuli appears to be preserved relative to non-ordinal ones (Cappelletti et al., 2001). Moreover, ordinal stimuli often map onto unconscious spatial representations, as observed in the SNARC effect (Dehaene et al., 1993; Fias, 1996). At present, little is known about the neural representation of ordinal categories. Using functional neuroimaging, we show that words in ordinal categories are processed in a fronto-temporo-parietal network biased toward the right hemisphere. This differs from words in non-ordinal categories (such as names of furniture, animals, cars, and fruit), which show an expected bias toward the left hemisphere. Further, we find that increased predictability of stimulus order correlates with smaller regions of BOLD activation, a phenomenon we term prediction suppression. Our results provide new insights into the processing of ordinal stimuli, and suggest a new anatomical framework for understanding the patterns seen in synesthesia, unconscious spatial representation, and SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani Pariyadath
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA
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20
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Dehaene S, Piazza M, Pinel P, Cohen L. Three parietal circuits for number processing. Cogn Neuropsychol 2012; 20:487-506. [PMID: 20957581 DOI: 10.1080/02643290244000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1425] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Did evolution endow the human brain with a predisposition to represent and acquire knowledge about numbers? Although the parietal lobe has been suggested as a potential substrate for a domain-specific representation of quantities, it is also engaged in verbal, spatial, and attentional functions that may contribute to calculation. To clarify the organisation of number-related processes in the parietal lobe, we examine the three-dimensional intersection of fMRI activations during various numerical tasks, and also review the corresponding neuropsychological evidence. On this basis, we propose a tentative tripartite organisation. The horizontal segment of the intraparietal sulcus (HIPS) appears as a plausible candidate for domain specificity: It is systematically activated whenever numbers are manipulated, independently of number notation, and with increasing activation as the task puts greater emphasis on quantity processing. Depending on task demands, we speculate that this core quantity system, analogous to an internal "number line," can be supplemented by two other circuits. A left angular gyrus area, in connection with other left-hemispheric perisylvian areas, supports the manipulation of numbers in verbal form. Finally, a bilateral posterior superior parietal system supports attentional orientation on the mental number line, just like on any other spatial dimension.
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21
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Cleret de Langavant L, Trinkler I, Remy P, Thirioux B, McIntyre J, Berthoz A, Dupoux E, Bachoud-Lévi AC. Viewing another person's body as a target object: a behavioural and PET study of pointing. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:1801-13. [PMID: 22579967 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Humans usually point at objects to communicate with other persons, although they generally avoid pointing at the other's body. Moreover, patients with heterotopagnosia after left parietal damage cannot point at another person's body parts, although they can point at objects and at their own body parts and although they can grasp the others' body parts. Strikingly, their performance gradually improves for figurative human body targets. Altogether, this suggests that the body of another real person holds a specific status in communicative pointing. Here, we test in healthy individuals whether performance for communicative pointing is influenced by the communicative capacity of the target. In Experiment 1, pointing at another real person's body parts was compared to pointing at objects, and in Experiment 2, the person was replaced by a manikin. While reaction times for pointing at objects were shorter compared to pointing at other person's body parts, they were similar for objects and manikin body parts. By adapting Experiment 1 to PET-scan imaging (Experiment 3), we showed that, compared to pointing at objects, the brain network for pointing at other person's body parts involves the left posterior intraparietal sulcus, lesion of which could cause heterotopagnosia. Taken together, our results indicate that the specificity of pointing at another person's body goes beyond the visuo-spatial features of the human body and might rather rely on its communicative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Cleret de Langavant
- INSERM U955-Equipe 1, Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France
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22
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Zhang H, Chen C, Zhou X. Neural correlates of numbers and mathematical terms. Neuroimage 2012; 60:230-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Prado J, Mutreja R, Zhang H, Mehta R, Desroches AS, Minas JE, Booth JR. Distinct representations of subtraction and multiplication in the neural systems for numerosity and language. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 32:1932-47. [PMID: 21246667 PMCID: PMC3117906 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that recent cultural inventions such as symbolic arithmetic recycle evolutionary older neural mechanisms. A central assumption of this hypothesis is that the degree to which a preexisting mechanism is recycled depends on the degree of similarity between its initial function and the novel task. To test this assumption, we investigated whether the brain region involved in magnitude comparison in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), localized by a numerosity comparison task, is recruited to a greater degree by arithmetic problems that involve number comparison (single-digit subtractions) than by problems that involve retrieving number facts from memory (single-digit multiplications). Our results confirmed that subtractions are associated with greater activity in the IPS than multiplications, whereas multiplications elicit greater activity than subtractions in regions involved in verbal processing including the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) that were localized by a phonological processing task. Pattern analyses further indicated that the neural mechanisms more active for subtraction than multiplication in the IPS overlap with those involved in numerosity comparison and that the strength of this overlap predicts interindividual performance in the subtraction task. These findings provide novel evidence that elementary arithmetic relies on the cooption of evolutionary older neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Prado
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Rachna Mutreja
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Hongchuan Zhang
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Rucha Mehta
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Amy S. Desroches
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Jennifer E. Minas
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - James R. Booth
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
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24
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Allman MJ, Pelphrey KA, Meck WH. Developmental neuroscience of time and number: implications for autism and other neurodevelopmental disabilities. Front Integr Neurosci 2011; 6:7. [PMID: 22408612 PMCID: PMC3294544 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimations of time and number share many similarities in both non-humans and man. The primary focus of this review is on the development of time and number sense across infancy and childhood, and neuropsychological findings as they relate to time and number discrimination in infants and adults. Discussion of these findings is couched within a mode-control model of timing and counting which assumes time and number share a common magnitude representation system. A basic sense of time and number likely serves as the foundation for advanced numerical and temporal competence, and aspects of higher cognition-this will be discussed as it relates to typical childhood, and certain developmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder. Directions for future research in the developmental neuroscience of time and number (NEUTIN) will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Allman
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, BaltimoreMD, USA
| | | | - Warren H. Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, DurhamNC, USA
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25
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McCrea SM, Robinson TP. Visual Puzzles, Figure Weights, and Cancellation: Some Preliminary Hypotheses on the Functional and Neural Substrates of These Three New WAIS-IV Subtests. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2011; 2011:123173. [PMID: 22389807 PMCID: PMC3263563 DOI: 10.5402/2011/123173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, five consecutive patients with focal strokes and/or cortical excisions were examined with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Editions along with a comprehensive battery of other neuropsychological tasks. All five of the lesions were large and typically involved frontal, temporal, and/or parietal lobes and were lateralized to one hemisphere. The clinical case method was used to determine the cognitive neuropsychological correlates of mental rotation (Visual Puzzles), Piagetian balance beam (Figure Weights), and visual search (Cancellation) tasks. The pattern of results on Visual Puzzles and Figure Weights suggested that both subtests involve predominately right frontoparietal networks involved in visual working memory. It appeared that Visual Puzzles could also critically rely on the integrity of the left temporoparietal junction. The left temporoparietal junction could be involved in temporal ordering and integration of local elements into a nonverbal gestalt. In contrast, the Figure Weights task appears to critically involve the right temporoparietal junction involved in numerical magnitude estimation. Cancellation was sensitive to left frontotemporal lesions and not right posterior parietal lesions typical of other visual search tasks. In addition, the Cancellation subtest was sensitive to verbal search strategies and perhaps object-based attention demands, thereby constituting a unique task in comparison with previous visual search tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M McCrea
- Department of Neuropsychology, Wascana Rehabilitation Centre, 2180-23rd Avenue, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4S 0A5
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26
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Liu C, Tang H, Luo YJ, Mai X. Multi-representation of symbolic and nonsymbolic numerical magnitude in Chinese number processing. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19373. [PMID: 21541303 PMCID: PMC3082580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerical information can be conveyed by either symbolic or nonsymbolic representation. Some symbolic numerals can also be identified as nonsymbolic quantities defined by the number of lines (e.g., I, II, III in Roman and , , in Japanese Kanji and Chinese). Here we report that such multi-representation of magnitude can facilitate the processing of these numerals under certain circumstances. In a magnitude comparison task judging 1 to 9 (except 5) Chinese and Arabic numerals presented at the foveal (at the center) or parafoveal (3° left or right of the center) location, multi-representational small-value Chinese numerals showed a processing advantage over single-representational Arabic numerals and large-value Chinese numerals only in the parafoveal condition, demonstrated by lower error rates and faster reaction times. Further event-related potential (ERP) analysis showed that such a processing advantage was not reflected by traditional ERP components identified in previous studies of number processing, such as N1 or P2p. Instead, the difference was found much later in a N400 component between 300–550 msec over parietal regions, suggesting that those behavioral differences may not be due to early processing of visual identification, but later processing of subitizing or accessing mental number line when lacking attentional resources. These results suggest that there could be three stages of number processing represented separately by the N1, P2p and N400 ERP components. In addition, numerical information can be represented simultaneously by both symbolic and nonsymbolic systems, which will facilitate number processing in certain situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Honghong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Jia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Mai
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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27
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Tactile short-term memory for stimuli presented on the fingertips and across the rest of the body surface. Atten Percept Psychophys 2011; 73:1227-41. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-011-0098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Is 2+2=4? Meta-analyses of brain areas needed for numbers and calculations. Neuroimage 2011; 54:2382-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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30
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Krueger F, Landgraf S, van der Meer E, Deshpande G, Hu X. Effective connectivity of the multiplication network: a functional MRI and multivariate Granger Causality Mapping study. Hum Brain Mapp 2010; 32:1419-31. [PMID: 20715080 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental neuropsychology and functional neuroimaging evidence indicates that simple and complex mental calculation is subserved by a fronto-parietal network. However, the effective connectivity (connection direction and strength) among regions within the fronto-parietal network is still unexplored. Combining event-related fMRI and multivariate Granger Causality Mapping (GCM), we administered a multiplication verification task to healthy participants asking them to solve single and double-digit multiplications. The goals of our study were first, to identify the effective connectivity of the multiplication network, and second, to compare the effective connectivity patterns between a low and a high arithmetical competence (AC) group. The manipulation of multiplication difficulty revealed a fronto-parietal network encompassing bilateral intraparietal sulcus (IPS), left pre-supplementary motor area (PreSMA), left precentral gyrus (PreCG), and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The network was driven by an intraparietal IPS-IPS circuit hosting a representation of numerical quantity intertwined with a fronto-parietal DLPFC-IPS circuit engaged in temporary storage and updating of arithmetic operations. Both circuits received additional inputs from the PreCG and PreSMA playing more of a supportive role in mental calculation. The high AC group compared to the low AC group displayed a greater activation in the right IPS and based its calculation more on a feedback driven intraparietal IPS-IPS circuit, whereas the low competence group more on a feedback driven fronto-parietal DLPFC-IPS circuit. This study provides first evidence that multivariate GCM is a sensitive approach to investigate effective connectivity of mental processes involved in mental calculation and to compare group level performances for different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Krueger
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
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31
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Klein E, Moeller K, Nuerk HC, Willmes K. On the neuro-cognitive foundations of basic auditory number processing: an fMRI study. Behav Brain Funct 2010; 6:42. [PMID: 20618926 PMCID: PMC2911396 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-6-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is widely agreed that numbers automatically activate a magnitude representation. Nevertheless, so far no systematic evaluation of the neuro-cognitive correlates has been provided for the case of auditorily presented numbers. Methods To address this question, we presented spoken number words in three different tasks (passive listening, magnitude comparison, parity judgement) as well as spoken pseudowords in an fMRI study. Results We found IPS activation typically associated with magnitude processing in all tasks with numerical stimuli only. Interestingly, directly contrasting the two semantic tasks magnitude comparison (magnitude-relevant) and parity judgement (magnitude-irrelevant) revealed a left lateralized predominance within the IPS for the processing of parity information as compared to a right lateralization for number magnitude for auditorily presented number words. Conclusions In summary, our results suggest a highly automatic activation of number magnitude for spoken number words similar to previous observations for visually presented numbers, but also indicate that the issue of hemispheric asymmetries deserves specific consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Klein
- Department of Neurology, Section Neuropsychology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Germany.
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32
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Revisiting a study of callosal apraxia: The right hemisphere can imitate the orientation but not the position of the hand. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:2509-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Brownell CA, Nichols SR, Svetlova M, Zerwas S, Ramani G. The head bone's connected to the neck bone: when do toddlers represent their own body topography? Child Dev 2010; 81:797-810. [PMID: 20573105 PMCID: PMC2892807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Developments in very young children's topographic representations of their own bodies were examined. Sixty-one 20- and 30-month-old children were administered tasks that indexed the ability to locate specific body parts on oneself and knowledge of how one's body parts are spatially organized, as well as body-size knowledge and self-awareness. Age differences in performance emerged for every task. Body-part localization and body spatial configuration knowledge were associated; however, body topography knowledge was not associated with body-size knowledge. Both were related to traditional measures of self-awareness, mediated by their common associations with age. It is concluded that children possess an explicit, if rudimentary, topographic representation of their own body's shape, structure, and size by 30 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia A Brownell
- Department of Psychology, University ofPittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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34
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Cappelletti M, Lee HL, Freeman ED, Price CJ. The role of right and left parietal lobes in the conceptual processing of numbers. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 22:331-46. [PMID: 19400672 PMCID: PMC2808313 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychological and functional imaging studies have associated the conceptual processing of numbers with bilateral parietal regions (including intraparietal sulcus). However, the processes driving these effects remain unclear because both left and right posterior parietal regions are activated by many other conceptual, perceptual, attention, and response-selection processes. To dissociate parietal activation that is number-selective from parietal activation related to other stimulus or response-selection processes, we used fMRI to compare numbers and object names during exactly the same conceptual and perceptual tasks while factoring out activations correlating with response times. We found that right parietal activation was higher for conceptual decisions on numbers relative to the same tasks on object names, even when response time effects were fully factored out. In contrast, left parietal activation for numbers was equally involved in conceptual processing of object names. We suggest that left parietal activation for numbers reflects a range of processes, including the retrieval of learnt facts that are also involved in conceptual decisions on object names. In contrast, number selectivity in right parietal cortex reflects processes that are more involved in conceptual decisions on numbers than object names. Our results generate a new set of hypotheses that have implications for the design of future behavioral and functional imaging studies of patients with left and right parietal damage.
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35
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Longo MR, Lourenco SF. Bisecting the mental number line in near and far space. Brain Cogn 2009; 72:362-7. [PMID: 19951825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Much evidence suggests that common posterior parietal mechanisms underlie the orientation of attention in physical space and along the mental number line. For example, the small leftward bias (pseudoneglect) found in paper-and-pencil line bisection is also found when participants "bisect" number pairs, estimating (without calculating) the number midway between two others. For bisection of physical lines, pseudoneglect has been found to shift rightward as lines are moved from near space (immediately surrounding the body) to far space. We investigated whether the presentation of stimuli in near or far space also modulated spatial attention for the mental number line. Participants bisected physical lines or number pairs presented at four distances (60, 120, 180, 240cm). Clear rightward shifts in bias were observed for both tasks. Furthermore, the rate at which this shift occurred in the two tasks, as measured by least-squares regression slopes, was significantly correlated across participants, suggesting that the transition from near to far distances induced a common modulation of lateral attention in physical and numerical space. These results demonstrate a tight coupling between number and physical space, and show that even such prototypically abstract concepts as number are modulated by our on-line interactions with the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Longo
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, United Kingdom.
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36
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Eagleman DM. The objectification of overlearned sequences: A new view of spatial sequence synesthesia. Cortex 2009; 45:1266-77. [PMID: 19665114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bernal B, Ardila A, Altman NR. ACALCULIA: AN fMRI STUDY WITH IMPLICATIONS WITH RESPECT TO BRAIN PLASTICITY. Int J Neurosci 2009; 113:1505-23. [PMID: 14585751 DOI: 10.1080/00207450390231545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 44-year-old right-handed man with severe acalculia and 4 normal age-matched controls. The acalculia patient had magnetic resonance findings of a wedge shaped defect in the left posterior temporal-parietal cortex, involving the angular gyrus, and a lacunar infarct of the right thalamus. Functional magnetic resonance exams were performed utilizing four tasks consisting of serial subtracting by sevens, basic calculation, complex calculation, and abstract calculation. Both patient and controls showed specific task-related activation with some differences that may indicate brain plasticity, even though no significant recovery in calculations abilities was observed in the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Bernal
- Miami Children's Hospital, Department of Radiology, Miami, Florida 33155-3009, USA
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38
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Roux FE, Boukhatem L, Draper L, Sacko O, Démonet JF. Cortical calculation localization using electrostimulation. J Neurosurg 2009; 110:1291-9. [DOI: 10.3171/2008.8.jns17649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
A naming task has been used to spare cortical areas involved in language. In the present study, a calculation task was combined with electrostimulation mapping (awake surgery) to spare cortical areas involved in calculation in patients undergoing surgery for brain lesions. The organization of language and calculation areas was analyzed in relation to these surgical data.
Methods
Twenty patients with brain lesions close to areas possibly involved in calculation (dominant parietal lobe and F2) were prospectively studied over a 4-year period. Four patients had preoperative symptoms of acalculia and therefore were not included in the brain mapping procedure.
Results
In 16 patients, direct electrostimulation caused calculation interferences in localized small cortical areas (< 2 cm2). Of the 53 calculation interferences found, 23 were independent of language areas, especially those in the inferior left parietal lobule. Various patterns of interference were observed (11 complete acalculia, 5 acalculia with wrong answers, 2 hesitations, and 5 mixed responses), although error patterns were fairly similar across angular, parietal, and frontal stimulation sites. Calculation areas in 4 patients could not be spared for oncological reasons; postoperatively, 3 of these patients showed significant acalculia symptoms. In contrast, none of the patients whose calculation areas were spared had arithmetic difficulties 1 month after surgery. Improvements in acalculia symptoms after surgery were also found in 3 of the 4 patients with preoperative calculation difficulties.
Conclusions
To limit the risk of personal and professional disturbances caused by acquired anarithmetia in patients undergoing surgery for brain tumors or epilepsy, the authors think it is necessary to use a calculation task during brain mapping, especially when operating in the dominant parietal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck-Emmanuel Roux
- 1Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 825 and Institut Fédératif de Recherche 96, Hôpital Purpan
- 2Pôle Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; and
- 3Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Louisa Draper
- 2Pôle Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; and
| | - Oumar Sacko
- 2Pôle Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; and
- 3Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Démonet
- 1Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 825 and Institut Fédératif de Recherche 96, Hôpital Purpan
- 2Pôle Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; and
- 3Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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39
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What is the position of an arm relative to the body? Neural correlates of body schema and body structural description. J Neurosci 2009; 29:4162-71. [PMID: 19339611 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4861-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychological studies suggest that the human brain is endowed with two body representations: the body schema (BS), coding the orientation of one's body parts in space, and the body structural description (BSD), coding the location of body parts relative to a standard body. We used fMRI to disentangle the neural mechanisms underlying these putatively distinct body representations. Participants saw an arm or a pot's handle (stimulus: arm, handle) rotated at different angles (angle: 30-150 degrees). If the stimulus was an arm, subjects were instructed to imagine (1) rotating their own arm until it matched the stimulus orientation (comparing the seen arm to their own) or (2) seeing the stimulus moving toward its appropriate position on a simultaneously presented human body [comparing the arm to the one of a standard body (strategy: motor, visual imagery)]. If the stimulus was a handle, subjects were instructed to imagine (1) placing the handle on its appropriate position on a simultaneously presented pot or (2) seeing it moving toward its pot's position. The analysis of the interaction stimulus x strategy revealed activation of left secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), specifically when comparing the stimulus arm to one's own. The analysis of the parameters describing the linear effect of angle revealed that neural activity of left posterior intraparietal sulcus was modulated by the stimulus's rotation, but only when relating the arm to a standard body. The results associate BS and BSD with differential neural substrates, thereby suggesting that these are independent body representations, and furthermore extend current concepts of SII function.
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40
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Van Opstal F, Fias W, Peigneux P, Verguts T. The neural representation of extensively trained ordered sequences. Neuroimage 2009; 47:367-75. [PMID: 19376245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) in number processing is largely agreed on. A current debate however concerns the specificity of the involvement of the IPS in representing numbers or ordinal sequences more generally. To test this specificity, we investigated whether the IPS would be activated by extensive training on an arbitrary ordered sequence. We found that the hippocampal-angular gyrus activation initially involved in learning the ordered sequences extends with extensive training to the left inferior frontal gyrus (left IFG), but not to the IPS. These results suggest that left IFG can be involved in processing ordinal information, and that there is no need for an IPS area specifically dedicated to the representation of all ordinal sequences. Instead, we propose that the locus of the representation might be determined by the nature of the stimuli rather than its ordinal nature per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Van Opstal
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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41
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Piras F, Marangolo P. Word and number reading in the brain: evidence from a voxel-based lesion-symptom Mapping study. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:1944-53. [PMID: 19428427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 02/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The high incidence of number transcoding deficits in aphasic subjects suggests there is a strong similarity between language and number domains. However, recent single case studies of subjects who showed a dissociation between word and number word transcoding led us to hypothesize that the two types of stimuli are represented independently in the cognitive system. Moreover, it is still unclear whether word and number word reading rely on different brain areas. The present study was designed to investigate this issue in a group of 20 left hemispheric stroke patients who were all tested on Arabic number, number word and word reading (all stimuli were matched for frequency and length). To identify which brain lesions affected performance on the three tasks, we analyzed patients' lesions and behavioural performances using Voxel-based Lesion-symptom Mapping. With this technique, several t-tests can be performed at each voxel to compare behavioural performances of patients with and without a lesion affecting that voxel. Results showed that Arabic number and number word reading involve the same damaged structures, primarily located in the temporo-parietal regions, whereas word reading relies on a frontal network that includes the superior part of Broca's area and the premotor cortex. These data complement the existing neuropsychological literature by suggesting that the already reported dissociations between word and number word reading are supported by distinct cortical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Piras
- Laboratorio di Neuroimmagini, Fondazione IRCCS Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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42
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Jiang X, Tan Y, Zhou X. Processing the universal quantifier during sentence comprehension: ERP evidence. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:1799-815. [PMID: 19428412 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the temporal neural dynamics of processing the Chinese universal quantifier dou during Chinese sentence comprehension using the event-related potential (ERP) technique. Universal quantifier violations were created when the universal quantifier dou (all, every) was misplaced either after a singular object noun phrase (NP) in a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) sentence (Experiments 1 and 3) or after a singular subject NP in a SVO sentence (Experiment 2). Participants were asked to make semantic plausibility judgment (Experiments 1 and 2) or to comprehend sentences real time followed by a sentence recognition test at the end of the experiment (Experiment 3). Experiment 1 found that quantifier violations elicited a sustained positivity from 400 to 1100ms post-onset of the quantifier and a sustained negativity from 300 to 800ms post-onset of the following verb. Experiment 2 varied the distance between dou and the following verb by the presence or absence of an adverb between them. Again, the sustained positivity was observed on the mismatching quantifier; in addition, a sustained negativity was observed on the word immediately following the quantifier, regardless of whether this word was a verb or adverb. Experiment 3 used the same stimuli as Experiment 1 but with a different task. The quantifier violation elicited anteriorly distributed negativities over different time intervals post-onset of the quantifier. The sustained positivity is interpreted as being associated with an integration process that links the universal quantifier with the preceding entity. The sustained negativity is attributed to a second-pass process to reinterpret the sentence. Other functional interpretations of the ERP components were discussed and ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Jiang
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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43
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Kemmerer D, Tranel D. Searching for the elusive neural substrates of body part terms: a neuropsychological study. Cogn Neuropsychol 2009; 25:601-29. [PMID: 18608319 DOI: 10.1080/02643290802247052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous neuropsychological studies suggest that, compared to other categories of concrete entities, lexical and conceptual aspects of body part knowledge are frequently spared in brain-damaged patients. To further investigate this issue, we administered a battery of 12 tests assessing lexical and conceptual aspects of body part knowledge to 104 brain-damaged patients with lesions distributed throughout the telencephalon. There were two main outcomes. First, impaired oral naming of body parts, attributable to a disturbance of the mapping between lexical-semantic and lexical-phonological structures, was most reliably and specifically associated with lesions in the left frontal opercular and anterior/inferior parietal opercular cortices and in the white matter underlying these regions (8 patients). Also, 1 patient with body part anomia had a left occipital lesion that included the "extrastriate body area" (EBA). Second, knowledge of the meanings of body part terms was remarkably resistant to impairment, regardless of lesion site; in fact, we did not uncover a single patient who exhibited significantly impaired understanding of the meanings of these terms. In the 9 patients with body part anomia, oral naming of concrete entities was evaluated, and this revealed that 4 patients had disproportionately worse naming of body parts relative to other types of concrete entities. Taken together, these findings extend previous neuropsychological and functional neuroimaging studies of body part knowledge and add to our growing understanding of the nuances of how different linguistic and conceptual categories are operated by left frontal and parietal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kemmerer
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1353, USA.
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44
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45
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Effects of development and enculturation on number representation in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9:278-91. [PMID: 18334999 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A striking way in which humans differ from non-human primates is in their ability to represent numerical quantity using abstract symbols and to use these 'mental tools' to perform skills such as exact calculations. How do functional brain circuits for the symbolic representation of numerical magnitude emerge? Do neural representations of numerical magnitude change as a function of development and the learning of mental arithmetic? Current theories suggest that cultural number symbols acquire their meaning by being mapped onto non-symbolic representations of numerical magnitude. This Review provides an evaluation of this contention and proposes hypotheses to guide investigations into the neural mechanisms that constrain the acquisition of cultural representations of numerical magnitude.
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46
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Corradi-Dell'Acqua C, Hesse MD, Rumiati RI, Fink GR. Where is a nose with respect to a foot? The left posterior parietal cortex processes spatial relationships among body parts. Cereb Cortex 2008; 18:2879-90. [PMID: 18424775 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychological studies suggest that patients with left parietal lesions may show impaired localization of parts of either their own or the examiner's body, despite preserved ability to identify isolated body parts. This deficit, called autotopagnosia, may result from damage to the Body Structural Description (BSD), a representation which codes spatial relationships among body parts. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify the neural mechanisms underlying the BSD. Two human body or building parts (factor: STIMULI) were shown to participants who either identified them or evaluated their distance (factor: TASK). The analysis of the interaction between STIMULI and TASK, which isolates the neural mechanism underlying BSD, revealed an activation of left posterior intraparietal sulcus (IPS) when the distance between body parts was evaluated. The results show that the left IPS processes specifically the information about spatial relationships among body parts and thereby suggest that damage to this area may underlie autotopagnosia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Corradi-Dell'Acqua
- Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA-ISAS), 34014 Trieste, Italy.
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47
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Caño A, Rapp B, Costa A, Juncadella M. Deafness for the meanings of number words. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:63-81. [PMID: 17915265 PMCID: PMC2274996 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe the performance of an aphasic individual who showed a selective impairment affecting his comprehension of auditorily presented number words and not other word categories. His difficulty in number word comprehension was restricted to the auditory modality, given that with visual stimuli (written words, Arabic numerals and pictures) his comprehension of number and non-number words was intact. While there have been previous reports of selective difficulty or sparing of number words at the semantic and post-semantic levels, this is the first reported case of a pre-semantic deficit that is specific to the category of number words. This constitutes evidence that lexical semantic distinctions are respected by modality-specific neural mechanisms responsible for providing access to the meanings of words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Caño
- GRNC, Parc Científic Universitat de Barcelona & Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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48
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Auvray M, Gallace A, Tan HZ, Spence C. Crossmodal change blindness between vision and touch. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2007; 126:79-97. [PMID: 17187750 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Change blindness is the name given to people's inability to detect changes introduced between two consecutively-presented scenes when they are separated by a distractor that masks the transients that are typically associated with change. Change blindness has been reported within vision, audition, and touch, but has never before been investigated when successive patterns are presented to different sensory modalities. In the study reported here, we investigated change detection performance when the two to-be-compared stimulus patterns were presented in the same sensory modality (i.e., both visual or both tactile) and when one stimulus pattern was tactile while the other was presented visually or vice versa. The two to-be-compared patterns were presented consecutively, separated by an empty interval, or else separated by a masked interval. In the latter case, the masked interval could either be tactile or visual. The first experiment investigated visual-tactile and tactile-visual change detection performance. The results showed that in the absence of masking, participants detected changes in position accurately, despite the fact that the two to-be-compared displays were presented in different sensory modalities. Furthermore, when a mask was presented between the two to-be-compared displays, crossmodal change blindness was elicited no matter whether the mask was visual or tactile. The results of two further experiments showed that performance was better overall in the unimodal (visual or tactile) conditions than in the crossmodal conditions. These results suggest that certain of the processes underlying change blindness are multisensory in nature. We discuss these findings in relation to recent claims regarding the crossmodal nature of spatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Auvray
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK.
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49
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Fias W, Lammertyn J, Caessens B, Orban GA. Processing of abstract ordinal knowledge in the horizontal segment of the intraparietal sulcus. J Neurosci 2007; 27:8952-6. [PMID: 17699676 PMCID: PMC6672167 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2076-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior intraparietal sulcus, and more specifically its horizontal segment (hIPS), is known to play a crucial role in the cognitive representation of numerical quantity. Whether the involvement of hIPS is restricted to the processing of numerical information or generalizes to non-numerical ordinal dimensions remains an open question. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging during comparison tasks, we demonstrate that the hIPS is equally responsive to numbers and letters, indicating that hIPS is also involved in the representation and processing of non-numerical ordinal series. This extends the numerical processing function of IPS into the realm of abstract knowledge processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Fias
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
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50
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Ischebeck A, Zamarian L, Egger K, Schocke M, Delazer M. Imaging early practice effects in arithmetic. Neuroimage 2007; 36:993-1003. [PMID: 17490893 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of learning processes in arithmetic in healthy adults can guide research into learning disabilities such as dyscalculia. The goal of the present functional magnetic resonance imaging study was to investigate the ongoing process of learning itself. No training was provided prior to the scanning session. Training consisted in a higher frequency of repetition for one set of complex multiplication problems (repeated) and a lower frequency for the other set (novel). Repeated and novel problems were presented randomly in an event-related design. We observed activation decreases due to training in fronto-parietal areas and the caudate nucleus, and activation increases in temporo-parietal regions such as the left angular gyrus. Training effects became significant after approximately eight repetitions of a problem and remained stable over the course of the experiment. The change in brain activation patterns observed was similar to the results of previous neuroimaging studies investigating training effects in arithmetic after a week of extensive training. The paradigm employed seems to be a suitably sensitive tool to investigate and compare learning processes on group level for different populations. Furthermore, on a more general level, the early and robust changes in brain activation in healthy adults observed here indicate that repeating stimuli can profoundly and quickly affect fMRI results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Ischebeck
- Innsbruck Medical University, Clinical Department of Neurology, Anichstrasse 35, 6020-Innsbruck, Austria.
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