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Baeza Cinco MÁ, Wu G, Hayton TW. Photolytic C-Diazeniumdiolate Disassembly in the β-Diketiminate Complexes [ MeLM(O 2N 2CPh 3)] (M = Fe, Co, Cu). Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14064-14071. [PMID: 37584511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of [K(18-crown-6)][O2N2CPh3] with [MeLCo(μ-Br)2Li(OEt2)] (MeL = {(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC(Me)}2CH) generates the trityl diazeniumdiolate complex, [MeLCo(O2N2CPh3)] (1), in moderate yield. Similar metathesis reactions result in the formation of the Fe and Cu analogues, [MeLM(O2N2CPh3)] (Fe, 2; Cu, 3), which can also be isolated in moderate yields. Complexes 1-3 were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, and their solid-state structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. These complexes were further characterized via 1H NMR spectroscopy (in the case of 1 and 2) or EPR spectroscopy (in the case of 3). Irradiation of complexes 1 and 2 with 371 nm light generates the known dinitrosyl complexes, [MeLM(NO)2] (M = Co, 4; Fe, 5), along with Ph3CH and 9-phenylfluorene. We propose that 4 and 5 are formed via the putative hyponitrite intermediates, [MeLM(κ2-O,O-ONNO)], which are formed by photoinduced homolysis of the C-N bond of the [O2N2CPh3] ligand. In contrast, irradiation of complex 3 with 371 nm light, in the presence of 1 equiv of PPh3, led to the formation of the Cu(I) complexes, [MeLCu(PPh3)], [(ArNCMeC(NO)CMeNAr)Cu(PPh3)] (6), and [(ArNCMeC(NO)CMeNAr)Cu]2 (7), of which the latter two are products of γ-nitrosation of the β-diketiminiate ligand. Also formed in this transformation are Ph3CN(H)OCPh3, Ph3PO, and N2O, along with trace amounts of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Á Baeza Cinco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Trevor W Hayton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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2
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Baeza Cinco MÁ, Chakraborty A, Guzman CF, Kräh S, Wu G, Hayton TW. NO and N 2O Release from the Trityl Diazeniumdiolate Complexes [M(O 2N 2CPh 3) 3] - (M = Fe, Co). Inorg Chem 2023; 62:4847-4852. [PMID: 36913615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of MBr2 with 3 equiv of [K(18-crown-6)][O2N2CPh3] generates the trityl diazeniumdiolate complexes [K(18-crown-6)][M(O2N2CPh3)3] (M = Co, 2; Fe, 3) in good yields. Irradiation of 2 and 3 using 371 nm light led to NO formation in 10 and 1% yields (calculated assuming a maximum of 6 equiv of NO produced per complex), respectively. N2O was also formed during the photolysis of 2, in 63% yield, whereas photolysis of 3 led to the formation of N2O, as well as Ph3CN(H)OCPh3, in 37 and 5% yields, respectively. These products are indicative of diazeniumdiolate fragmentation via both C-N and N-N bond cleavage pathways. In contrast, oxidation of complexes 2 and 3 with 1.2 equiv of [Ag(MeCN)4][PF6] led to N2O formation but no NO formation, suggesting that diazeniumdiolate fragmentation occurs exclusively via C-N bond cleavage under these conditions. While the photolytic yields of NO are modest, they represent a 10- to 100-fold increase compared to the previously reported Zn congener, suggesting that the presence of a redox-active metal center favors NO formation upon trityl diazeniumdiolate fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Á Baeza Cinco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Arunavo Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Camilo F Guzman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sabrina Kräh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Trevor W Hayton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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3
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Marozkina N, Gaston B. An Update on Thiol Signaling: S-Nitrosothiols, Hydrogen Sulfide and a Putative Role for Thionitrous Acid. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9030225. [PMID: 32164188 PMCID: PMC7139563 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long considered vital to antioxidant defenses, thiol chemistry has more recently been recognized to be of fundamental importance to cell signaling. S-nitrosothiols—such as S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO)—and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are physiologic signaling thiols that are regulated enzymatically. Current evidence suggests that they modify target protein function primarily through post-translational modifications. GSNO is made by NOS and other metalloproteins; H2S by metabolism of cysteine, homocysteine and cystathionine precursors. GSNO generally acts independently of NO generation and has a variety of gene regulatory, immune modulator, vascular, respiratory and neuronal effects. Some of this physiology is shared with H2S, though the mechanisms differ. Recent evidence also suggests that molecules resulting from reactions between GSNO and H2S, such as thionitrous acid (HSNO), could also have a role in physiology. Taken together, these data suggest important new potential targets for thiol-based drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzeya Marozkina
- Herman Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Riley Hospital for Children, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Indiana University, School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut Street, R4-474 Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +317-274-7427
| | - Benjamin Gaston
- Herman Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Riley Hospital for Children, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
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van Lith R, Yang J, Ameer GA. Diazeniumdiolation of protamine sulfate reverses mitogenic effects on smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 82:13-21. [PMID: 25656996 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
After vascular interventions, endothelial cells are typically injured or lacking, resulting in decreased NO synthesis to maintain vascular health. Moreover, inflammation as a result of the tissue injury and/or the presence of an implanted foreign polymer such as a vascular graft causes excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (e.g., superoxide), which can react with NO. The combination of the above creates a general decline in NO bioavailability, as well as oxidative stress due to less available NO to scavenge ROS. Localized NO delivery is an attractive solution to alleviate these issues; however, NO donors typically exhibit unpredictable NO payload release when using nitrosothiols or the risk of nitrosamine formation for synthetic diazeniumdiolates. The objective of this study was therefore to synthesize an NO donor from a biological peptide that could revert to its native form upon NO release. To this effect, protamine sulfate (PS), an FDA-approved peptide with reported vasodilator and anticoagulant properties, was diazeniumdiolated to form PS/NO. PS/NO showed diazeniumdiolate-characteristic UV peaks and NO release in physiological solutions and was capable of scavenging radicals to decrease oxidative stress. Furthermore, PS/NO selectively inhibits the proliferation of smooth muscle cells and adventitial fibroblasts, thereby reversing reported mitogenic properties of PS. Endothelial cell growth, on the other hand, was promoted by PS/NO. Finally, PS retained its anticoagulant properties upon diazeniumdiolation at clinically relevant concentrations. In conclusion, we have synthesized an NO prodrug from a biological peptide, PS/NO, that selectively inhibits proliferation of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, retains anticoagulant properties, and reverts back to its native PS form upon NO payload release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert van Lith
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Guillermo A Ameer
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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5
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Aqueous measurement of nitric oxide using membrane inlet membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2010. [PMID: 21161633 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61737-964-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Membrane inlet mass spectrometry for the measurement of nitric oxide in aqueous solution provides a direct, continuous, and quantitative determination over long periods of time. The method uses a membrane that is permeable to nitric oxide and separates solution or cell suspension from a partial vacuum leading to the ionization source of a mass spectrometer. The construction of the probe varies depending on use; this report describes an inlet probe comprising a 1.0 cm segment of silicon rubber tubing attached to the vacuum inlet of the mass spectrometer. The probe is immersed in solution or suspension and in the system described here has a response time of 5-7 s and a lower detection limit of 0.5 nM nitric oxide. This apparatus was used to measure the generation of nitric oxide in solutions of NONOates and from the reactions of nitrite with hemoglobin. The usefulness of such an inlet in measuring nitric oxide in physiological systems is discussed.
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Katritzky AR, Khashab NM, Bobrov S, Yoshioka M. Synthesis of mono- and symmetrical di-N-hydroxy- and N-aminoguanidines. J Org Chem 2007; 71:6753-8. [PMID: 16930024 DOI: 10.1021/jo060793t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Novel mono- and symmetrical di-N-hydroxy- and N-aminoguanidines were readily prepared from the reaction of diverse hydroxylamines or hydrazines with reagent classes di(benzotriazol-1-yl)methanimine 6, (bis-benzotriazol-1-yl-methylene)amines 8a,b, benzotriazole-1-carboxamidines 10a-i, benzotriazole-1-carboximidamides 11a,b, and N'-hydroxy-1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole-1-carboximidamide 18. The preparation is described for a variety of N-hydroxy- and N-aminoguanidines with different substitution patterns in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
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7
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Ishimura Y, Gao YT, Panda SP, Roman LJ, Masters BSS, Weintraub ST. Detection of nitrous oxide in the neuronal nitric oxide synthase reaction by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338:543-9. [PMID: 16154533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we detected significant amounts of nitrous oxide in the reaction products of the monooxygenase reaction catalyzed by neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Nitrous oxide is a dimerization product of nitroxyl anion; its presence in the reaction products indicates that the nitroxyl anion is a product of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase-catalyzed reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Ishimura
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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Abstract
Endothelial-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is secreted by different endothelia in vivo. It is synthesised by endothelial NO-synthase (eNOS). Despite numerous works, its identity is not fully understood. Here the production of NA, a nitroso-arginine, which was shown to be synthesised by brain NO-synthase (bNOS), was studied in eNOS preparations. NA was quantified by reductive differential pulse voltammetry (RDPV) during its irreversible electrochemical transformation to N-hydroxy-arginine (NHA). Using microelectrodes, NA and nitrite were simultaneously measured in pure recombinant eNOS giving similar enzyme activity. NA was detected at the surface of human endothelial cells (HUVEC) and disappeared when D-arginine was introduced in the culture medium. NA production by endothelium tissue was studied in rat corpus cavernosum using voltammetric microelectrodes. NA concentration at the endothelium surface was linked to vasodilatation measured by laser Doppler induced by acetylcholine injection. LNMA ic injection induced NA disappearance. These preliminary new experiments suggested that NA could be the endogenous nitroso-compound presented early as EDRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Meulemans
- Laboratoire de Biophysique, Faculté de Médecine Xavier-Bichat, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.
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Cho JY, Dutton A, Miller T, Houk KN, Fukuto JM. Oxidation of N-hydroxyguanidines by copper(II): model systems for elucidating the physiological chemistry of the nitric oxide biosynthetic intermediate N-hydroxyl-L-arginine. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 417:65-76. [PMID: 12921781 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The redox chemistry of models of N-hydroxy-L-arginine, the biosynthetic intermediate in the synthesis of NO by the family of nitric oxide synthase enzymes, has been explored experimentally and theoretically. The oxidation of N-hydroxyguanidine model compounds by Cu(II) was studied as a means of establishing possible metabolic fates and intermediates of this important functional group. These studies indicate than an iminoxyl intermediate is formed and may be an important biological species generated from N-hydroxyguanidines including N-hydroxy-L-arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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Arnold EV, Citro ML, Keefer LK, Hrabie JA. A nitric oxide-releasing polydiazeniumdiolate derived from acetonitrile. Org Lett 2002; 4:1323-5. [PMID: 11950353 DOI: 10.1021/ol025624j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acetonitrile, frequently used as a solvent in reactions of nitric oxide (NO) with amines and other nucleophiles to introduce the [N(O)NO](-) (diazeniumdiolate) functional group, has itself been shown to react with NO in the presence of strong base to yield methane trisdiazeniumdiolate (1), presumably via an intermediate trisdiazeniumdiolated imidate. Aqueous hydrolysis of 1 does not follow simple first-order kinetics and produces mixtures of NO and nitrous oxide in ratios that vary with solution pH. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst V Arnold
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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11
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Meulemans A. Electrochemical detection of nitroso-arginine as an intermediate between N-hydroxy-arginine and citrulline. An in vitro versus in vivo study using microcarbon electrodes in neuronal nitric oxide synthase and mice brain. Neurosci Lett 2000; 294:125-9. [PMID: 11058803 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to describe in vivo and in vitro the transformation of N-hydroxy-arginine (NHA) into nitrite and citrulline. The products of NHA oxidation were studied by electrochemical methods. Cyclic voltammetry of NHA on microcarbon electrode showed an oxidation in two steps with one electron and one proton exchanged at each step. The first step gave a radical species NHA(.) with a half-life shorter than 1 micros and the second step gave nitroso-arginine (NA) with a half-life of about 1 s (1.5 s). Coulometric oxidation of NHA gave citrulline and nitrite. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in vivo and in vitro gave a peak in reduction at -1.66 V vs Ag/AgCl for NA. After reductive adsorption of NA on the microelectrode surface in mice brain it gave the two peaks of NHA in oxidation plus another peak identified as nitrite. DPV in native and recombinant rat brain nitric oxide (NO)-synthase gave NA signal permitting K(m) and V(max) determination. All these results showed that NA was synthetized by NO-synthases before the final products, citrulline and nitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meulemans
- Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Laboratoire de Biophysique, 16 rue H. Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
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12
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Hirst J, Goodin DB. Unusual oxidative chemistry of N(omega)-hydroxyarginine and N-hydroxyguanidine catalyzed at an engineered cavity in a heme peroxidase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:8582-91. [PMID: 10722697 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.12.8582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme enzymes are capable of catalyzing a range of oxidative chemistry with high specificity, depending on the surrounding protein environment. We describe here a reaction catalyzed by a mutant of cytochrome c peroxidase, which is similar but distinct from those catalyzed by nitric-oxide synthase. In the R48A mutant, an expanded water-filled cavity was created above the distal heme face. N-hydroxyguanidine (NHG) but not guanidine was shown to bind in the cavity with K(d) = 8.5 mM, and coordinate to the heme to give a low spin state. Reaction of R48A with peroxide produced a Fe(IV)=O/Trp(.+) center capable of oxidizing either NHG or N(omega)-hydroxyarginine (NHA), but not arginine or guanidine, by a multi-turnover catalytic process. Oxidation of either NHG or NHA by R48A did not result in the accumulation of NO, NO(2)(-), NO(3)(-), urea, or citrulline, but instead afforded a yellow product with absorption maxima of 257 and 400 nm. Mass spectrometry of the derivatized NHA products identified the yellow species as N-nitrosoarginine. We suggest that a nitrosylating agent, possibly derived from HNO, is produced by the oxidation of one molecule of substrate. This then reacts with a second substrate molecule to form the observed N-nitroso products. This complex chemistry illustrates how the active sites of enzymes such as nitric-oxide synthase may serve to prevent alternative reactions from occurring, in addition to enabling those desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hirst
- Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Shirota FN, DeMaster EG, Lee MJ, Nagasawa HT. Generation of nitric oxide and possibly nitroxyl by nitrosation of sulfohydroxamic acids and hydroxamic acids. Nitric Oxide 1999; 3:445-53. [PMID: 10637122 DOI: 10.1006/niox.1999.0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diazeniumdiolates (NONOates) and sulfohydroxamic acids are chemical entities that spontaneously generate nitric oxide (NO) and nitroxyl (HNO), respectively, at physiological pH and temperature. By combining the functional aspects of the NONOates with the hydroxamic acids and sulfohydroxamic acids, hybrid NONOate-type compounds that could theoretically generate nitroxyl or nitric oxide can be rationalized. Although the instability of these compounds, viz., the N-nitrosohydroxamic acids and the N-nitrososulfohydroxamic acids, precluded their chemical characterization by actual isolation, their transient existence was deduced by identification of the products of their decomposition. Thus, treatment of benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) with limiting or excess nitrous acid (from NaNO(2) and H(3)PO(4)) gave rise to quantitative generation of N(2)O, possibly via HNO, based on the limiting reactant. Nitrosation of N-t-butyloxycarbonyl hydroxylamine gave similar results. The organic acid produced from BHA was identified as benzoic acid. No nitric oxide was detected from these reactions. In contrast, treatment of Piloty's acid (benzenesulfohydroxamic acid) and methanesulfohydroxamic acid (MSHA) with nitrous acid under the same conditions as above gave 36% of the theoretical quantity of NO from Piloty's acid and 47% of NO from MSHA, although finite quantities of HNO (measured as N(2)O) were also formed. The organic acid produced from Piloty's acid was identified by reverse-phase HPLC as the redox product, benzenesulfinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Shirota
- Medical Research Laboratories, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417, USA
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