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Strategies for Optimizing the Production of Proteins and Peptides with Multiple Disulfide Bonds. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9090541. [PMID: 32858882 PMCID: PMC7558204 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can produce recombinant proteins quickly and cost effectively. However, their physiological properties limit their use for the production of proteins in their native form, especially polypeptides that are subjected to major post-translational modifications. Proteins that rely on disulfide bridges for their stability are difficult to produce in Escherichia coli. The bacterium offers the least costly, simplest, and fastest method for protein production. However, it is difficult to produce proteins with a very large size. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris are the most commonly used yeast species for protein production. At a low expense, yeasts can offer high protein yields, generate proteins with a molecular weight greater than 50 kDa, extract signal sequences, and glycosylate proteins. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic species maintain reducing conditions in the cytoplasm. Hence, the formation of disulfide bonds is inhibited. These bonds are formed in eukaryotic cells during the export cycle, under the oxidizing conditions of the endoplasmic reticulum. Bacteria do not have an advanced subcellular space, but in the oxidizing periplasm, they exhibit both export systems and enzymatic activities directed at the formation and quality of disulfide bonds. Here, we discuss current techniques used to target eukaryotic and prokaryotic species for the generation of correctly folded proteins with disulfide bonds.
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2
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Francica JR, Laga R, Lynn GM, Mužíková G, Androvič L, Aussedat B, Walkowicz WE, Padhan K, Ramirez-Valdez RA, Parks R, Schmidt SD, Flynn BJ, Tsybovsky Y, Stewart-Jones GBE, Saunders KO, Baharom F, Petrovas C, Haynes BF, Seder RA. Star nanoparticles delivering HIV-1 peptide minimal immunogens elicit near-native envelope antibody responses in nonhuman primates. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000328. [PMID: 31206510 PMCID: PMC6597128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide immunogens provide an approach to focus antibody responses to specific neutralizing sites on the HIV envelope protein (Env) trimer or on other pathogens. However, the physical characteristics of peptide immunogens can limit their pharmacokinetic and immunological properties. Here, we have designed synthetic “star” nanoparticles based on biocompatible N-[(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] (HPMA)-based polymer arms extending from a poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer core. In mice, these star nanoparticles trafficked to lymph nodes (LNs) by 4 hours following vaccination, where they were taken up by subcapsular macrophages and then resident dendritic cells (DCs). Immunogenicity optimization studies revealed a correlation of immunogen density with antibody titers. Furthermore, the co-delivery of Env variable loop 3 (V3) and T-helper peptides induced titers that were 2 logs higher than if the peptides were given in separate nanoparticles. Finally, we performed a nonhuman primate (NHP) study using a V3 glycopeptide minimal immunogen that was structurally optimized to be recognized by Env V3/glycan broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). When administered with a potent Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist adjuvant, these nanoparticles elicited high antibody binding titers to the V3 site. Similar to human V3/glycan bnAbs, certain monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) elicited by this vaccine were glycan dependent or targeted the GDIR peptide motif. To improve affinity to native Env trimer affinity, nonhuman primates (NHPs) were boosted with various SOSIP Env proteins; however, significant neutralization was not observed. Taken together, this study provides a new vaccine platform for administration of glycopeptide immunogens for focusing immune responses to specific bnAb epitopes. Synthetic polymer-based nanoparticles effectively deliver HIV Env glycopeptide immunogens to lymph nodes and stimulate B cell lineages with characteristics resembling broadly neutralizing antibodies, in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard Laga
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Geoffrey M Lynn
- Avidea Technologies, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Mužíková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Androvič
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Baptiste Aussedat
- Department of Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - William E Walkowicz
- Department of Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kartika Padhan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ramiro Andrei Ramirez-Valdez
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen D Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara J Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guillaume B E Stewart-Jones
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Faezzah Baharom
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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3
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Simonelli L, Pedotti M, Bardelli M, Jurt S, Zerbe O, Varani L. Mapping Antibody Epitopes by Solution NMR Spectroscopy: Practical Considerations. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1785:29-51. [PMID: 29714010 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7841-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Identifying an epitope, the region of the antigen in contact with an antibody, is useful in both basic and pharmaceutical research, as well as in vaccine design. Solution NMR spectroscopy is particularly well suited to the residue level characterization of intermolecular interfaces, including antibody-antigen interactions, and thus to epitope identification. Here, we describe the use of NMR for residue level characterization of protein epitopes, focusing on experimental protocols and practical considerations, highlighting advantages and drawbacks of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Simonelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita' della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mattia Pedotti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita' della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Marco Bardelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita' della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Simon Jurt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Zerbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita' della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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4
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Xiao S, Zhao X, Finkielstein CV, Capelluto DGS. A rapid procedure to isolate isotopically labeled peptides for NMR studies: application to the Disabled-2 sulfatide-binding motif. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:216-22. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Xiao
- Protein Signaling Domains Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Xiaolin Zhao
- Protein Signaling Domains Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Carla V. Finkielstein
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Daniel G. S. Capelluto
- Protein Signaling Domains Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
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5
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Yang Q, Li C, Wei Y, Huang W, Wang LX. Expression, glycoform characterization, and antibody-binding of HIV-1 V3 glycopeptide domain fused with human IgG1-Fc. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:875-83. [PMID: 20369886 DOI: 10.1021/bc9004238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The third variable (V3) domain of HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein is critical for HIV-1 entry and represents an attractive target for vaccine design. There are three conserved N-glycans within or around the V3 loop. The N295 and N332 glycans at the base of V3 are usually characterized as high-mannose type in gp120, and the N301 glycan is a complex type. We report in this paper the expression and characterization of glycosylated, full-size V3 domain derived from HIV-1(Bal) strain as an IgG1-Fc fusion protein, including its binding to two broadly HIV-neutralizing antibodies 2G12 and 447-52D. It was found that expressing the V3-Fc fusion protein in the HEK293T cells resulted in the production of a glycoform in which all the N-glycans were complex type, in contrast to the glycosylation pattern of V3 in the context of gp120, where the N295 and N332 glycans are high-mannose type. Controlling the glycosylation to restore an epitope of antibody 2G12 was achieved by using an inhibitor of glycan processing enzymes. Mutational studies indicate that the glycan at N301 slightly decreases the binding of V3-Fc to antibody 447-52D, but it can significantly enhance the binding of the V3-Fc to antibody 2G12 when it is changed to a high-mannose type N-glycan. The high-mannose type V3-Fc fusion protein that includes both the 2G12 and 447-52D epitopes represents an interesting immunogen that may be able to raise anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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6
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Joubert MK, Kinsley N, Capovilla A, Sewell BT, Jaffer MA, Khati M. A Modeled Structure of an Aptamer−gp120 Complex Provides Insight into the Mechanism of HIV-1 Neutralization. Biochemistry 2010; 49:5880-90. [DOI: 10.1021/bi100301k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nichole Kinsley
- Elevation Biotech, 8 Blackwood Avenue, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Alexio Capovilla
- Elevation Biotech, 8 Blackwood Avenue, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - B. Trevor Sewell
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Mohamed A. Jaffer
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Makobetsa Khati
- CSIR Biosciences, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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7
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Wagstaff JL, Howard MJ, Williamson RA. Production of recombinant isotopically labelled peptide by fusion to an insoluble partner protein: generation of integrin αvβ6 binding peptides for NMR. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:2380-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00105h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Guo C, Lian Y, Liu Q, Liu J, Zhang Y, Lin D. Soluble expression and characterization of a mouse epididymis-specific protein lipocalin6. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 69:64-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Mester B, Manor R, Mor A, Arshava B, Rosen O, Ding FX, Naider F, Anglister J. HIV-1 Peptide Vaccine Candidates: Selecting Constrained V3 Peptides with Highest Affinity to Antibody 447-52D. Biochemistry 2009; 48:7867-77. [DOI: 10.1021/bi900146g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Mester
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Revital Manor
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Amit Mor
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Boris Arshava
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314
| | - Osnat Rosen
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Fa-Xiang Ding
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314
| | - Fred Naider
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314
| | - Jacob Anglister
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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10
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Li H, Zhou CX, Su JZ. Chemical ligation and cleavage on solid support facilitate recombinant peptide purification. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 50:238-46. [PMID: 17049267 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant peptide technology offers a promising means alternative to chemical synthesis and natural extraction of peptides. The bottleneck in the process of recombinant peptide production is the paucity of efficient purification protocols to eliminate heterogeneity of the desired preparation. Here, we introduce a combination strategy to facilitate purification of recombinant therapeutic peptide via native chemical ligation and chemical cleavage on a solid support. In this study, one promising therapeutic peptide called for type-2 diabetes, GLP-1(7-37), was prepared with high yield and purity without an expensive HPLC purification. Furthermore, this method is also useful for the preparation of isotopically labeled NMR peptide samples. Hopefully, this strategy combining chemical ligation with chemical cleavage on a solid support will ameliorate the production of important recombinant pharmaceutical peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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11
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Bao WJ, Gao YG, Chang YG, Zhang TY, Lin XJ, Yan XZ, Hu HY. Highly efficient expression and purification system of small-size protein domains in Escherichia coli for biochemical characterization. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 47:599-606. [PMID: 16427307 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is often essential to focus the study on the small-size domains of large proteins in eukaryotic cells in the post-genomic era, but the low expression level, insolubility, and instability of the domains have been continuing to hinder the massive purification of domain peptides for structural and biological investigation. In this work, a highly efficient expression and purification system based on a small-size fusion partner GB1 and histidine tag was utilized to solve these problems. Two vectors, namely pGBTNH and pGBH, were constructed to improve expression and facilitate purification. The linker and thrombin cleavage site have been optimized for minimal degradation during purification process. This system has been tested for eight domain peptides varying in size, linker, hydrophobicity, and predicted secondary structure. The results indicate that this system is achievable to produce these domain peptides with high solubility and stability for further biochemical characterization. Moreover, the fusion protein without the linker and thrombin cleavage site is also suitable for spectroscopic studies especially for NMR structural elucidation, if the target peptide is prone to precipitation or easily degraded during purification. This system will be beneficial to the research field of structure and function of small domain and peptide fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Bao
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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12
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Kumar GS, Ramasamy P, Sikdar SK, Sarma SP. Overexpression, purification, and pharmacological activity of a biosynthetically derived conopeptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 335:965-72. [PMID: 16115470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A high yielding fusion protein system based on the protein cytochrome b(5) has been used for the production of novel 13-residue acyclic conopeptide. This peptide, Mo1659, can be liberated from the carrier protein using CNBr cleavage and subsequent purification using RP-HPLC methods. The yield of isotopically enriched peptides is high, ranging from 3 to 4mg of purified peptide from a 500ml culture, indicating that this system can be widely used for peptide production. Biosynthetic Mo1659 is active on non-inactivating K(+) channel much like the natural Mo1659, despite the absence of C-terminal amidation. Heteronuclear NMR studies show that the peptide exists in a conformational equilibrium involving proline-10. To our knowledge this is the first report of the production of an isotopically (15)N/(13)C-enriched conopeptide.
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13
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Thai K, Choi J, Franzin CM, Marassi FM. Bcl-XL as a fusion protein for the high-level expression of membrane-associated proteins. Protein Sci 2005; 14:948-55. [PMID: 15741345 PMCID: PMC2253446 DOI: 10.1110/ps.041244305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An Escherichia coli plasmid vector for the high-level expression of hydrophobic membrane proteins is described. The plasmid, pBCL, directs the expression of a target polypeptide fused to the C terminus of a mutant form of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein, Bcl-XL, where the hydrophobic C terminus has been deleted, and Met residues have been mutated to Leu to facilitate CNBr cleavage after a single Met inserted at the beginning of the target sequence. Fusion protein expression is in inclusion bodies, simplifying the protein purification steps. Here we report the high-level production of PLM, a membrane protein that is a member of the FXYD family of tissue-specific and physiological-state-specific auxiliary subunits of the Na,K-ATPase, expressed abundantly in heart and skeletal muscle. We demonstrate that milligram quantities of pure, isotopically labeled protein can be obtained easily and in little time with this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khang Thai
- The Burnham Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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14
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Tenno T, Goda N, Tateishi Y, Tochio H, Mishima M, Hayashi H, Shirakawa M, Hiroaki H. High-throughput construction method for expression vector of peptides for NMR study suited for isotopic labeling. Protein Eng Des Sel 2004; 17:305-14. [PMID: 15166312 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzh044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion protein constructs for labeled peptides were generated with the 114 amino acid thioredoxin (TRX), coupled with the incorporation of a histidine tag for affinity purification. Two tandem AhdI sites were designed in the multiple cloning site of the fusion vector according to our novel unidirectional TA cloning methodology named PRESAT-vector, allowing one-step background-free cloning of DNA fragments. Constructs were designed to incorporate the four residue sequence Ile-Asp-Gly-Arg to generate pure peptides following Factor Xa cleavage of the fusion protein. The system is efficient and cost-effective for isotopic labeling of peptides for heteronuclear NMR studies. Seven peptides of varying length, including pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM), were expressed using this TRX fusion system to give soluble fusion protein constructs in all cases. Three alternative methods for the preparation of DNA fragments were applied depending on the length of the peptides, such as polymerase chain reaction, chemical synthesis or a 'semi-synthetic method', which is a combination of chemical synthesis and enzymatic extension. The ability easily to construct, express and purify recombinant peptides in a high-throughput manner will be of enormous benefit in areas of biomedical research and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tenno
- Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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15
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Swaggerty CL, Huang H, Lim WS, Schroeder F, Ball JM. Comparison of SIVmac239(352-382) and SIVsmmPBj41(360-390) enterotoxic synthetic peptides. Virology 2004; 320:243-57. [PMID: 15016547 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Revised: 11/20/2003] [Accepted: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the active domain of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) surface unit (SU) enterotoxin, peptides corresponding to the V3 loop of SIVmac239 (SIVmac) and SIVsmmPBj41 (SIVpbj) were synthesized and examined for enterotoxic activity, alpha-helical structure, and interaction(s) with model membranes. SIVmac and SIVpbj induced a dose-dependent diarrhea in 6-8-day-old mouse pups similar to full-length SU. The peptides mobilized [Ca(2+)](i) in HT-29 cells with distinct oscillations and elevated inositol triphosphate levels. Circular dichroism analyses showed the peptides were predominantly random coil in buffer, but increased in alpha-helical content when placed in a hydrophobic environment or with cholesterol-containing membrane vesicles that are rich in anionic phospholipids. None of the peptides underwent significant secondary structural changes in the presence of neutral vesicles indicating ionic interactions were important. These data show that the SIV SU enterotoxic domain localizes in part to the V3 loop region and interacts with anionic membrane domains on the host cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Swaggerty
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4467, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
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16
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Lindhout DA, Thiessen A, Schieve D, Sykes BD. High-yield expression of isotopically labeled peptides for use in NMR studies. Protein Sci 2003; 12:1786-91. [PMID: 12876327 PMCID: PMC2323964 DOI: 10.1110/ps.0376003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fusion protein constructs of the 56 amino acid globular protein GB-1 with various peptide sequences, coupled with the incorporation of a histidine tag for affinity purification, have generated high-yield fusion protein constructs. Methionine residues were inserted into the constructs to generate pure peptides following CNBr cleavage, yielding a system that is efficient and cost effective for isotopic labeling of peptides for NMR studies and other disciplines such as mass spectroscopy. Six peptides of varying sequences and hydrophobicities were expressed using this GB-1 fusion protein technique and produced soluble fusion protein constructs in all cases. The ability to easily express and purify recombinant peptides in high yields is applicable for biomedical research and has medicinal and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrin A Lindhout
- Canadian Institutes of Health-Research Group in Protein Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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17
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Kessler N, Zvi A, Ji M, Sharon M, Rosen O, Levy R, Gorny M, Zolla-Pazner S, Anglister J. Expression, purification, and isotope labeling of the Fv of the human HIV-1 neutralizing antibody 447-52D for NMR studies. Protein Expr Purif 2003; 29:291-303. [PMID: 12767822 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(03)00047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Fv is the smallest antigen binding fragment of the antibody and is made of the variable domains of the light and heavy chains, V(L) and V(H), respectively. The 26-kDa Fv is amenable for structure determination in solution using multi-dimensional hetero-nuclear NMR spectroscopy. The human monoclonal antibody 447-52D neutralizes a broad spectrum of HIV-1 isolates. This anti-HIV-1 antibody elicited in an infected patient is directed against the third variable loop (V3) of the envelope glycoprotein (gp120) of the virus. The V3 loop is an immunodominant neutralizing epitope of HIV-1. To obtain the 447-52D Fv for NMR studies, an Escherichia coli bicistronic expression vector for the heterodimeric 447-52D Fv and vectors for single chain Fv and individually expressed V(H) and V(L) were constructed. A pelB signal peptide was linked to the antibody genes to enable secretion of the expressed polypeptides into the periplasm. For easy cloning of any antibody gene without potential modification of the antibody sequence, restriction sites were introduced in the pelB sequence and following the termination codon. A set of oligonucleotides that prime the leader peptide genes of all potential antibody human antibodies were designed as backward primers. The forward primers for the V(L) and V(H) were based on constant region sequences. The 447-52D Fv could not be expressed either by a bicistronic vector or as single chain Fv, probably due to its toxicity to Escherichia coli. High level of expression was obtained by individual expression of the V(H) and the V(L) chains, which were then purified and recombined to generate a soluble and active 447-52D Fv fragment. The V(L) of mAb 447-52D was uniformly labeled with 13C and 15N nuclei (U-13C/15N). Preliminary NMR spectra demonstrate that structure determination of the recombinant 447-52D Fv and its complex with V3 peptides is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Kessler
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Sharon M, Kessler N, Levy R, Zolla-Pazner S, Görlach M, Anglister J. Alternative conformations of HIV-1 V3 loops mimic beta hairpins in chemokines, suggesting a mechanism for coreceptor selectivity. Structure 2003; 11:225-36. [PMID: 12575942 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(03)00011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The V3 loop of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 is involved in binding to the CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors. The structure of an HIV-1(MN) V3 peptide bound to the Fv of the broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody 447-52D was solved by NMR and found to be a beta hairpin. This structure of V3(MN) was found to have conformation and sequence similarities to beta hairpins in CD8 and CCR5 ligands MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES and differed from the beta hairpin of a V3(IIIB) peptide bound to the strain-specific murine anti-gp120(IIIB) antibody 0.5beta. In contrast to the structure of the bound V3(MN) peptide, the V3(IIIB) peptide resembles a beta hairpin in SDF-1, a CXCR4 ligand. These data suggest that the 447-52D-bound V3(MN) and the 0.5beta-bound V3(IIIB) structures represent alternative V3 conformations responsible for selective interactions with CCR5 and CXCR4, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Sharon
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
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