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Zhang C, Li H, Yang Y, Zhou X, Zhuang D, Liu W, Wang K, Wang P, Zhang W, Bai Y, Ma H, Gao B, Wang R. Induced mechanism of phosphatase hormesis by Cd ions and rhizosphere metabolites of Trifolium repens L. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140219. [PMID: 37741368 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Rhizosphere phosphatases can exhibit hormetic effects in response to cadmium (Cd) ion stimulation. However, understanding the mechanisms underlying hormesis effects on soil ecosystems is challenging as studies on hormesis are usually specific to an organism, cell, or organ. To comprehensively investigate the mechanism of phosphatase hormesis, this study utilized in situ zymography and metabolomics to analyze the rhizosphere of Trifolium repens L. (white clover). Zymograms showed that rhizosphere phosphatase displayed a hormetic effect in 10 mg kg-1 Cd contaminated soil, with a hotspot area 1.8 times larger than non-Cd contaminated soil and a slight increase in enzyme activity. Nevertheless, the phosphatase activity was substantially suppressed upon elevating the Cd concentration in the soil to 50 mg kg-1. Differential metabolite identification and KEEG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that both rhizosphere organic acids and amino acid compounds positively affected phosphatase activity, and both were able to stabilize complexation with Cd ions via carboxyl groups. Besides, molecular docking models suggested that Cd ions act as cofactors to induce the formation of hydrogen bonds between amino acids/organic acids and phosphatase residues to form a triplet complex with a more stable structure, thereby improving phosphatase activity. The results indicated that amino acids and organic acids are heavily enriched in the rhizosphere of white clover and form a particular structure with soil Cd ions and phosphatase, which is essential for inducing the phosphatase hormesis as a detoxification mechanism in the rhizosphere micro-ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zhang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Haibo Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Eco-Restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Shenyang University, China.
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xulun Zhou
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Damiao Zhuang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Wengang Liu
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Pengkai Wang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Yaran Bai
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Haotian Ma
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Bingqian Gao
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
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Sun X, Anoopkumar AN, Aneesh EM, Madhavan A, Binod P, Kuddus M, Pandey A, Sindhu R, Awasthi MK. Hormesis-tempting stressors driven by evolutionary factors for mitigating negative impacts instigated over extended exposure to chemical elements. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121246. [PMID: 36764380 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive responses to moderate environmental challenges by the biological systems have usually been credited to hormesis. Since the hormetic biphasic dose-response illustrates a prominent pattern towards biological responsiveness, the studies concerning such aspects will get much more significance in risk assessment practices and toxicological evaluation research. From this point of view, the past few epochs have witnessed the extending recognition of the notion concerning hormesis. The extraction of its basic foundations of evolutionary perspectives-along with the probable underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms followed by the practical implications to enhance the quality of life. To get better and more effective output in this regard, the present article has evaluated the various observations of previous investigations. The intent of integrating the novel inferences concerning the hormesis-tempting stressors driven by predominant evolutionary factors for mitigating the adverse impacts that were prompted over frequent and continuous exposure to the various chemical elements. Such inferences can offer extensive insight into the implications concerning the risk assessment of hormesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Sun
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712 100, China
| | - A N Anoopkumar
- Centre for Research in Emerging Tropical Diseases (CRET-D), Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala, India
| | - Embalil Mathachan Aneesh
- Centre for Research in Emerging Tropical Diseases (CRET-D), Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala, India
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, 690525, Kerala, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Mohammed Kuddus
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR- Indian Institute for Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 31 MG Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248 007, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, TKM Institute of Technology, Kollam, 691 505, Kerala, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712 100, China.
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Fan D, Wang S, Guo Y, Liu J, Agathokleous E, Zhu Y, Han J. The role of bacterial communities in shaping Cd-induced hormesis in 'living' soil as a function of land-use change. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124996. [PMID: 33444951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial communities and soil physicochemical properties shape soil enzymes activities. However, how environmental factors and bacterial communities affect the relationship between increasing doses of soil pollutants and soil alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an index of soil microbiota activity, remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the response of soil ALP to 13 doses of Cd (0 and 0.01-100 mg/kg) under four land uses, viz. grassland (GL), natural forest (NF), plantation forest (PF), and wheat field (WF). We found that Cd commonly induced hormetic-like responses of soil ALP, with a maximum stimulation of 10.7%, 10.1%, 11.6%, and 14.5% in GL, NF, PF, and WF, respectively. The size of the hormetic zone (Horzone), an integrated indicator of the stimulation phase and biological plasticity, was in the order GL > WF > PF > NF, and the hormetic zone occurred in the dose range of 5-10, 0.3-10, 0.8-3, and 3-5 mg/kg, respectively. These results indicate highly pleiotropic responses of 'living' soil system to promote resilience to Cd contamination, with soil microbiota potentially contributing to soil ALP's hormetic-like response under different land uses. The hormetic-like response of 'living' soil ALP in different land uses offers a new insight into the identification and minimization of the ecological risks of land-use change in Cd-contaminated lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwu Fan
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Shengyan Wang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yanhui Guo
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
| | - Yongli Zhu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Jiangang Han
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China.
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Calabrese EJ. Hormesis Mediates Acquired Resilience: Using Plant-Derived Chemicals to Enhance Health. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2021; 12:355-381. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-062420-124437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an assessment of hormesis, a highly conserved evolutionary dose-response adaptive strategy that leads to the development of acquired resilience within well-defined temporal windows. The hormetic-based acquired resilience has a central role in affecting healthy aging, slowing the onset and progression of numerous neurodegenerative and other age-related diseases, and reducing risks and damage due to heart attacks, stroke, and other serious conditions of public health and medical importance. The review provides the historical foundations of hormesis, its dose-response features, its capacity for generalization across biological models and endpoints measured, and its mechanistic foundations. The review also provides a focus on the adaptive features of hormesis, i.e., its capacity to upregulate acquired resilience and how this can be mediated by numerous plant-derived extracts, such as curcumin, ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, resveratrol, and green tea, that induce a broad spectrum of chemopreventive effects via hormesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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Fan D, Wang S, Guo Y, Zhu Y, Agathokleous E, Ahmad S, Han J. Cd induced biphasic response in soil alkaline phosphatase and changed soil bacterial community composition: The role of background Cd contamination and time as additional factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143771. [PMID: 33229081 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hormesis is an intriguing phenomenon characterized by low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition. The hormetic phenomena have been frequently reported in the past decades, but the researches on the biphasic responses of soil enzymes are still limited. The main objective of this study is to explore dose response of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) to Cd (0, 0.003, 0.03, 0.3, 3.0 and 30 mg/kg) in the presence of different levels of background Cd contamination (bulk soil with no added Cd, BS; low background Cd, LB; medium background Cd, MB; and high background Cd, HB). ALP activity at 0.003-0.3 mg Cd/kg was 13-39% higher than that of the control (0 mg Cd/kg) for HB after 7 d. Similarly, the enzyme activities at 0.003-0.03 mg Cd/kg were 2-25% and 14-17% higher than those of the controls for MB and HB after 60 d. After 90 d, ALP activities at 0.3-3.0 mg Cd/kg increased by 11-17% for LB. The dose-response curves had the shape of an inverted U, showing biphasic responses at days 7 (HB), 60 (MB and HB) and 90 (LB). After 60 days of exposure, total operational taxonomic units (OTU) numbers and unique species exposed to Cd stress displayed hormetic-response curve for MB. The relative abundances of Agrobacterium, Salinimicrobiums, Bacilllus, and Oceanobacillus displayed significantly positive correlations with ALP activity. This suggested that bacterial communities potentially contribute to ALP's hormesis. This study further provides new insights into the ecological mechanisms of pollutant-induced hormesis, and substantially contributes to the ecological risk assessment of Cd pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwu Fan
- College of Biological and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shengyan Wang
- College of Biological and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yanhui Guo
- College of Biological and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yongli Zhu
- College of Biological and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; National Positioning Observation Station of Hung-tse Lake Wetland Ecosystem in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China.
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, USA.
| | - Jiangang Han
- College of Biological and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; National Positioning Observation Station of Hung-tse Lake Wetland Ecosystem in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Agathokleous E, Kitao M, Calabrese EJ. Hormesis: Highly Generalizable and Beyond Laboratory. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:1076-1086. [PMID: 32546350 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Hormesis is a biphasic dose-response relationship with contrasting effects of low versus high doses of stress. Hormesis is rapidly developing in plant science research and has wide implications for risk assessment, stress biology, and agriculture. Here, we explore selected areas of importance to the concept of hormesis and suggest that hormesis is a highly generalizable phenomenon. We address the questions of whether hormesis occurs in high-risk groups or in response to mixtures of stress-inducing agents, whether there is a single biological mechanism of hormesis, and what the temporal features of hormesis are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Forest Research and Management Organization, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8516, Japan
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Lu M, Tan L, Zhou XG, Yang ZL, Zhu Q, Chen JN, Luo HR, Wu GS. Tectochrysin increases stress resistance and extends the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans via FOXO/DAF-16. Biogerontology 2020; 21:669-682. [PMID: 32506187 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-020-09884-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aging is related to the lowered overall functioning and increased risk for various age-related diseases in humans. Tectochrysin is a flavonoid compound and rich in a traditional Chinese Medicine Alpinia oxyphylla Miq., which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-diarrhea, hepatoprotective, and neuro-protective effects. Therefore, we tested if tectochrysin had an effect on aging in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Our results showed that tectochrysin could extend the lifespan of C. elegans by up to 21.0%, delay the age-related decline of body movement, improve high temperature-stress resistance and anti-infection capacity, and protected worms against Aβ1-42-induced toxicity. Tectochrysin could not extend the lifespan of the mutants from genes daf-2, daf-16, eat-2, aak-2, skn-1, and hsf-1. Tectochrysin could increase the expression of DAF-16 regulated genes. The extension of lifespan by tectochrysin requires FOXO/DAF-16 and HSF-1. Overall, our findings suggest that tectochrysin may have a potential effect on extending lifespan and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Tan
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian-Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Huai-Rong Luo
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Gui-Sheng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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8
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Belz RG, Farooq MB, Wagner J. Does selective hormesis impact herbicide resistance evolution in weeds? ACCase-resistant populations of Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. as a case study. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1880-1891. [PMID: 29446872 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A field-evolved herbicide-resistant weed population can represent a heterogeneous composite of subpopulations that differ in their susceptibility and responsiveness to herbicide hormesis. Variable hormesis responsiveness can result in selection for and against certain subpopulations under low herbicide doses, and this has the potential to contribute to the evolution of resistance. The relevance of this hypothesis at practical field rates was studied for two field-collected acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) target-site resistant (TSR) biotypes of Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (haplotype Leu1781) exposed to three ACCase inhibitors. Herbicide dose responses were evaluated at the population level and at different subpopulation levels after the dissection of individual plants by herbicide selection and genotyping. RESULTS The practical field rates of fenoxaprop-P were lower than the observed hormetic doses in the resistant subpopulation, whereas the field rates of clodinafop and cycloxydim stimulated the shoot biomass in different resistant subpopulations by 21-38% above that of the control. Because variable dose levels induced hormesis in the different subpopulations, the practical field rates showed a significant potential to selectively enhance parts of a resistant field population, but did not impact or adversely affect other parts of the population. CONCLUSION As a consequence of population heterogeneity, herbicide hormesis may impact resistance evolution in weeds at realistic use rates via the selective promotion of individual genotypes. However, the practical relevance of this phenomenon may be influenced by many factors, such as the herbicidal active ingredient used, as indicated in this study. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina G Belz
- University of Hohenheim, Hans-Ruthenberg Institute, Agroecology Unit, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Muhammad B Farooq
- University of Hohenheim, Hans-Ruthenberg Institute, Agroecology Unit, Stuttgart, Germany
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How does hormesis impact biology, toxicology, and medicine? NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2017; 3:13. [PMID: 28944077 PMCID: PMC5601424 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-017-0013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormesis refers to adaptive responses of biological systems to moderate environmental or self-imposed challenges through which the system improves its functionality and/or tolerance to more severe challenges. The past two decades have witnessed an expanding recognition of the concept of hormesis, elucidation of its evolutionary foundations, and underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, and practical applications to improve quality of life. To better inform future basic and applied research, we organized and re-evaluated recent hormesis-related findings with the intent of incorporating new knowledge of biological mechanisms, and providing fundamental insights into the biological, biomedical and risk assessment implications of hormesis. As the literature on hormesis is expanding rapidly into new areas of basic and applied research, it is important to provide refined conceptualization of hormesis to aid in designing and interpreting future studies. Here, we establish a working compartmentalization of hormesis into ten categories that provide an integrated understanding of the biological meaning and applications of hormesis.
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Calabrese EJ, Dhawan G, Kapoor R, Iavicoli I, Calabrese V. HORMESIS: A Fundamental Concept with Widespread Biological and Biomedical Applications. Gerontology 2015; 62:530-5. [DOI: 10.1159/000441520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormesis is a biphasic dose response with specific quantitative features for the amplitude and width of the stimulation. It is highly generalizable and independent of biological model, endpoint, inducing agent, level of biological organization and mechanism. Hormesis may be induced via a direct stimulation or by overcompensation to a disruption of homeostasis. The induction of hormesis by low-level stressor agents not only rapidly upregulates adaptive processes to repair damage but also protects the adapted system from damage due to a subsequent challenging dose (toxic) within a definable temporal window. The striking consistency of the amplitude of hormetic response suggests that hormesis provides a quantitative description of biological plasticity. Knowledge of hormesis has particular potential biomedical significance with respect to slowing or retarding both normal aging processes and the progression of severe neurological diseases.
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11
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Dattilo S, Mancuso C, Koverech G, Di Mauro P, Ontario ML, Petralia CC, Petralia A, Maiolino L, Serra A, Calabrese EJ, Calabrese V. Heat shock proteins and hormesis in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Immun Ageing 2015; 12:20. [PMID: 26543490 PMCID: PMC4634585 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-015-0046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of endogenous cellular defense mechanisms via the vitagene system represents an innovative approach to therapeutic intervention in diseases causing chronic tissue damage, such as in neurodegeneration. The possibility of high-throughoutput screening using proteomic techniques, particularly redox proteomics, provide more comprehensive overview of the interaction of proteins, as well as the interplay among processes involved in neuroprotection. Here by introducing the hormetic dose response concept, the mechanistic foundations and applications to the field of neuroprotection, we discuss the emerging role of heat shock protein as prominent member of vitagene network in neuroprotection and redox proteomics as a tool for investigating redox modulation of stress responsive vitagenes. Hormetic mechanisms are reviewed as possibility of targeted therapeutic manipulation in a cell-, tissue- and/or pathway-specific manner at appropriate points in the neurodegenerative disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Dattilo
- />Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Andrea Doria, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Cesare Mancuso
- />Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Koverech
- />Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Andrea Doria, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Di Mauro
- />Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Ontario
- />Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Andrea Doria, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Petralia
- />Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Luigi Maiolino
- />Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Serra
- />Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Edward J. Calabrese
- />Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA USA
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- />Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Andrea Doria, 95100 Catania, Italy
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Belz RG, Piepho HP. Statistical modeling of the hormetic dose zone and the toxic potency completes the quantitative description of hormetic dose responses. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1169-1177. [PMID: 25523646 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the characteristics of hormesis provides valuable insights into this low-dose phenomenon and helps to display and capture its variability. A prerequisite to do so is a statistical procedure allowing quantification of general hormetic features, namely the maximum stimulatory response, the dose range of hormesis, and the distance from the maximum stimulation to the dose where hormesis disappears. Applying extensions of a hormetic dose-response model that is well-established in plant biology provides a direct estimation of several quantities, except the hormetic dose range. Another dose range that is difficult to model directly is the distance between the dose where hormesis disappears and the dose giving 50% inhibition, known as toxic potency. The present study presents 2 further model extensions allowing for a direct quantification of the hormetic dose range and the toxic potency. Based on this, a 4-step mathematical modeling approach is demonstrated to quantify various dose-response quantities, to compare these quantities among treatments, and to interrelate hormesis features. Practical challenges are exemplified, and possible remedies are identified. The software code to perform the analysis is provided as Supplemental Data to simplify adoption of the modeling procedure. Because numerous patterns of hormesis are observed in various sciences, it is clear that the proposed approach cannot cope with all patterns; however, it should be possible to analyze a great range of hormesis patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina G Belz
- Agroecology Unit, Institute of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Zhou F, Liang HJ, Di YL, You H, Zhu FX. Stimulatory Effects of Sublethal Doses of Dimethachlon on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PLANT DISEASE 2014; 98:1364-1370. [PMID: 30703927 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-13-1059-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Growth and virulence stimulations of sublethal doses of fungicides on plant-pathogenic fungi and oomycetes have been reported and the stimulatory effects are potentially relevant to plant disease management. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most devastating and economically important necrotrophic fungal phytopathogens, capable of infecting more than 400 species of plants worldwide. In order to study stimulatory effects of sublethal doses of fungicides on S. sclerotiorum, 55 dimethachlon-sensitive isolates and 3 dimethachlon-resistant isolates of S. sclerotiorum were assayed to determine effects of sublethal doses of dimethachlon on mycelial growth rate on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media and virulence on oilseed rape plants. Results showed that all 3 dimethachlon-resistant isolates and 13 of the 55 sensitive isolates exhibited stimulatory responses to sublethal doses of dimethachlon. Dimethachlon-resistant isolates grew significantly (P < 0.05) faster on PDA media amended with dimethachlon at 0.5 to 4 μg/ml than on fungicide-free PDA media. As for virulence on detached leaves of oilseed rape plants, lesion diameters of dimethachlon-resistant isolates after growth on PDA media amended with dimethachlon at 0.5 to 2 μg/ml were significantly larger (P < 0.05) than the control. The maximum stimulatory effects were 42.40 to 59.80%. In pot experiments, for both dimethachlon-sensitive and -resistant isolates, significant (P < 0.05) virulence stimulations were observed after spraying with dimethachlon at a concentration of 2 μg/ml. After growing on dimethachlon-amended PDA media, H2O2 sensitivity of S. sclerotiorum decreased significantly (P < 0.05) compared with the nonamended PDA control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hong-Jie Liang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ya-Li Di
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hong You
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fu-Xing Zhu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Belz RG, Duke SO. Herbicides and plant hormesis. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:698-707. [PMID: 24446388 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide hormesis is commonly observed at subtoxic doses of herbicides and other phytotoxins. The occurrence and magnitude of this phenomenon are influenced by plant growth stage and physiological status, environmental factors, the endpoint measured and the timing between treatment and endpoint measurement. The mechanism in some cases of herbicide hormesis appears to be related to the target site of the herbicide, whereas in other examples hormesis may be by overcompensation to moderate stress induced by the herbicides or a response to disturbed homeostasis. Theoretically, herbicide hormesis could be used in crop production, but this has been practical only in the case of the use of herbicides as sugar cane 'ripeners' to enhance sucrose accumulation. The many factors that can influence the occurrence, the magnitude and the dose range of hormetic increases in yield for most crops make it too unpredictable and risky as a production practice with the currently available knowledge. Herbicide hormesis can cause undesired effects in situations in which weeds are unintentionally exposed to hormetic doses (e.g. in adjacent fields, when shielded by crop vegetation). Some weeds that have evolved herbicide resistance may have hormetic responses to recommended herbicide application rates. Little is known about such effects under field conditions. A more complete understanding of herbicide hormesis is needed to exploit its potential benefits and to minimize its potential harmful effects in crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina G Belz
- Agroecology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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15
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Mothersill C, Smith R, Lariviere D, Seymour C. Chronic exposure by ingestion of environmentally relevant doses of (226)Ra leads to transient growth perturbations in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas, Rafinesque, 1820). Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:950-64. [PMID: 23724911 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.809817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the impact of environmentally relevant levels of ingested (226)Ra on a common freshwater fish species. METHODS Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas, Rafinesque) were obtained at the first feeding stage and established on a commercial fish food diet containing (226)Ra in the activity range 10 mBq/g(-1), -10,000 mBq/g(-1). They remained on this diet for 24 months and were sampled invasively at 1,6,18 and 24 months to assess growth, biochemical indices and accumulated dose and non-invasively also at 12 and 15 months to assess growth. RESULTS Fish fed 10 and 100 mBq/g(-1) diet showed a small transitory deregulation of growth at 6 and 12 months. Fish fed higher activities showed less significant or insignificant effects. There was a trend at 18 months which was stronger at 24 months for the population distribution to change in all of the (226)Ra fed groups so that smaller fish were smaller and bigger fish were bigger than the controls. There were also significant differences in the ratios of protein:DNA at 24 months which were seen as a trend but were not significant at earlier time points. CONCLUSIONS Fish fed a radium diet for 2 years show a small and transitory growth dysregulation at 6 and 12 months. The effects predominate at the lower activities suggesting hormetic or homeostatic adjustments. There was no effect on growth of exposure to the high activities (226)Ra. This suggests that radium does not have a serious impact on the ecology of the system and the level of radium that would be transferred to humans is very low. The results may be important in the assessment of long-term environmental impacts of (226)Ra exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Mothersill
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario
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16
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Calabrese EJ. Hormesis—Basic, Generalizable, Central to Toxicology and a Method to Improve the Risk-assessment Process. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2013; 10:466-7. [PMID: 15702763 DOI: 10.1179/oeh.2004.10.4.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Hormesis, a dose-response phenomenon characterized by a low-dose stimulation and a high-dose inhibition, has been the object of controversy due to its challenging of basic understandings of the dose-response relationship and implications for risk assessment. The author addresses issues relating to the definition of hormesis, the relationship of hormesis to risk assessment and risk management, and the generalizability of hormesis within the toxicological literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- School of Public Health, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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17
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Abstract
This article offers a broad assessment of the hormetic dose response and its relevance to biomedical researchers, physicians, the pharmaceutical industry, and public health scientists. This article contains a series of 61 questions followed by relatively brief but referenced responses that provides support for the conclusion that hormesis is a reproducible phenomenon, commonly observed, with a frequency far greater than other dose-response models such as the threshold and linear nonthreshold dose-response models. The article provides a detailed background information on the historical foundations of hormesis, its quantitative features, mechanistic foundations, as well as how hormesis is currently being used within medicine and identifying how this concept could be further applied in the development of new therapeutic advances and in improved public health practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Calabrese
- Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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18
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Faure M, San Miguel A, Ravanel P, Raveton M. Concentration responses to organochlorines in Phragmites australis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 164:188-194. [PMID: 22366347 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phragmites australis shows potential for the phytoremediation of chlorinated chemicals. Also there has been some attempt to determine the phytotoxic effects of organochlorines (OC). This study reports for lindane (HCH), monochlorobenzene (MCB), 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB) and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB), a no-observed-effect-concentration (NOEC(7d)) that was 1000-300,000 times higher than environmental concentrations. Nevertheless, the combined OC mixture (NOEC(7d) level of each congener) induced a synergistic toxic effect, causing a severe drop (70%) in chlorophyll concentration. The mixture 0.2 mg L(-1) MCB+0.2 mg L(-1) DCB+2.5 mg L(-1) TCB+0.175 mg L(-1) HCH, that was 15 times more concentrated than environmental OC mixture, did not cause phytotoxicity during 21 days. Antioxidant enzymes were affected immediately after the start of exposure (3 days), but the plants showed no signs of stress thereafter. These data suggest that environmental OC mixtures do not pose a significant risk to P. australis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Faure
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Equipe Pollution-Environnement-Ecotoxicologie-Ecoremédiation, UMR CNRS n°5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
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19
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San Miguel A, Faure M, Ravanel P, Raveton M. Biological responses of maize (Zea mays) plants exposed to chlorobenzenes. Case study of monochloro-, 1,4-dichloro- and 1,2,4-trichloro-benzenes. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:315-24. [PMID: 21947666 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A 7-day-exposure time experiment was designed to investigate the phytotoxicity of chlorobenzenes (CBs) on Zea mays seedlings, focusing on the growth and generation of oxidative stress. Significant growth inhibition (based on biomass gain) was observed for exposure to monochlorobenzene (MCB), dichlorobenzene (DCB) and trichlorobenzene (TCB) concentrations higher than 10 mg l(-1). It would seem that CBs inhibit cell division, since the mitotic index decreased for roots exposed to DCB at 80 mg l(-1) dose (8%) and to all the TCB concentrations tested (20% inhibition). CBs exposure resulting in an increase in the oxidative stress response in maize seedlings [reactive oxygen species like H(2)O(2), antioxidant enzymes (POD, GR), lipid peroxidation] correlated to the compound's degree of chlorination, where damage increasing with the number of chlorine atoms (MCB < DCB < TCB). This biological response was also dependent on the dose-exposure. Z. mays exposed to CBs at concentrations <10 mg l(-1) did not induce sufficient oxidative damage to cause root cell death. Therefore, CBs at current environmental concentrations are unlikely to produce evident phytotoxic effects on Z. mays seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique San Miguel
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR CNRS no. 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
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20
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Calabrese EJ, Iavicoli I, Calabrese V. Hormesis: why it is important to biogerontologists. Biogerontology 2012; 13:215-35. [PMID: 22270337 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-012-9374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper offers a broad assessment of the hormetic dose response and its relevance to biogerontology. The paper provides detailed background information on the historical foundations of hormesis, its quantitative features, mechanistic foundations, as well as how the hormesis concept could be further applied in the development of new therapeutic advances in the treatment of age-related diseases. The concept of hormesis has direct application to biogerontology not only affecting the quality of the aging process but also experimental attempts to extend longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003, USA.
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21
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Calabrese V, Cornelius C, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Iavicoli I, Di Paola R, Koverech A, Cuzzocrea S, Rizzarelli E, Calabrese EJ. Cellular stress responses, hormetic phytochemicals and vitagenes in aging and longevity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:753-83. [PMID: 22108204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of endogenous cellular defense mechanisms represents an innovative approach to therapeutic intervention in diseases causing chronic tissue damage, such as in neurodegeneration. This paper introduces the emerging role of exogenous molecules in hormetic-based neuroprotection and the mitochondrial redox signaling concept of hormesis and its applications to the field of neuroprotection and longevity. Maintenance of optimal long-term health conditions is accomplished by a complex network of longevity assurance processes that are controlled by vitagenes, a group of genes involved in preserving cellular homeostasis during stressful conditions. Vitagenes encode for heat shock proteins (Hsp) Hsp32, Hsp70, the thioredoxin and the sirtuin protein systems. Dietary antioxidants, such as polyphenols and L-carnitine/acetyl-L-carnitine, have recently been demonstrated to be neuroprotective through the activation of hormetic pathways, including vitagenes. Hormesis provides the central underpinning of neuroprotective responses, providing a framework for explaining the common quantitative features of their dose response relationships, their mechanistic foundations, their relationship to the concept of biological plasticity as well as providing a key insight for improving the accuracy of the therapeutic dose of pharmaceutical agents within the highly heterogeneous human population. This paper describes in mechanistic detail how hormetic dose responses are mediated for endogenous cellular defense pathways including sirtuin, Nrfs and related pathways that integrate adaptive stress responses in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and Antioxidant Treatment in Disease.
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Cellular Stress Responses, Mitostress and Carnitine Insufficiencies as Critical Determinants in Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Role of Hormesis and Vitagenes. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1880-915. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
This paper summarizes numerous conceptual and experimental advances over the past two decades in the study of hormesis. Hormesis is now generally accepted as a real and reproducible biological phenomenon, being highly generalized and independent of biological model, endpoint measured and chemical class/physical stressor. The quantitative features of the hormetic dose response are generally highly consistent, regardless of the model and mechanism, and represent a quantitative index of biological plasticity at multiple levels of biological organization. The hormetic dose-response model has been demonstrated to make far more accurate predictions of responses in low dose zones than either the threshold or linear at low dose models. Numerous therapeutic agents widely used by humans are based on the hormetic dose response and its low dose stimulatory characteristics. It is expected that as low dose responses come to dominate toxicological research that risk assessment practices will incorporate hormetic concepts in the standard setting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences Division, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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24
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Hoffmann G, Stempsey W. The hormesis concept and risk assessment: are there unique ethical and policy considerations? Hum Exp Toxicol 2009; 27:613-20. [PMID: 19029257 DOI: 10.1177/0960327108098487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The hormesis concept holds that low doses of toxic substances and radiation elicit modest biological responses opposite to those caused by higher doses of the same agents. This concept stands in contrast to the prevailing views that a threshold model predicts most responses to toxicants at low doses and that linear extrapolation best predicts mutagenic and carcinogenic responses. Beyond the scientific considerations, there has been concern that inclusion of the hormesis model in risk assessment would raise complex ethical questions, pose serious challenges for policy makers, and threaten public safety. This article briefly reviews the growing evidence for hormesis and offers a perspective on the related ethical and societal issues. Complexities stem from the nature of biphasic curves, in which biological responses fall both above and below background levels. The monotonic responses of the threshold and linear models lend themselves to a single policy objective--avoiding harm associated with exposures. The biphasic responses of the hormesis model, however, suggest the possibility of accruing benefit as well as avoiding harm. The prospect of applying the hormesis model to public health policy is impeded by insufficient ability to identify the hormetic and toxic zones with precision. Moreover, heterogeneity among individuals in susceptibility to toxicants suggests that benefit and risk may be distributed unequally in the population. The potential shift in policy objectives associated with hormesis is considered relative to the difficulty of balancing the ethical principles of nonmaleficence and beneficence while maintaining a higher priority on the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gr Hoffmann
- Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610-2395, USA.
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Shrader-Frechette K. Ideological toxicology: invalid logic, science, ethics about low-dose pollution. Hum Exp Toxicol 2009; 27:647-57. [PMID: 19029261 DOI: 10.1177/0960327108098491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As illustrated by the case of ethanol, claim H is that, for some biological endpoints, low-dose toxins and carcinogens exhibit hormesis, a beneficial or adaprive response characterized by biphasic dose responses and resulting from compensatory biological processes following an initial disruption in homeostasis. From this uncontroversial claim H, however, the paper argues that some toxicologists invalidly infer HG (that H is generalizable across biological model, endpoint measured, and chemical class) and HD (that a strong case can be made for the use of hormesis H as a default assumption in the risk-assessment/regulation process), Evaluating HG and HD, this paper argues for 5 claims. While (1) H is true, (2) HG falls victim to several logical fallacies and therefore is logically, scientifically, and ethically invalid. (3) Because it relies on logical fallacies, confuses necessary and sufficient conditions, and violates at least 5 sets of ethical norms, HD is logically, scientifically, and ethically invalid. (4) Five remedies could help address HG-HD flaws and failure to adequately assess low-dose exposures. (5) Three objections to these criticisms of HG and HD are easily answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shrader-Frechette
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
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26
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Getting the dose–response wrong: why hormesis became marginalized and the threshold model accepted. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83:227-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
The hormesis concept has broad implications for biology and the biomedical sciences. This perspective on hormesis concentrates on toxicology and toxicological risk assessment and secondarily explores observations from other fields. It considers the varied manifestations of hormesis in the context of a broad family of biological stress responses. Evidence for hormesis is reviewed, and the hormesis model is contrasted with more widely accepted dose-response models in toxicology: a linear nonthreshold (LNT) model for mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, and a threshold model for most other toxicologic effects. Scientific, philosophical, and political objections to the hormesis concept are explored, and complications in the hormesis concept are analyzed. The review concludes with a perspective on the current state of hormesis and challenges that the hormesis model poses for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Hoffmann
- Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, One College Street, Worcester, MA 01610-2395, USA.
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Pan H, Li X, Xu X, Gao S. Phytotoxicity of four herbicides on Ceratophyllum demersum, Vallisneria natans and Elodea nuttallii. J Environ Sci (China) 2009; 21:307-312. [PMID: 19634441 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The physiological effects of 4 herbicides (butachlor, quinclorac, bensulfuron-methyl and atrazine) on 3 submerged macrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum, Vallisneria natans and Elodea nuttallii) were tested in laboratory. The variables of the relative growth rate and the photosynthetic pigment content showed that all of the tested herbicides affected the growth of the plants obviously, even at the lowest concentration (0.0001 mg/L). Except for the C. demersum treated with quinclorac at 0.005 and 0.01 mg/L, the relative growth rates of the plants were inhibited significantly (p < 0.01). Statistical analysis of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) contents was carried out with both the t-test and one-way ANOVA to determine the difference between the treatment and control. The results showed that Chl-a contents of the plants in all treatment groups were affected by herbicides significantly, except for the C. demersum treated with bensulfuron-methyl at 0.0005 mg/L. The decrease in Chl-a content was positively correlated to the dosage of the herbicides in most treatment groups. It was suggested that herbicides in water bodies might potentially affect the growth of aquatic macrophytes. Since the Chl-a content of submerged macrophytes responded to the stress of herbicides sensitively and directly, it could be used as a biomaker in environmental monitoring or in the ecological risk assessment of herbicide contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Abstract
Evidence is presented which supports the conclusion that the hormetic dose-response model is the most common and fundamental in the biological and biomedical sciences, being highly generalizable across biological model, endpoint measured and chemical class and physical agent. The paper provides a broad spectrum of applications of the hormesis concept for clinical medicine including anxiety, seizure, memory, stroke, cancer chemotherapy, dermatological processes such as hair growth, osteoporosis, ocular diseases, including retinal detachment, statin effects on cardiovascular function and tumour development, benign prostate enlargement, male sexual behaviours/dysfunctions, and prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Calabrese EJ. Converging concepts: adaptive response, preconditioning, and the Yerkes-Dodson Law are manifestations of hormesis. Ageing Res Rev 2008; 7:8-20. [PMID: 17768095 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive response in toxicology and environmental mutagenesis, preconditioning in biomedicine and the Yerkes-Dodson Law in psychology have dominating research themes with widespread and significant scientific and societal implications. This paper suggests that these apparently independent biological dose-response phenomena are manifestations of the common and more general biphasic dose-response relationship concept called hormesis. These three types of dose-response, as well as the hormesis concept, may represent the same general type of adaptation, which were discovered independently in different biological disciplines, amongst which there has been little communication. This intellectual isolation, due principally to progressively greater disciplinary specialization, resulted in the evolution of different terminologies for dose-response phenomena with strikingly similar quantitative features. This lack of recognition of converging dose-response concepts across disciplines has important implications since it limits the recognition of a common and basic biological concept while minimizing collaborations by investigators in related areas. The paper concludes that the broadly recognized biological adaptive responses, as described by the concepts of adaptive response, preconditioning and the Yerkes-Dodson Law, are special cases of the more general hormesis dose-response concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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31
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Cook R, Calabrese EJ. The importance of hormesis to public health. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2007; 12:955-63. [PMID: 17680154 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232007000400017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormesis is a specific type of nonmonotonic dose response whose occurrence has been documented across a broad range of biological models and diverse types of exposure. The effects that occur at various points along this curve can be interpreted as beneficial or detrimental, depending on the biological or ecologic context in which they occur. Because hormesis appears to be a relatively common phenomenon that has not yet been incorporated into regulatory practice, the objective of this commentary is to explore some of its more obvious public health and risk assessment implications, with particular reference to issues raised recently within this journal by other authors. Hormesis appears to be more common than doseresponse curves that are currently used in the risk assessment process. Although a number of mechanisms have been identified that explain many hormetic doseresponse relationships, better understanding of this phenomenon will likely lead to different strategies not only for the prevention and treatment of disease but also for the promotion of improved public health as it relates to both specific and more holistic health outcomes. We believe that ignoring hormesis is poor policy because it ignores knowledge that could be used to improve public health.
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Monferran MV, Wunderlin DA, Nimptsch J, Pflugmacher S. Biotransformation and antioxidant response in Ceratophyllum demersum experimentally exposed to 1,2- and 1,4-dichlorobenzene. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 68:2073-9. [PMID: 17368727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the effects of 1,2- and 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB and 1,4-DCB) on the aquatic macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum. We evaluated the response of the antioxidant system through the assay of glutathione reductase (GR), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Additionally, the effect of DCBs on the detoxication system by measuring the activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) was evaluated. C. demersum showed elevated GST activities when exposed to 10 and 20 mg l(-1) 1,2-DCB, and at 10 mg l(-1) for 1,4-DCB. These results show that glutathione conjugation take place at relatively high concentrations of both isomers. Significantly increased activities of POD were also detected in C. demersum exposed to concentrations above 5 mg l(-1) of the corresponding isomer. The GR activity was enhanced in plants exposed to 1,2-DCB (5 mg l(-1)) and 1,4-DCB (10 mg l(-1)). GPx was also significantly increased in exposures to the corresponding isomer, each at a concentration of 10 mg l(-1). However, plants exposed to low doses of 1,4-DCB (1 mg l(-1)) showed significantly decreased activities of both enzymes GR and GPx. Consequently, it is clear that the exposure of the aquatic macrophyte C. demersum to DCBs is able to cause an activation of the antioxidant system, showing an isomer specific pattern, which suggests that the defence system of this plant is playing an important role in scavenging ROS, helping to protect the organism against adverse oxidative effects generated by the prooxidant action of the tested xenobiotics. Furthermore, increased GST activities give indirect evidence on the conjugation of either DCBs or the corresponding metabolites during phase II of detoxication, which supports the elimination process of toxic metabolites from cells of C. demersum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena V Monferran
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dto. Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI, Haya de la Torre esq. Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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Mushak P. Hormesis and its place in nonmonotonic dose-response relationships: some scientific reality checks. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:500-6. [PMID: 17450215 PMCID: PMC1852676 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This analysis is a critical assessment of current hormesis literature. I discuss definitions, characterization, generalizability, mechanisms, absence of empirical data specific for hormesis hypothesis testing, and arguments that hormesis be the "default assumption" in risk assessment. DATA SOURCES Hormesis, a biological phenomenon typically described as low-dose stimulation from substances producing higher-dose inhibition, has recently garnered interest in several quarters. The principal sources of published materials for this analysis are the writings of certain proponents of hormesis. Surprisingly few systematic critiques of current hormesis literature exist. Limits to the phenomenon's appropriate role in risk assessment and health policy have been published. DATA SYNTHESIS Serious gaps in scientific understanding remain: a stable definition; generalizability, especially for humans; a clear mechanistic basis; limitations in the presence of multiple toxic end points, target organs, and mechanisms. Absence of both arms-length, consensus-driven, scientific evaluations and empirical data from studies specifically designed for hormesis testing have limited its acceptance. CONCLUSIONS Definition, characterization, occurrence, and mechanistic rationale for hormesis will remain speculative, absent rigorous studies done specifically for hormesis testing. Any role for hormesis in current risk assessment and regulatory policies for toxics remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mushak
- PB Associates, 714 9th Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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Cook R, Calabrese EJ. The importance of hormesis to public health. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:1631-5. [PMID: 17107845 PMCID: PMC1665397 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormesis is a specific type of nonmonotonic dose response whose occurrence has been documented across a broad range of biological models, diverse types of exposure, and a variety of outcomes. The effects that occur at various points along this curve can be interpreted as beneficial or detrimental, depending on the biological or ecologic context in which they occur. OBJECTIVE Because hormesis appears to be a relatively common phenomenon that has not yet been incorporated into regulatory practice, the objective of this commentary is to explore some of its more obvious public health and risk assessment implications, with particular reference to issues raised recently within this journal by other authors. DISCUSSION Hormesis appears to be more common than dose-response curves that are currently used in the risk assessment process [e.g., linear no-threshold (LNT)]. Although a number of mechanisms have been identified that explain many hormetic dose-response relationships, better understanding of this phenomenon will likely lead to different strategies not only for the prevention and treatment of disease but also for the promotion of improved public health as it relates to both specific and more holistic health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS We believe that ignoring hormesis is poor policy because it ignores knowledge that could be used to improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Cook
- RRC Consulting, LLC, Midland, Michigan,
USA
| | - Edward J. Calabrese
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences,
Department of Environmental Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts,
USA
- Address correspondence to E.J. Calabrese, Department of
Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of
Massachusetts, Morrill Science I, N344, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Telephone: (413) 545-3164.
Fax: (413) 545-4692. E-mail:
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Lupien SJ, Buss C, Schramek TE, Maheu F, Pruessner J. Hormetic influence of glucocorticoids on human memory. NONLINEARITY IN BIOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY, MEDICINE 2005; 3:23-56. [PMID: 19330155 PMCID: PMC2657840 DOI: 10.2201/nonlin.003.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss the effects of glucocorticoids on human learning and memory using the recent model of hormesis proposed by Calabrese and collaborators. Although acute increases in glucocorticoids have been shown to impair memory function in humans, other studies report no such impairments or, in contrast, beneficial effects of acute glucocorticoid increases on human memory function. We summarize these studies and assess whether the wealth of data obtained in humans with regard to the effects of acute increase of glucocorticoids on human cognition are in line with a hormetic function. We then discuss several factors that will have to be taken into account in order to confirm the presence of a hormetic function between glucocorticoids and human cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia J Lupien
- Laboratory of Human Stress Research, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal
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Calabrese EJ, Baldwin LA. Applications of hormesis in toxicology, risk assessment and chemotherapeutics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2002; 23:331-7. [PMID: 12119154 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-6147(02)02034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is much debate over the fundamental shape of the dose-response curve in the low-dose zone, particularly in the fields of toxicology and risk assessment. The defaults, principally accepted dose-response models in the major texts in these areas and in government regulatory activities, are a threshold model for non-carcinogens and a linear model for most carcinogens. We have argued that in properly designed studies the U-shaped hormetic response predominates and is more fundamental. In this article, a broad range of basic issues associated with the acceptance of U-shaped dose responses as central to toxicology, pharmacology and their applications to risk assessment and medicine will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 10003, USA.
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