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Vale DL, Freitas CS, Martins VT, Moreira GJL, Machado AS, Ramos FF, Pereira IAG, Bandeira RS, de Jesus MM, Tavares GSV, Ludolf F, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Galdino AS, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL, Roatt BM, Christodoulides M, Coelho EAF, Lage DP. Efficacy of an Immunotherapy Combining Immunogenic Chimeric Protein Plus Adjuvant and Amphotericin B against Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:851. [PMID: 37372136 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Americas is a chronic systemic disease caused by infection with Leishmania infantum parasites. The toxicity of antileishmanial drugs, long treatment course and limited efficacy are significant concerns that hamper adequate treatment against the disease. Studies have shown the promise of an immunotherapeutics approach, combining antileishmanial drugs to reduce the parasitism and vaccine immunogens to activate the host immune system. In the current study, we developed an immunotherapy using a recombinant T cell epitope-based chimeric protein, ChimT, previously shown to be protective against Leishmania infantum, with the adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and amphotericin B (AmpB) as the antileishmanial drug. BALB/c mice were infected with L. infantum stationary promastigotes and later they received saline or were treated with AmpB, MPLA, ChimT/Amp, ChimT/MPLA or ChimT/MPLA/AmpB. The combination of ChimT/MPLA/AmpB significantly reduced the parasite load in mouse organs (p < 0.05) and induced a Th1-type immune response, which was characterized by higher ratios of anti-ChimT and anti-parasite IgG2a:IgG1 antibodies, increased IFN-γ mRNA and IFN-γ and IL-12 cytokines and accompanied by lower levels of IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines, when compared to other treatments and controls (all p < 0.05). Organ toxicity was also lower with the ChimT/MPLA/AmpB immunotherapy, suggesting that the inclusion of the vaccine and adjuvant ameliorated the toxicity of AmpB to some degree. In addition, the ChimT vaccine alone stimulated in vitro murine macrophages to significantly kill three different internalized species of Leishmania parasites and to produce Th1-type cytokines into the culture supernatants. To conclude, our data suggest that the combination of ChimT/MPLA/AmpB could be considered for further studies as an immunotherapy for L. infantum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danniele L Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila S Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vívian T Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriel J L Moreira
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Insituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda S Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isabela A G Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel S Bandeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M de Jesus
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasiele S V Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel A Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José S/N, Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Alexsandro S Galdino
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lílian L Bueno
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Insituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Colégio Técnico (COLTEC), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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2
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Syntin P, Piras-Douce F, Dalençon F, Garinot M, Haensler J. Nonclinical safety assessments of a novel synthetic toll-like receptor 4 agonist and saponin based adjuvant. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 460:116358. [PMID: 36572229 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A full nonclinical safety package was performed to support the clinical use of SPA14, a novel liposome-based vaccine adjuvant containing the synthetic toll-like receptor 4 agonist E6020 and saponin QS21. E6020 and QS21 were tested negative for their potential genotoxic effects in Ames, micronucleus, or mouse-lymphoma TK (thymidine kinase) assay. To evaluate the potential local and systemic effects of SPA14, two toxicity studies were performed in rabbits. In the first dose range finding toxicity study, rabbits received two intramuscular injections of SPA14 at increasing doses of E6020 combined with two antigens, a control (saline), the two antigens alone, or the antigens adjuvanted with a liposome-based adjuvant AS01B. No systemic toxicity was detected, supporting the dose of 5 μg of E6020 for the subsequent pivotal study. In the second repeated dose toxicity study, rabbits received four intramuscular injections of SPA14 alone, a control (saline), SPA14 combined with two antigens, the two antigens alone, or the antigens combined with AF03 adjuvant, which is a squalene-based emulsion. SPA14 alone or in combination with the antigens was well tolerated and did not cause any systemic toxicity. Finally, two safety pharmacology studies were conducted to assess potential cardiovascular and respiratory effects of E6020 and SPA14 in conscious telemetered cynomolgus monkeys and beagle dogs, respectively. One subcutaneous injection of E6020 in monkeys and one intramuscular injection of SPA14 in dogs had no consequences on respiratory and cardiovascular functions. Altogether these results support the clinical development of SPA14.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the literature pertaining to the use of MicroCrystalline Tyrosine (MCT) in the immunotherapy with an emphasis on recent developments. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to significant effectiveness and safety profiles, additional aspects of interest such as booster immunotherapy concepts, sustained clinical effects, long-term efficacy and disease-modifying effects are being focused on in the recently published studies. The depot adjuvant MCT also shows potential in promising disease-challenge models such as for malaria and melanoma. SUMMARY MCT-adsorbed immunotherapy products have been shown to provide convincing overall safety, tolerability and efficacy outcomes, as well in vulnerable groups such as children and asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helal Al Saleh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria
| | - Ralph Mösges
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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4
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Hassan BA, Liu ZA, Milicaj J, Kim MS, Tyson M, Sham YY, Taylor EA. Kinetic Characterization and Computational Modeling of Escherichia coli Heptosyltransferase II: Exploring the Role of Protein Dynamics in Catalysis for GT-B Glycosyltransferase. Biochemistry 2022; 61:1572-1584. [PMID: 35861590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase (GT) enzymes promote the formation of glycosidic bonds between a sugar molecule and a diversity of substrates. Heptosyltransferase II (HepII) is a GT involved in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic pathway that transfers the seven-carbon sugar (l-glycero-d-manno-heptose, Hep) onto a lipid-anchored glycopolymer (heptosylated Kdo2-Lipid A, Hep-Kdo2-Lipid A, or HLA). LPS plays a key role in Gram-negative bacterial sepsis, biofilm formation, and host colonization, and as such, LPS biosynthetic enzymes are targets for novel antimicrobial therapeutics. Three heptosyltransferases are involved in the inner-core LPS biosynthesis, with Escherichia coli HepII being the last to be quantitatively characterized in vivo. HepII shares modest sequence similarity with heptosyltransferase I (HepI) while maintaining a high degree of structural homology. Here, we report the first kinetic and biophysical characterization of HepII and demonstrate the properties of HepII that are shared with HepI, including sugar donor promiscuity and sugar acceptor-induced secondary structural changes, which results in significant thermal stabilization. HepII also has an increased catalytic efficiency and a significantly tighter binding affinity for both of its substrates compared to HepI. A structural model of the HepII ternary complex, refined by molecular dynamics simulations, was developed to probe the potentially important substrate-protein contacts. Ligand binding-induced changes in Trp fluorescence in HepII enabled the determination of substrate dissociation constants. Combined, these efforts meaningfully enhance our understanding of the heptosyltransferase family of enzymes and will aid in future efforts to design novel, potent, and specific inhibitors for this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakar A Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Zhiqi A Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Jozafina Milicaj
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Mia S Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Meka Tyson
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Yuk Y Sham
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Erika A Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
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5
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Oliva-Hernández R, Fariñas-Medina M, Hernández-Salazar T, Oyarzabal-Vera A, Infante-Bourzac JF, Rodríguez-Salgueiro S, Rodríguez-Noda LM, Arranguren-Masorra Y, Climent-Ruíz Y, Fernández-Castillo S, G-Rivera D, Santana-Mederos D, Sánchez-Ramírez B, García-Rivera D, Valdés-Barbín Y, Vérez-Bencomo V. Repeat-dose and local tolerance toxicity of SARS-CoV-2 FINLAY-FR-02 vaccine candidate in Sprague Dawley rats. Toxicology 2022; 471:153161. [PMID: 35364223 PMCID: PMC8961942 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates safety of FINLAY-FR-02, a vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 based on the recombinant receptor binding domain conjugated to tetanus toxoid, in a preclinical, repeat-dose toxicity and local tolerance study. Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated to three experimental groups: control (receiving physiological saline solution); placebo (receiving all vaccine components except antigens) and vaccine group (receiving three doses of the vaccine candidate, 37.5 µg of RBD) administered intramuscularly in hind limbs at 24 h intervals during three days. We evaluated physiological condition, pain, food and water consumption, body temperature, dermal irritability, injection site temperature and inflammation, immunological response, blood chemistry, relative organ weight, histopathology and immunotoxicology. The product was well tolerated; no clinically relevant changes, pain, local effects or adverse systemic toxicological changes or deaths were observed. These preliminary results permitted the Cuban regulatory authorities to authorize clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel G-Rivera
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata & G, Havana 10400, Cuba.
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6
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Pons V, Rivest S. Targeting Systemic Innate Immune Cells as a Therapeutic Avenue for Alzheimer Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1-17. [PMID: 34987086 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the first progressive neurodegenerative disease worldwide, and the disease is characterized by an accumulation of amyloid in the brain and neurovasculature that triggers cognitive decline and neuroinflammation. The innate immune system has a preponderant role in AD. The last decade, scientists focused their efforts on therapies aiming to modulate innate immunity. The latter is of great interest, since they participate to the inflammation and phagocytose the amyloid in the brain and blood vessels. We and others have developed pharmacological approaches to stimulate these cells using various ligands. These include toll-like receptor 4, macrophage colony stimulating factor, and more recently nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing 2 receptors. This review will discuss the great potential to take advantage of the innate immune system to fight naturally against amyloid β accumulation and prevent its detrimental consequence on brain functions and its vascular system. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The focus on amyloid β removal from the perivascular space rather than targeting CNS plaque formation and clearance represents a new direction with a great potential. Small molecules able to act at the level of peripheral immunity would constitute a novel approach for tackling aberrant central nervous system biology, one of which we believe would have the potential of generating a lot of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pons
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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7
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Roßmann L, Bagola K, Stephen T, Gerards AL, Walber B, Ullrich A, Schülke S, Kamp C, Spreitzer I, Hasan M, David-Watine B, Shorte SL, Bastian M, van Zandbergen G. Distinct single-component adjuvants steer human DC-mediated T-cell polarization via Toll-like receptor signaling toward a potent antiviral immune response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2103651118. [PMID: 34561306 PMCID: PMC8488681 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103651118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of efficient and safe vaccine development. Vaccine adjuvants are essential to boost and tailor the immune response to the corresponding pathogen. To allow for an educated selection, we assessed the effect of different adjuvants on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and their ability to polarize innate and adaptive immune responses. In contrast to commonly used adjuvants, such as aluminum hydroxide, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists induced robust phenotypic and functional DC maturation. In a DC-lymphocyte coculture system, we investigated the ensuing immune reactions. While monophosphoryl lipid A synthetic, a TLR4 ligand, induced checkpoint inhibitors indicative for immune exhaustion, the TLR7/8 agonist Resiquimod (R848) induced prominent type-1 interferon and interleukin 6 responses and robust CTL, B-cell, and NK-cell proliferation, which is particularly suited for antiviral immune responses. The recently licensed COVID-19 vaccines, BNT162b and mRNA-1273, are both based on single-stranded RNA. Indeed, we could confirm that the cytokine profile induced by lipid-complexed RNA was almost identical to the pattern induced by R848. Although this awaits further investigation, our results suggest that their efficacy involves the highly efficient antiviral response pattern stimulated by the RNAs' TLR7/8 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Roßmann
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Katrin Bagola
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Tharshana Stephen
- Cytometry and Biomarkers UTechS, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anna-Lisa Gerards
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Bianca Walber
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Anja Ullrich
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schülke
- Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Christel Kamp
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Ingo Spreitzer
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Milena Hasan
- Cytometry and Biomarkers UTechS, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Max Bastian
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany;
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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8
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Barber-Axthelm IM, Kelly HG, Esterbauer R, Wragg KM, Gibbon AM, Lee WS, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, Tan HX, Juno JA. Coformulation with Tattoo Ink for Immunological Assessment of Vaccine Immunogenicity in the Draining Lymph Node. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:735-744. [PMID: 34244296 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of germinal center B and T cell responses yields critical insights into vaccine immunogenicity. Nonhuman primates are a key preclinical animal model for human vaccine development, allowing both lymph node (LN) and circulating immune responses to be longitudinally sampled for correlates of vaccine efficacy. However, patterns of vaccine Ag drainage via the lymphatics after i.m. immunization can be stochastic, driving uneven deposition between lymphoid sites and between individual LN within larger clusters. To improve the accurate isolation of Ag-exposed LN during biopsies and necropsies, we developed and validated a method for coformulating candidate vaccines with tattoo ink in both mice and pigtail macaques. This method allowed for direct visual identification of vaccine-draining LN and evaluation of relevant Ag-specific B and T cell responses by flow cytometry. This approach is a significant advancement in improving the assessment of vaccine-induced immunity in highly relevant nonhuman primate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M Barber-Axthelm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Hannah G Kelly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn Esterbauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathleen M Wragg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne M Gibbon
- Monash Animal Research Platform, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hyon-Xhi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Victoria, Australia;
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9
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Pirahmadi S, Zakeri S, Djadid ND, Mehrizi AA. A review of combination adjuvants for malaria vaccines: a promising approach for vaccine development. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:699-717. [PMID: 33798560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
It is obvious that there is a critical need for an efficient malaria vaccine to accelerate malaria eradication. Currently, recombinant subunit vaccination against malaria using proteins and peptides is gaining attention. However, one of the major drawbacks of this approach is the lack of an efficient and durable immune response. Therefore, subunit vaccines require adjuvants to make the vaccine sufficiently immunogenic. Considering the history of the RTS,S vaccine, it seems likely that no single adjuvant is capable of eliciting all the protective immune responses required in many malarial subunit vaccines and the use of combination adjuvants will be increasingly important as the science of malaria vaccines advances. In light of this, it appears that identifying the most effective mixture of adjuvants with minimal adverse effects offers tremendous opportunities in improving the efficacy of vaccines against malaria. Owing to the importance of a multi-adjuvanted approach in subunit malaria vaccine development, this review paper outlines some of the best known combination adjuvants used in malaria subunit vaccines, focusing on their proposed mechanisms of action, their immunological properties, and their notable results. The aim of the present review is to consolidate these findings to aid the application of these combination adjuvants in experimental malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Pirahmadi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Navid D Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram A Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Franck S, Michelet R, Casilag F, Sirard JC, Wicha SG, Kloft C. A Model-Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis of the Combination of Amoxicillin and Monophosphoryl Lipid A Against S. pneumoniae in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:469. [PMID: 33808396 PMCID: PMC8065677 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining amoxicillin with the immunostimulatory toll-like receptor 4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) represents an innovative approach for enhancing antibacterial treatment success. Exploiting pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data from an infection model of Streptococcus pneumoniae infected mice, we aimed to evaluate the preclinical exposure-response relationship of amoxicillin with MPLA coadministration and establish a link to survival. Antibiotic serum concentrations, bacterial numbers in lung and spleen and survival data of mice being untreated or treated with amoxicillin (four dose levels), MPLA, or their combination were analyzed by nonlinear mixed-effects modelling and time-to-event analysis using NONMEM® to characterize these treatment regimens. On top of a pharmacokinetic interaction, regarding the pharmacodynamic effects the combined treatment was superior to both monotherapies: The amoxicillin efficacy at highest dose was increased by a bacterial reduction of 1.74 log10 CFU/lung after 36 h and survival was increased 1.35-fold to 90.3% after 14 days both compared to amoxicillin alone. The developed pharmacometric pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic disease-treatment-survival models provided quantitative insights into a novel treatment option against pneumonia revealing a pharmacokinetic interaction and enhanced activity of amoxicillin and the immune system stimulator MPLA in combination. Further development of this drug combination flanked with pharmacometrics towards the clinical setting seems promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Franck
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12169 Berlin, Germany; (S.F.); (R.M.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Robin Michelet
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12169 Berlin, Germany; (S.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Fiordiligie Casilag
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204-CIIL-Center of Infection and Immunity of Lille, University Lille, 59019 Lille, France; (F.C.); (J.-C.S.)
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204-CIIL-Center of Infection and Immunity of Lille, University Lille, 59019 Lille, France; (F.C.); (J.-C.S.)
| | - Sebastian G. Wicha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Charlotte Kloft
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12169 Berlin, Germany; (S.F.); (R.M.)
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11
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Tan HX, Juno JA, Lee WS, Barber-Axthelm I, Kelly HG, Wragg KM, Esterbauer R, Amarasena T, Mordant FL, Subbarao K, Kent SJ, Wheatley AK. Immunogenicity of prime-boost protein subunit vaccine strategies against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and macaques. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1403. [PMID: 33658497 PMCID: PMC7930087 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are advancing into human clinical trials, with emphasis on eliciting high titres of neutralising antibodies against the viral spike (S). However, the merits of broadly targeting S versus focusing antibody onto the smaller receptor binding domain (RBD) are unclear. Here we assess prototypic S and RBD subunit vaccines in homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimens in mice and non-human primates. We find S is highly immunogenic in mice, while the comparatively poor immunogenicity of RBD is associated with limiting germinal centre and T follicular helper cell activity. Boosting S-primed mice with either S or RBD significantly augments neutralising titres, with RBD-focussing driving moderate improvement in serum neutralisation. In contrast, both S and RBD vaccines are comparably immunogenic in macaques, eliciting serological neutralising activity that generally exceed levels in convalescent humans. These studies confirm recombinant S proteins as promising vaccine candidates and highlight multiple pathways to achieving potent serological neutralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyon-Xhi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Isaac Barber-Axthelm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hannah G Kelly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathleen M Wragg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robyn Esterbauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thakshila Amarasena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Francesca L Mordant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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12
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Van der Weken H, Cox E, Devriendt B. Advances in Oral Subunit Vaccine Design. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 9:1. [PMID: 33375151 PMCID: PMC7822154 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens invade the host at the intestinal surface. To protect against these enteropathogens, the induction of intestinal secretory IgA (SIgA) responses is paramount. While systemic vaccination provides strong systemic immune responses, oral vaccination is the most efficient way to trigger protective SIgA responses. However, the development of oral vaccines, especially oral subunit vaccines, is challenging due to mechanisms inherent to the gut. Oral vaccines need to survive the harsh environment in the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by low pH and intestinal proteases and need to reach the gut-associated lymphoid tissues, which are protected by chemical and physical barriers that prevent efficient uptake. Furthermore, they need to surmount default tolerogenic responses present in the gut, resulting in suppression of immunity or tolerance. Several strategies have been developed to tackle these hurdles, such as delivery systems that protect vaccine antigens from degradation, strong mucosal adjuvants that induce robust immune responses and targeting approaches that aim to selectively deliver vaccine antigens towards specific immune cell populations. In this review, we discuss recent advances in oral vaccine design to enable the induction of robust gut immunity and highlight that the development of next generation oral subunit vaccines will require approaches that combines these solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (H.V.d.W.); (E.C.)
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13
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Froning M, Helmer PO, Hayen H. Identification and structural characterization of lipid A from Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas taiwanensis using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8897. [PMID: 32673427 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lipid A is a part of the lipopolysaccharide layer, which is a main component of the outer membrane from Gram-negative bacteria. It can be sensed by mammalians to identify the presence of Gram-negative bacteria in their tissues and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. Lipid A is also used as an adjuvant in human vaccines, emphasizing the importance of its structural analysis. METHODS In order to distinguish and characterize various lipid A species, a liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed. Isolation of lipid A from different bacteria was carried out using a modified Bligh and Dyer extraction following a mild acid hydrolysis. Chromatography was performed using a bifunctional reversed-phase-based stationary phase. High-resolution MS using negative electrospray ionization was applied and MS/MS experiments utilizing high-energy collisional dissociation generated diagnostic product ions, which allowed the assignment of the side chains to distinct positions of the lipid A backbone. RESULTS The method was applied to lipid A isolations of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) and Pseudomonas taiwanensis (P. taiwanensis). Various lipid A species were identified by their accurate masses and their structures were characterized using MS/MS experiments. Previously described lipid A structures from E. coli were identified and their structures confirmed by MS/MS. For the biotechnologically relevant strains P. putida and P. taiwanensis, we confirmed species by MS/MS, which have previously only been analyzed using MS. In addition, several lipid A species were discovered that have not been previously described in the literature. CONCLUSIONS The combination of LC and MS/MS enabled the selective and sensitive identification and structural characterization of various lipid A species from Gram-negative bacteria. These species varied in their substituted side chains, speaking of fatty acids and phosphate groups. Characteristic product ions facilitated the assignment of side chains to distinct positions of the lipid A backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Froning
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Patrick O Helmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster, 48149, Germany
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14
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Martín-Martín A, Tejedor L, Tafalla C, Díaz-Rosales P. Potential of the Escherichia coli LT(R192G/L211A) toxoid as a mucosal adjuvant for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:310-318. [PMID: 32702476 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oral vaccines are highly demanded by aquaculture sector that requires alternatives to injectable vaccines, involving fish handling, stress-related immunosuppression and mortalities. However, most previous attempts to obtain effective oral vaccines have failed due to a restricted tolerance mechanisms in intestine, whose mucosa is at the frontline of antigen encounter and has to balance the equilibrium between tolerance and immunity in a microbe-rich environment. Thus, the search for oral adjuvants that could augment immune responses triggered by antigens allowing them to circumvent intestinal tolerance is of great relevance. The present work focuses on the adjuvant potential of the Escherichia coli LT(R192G/L211A) toxoid (dmLT). To undertake an initial screening of the potential that dmLT has as an oral adjuvant in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), we have analyzed its transcriptional effects alone or in combination with Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida or viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) on rainbow trout intestinal epithelial cell line RTgutGC and gut explants. Our results show that although dmLT provoked no significant effects by itself, it increased the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial genes induced by the bacteria. In contrast, when combined with VHSV, dmLT only increased the transcription of Mx and the intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1). Therefore, the protocol designed is an effective method to initially evaluate the effects of potential oral adjuvants, and points to dmLT as an effective adjuvant for oral antibacterial vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Martín-Martín
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lydia Tejedor
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Díaz-Rosales
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Mabrouk MT, Huang WC, Deng B, Li-Purcell N, Seffouh A, Ortega J, Ekin Atilla-Gokcumen G, Long CA, Miura K, Lovell JF. Lyophilized, antigen-bound liposomes with reduced MPLA and enhanced thermostability. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119843. [PMID: 32890653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermostability and decreased component costs are desirable features for adjuvanted, recombinant vaccines. We previously showed that a model malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidate antigen, Pfs25, can be rendered more immunogenic when mixed with liposomes containing cobalt porphyrin-phospholipid (CoPoP) and a synthetic monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) variant. CoPoP can induce stable particle formation of recombinant antigens based on interaction with their polyhistidine tag. In the present work, different synthetic MPLA variants and concentrations were assessed in CoPoP liposomes. Long-term biophysical stability and immunogenicity were not adversely impacted by a 60% reduction in MPLA content. When admixed with Pfs25, the adjuvant formulations effectively induced functional antibodies in immunized mice and rabbits. Lyophilized, antigen-bound liposomes were formed using sucrose and trehalose cryoprotectants, which improved vaccine reconstitution for a variety of model antigens. Compared to liquid storage, the lyophilized Pfs25 and CoPoP liposomes exhibited thermostability with respect to size, biochemical integrity, binding capacity, protein folding and immunogenicity. Following 6 weeks of storage at 60 °C, the most extended storage period assessed, the lyophilized formulation induced functional antibodies in mice with immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa T Mabrouk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Wei-Chiao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Bingbing Deng
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Nasi Li-Purcell
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Amal Seffouh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Joaquin Ortega
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | | | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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16
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Kubota M, Iizasa E, Chuuma Y, Kiyohara H, Hara H, Yoshida H. Adjuvant activity of Mycobacteria-derived mycolic acids. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04064. [PMID: 32490252 PMCID: PMC7260583 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful vaccination, especially with safe vaccines such as component/subunit vaccines, requires proper activation of innate immunity and, for this purpose, adjuvant is used. For clinical use, alum is frequently used while, for experimental use, CFA, containing Mycobacterial components, was often used. In this report, we demonstrated that mycolic acids (MA), major and essential lipid components of the bacterial cell wall of the genus Mycobacterium, has adjuvant activity. MA plus model antigen-immunization induced sufficient humoral response, which was largely comparable to conventional CFA plus antigen-immunization. Importantly, while CFA plus antigen-immunization induced Th17-biased severe and destructive inflammatory responses at the injected site, MA plus antigen-immunization induced Th1-biased mild inflammation at the site. MA induced dendritic cell activation by co-stimulatory molecule induction as well as inflammatory cytokine/chemokine induction. MA plus antigen-immunization successfully protected mice from tumor progression both in prevention and in therapy models. We thus submit that MA is a promising adjuvant candidate material for clinical purposes and for experimental purposes from a perspective of animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Kubota
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunoscience, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
- Saga-ken Medical Center Koseikan, Saga, 840-8571, Japan
| | - Ei'ichi Iizasa
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunoscience, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yasushi Chuuma
- Research and Development Department, Japan BCG Laboratory, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-0022, Japan
| | - Hideyasu Kiyohara
- Research and Development Department, Japan BCG Laboratory, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-0022, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Hara
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunoscience, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoshida
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunoscience, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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17
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Zhang W, Xu L, Park HB, Hwang J, Kwak M, Lee PCW, Liang G, Zhang X, Xu J, Jin JO. Escherichia coli adhesion portion FimH functions as an adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1187. [PMID: 32132528 PMCID: PMC7055316 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of antigen-specific immune activation by the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) is a strategy used for cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we find that FimH, which is an Escherichia coli adhesion portion, induces toll-like receptor 4-dependent and myeloid differentiation protein 2-independent DC maturation in mice in vivo. A combined treatment regimen with FimH and antigen promotes antigen-specific immune activation, including proliferation of T cells, production of IFN-γ and TNF-α, and infiltration of effector T cells into tumors, which consequently inhibits tumor growth in mice in vivo against melanoma and carcinoma. In addition, combined therapeutic treatment of anti-PD-L1 antibodies and FimH treatment efficiently inhibits CT26 tumor growth in BALB/c mice. Finally, FimH promotes human peripheral blood DC activation and syngeneic T-cell proliferation and activation. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that FimH can be a useful adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Li Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Hae-Bin Park
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Juyoung Hwang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Minseok Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Peter C W Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea.
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18
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Kim D, Byun J, Park J, Lee Y, Shim G, Oh YK. Biomimetic polymeric nanoparticle-based photodynamic immunotherapy and protection against tumor rechallenge. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:1106-1116. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01704f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we sought to design a bionanomaterial that could exert anticancer effects against primary tumors and protect against rechallenged tumorsviaphotodynamic immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Byun
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwon Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Gayong Shim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
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19
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Oliva R, Fraleigh NL, Lewicky JD, Fariñas M, Hernández T, Martel AL, Navarro I, Dagmar GR, Acevedo R, Le HT. Repeat-Dose Toxicity Study Using the AFPL1-Conjugate Nicotine Vaccine in Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11120626. [PMID: 31771151 PMCID: PMC6955701 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the cause of 20% of Canadian deaths per year. Nicotine vaccines present a promising alternative to traditional smoking cessation products, but to date, no vaccine has been able to move through all phases of clinical trials. We have previously demonstrated that the AFPL1-conjugate nicotine vaccine does not induce systemic or immunotoxicity in a mouse model and that a heterologous vaccination approach is more advantageous than the homologous routes to inducing mucosal and systemic anti-nicotine antibodies. The purpose of this study was to confirm the safety profile of the vaccine in a repeat-dose toxicity study. The heterologous vaccination strategy was again used, and Sprague Dawley rats were administered a dose five times greater than in our previous studies. Physiological conditions, food and water consumption, body temperature, injection site inflammation, relative weights of organs, histopathology, and blood chemistry and hematology were evaluated during the course of the vaccination period to determine the safety of the vaccine. The AFPL1-conjugate nicotine vaccine did not induce clinically relevant changes or induce symptoms that would be associated with toxicity, making it a promising candidate for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reynaldo Oliva
- Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.O.); (M.F.); (T.H.); (I.N.); (G.-R.D.); (R.A.)
| | - Nya L. Fraleigh
- Health Sciences North Research Institute (HSNRI), Sudbury, ON P3E 2H3, Canada; (N.L.F.); (J.D.L.); (A.L.M.)
| | - Jordan D. Lewicky
- Health Sciences North Research Institute (HSNRI), Sudbury, ON P3E 2H3, Canada; (N.L.F.); (J.D.L.); (A.L.M.)
| | - Mildrey Fariñas
- Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.O.); (M.F.); (T.H.); (I.N.); (G.-R.D.); (R.A.)
| | - Tamara Hernández
- Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.O.); (M.F.); (T.H.); (I.N.); (G.-R.D.); (R.A.)
| | - Alexandrine L. Martel
- Health Sciences North Research Institute (HSNRI), Sudbury, ON P3E 2H3, Canada; (N.L.F.); (J.D.L.); (A.L.M.)
| | - Ingrid Navarro
- Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.O.); (M.F.); (T.H.); (I.N.); (G.-R.D.); (R.A.)
| | - García-Rivera Dagmar
- Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.O.); (M.F.); (T.H.); (I.N.); (G.-R.D.); (R.A.)
| | - Reinaldo Acevedo
- Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.O.); (M.F.); (T.H.); (I.N.); (G.-R.D.); (R.A.)
| | - Hoang-Thanh Le
- Health Sciences North Research Institute (HSNRI), Sudbury, ON P3E 2H3, Canada; (N.L.F.); (J.D.L.); (A.L.M.)
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM), Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Chemistry & Biochemistry and Biology Departments, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-705-523-7300 (ext. 2613)
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20
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Baldrick P, Hutchings JW, Heath MD, Skinner MA. Safety Evaluation of PQ Birch Allergy Immunotherapy to Support Product Development. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104441. [PMID: 31425728 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PQ Birch represents an allergen-specific immunotherapy for the treatment of birch pollinosis. It consists of native birch pollen extract chemically modified with glutaldehyde adsorbed to L-tyrosine in its microcrystalline form with addition of the adjuvant Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPL®). A nonclinical safety testing strategy was designed based upon interpretation of current legislation and regulatory intelligence and comprised genotoxicity studies (bacterial reverse mutation and Chinese hamster ovary micronucleus assays), a rat repeat dose toxicology study and a rabbit local tolerance study. No safety findings of concern were found. Thus, no evidence of genotoxicity was found. Relatively minor, immunostimulatory effects were seen following repeated subcutaneous dosing (once every 2 weeks for 13 weeks) as reversible increased white cell count (notably neutrophils), increased globulin level (resulting in decreased albumin/globulin [A/G] ratio) and increased fibrinogen, as well as minor dose site reaction in the form of inflammatory cell infiltrate. These findings are likely due to the immunostimulatory nature of MPL® and/or the presence of L-tyrosine within the adjuvanted vaccine. Similar dose site inflammatory changes to the injected formulation were also noted in the rabbit local tolerance study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Baldrick
- Nonclinical Strategic Product Development, Covance Laboratories Ltd, Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG3 1PY, England, UK.
| | - James W Hutchings
- Allergy Therapeutics (UK) Ltd, Dominion Way, Worthing, West Sussex, BN14 8SA, England, UK.
| | - Matthew D Heath
- Allergy Therapeutics (UK) Ltd, Dominion Way, Worthing, West Sussex, BN14 8SA, England, UK
| | - Murray A Skinner
- Allergy Therapeutics (UK) Ltd, Dominion Way, Worthing, West Sussex, BN14 8SA, England, UK
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21
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Baldrick P, Hutchings JW, Heath MD, Skinner MA, Martin T, Gray C. New toxicity testing of PQ grass allergy immunotherapy to support product development. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1462-1469. [PMID: 31231859 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PQ Grass represents an allergen-specific immunotherapy for pre-seasonal treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (or rhinoconjunctivitis) with or without mild-to-moderate bronchial asthma. It consists of a native pollen extract for 13 grass species, chemically modified with glutaraldehyde, and adsorbed to l-tyrosine in a microcrystalline form with addition of the adjuvant Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPL® ). Previous non-clinical safety testing, including rat repeat dose toxicity in adult and juvenile animals, rat reproductive toxicity and rabbit local tolerance studies showed no safety findings of concern. A new Good Laboratory Practice compliant rat subcutaneous repeat dose toxicity study to evaluate a higher clinical dose and modified posology (once every 2 weeks for 13 weeks) showed no signs of toxicity. As seen in previous studies, relatively minor, immunostimulatory effects were seen such as reversible increased white cell count (notably neutrophils), increased globulin level (resulting in decreased A/G ratio) and increased fibrinogen as well as minor dose site reaction in the form of inflammatory cell infiltrate. These findings are likely due to the immunostimulatory nature of MPL and/or the presence of l-tyrosine within the adjuvanted vaccine. This new toxicity study with PQ Grass therefore supports longer posology with higher dose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Baldrick
- Nonclinical Strategic Product Development, Covance Laboratories Ltd, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | | | | | | | - Tom Martin
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Chris Gray
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
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Manzo E, Gallo C, Fioretto L, Nuzzo G, Barra G, Pagano D, Krauss IR, Paduano L, Ziaco M, DellaGreca M, De Palma R, Fontana A. Diasteroselective Colloidal Self-Assembly Affects the Immunological Response of the Molecular Adjuvant Sulfavant. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:7807-7814. [PMID: 31459869 PMCID: PMC6711358 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are components of vaccine that enhance the specific immune response against co-inoculated antigens. Recently, we reported the characterization of a synthetic sulfolipid named Sulfavant A (1) as a promising candidate of a novel class of molecular adjuvants based on the sulfoquinovosyl-diacylglycerol skeleton. Here, we report an improved synthesis of the sulfolipid scaffold, as well as the preparation of two analogs named Sulfavant-S (2) and Sulfavant-R (3) with enhanced property to modulate master immune targets such as human dendritic cells (DCs). According to the present approach, synthesis of 1 is reduced from 14 to 11 steps with nearly triplication of the overall yield (11%). The new members 2 and 3 elicit DC maturation at a concentration of 10 nM, which is 1000 times more potent than the parent molecule 1. Analysis of dynamic light scattering indicates self-assembly of Sulfavants and formation of colloidal particles with a small hydrodynamic radius (50 nm) for the epimers 2 and 3 and a larger radius (150 nm) for 1. The colloidal aggregates are responsible for the bell-shaped dose-response curve of these products. We conclude that the particle size also affects the equilibrium with free monomers, thus determining the effective concentration of the sulfolipid molecule at the cellular targets and the different immunological efficacy of 1-3. Sulfavants (1-3) do not show in vitro cytotoxicity at concentrations 105 higher than the dose that triggers maximal immune response, thus predicting a low level of toxicological risk in their formulation in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Manzo
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry Unit, CNR-Institute of Biomolecular
Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmela Gallo
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry Unit, CNR-Institute of Biomolecular
Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078 Napoli, Italy
| | - Laura Fioretto
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry Unit, CNR-Institute of Biomolecular
Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078 Napoli, Italy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80136 Napoli, Italy
| | - Genoveffa Nuzzo
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry Unit, CNR-Institute of Biomolecular
Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giusi Barra
- Dept.
of Precision Medicine, Second University
of Naples, c/o II Policlinico
(Bd. 3), Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Dario Pagano
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry Unit, CNR-Institute of Biomolecular
Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078 Napoli, Italy
| | - Irene Russo Krauss
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80136 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Paduano
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80136 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marcello Ziaco
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry Unit, CNR-Institute of Biomolecular
Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marina DellaGreca
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80136 Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Dept.
of Precision Medicine, Second University
of Naples, c/o II Policlinico
(Bd. 3), Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Angelo Fontana
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry Unit, CNR-Institute of Biomolecular
Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078 Napoli, Italy
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Cyktor JC, Mellors JW. Toll-Like Receptor Agonists: Can They Exact a Toll on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence? Clin Infect Dis 2019; 64:1696-1698. [PMID: 28329288 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Cyktor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John W Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Monophosphoryl Lipid A and Pam3Cys Prevent the Increase in Seizure Susceptibility and Epileptogenesis in Rats Undergoing Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1978-1985. [PMID: 30173323 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Five percent of all epilepsy cases are attributed to traumatic brain injury (TBI), which are known as post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). Finding preventive strategies for PTE is valuable. Remarkable feature of TBI is activation of microglia and subsequent neuroinflammation, which provokes epileptogenesis. The toll-like receptor agonists monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and tri-palmitoyl-S-glyceryl-cysteine (Pam3Cys) are safe, well-tolerated and effective adjuvants existing in prophylactic human vaccines. We examined the impact of early injection of MPL and Pam3Cys to rats, on the rate of kindled seizures acquisition following TBI. Rats received a single dose (1 µg/rat) of MPL or Pam3Cys through intracerebroventricular injection. 5 days later, trauma was exerted to temporo-parietal cortex of rats by controlled cortical impact device. After 24 h, traumatic rats underwent amygdala kindling. Brain level of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was also measured in traumatic rats by immunoblotting. Compared to non-traumatic (sham-operated) rats, traumatic rats showed three times lower seizure threshold (133 ± 5 µA vs. 416.3 ± 16 µA, p < 0.001); about three times less number of stimuli to become kindled (5 ± 1 vs. 14 ± 2, p < 0.01); longer duration of kindled seizure parameters including entire seizure behavior, generalized seizures, and afterdischarges (p < 0.001); and a two times increase in the TNF-α level. MPL and Pam3Cys did not change kindling rate and the seizure parameters in sham-operated rats. The MPL- and Pam3Cys-pretreated traumatic rats displayed seizure threshold, speed of kindling, and duration of kindled seizure parameters, similar to the non-traumatic rats. Pretreatment by MPL and Pam3Cys prevented the increase in TNF-α level by trauma. Given that MPL and Pam3Cys currently have clinical use as well-tolerated vaccines with reliable safety, they have the potential to be used in prevention of PTE.
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Gao Y, Wijewardhana C, Mann JFS. Virus-Like Particle, Liposome, and Polymeric Particle-Based Vaccines against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29541072 PMCID: PMC5835502 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is acknowledged that vaccines remain the best hope for eliminating the HIV-1 epidemic. However, the failure to produce effective vaccine immunogens and the inability of conventional delivery strategies to elicit the desired immune responses remains a central theme and has ultimately led to a significant roadblock in HIV vaccine development. Consequently, significant efforts have been applied to generate novel vaccine antigens and delivery agents, which mimic viral structures for optimal immune induction. Here, we review the latest developments that have occurred in the nanoparticle vaccine field, with special emphasis on strategies that are being utilized to attain highly immunogenic, systemic, and mucosal anti-HIV humoral and cellular immune responses. This includes the design of novel immunogens, the central role of antigen-presenting cells, delivery routes, and biodistribution of nanoparticles to lymph nodes. In particular, we will focus on virus-like-particle formulations and their preclinical uses within the HIV prophylactic vaccine setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Chanuka Wijewardhana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie F S Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Sahu KK, Pandey RS. Immunological evaluation of colonic delivered Hepatitis B surface antigen loaded TLR-4 agonist modified solid fat nanoparticles. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 39:343-352. [PMID: 27526270 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B is one of the leading liver diseases and remains a major global health problem. Currently available vaccines provide protection but often results in weaker/minimal mucosal immunity. Thus the present study is devoted to the development and in-vivo exploration of the colonically delivered biomimetic nanoparticles which capably enhance humoral as well as cellular immune response. In present work, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) entrapped nanoparticles containing Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) (HB+L-NP) were prepared by solvent evaporation method and characterized for particle size (~210nm), shape, zeta potential (-24mV±0.68), entrapment efficiency (58.45±1.68%), in-vitro release and antigen integrity. Dose escalation study was done to confirm prophylactic immune response following defined doses of prepared nanoparticulate formulations with or without MPLA. Intramuscular administered alum based marketed HBsAg (Genevac B) was used as standard (10μg) and were able to induce significant systemic (IgG) but remarkably low mucosal immune (IgA) response. Notably, HB+L-NP (0.5ml-10μg) induced strong systemic and robust mucosal immunity (510 and 470 mIU/ml respectively, p<0.001) from which mucosal was more significant due to the involvement of Common Mucosal Immune System (CMIS). Likewise, significant cellular immune response was elicited by HB+L-NP through T-cell activation (mixed Th1 and Th2) as confirmed by significantly increased cytokines level (IL-2 and Interferon-γ) in spleen homogenates. This study supports that delivery of HBsAg to the colon may open new vista in designing oral vaccines later being one of most accepted route for potential vaccines in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantrol Kumar Sahu
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, C.G. 495001, India
| | - Ravi Shankar Pandey
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, C.G. 495001, India.
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A Fusion Protein Consisting of the Vaccine Adjuvant Monophosphoryl Lipid A and the Allergen Ovalbumin Boosts Allergen-Specific Th1, Th2, and Th17 Responses In Vitro. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4156456. [PMID: 27340679 PMCID: PMC4908266 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4156456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The detoxified TLR4-ligand Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPLA) is the first approved TLR-agonist used as adjuvant in licensed vaccines but has not yet been explored as part of conjugated vaccines. Objective. To investigate the immune-modulating properties of a fusion protein consisting of MPLA and Ovalbumin (MPLA : Ova). Results. MPLA and Ova were chemically coupled by stable carbamate linkage. MPLA : Ova was highly pure without detectable product-related impurities by either noncoupled MPLA or Ova. Light scattering analysis revealed MPLA : Ova to be aggregated. Stimulation of mDC and mDC : DO11.10 CD4+ TC cocultures showed a stronger activation of both mDC and Ova-specific DO11.10 CD4+ TC by MPLA : Ova compared to the mixture of both components. MPLA : Ova induced both strong proinflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine responses from mDCs while also boosting allergen-specific Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokine secretion. Conclusion. Conjugation of MPLA and antigen enhanced the immune response compared to the mixture of both components. Due to the nonbiased boost of Ova-specific Th2 and Th17 responses while also inducing Th1 responses, this fusion protein may not be a suitable vaccine candidate for allergy treatment but may hold potential for the treatment of other diseases that require a strong stimulation of the host's immune system (e.g., cancer).
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Gamazo C, Martín-Arbella N, Brotons A, Camacho AI, Irache JM. Mimicking microbial strategies for the design of mucus-permeating nanoparticles for oral immunization. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 96:454-63. [PMID: 25615880 PMCID: PMC7126451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dealing with mucosal delivery systems means dealing with mucus. The name mucosa comes from mucus, a dense fluid enriched in glycoproteins, such as mucin, which main function is to protect the delicate mucosal epithelium. Mucus provides a barrier against physiological chemical and physical aggressors (i.e., host secreted digestive products such as bile acids and enzymes, food particles) but also against the potentially noxious microbiota and their products. Intestinal mucosa covers 400m(2) in the human host, and, as a consequence, is the major portal of entry of the majority of known pathogens. But, in turn, some microorganisms have evolved many different approaches to circumvent this barrier, a direct consequence of natural co-evolution. The understanding of these mechanisms (known as virulence factors) used to interact and/or disrupt mucosal barriers should instruct us to a rational design of nanoparticulate delivery systems intended for oral vaccination and immunotherapy. This review deals with this mimetic approach to obtain nanocarriers capable to reach the epithelial cells after oral delivery and, in parallel, induce strong and long-lasting immune and protective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gamazo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nekane Martín-Arbella
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Brotons
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana I Camacho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - J M Irache
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Segal L, Roger V, Williams C, Destexhe E, Garçon N. Effects of Adjuvant Systems on the cardiovascular and respiratory functions in telemetered conscious dogs and anaesthetised rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:116-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hu J, Qiu L, Wang X, Zou X, Lu M, Yin J. Carbohydrate-based vaccine adjuvants - discovery and development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:1133-44. [PMID: 26372693 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1067198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The addition of a suitable adjuvant to a vaccine can generate significant effective adaptive immune responses. There is an urgent need for the development of novel po7tent and safe adjuvants for human vaccines. Carbohydrate molecules are promising adjuvants for human vaccines due to their high biocompatibility and good tolerability in vivo. AREAS COVERED The present review covers a few promising carbohydrate-based adjuvants, lipopolysaccharide, trehalose-6,6'-dibehenate, QS-21 and inulin as examples, which have been extensively studied in human vaccines in a number of preclinical and clinical studies. The authors discuss the current status, applications and strategies of development of each adjuvant and different adjuvant formulation systems. This information gives insight regarding the exciting prospect in the field of carbohydrate-based adjuvant research. EXPERT OPINION Carbohydrate-based adjuvants are promising candidates as an alternative to the Alum salts for human vaccines development. Furthermore, combining two or more adjuvants in one formulation is one of the effective strategies in adjuvant development. However, further research efforts are needed to study and develop novel adjuvants systems, which can be more stable, potent and safe. The development of synthetic carbohydrate chemistry can improve the study of carbohydrate-based adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- a 1 Jiangnan University, Wuxi Medical School , Lihu Avenue 1800, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Liying Qiu
- a 1 Jiangnan University, Wuxi Medical School , Lihu Avenue 1800, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- b 2 Jiangnan University, The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Lihu Avenue 1800, 214122, Wuxi, China +86 51 085 328 229 ; +86 51 085 328 229 ;
| | - Xiaopeng Zou
- b 2 Jiangnan University, The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Lihu Avenue 1800, 214122, Wuxi, China +86 51 085 328 229 ; +86 51 085 328 229 ;
| | - Mengji Lu
- c 3 University Hospital Essen, Institute of Virology , Hufelandstr, 55, 45122 Essen, Germany +49 2 017 233 530 ; +49 2 017 235 929 ;
| | - Jian Yin
- b 2 Jiangnan University, The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Lihu Avenue 1800, 214122, Wuxi, China +86 51 085 328 229 ; +86 51 085 328 229 ;
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Vaccination of cattle with a methanogen protein produces specific antibodies in the saliva which are stable in the rumen. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 164:201-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Peptide Vaccine: Progress and Challenges. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:515-36. [PMID: 26344743 PMCID: PMC4494216 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional vaccine strategies have been highly efficacious for several decades in reducing mortality and morbidity due to infectious diseases. The bane of conventional vaccines, such as those that include whole organisms or large proteins, appear to be the inclusion of unnecessary antigenic load that, not only contributes little to the protective immune response, but complicates the situation by inducing allergenic and/or reactogenic responses. Peptide vaccines are an attractive alternative strategy that relies on usage of short peptide fragments to engineer the induction of highly targeted immune responses, consequently avoiding allergenic and/or reactogenic sequences. Conversely, peptide vaccines used in isolation are often weakly immunogenic and require particulate carriers for delivery and adjuvanting. In this article, we discuss the specific advantages and considerations in targeted induction of immune responses by peptide vaccines and progresses in the development of such vaccines against various diseases. Additionally, we also discuss the development of particulate carrier strategies and the inherent challenges with regard to safety when combining such technologies with peptide vaccines.
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Grover A, Troudt J, Foster C, Basaraba R, Izzo A. High mobility group box 1 acts as an adjuvant for tuberculosis subunit vaccines. Immunology 2014; 142:111-23. [PMID: 24350616 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to ensure an ample supply of quality candidate tuberculosis (TB) subunit vaccines for clinical trials, it is imperative to develop new immunostimulatory adjuvants. High Mobility Box Group 1 (HMGB1), a member of the alarmin group of immunostimulatory proteins, is released by antigen-presenting cells under various conditions and has been shown to induce T helper type 1 cytokines. We report that HMGB1 is effective as an adjuvant to enhance the protective efficacy and cellular immune response of TB subunit vaccines and that it is not dependent on the interaction between HMGB1 and receptor for advanced glycation end products, a major receptor for HMGB1. In the mouse model of TB, HMGB1 protein, when formulated with dioctadecylammonium bromide and 6000 MW early secretory antigenic target (ESAT-6), was protective as a subunit vaccine but did not protect as molecular adjuvant in an ESAT-6-based DNA formulation. We then evaluated the immunoprophylactic and protective potential of a fusion protein of HMGB1 and ESAT-6. The HMGB1-ESAT-6 fusion protein induced strong antigen-specific T helper type 1 cytokines at 30 days post-immunization. The fusion protein vaccine enhanced activated and effector memory CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses in the lungs and spleens of mice at 80 days post vaccination. Vaccination with the HMGB1-ESAT-6 fusion protein also resulted in elevated numbers of poly-functional CD4 T cells co-expressing interleukin-2, interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α. The potent cell-mediated immune response generated by the fusion protein correlated with protection against subsequent challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the mouse TB model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Grover
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to examine the dose effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) NCFM strain on rotavirus-specific antibody and B-cell responses in gnotobiotic pigs vaccinated with an oral attenuated human rotavirus (AttHRV). METHODS Pigs were inoculated with AttHRV vaccine in conjunction with high-dose LA (14 doses, total 2.2 × 10(6) colony-forming units [CFU]), intermediate-dose LA (MidLA) (9 doses, total 3.2 × 10(9) CFU), low-dose LA (LoLA) (5 doses, total 2.1 × 10(6) CFU), or without LA feeding. Protection against rotavirus shedding and diarrhea was assessed upon challenge with a virulent HRV. Rotavirus-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG antibodies in serum and rotavirus-specific IgA and IgG antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) and memory B cells in ileum, spleen, and blood of the pigs were measured and compared among treatment groups. RESULTS The MidLA, but not high-dose LA or LoLA, significantly reduced rotavirus diarrhea (MidLA-only group) and significantly improved the protection conferred by AttHRV vaccine (MidLA + AttHRV group). Associated with the increased protection, MidLA significantly enhanced rotavirus-specific antibody, ASCs, and memory B-cell responses to AttHRV vaccine. High-dose LA or LoLA did not enhance virus-specific antibody and ASC responses, and hence did not improve the vaccine efficacy. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the importance of dose selection and indicate that certain specific lactobacilli strains at the appropriate dose have the dual function of reducing rotavirus diarrhea and enhancing the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of rotavirus vaccines.
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Adjuvant activity of naturally occurring monophosphoryl lipopolysaccharide preparations from mucosa-associated bacteria. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3317-25. [PMID: 23798540 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01150-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural heterogeneity in the structure of the lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produces differential effects on the innate immune response. Gram-negative bacterial species produce LPS structures that differ from the classic endotoxic LPS structures. These differences include hypoacylation and hypophosphorylation of the diglucosamine backbone, both differences known to decrease LPS toxicity. The effect of decreased toxicity on the adjuvant properties of many of these LPS structures has not been fully explored. Here we demonstrate that two naturally produced forms of monophosphorylated LPS, from the mucosa-associated bacteria Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Prevotella intermedia, function as immunological adjuvants for antigen-specific immune responses. Each form of mucosal LPS increased vaccination-initiated antigen-specific antibody titers in both quantity and quality when given simultaneously with vaccine antigen preparations. Interestingly, adjuvant effects on initial T cell clonal expansion were selective for CD4 T cells. No significant increase in CD8 T cell expansion was detected. MyD88/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TRIF/TLR4 signaling pathways showed equally decreased signaling with the LPS forms studied here as with endotoxic LPS or detoxified monophosphorylated lipid A (MPLA). Natural monophosphorylated LPS from mucosa-associated bacteria functions as a weak but effective adjuvant for specific immune responses, with preferential effects on antibody and CD4 T cell responses over CD8 T cell responses.
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36
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Hu X, Liu R, Zhu N. Enhancement of humoral and cellular immune responses by monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) as an adjuvant to the rabies vaccine in BALB/c mice. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1524-8. [PMID: 23816301 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of effective vaccines against the rabies virus could prevent infection with this fatal virus. However, the current rabies vaccine fails to provide a full range of protection because of its limited ability to elicit a cellular immune response and the requirement for repeat vaccination. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) is well known as a potent adjuvant to enhance immune responses against virus infection. Here we investigated the efficacy of MPLA as an adjuvant to improve the humoral and cellular immune responses to the rabies vaccine in BALB/c mice. Supplementation of the rabies vaccine with MPLA significantly accelerated the production of specific antibodies by 10 days compared to the original vaccines. Furthermore, MPLA promoted the induction of stronger cellular immune responses by the rabies vaccine, including the production of IL-4, IFN-γ and the activation of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cells, than those elicited without MPLA. Collectively, our findings indicated that MPLA enhances humoral and cellular immunity and is a promising adjuvant for the development of more effective rabies vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Scichilone N, Scalici V, Arrigo R, Bellia V. Clinical and anti-inflammatory effects of ultra-short preseasonal vaccine to Parietaria in asthma. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2013; 7:207-15. [PMID: 23423770 DOI: 10.1177/1753465813476564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ultra-short course preseasonal allergy vaccine, containing the adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), is effective in treating allergic symptoms; however, the efficacy in controlling asthmatics symptoms has not been fully demonstrated. We aimed at evaluating whether the ultra-short preseasonal course of immunotherapy contributes to asthma control. METHODS Four subcutaneous injections of the active product (Pollinex Quattro) were administered, before the pollen season, to 20 Parietaria-sensitive mild, untreated asthmatics (M/F: 12/8; age: 38 ± 14 years). After the screening visit (visit 1), asthma control was assessed by the Asthma Control Test (ACT) immediately before the first (visit 2) and immediately after the last (visit 5) injections, as well as during the pollen season (visit 6). Bronchial and alveolar exhaled nitric oxide (NO) concentrations were also measured. Nine Parietaria-sensitive mild asthmatics (M/F: 3/6; age: 40 ± 12 years) served as untreated controls. RESULTS The ACT remained constant during allergen exposure in specific immunotherapy (SIT)-treated asthmatics (visit 2: 22 ± 3.2; visit 5: 23 ± 2.8; visit 6: 22 ± 3.6; analysis of variance [ANOVA], p = 0.47), whereas it dropped during pollen exposure in controls (visit 2: 20 ± 2.5; visit 5: 21 ± 2.8; visit 6: 16 ± 5.7; ANOVA, p = 0.01). The forced expiratory NO (FENO) values significantly increased during pollen exposure in both groups; however, the alveolar NO concentrations remained stable in SIT-treated asthmatics (p = 0.11), whereas they doubled in controls (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The current findings show that the preseasonal vaccine adjuvated with MPL contributes to the maintenance of control of asthma during the pollen season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Scichilone
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (Di.Bi.M.I.S.), Sezione di Pneumologia, University of Palermo, via Trabucco 180, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
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Mutiso JM, Macharia JC, Gicheru MM. Immunization with Leishmania vaccine-alum-BCG and montanide ISA 720 adjuvants induces low-grade type 2 cytokines and high levels of IgG2 subclass antibodies in the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) model. Scand J Immunol 2012; 76:471-7. [PMID: 22862788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The availability of hundreds of adjuvants has prompted a need for identifying rational standards for the selection of adjuvant formulation based on sound immunological principles for human vaccines. As cytokines elaborated by activated T cells are required for the regulation of isotype switch during B-cell development, a study of Th2 cytokines and subclass distribution of the antibodies may shed new light on the processes involved in the polarization of the immune responses during vaccination studies. The aim of this study was to identify an appropriate Leishmania vaccine adjuvant based on low Th2 cytokine and high value IgG2 antibody responses. Groups of vervet monkeys were immunized with Leishmania donovani sonicate antigen (Ag) alone or in conjunction with alum-BCG (AlBCG), monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) or montanide ISA 720 (MISA) as adjuvants. Following three time point intradermal injections on days 0, 28 and 42, IL-4, IL-10 and IgG antibody subclasses were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and data analysed by one-way analysis of variance, Tukey-Kramer test and Spearman's rank correlation analysis. Results indicated relatively higher IL-4 and IL-10 cytokine responses following MPL + Ag as compared to AlBCG + Ag or MISA + Ag immunization. There was a positive significant correlation between IL-4 and IL-10 levels (r = 1.000; P = 0.0167). Significantly higher IgG2 antibody responses were associated with either AlBCG + Ag or MISA + Ag as compared to MPL + Ag immunization (P < 0.05). The study concludes that both AlBCG and MISA may be used in Leishmania vaccine studies that favour low Th2 cytokine and strong IgG2 antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Mutiso
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Arias MA, Van Roey GA, Tregoning JS, Moutaftsi M, Coler RN, Windish HP, Reed SG, Carter D, Shattock RJ. Glucopyranosyl Lipid Adjuvant (GLA), a Synthetic TLR4 agonist, promotes potent systemic and mucosal responses to intranasal immunization with HIVgp140. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41144. [PMID: 22829921 PMCID: PMC3400629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful vaccine development against HIV will likely require the induction of strong, long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses in both the systemic and mucosal compartments. Based on the known immunological linkage between the upper-respiratory and urogenital tracts, we explored the potential of nasal adjuvants to boost immunization for the induction of vaginal and systemic immune responses to gp140. Mice were immunized intranasally with HIV gp140 together with micellar and emulsion formulations of a synthetic TLR4 agonist, Glucopyranosyl Lipid Adjuvant (GLA) and responses were compared to R848, a TLR7/8 agonist, or chitosan, a non TLR adjuvant. GLA and chitosan but not R848 greatly enhanced serum immunoglobulin levels when compared to antigen alone. Both GLA and chitosan induced high IgG and IgA titers in nasal and vaginal lavage and feces. The high IgA and IgG titers in vaginal lavage were associated with high numbers of gp140-specific antibody secreting cells in the genital tract. Whilst both GLA and chitosan induced T cell responses to immunization, GLA induced a stronger Th17 response and chitosan induced a more Th2 skewed response. Our results show that GLA is a highly potent intranasal adjuvant greatly enhancing humoral and cellular immune responses, both systemically and mucosally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A. Arias
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Griet A. Van Roey
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Tregoning
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalini Moutaftsi
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hillarie P. Windish
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Reed
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Chilton PM, Embry CA, Mitchell TC. Effects of Differences in Lipid A Structure on TLR4 Pro-Inflammatory Signaling and Inflammasome Activation. Front Immunol 2012; 3:154. [PMID: 22707952 PMCID: PMC3374416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate immune system exists in equilibrium with the microbial world. The innate immune system recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns via a family of Toll-like receptors (TLR) that activate cells upon detection of potential pathogens. Because some microbes benefit their hosts, mobilizing the appropriate response, and then controlling that response is critical in the maintenance of health. TLR4 recognizes the various forms of lipid A produced by Gram-negative bacteria. Depending on the structural form of the eliciting lipid A molecule, TLR4 responses range from a highly inflammatory endotoxic response involving inflammasome and other pro-inflammatory mediators, to an inhibitory, protective response. Mounting the correct response against an offending microbe is key to maintaining health when exposed to various bacterial species. Further study of lipid A variants may pave the way to understanding how TLR4 responses are generally able to avoid chronic inflammatory damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Chilton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
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41
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Meraz IM, Melendez B, Gu J, Wong STC, Liu X, Andersson HA, Serda RE. Activation of the inflammasome and enhanced migration of microparticle-stimulated dendritic cells to the draining lymph node. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2049-62. [PMID: 22680980 DOI: 10.1021/mp3001292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Porous silicon microparticles presenting pathogen-associated molecular patterns mimic pathogens, enhancing internalization of the microparticles and activation of antigen presenting dendritic cells. We demonstrate abundant uptake of microparticles bound by the TLR-4 ligands LPS and MPL by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC). Labeled microparticles induce concentration-dependent production of IL-1β, with inhibition by the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK supporting activation of the NLRP3-dependent inflammasome. Inoculation of BALB/c mice with ligand-bound microparticles induces a significant increase in circulating levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. Stimulation of BMDC with ligand-bound microparticles increases surface expression of costimulatory and MHC molecules, and enhances migration of BMDC to the draining lymph node. LPS-microparticles stimulate in vivo C57BL/6 BMDC and OT-1 transgenic T cell interactions in the presence of OVA SIINFEKL peptide in lymph nodes, with intact nodes imaged using two-photon microscopy. Formation of in vivo and in vitro immunological synapses between BMDC, loaded with OVA peptide and LPS-microparticles, and OT-1 T cells are presented, as well as elevated intracellular interferon gamma levels in CD8(+) T cells stimulated by BMDC carrying peptide-loaded microparticles. In short, ligand-bound microparticles enhance (1) phagocytosis of microparticles; (2) BMDC inflammasome activation and upregulation of costimulatory and MHC molecules; (3) cellular migration of BMDC to lymphatic tissue; and (4) cellular interactions leading to T cell activation in the presence of antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail M Meraz
- Department of Nanomedicine and §Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute , 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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Mutiso JM, Macharia JC, Taracha E, Wafula K, Rikoi H, Gicheru MM. Safety and skin delayed-type hypersensitivity response in vervet monkeys immunized with Leishmania donovani sonicate antigen delivered with adjuvants. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2012; 54:37-41. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652012000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report on the safety and skin delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), responses of the Leishmania donovani whole cell sonicate antigen delivered in conjunction with alum-BCG (AlBCG), Montanide ISA 720 (MISA) or Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) in groups of vervet monkeys. Following three intradermal injections of the inoculums on days 0, 28 and 42, safety and DTH responses were assessed. Preliminary tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels were also measured and these were compared with DTH. Only those animals immunized with alum-BCG reacted adversely to the inoculum by producing ulcerative erythematous skin indurations. Non-parametric analysis of variance followed by a post-test showed significantly higher DTH responses in the MISA+Ag group compared with other immunized groups (p < 0.001). The MPLA+Ag group indicated significantly lower DTH responses to the sonicate antigen compared with the AlBCG+Ag group. There was a significant correlation between the DTH and cytokine responses (p < 0.0001). Based on this study we conclude that Leishmania donovani sonicate antigen containing MISA 720 is safe and is associated with a strong DTH reaction following immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Mutiso
- Institute of Primate Research, Kenya; Kenyatta University, Kenya
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Mutiso JM, Macharia JC, Taracha E, Gicheru MM. Leishmania donovani whole cell antigen delivered with adjuvants protects against visceral leishmaniasis in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops). J Biomed Res 2012; 26:8-16. [PMID: 23554725 PMCID: PMC3596075 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-8301(12)60002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous immunogenicity and efficacy study in mice, montanide ISA 720 (MISA) was indicated to be a better adjuvant than bacillus calmette guerin vaccine (BCG) for a Leishmania vaccine. In the present study, we report the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of Leishmania donovani (L. donovani) sonicated antigen delivered with alum-BCG (AlBCG), MISA or monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) in vervet monkeys following intradermal inoculums. Vaccinated and control animals were challenged with virulent L. donovani parasites and the parasitic burden was determined. Only animals vaccinated with alum-BCG adversely reacted to the inoculum by producing ulcerative erythematous skin indurations. Non-parametric ANOVA followed by a post test showed significantly higher IgG antibodies, and revealed the presence of lymphoproliferative and interferon gamma responses in both AlBCG+Ag and MISA+Ag as compared to the MPLA+Ag or other groups (P < 0.001). We conclude that L. donovani sonicated antigen containing MISA is safe and is associated with protective immune response against Leishmania donovani infection in the vervet monkey model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Muli Mutiso
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi 24481-00502, Kenya;
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi 43844-00100, Kenya.
| | - John Chege Macharia
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi 24481-00502, Kenya;
| | - Evans Taracha
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi 24481-00502, Kenya;
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Baldrick P, Hewings S, Skinner M. Reproduction and juvenile animal toxicology studies in the rat with a new allergy vaccine adjuvanted with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL®) for the treatment of grass pollen allergy. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 32:322-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Hirano T, Kodama S, Kawano T, Maeda K, Suzuki M. Monophosphoryl lipid A induced innate immune responses via TLR4 to enhance clearance of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis from the nasopharynx in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:407-17. [PMID: 22092567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common infectious diseases in children. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Moraxella catarrhalis, Gram-negative bacteria, are considered major pathogens of AOM and respiratory tract infections. In this study, we used monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) as a Toll-like receptor (TLR4) agonist to induce innate immune responses before challenge with NTHi and M. catarrhalis to enhance bacterial clearance from the nasopharynx. Mice were intranasally administered 40, 10, or 1 μg of MPL and challenged with NTHi and M. catarrhalis 12 and 24 h later. At 6 and 12 h after the bacterial challenge, the mice were killed and nasal washes were collected. The numbers of NTHi, M. catarrhalis, and inflammatory cells were quantitated. Inoculation of MPL produced a significant reduction in the number of bacteria recovered from the nasopharynx at 6 and/or 12 h after the bacterial challenge, when compared with control mice. The effect was dose dependent. MPL inoculation also induced the early accumulation of neutrophils in the nasopharynx after exposure to bacteria. MPL is effective for eliciting clearance of both NTHi and M. catarrhalis from the nasopharynx. These results indicate the possibility of a new strategy against Gram-negative bacterial infection that involves the stimulation of the innate immune system by TLR4 agonists such as MPL.
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A battery of genotoxicity studies with an allergy vaccine adjuvanted with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL®) for the treatment of grass pollen allergy. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:608-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Zhang XP, Cui WH. Comparison of liposome-polycation-DNA(LPD) and monophosphoryl lipid A(MPL) adjuvant formulations in BALB/c mice models. Immunol Invest 2011; 41:356-66. [PMID: 21864115 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2011.606861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It is of fundamental importance to use an appropriate adjuvant to generate a potent immune response for immunotherapy. In this study, we had a comparative investigation on the effectiveness of two adjuvant formulations, liposome-polycation-DNA (LPD) and monophosphoryl lipid A(MPL) in combination with a truncated peptide of bFGF(tbFGF) as antigen. LPD/tbFGF induced continuously increasing antibodies expression during the whole immunization period. In contrast, the level of antibodies was variable in MPL/tbFGF-immunized mice, MPL/tbFGF elicited potent antibodies response in the early-phase of immunization (during the first 3 immunizations), but the later immunizations did not produce a significant increase in the level of antibodies. Evaluation of IFN-γ and IL-4 responses revealed that both LPD/tbFGF and MPL/tbFGF demonstrated generation of higher level of IFN-γ, whereas no significant increase in IL-4 levels was detected in the two groups. In addition, histological analysis exhibited obvious germinal centers in the spleen tissues of LPD/tbFGF mice. The data suggested that LPD would be a promising long-effective adjuvant due to its potent and persistent immunostimulation and MPL could play an appropriate role in short-acting immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Zhang
- Gansu College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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48
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The safety evaluation of adjuvants during vaccine development: The AS04 experience. Vaccine 2011; 29:4453-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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49
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Sarti F, Perera G, Hintzen F, Kotti K, Karageorgiou V, Kammona O, Kiparissides C, Bernkop-Schnürch A. In vivo evidence of oral vaccination with PLGA nanoparticles containing the immunostimulant monophosphoryl lipid A. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4052-7. [PMID: 21377204 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although oral vaccination has numerous advantages over the commonly used parenteral route, degradation of vaccine and its low uptake in the lymphoid tissue of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract still impede their development. In this study, the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) and the immunostimulant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) were incorporated in polymeric nanoparticles based on poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). These polymeric carriers were orally administered to BALB/c mice (Bagg albino, inbred strain of mouse) and the resulting time-dependent systemic and mucosal immune responses towards OVA were assessed by measuring the OVA-specific IgG and IgA titers using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PLGA nanoparticles were spherical in shape, around 320 nm in size, negatively charged (around -20 mV) and had an OVA and MPLA payload of 9.6% and 0.86%, respectively. A single immunization with formulation containing (OVA + MPLA) incorporated in PLGA nanoparticles induced a stronger IgG immune response than that induced by OVA in PBS solution or OVA incorporated into PLGA nanoparticles. Moreover, significantly higher IgA titers were generated by administration of (OVA + MPLA)/PLGA nanoparticles compared to IgA stimulated by control formulations, proving the capability of inducing a mucosal immunity. These findings demonstrate that co-delivery of OVA and MPLA in PLGA nanoparticles promotes both systemic and mucosal immune responses and represents therefore a suitable strategy for oral vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sarti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, Josef Möller Haus, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Cekic C, Casella CR, Sag D, Antignano F, Kolb J, Suttles J, Hughes MR, Krystal G, Mitchell TC. MyD88-dependent SHIP1 regulates proinflammatory signaling pathways in dendritic cells after monophosphoryl lipid A stimulation of TLR4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3858-65. [PMID: 21339365 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) activates TLR4 in dendritic cells (DCs) in a Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF)-biased manner: MLA produced from Salmonella minnesota Re595 induced signaling events and expression of gene products that were primarily TRIF dependent, whereas MyD88-dependent signaling was impaired. Moreover, when tested in TRIF-intact/MyD88-deficient DCs, synthetic MLA of the Escherichia coli chemotype (sMLA) showed the same activity as its diphosphoryl, inflammatory counterpart (synthetic diphosphoryl lipid A), indicating that TRIF-mediated signaling is fully induced by sMLA. Unexpectedly, we found that the transcript level of one proinflammatory cytokine was increased in sMLA-treated cells by MyD88 deficiency to the higher level induced by synthetic diphosphoryl lipid A, which suggested MyD88 may paradoxically help restrain proinflammatory signaling by TRIF-biased sMLA. In this article, we demonstrate that sMLA induces MyD88 recruitment to TLR4 and activates the anti-inflammatory lipid phosphatase SHIP1 in an MyD88-dependent manner. At the same time, MyD88-dependent signaling activity at the level of IL-1R-associated kinase 1 is markedly reduced. Increased SHIP1 activity is associated with reductions in sMLA-induced IκB kinase α/β and IFN regulatory factor 3 activation and with restrained expression of their downstream targets, endothelin-1 and IFN-β, respectively. Results of this study identify a pattern that is desirable in the context of vaccine adjuvant design: TRIF-biased sMLA can stimulate partial MyD88 activity, with MyD88-dependent SHIP1 helping to reduce proinflammatory signaling in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Cekic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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