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Ali K, Bukhari SM, ur-Rehman K, Maqsood I, Asad M, Iqbal A, Khalid N, Andleeb S, Alghamdi HA, Ruby T. Effect of Trianthema portulacastrum extracts on hematologic and hepatic enzymes disorders induced by carbon tetrachloride in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2021.2009679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Ali
- Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Faculty of Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pattoki, Pakistan
| | - Syed Mohsin Bukhari
- Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Faculty of Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pattoki, Pakistan
| | - Khalil ur-Rehman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Iram Maqsood
- Department of Zoology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asad
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asia Iqbal
- Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Faculty of Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pattoki, Pakistan
| | - Nimra Khalid
- Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Faculty of Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pattoki, Pakistan
| | - Shahla Andleeb
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Huda Ahmed Alghamdi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahira Ruby
- Department of Zoology, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Chiu YJ, Wu KC, Tsai JC, Kao CP, Chao J, Peng WH, Cheng HY. Hepatoprotective Effect of the Fruits of Polygonum orientale L. Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20971501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of the fruits of Polygonum orientale L. (POE) against fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. Bioactive components of POE were identified using liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS by comparison with standards. Treatment with either silymarin (200 mg/kg) or POE (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) caused significant decreases in the serum levels of enzymes and reduced the extent of liver lesions and fibrosis in histological analysis. POE (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) decreased the levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, proinflammatory cytokines (ie, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin [IL]-1β, and IL-6), an inflammatory cytokine (ie, cyclooxygenase-2), a profibrotic cytokine (ie, transforming growth factor-β), and fibrosis-related proteins (ie, connective tissue growth factor and α-smooth muscle actin) in the liver and enhanced the activities of the antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase. Quantitative analysis of the active constituents in POE revealed an extract composition of 3.4 mg/g of protocatechuic acid, 20.8 mg/g of taxifolin, and 5.6 mg/g of quercetin. We have demonstrated that the hepatoprotective mechanisms of POE are likely to be associated with the decrease in inflammatory cytokines by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Our findings provide evidence that POE possesses a hepatoprotective activity to ameliorate chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Jia Chiu
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Chang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, College of Biotechnology and Bio-Resources, Da-Yeh University, Chang-Hua, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Da-Yeh University, Chang-Hua, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pin Kao
- Hsin Sheng College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Jung Chao
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen Huang Peng
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Nursing, Chung-Jen Junior College of Nursing, Health Sciences and Management, Chia-Yi City, Taiwan
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Tsou HH, Ko HT, Chen CT, Wang TW, Lee CH, Liu TY, Wang HT. Betel quid containing safrole enhances metabolic activation of tobacco specific 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:13-21. [PMID: 31071628 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking (CS) and betel quid (BQ) chewing are two known risk factors that have synergistic potential for the enhancing the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in Taiwan. Most mutagens and carcinogens are metabolically activated by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) to exert their mutagenicity or carcinogenicity. Previous studies have shown that metabolic activation of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), by CYP2A6 activity determines NNK-induced carcinogenesis. In addition, safrole affects cytochrome P450 activity in rodents. However, the effect of BQ safrole on the metabolism of tobacco-specific NNK and its carcinogenicity remains elusive. This study demonstrates that safrole (1 mg/kg/d) induced CYP2A6 activity, reduced urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) levels, and increased NNK-induced DNA damage, including N7-methylguanine, 8-OH-deoxyguanosine and DNA strand breaks in a Syrian golden hamster model. Furthermore, altered NNK metabolism and increased NNK-induced DNA damage were also observed in healthy subjects with CS and BQ chewing histories compared to healthy subjects with CS histories. In conclusion, BQ containing safrole induced tobacco-specific NNK metabolic activation, resulting in higher NNK-induced genotoxicity. This study provides valuable insight into the synergistic mechanisms of CS- and BQ-induced OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Hsing Tsou
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Tung Ko
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tzu Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Wen Wang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yun Liu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Dey P, Dutta S, Biswas-Raha A, Sarkar MP, Chaudhuri TK. Haloalkane induced hepatic insult in murine model: amelioration by Oleander through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, an in vitro and in vivo study. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:280. [PMID: 27516209 PMCID: PMC4982413 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerium oleander L. (syn. Nerium indicum Mill, Nerium odorum Aiton) belongs to the family Apocynaceae. It is used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective activities in traditional medicine. Previous pharmacognostic studies suggested that 70 % hydro-methanolic extracts of oleander possess potent free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities, both of which are helpful against hepatotoxicity. METHODS Hydro-methanolic extracts of oleander stem and root were evaluated for their hepatoprotective activities in acute CCl4 intoxicated mouse through in vitro and in vivo studies. Silymarin was used as positive reference. Antioxidant enzymes, pro-inflammatory markers and liver enzymatic and biochemical parameters were studied. The extracts were further chemically characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS CCl4 toxicity caused fatty liver formation by increase of relative liver weight (32.53 g) compared to control group (16.08 g). The elevated liver enzymatic and biochemical parameters due to CCl4 toxicity were considerably normalized by the extracts treatment under both in vivo and in vitro models. Oleander stem (NOSE) and root (NORE) extracts increased the reduced hepatic catalase activity 27.37 and 25.25 %, whereas peroxidase activity was increased 18.19 and 22.78 %, respectively. The extent of lipid peroxidation was significantly (p < 0.01) lowered 20.76 % (NOSE) and 21.12 % (NORE) compared to CCl4 group. The levels of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was lowered 71.33 % (NOSE) and 61.60 % (NORE). Histopathological study demonstrated substantial reduction of hepatocellular necrosis, fatty infiltration, sinusoidal dilation, bile duct proliferation, vascular congestion, leukocyte infiltration in the silymarin and extract treated groups. Furthermore, various bioactive compounds were identified in the extracts such as apocynin, tocopherol, squalene, vanillin, isoeugenol, amyrin, lupeol etc. CONCLUSION The present study provided convincing evidence that oleander extracts possess potent hepatoprotective capacity which was primarily governed by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The collegial bioactivities of the phytochemicals may be accredited behind the hepatoprotective activity of oleander.
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Koyama T, Chounan R, Uemura D, Yamaguchi K, Yazawa K. Hepatoprotective Effect of a Hot-Water Extract from the Edible Thorny OysterSpondylus variuson Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:729-31. [PMID: 16556994 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The edible thorny oyster, Spondylus varius (Mizuiri-shoujou), was found to suppress the carbon tetrachloride-induced increase in serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities in mice. Significant suppressive effects on these enzyme activities were found in the fraction eluted with 75% ethanol from polystyrene gel in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that S. varius exerts a protective effect against liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Koyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya. Japan
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Tomić A, Bozin B, Samojlik I, Milenković M, Mimica-Dukić N, Petrović S. Effects of Athamanta turbith fruit essential oils on CCl4-induced hepatic failure in mice and their antioxidant properties. Phytother Res 2010; 24:787-90. [PMID: 19927273 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of essential oils isolated from mature fruits of Athamanta turbith ssp. hungarica (Borbás) Tutin and A. turbith ssp. haynaldii (Borbás & Uechtr.) Tutin (Umbelliferae) on some liver biochemical parameters in mice intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride were investigated. Pretreatment with both essential oils extenuated the effects caused by carbon tetrachloride. In order to investigate in vitro antioxidant properties of the oils, three methods were applied: scavenging of both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and OH radicals, as well as a test of inhibition of Fe(2+)/ascorbic-induced lipid peroxidation. Investigated essential oils exhibited modest antioxidant capacity. Therefore, their influence on biochemical parameters in intoxicated animals might be linked to the inhibition of enzymes (cytochrome P450 2E1) involved in metabolic activation of halomethanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tomić
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Mukherjee PK, Sahoo AK, Narayanan N, Kumar NS, Ponnusankar S. Lead finding from medicinal plants with hepatoprotective potentials. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:545-76. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440902911433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Oh SW, Kim DH, Ha JR, Kim DY. Anti-fibrotic Effects of a Methylenedioxybenzene Compound, CW209292 on Dimethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:1364-70. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Se-Woong Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University
- Central Research Institute, Choongwae Pharma Corp
| | - Dae-Hoon Kim
- Central Research Institute, Choongwae Pharma Corp
| | - Jong-Ryul Ha
- Central Research Institute, Choongwae Pharma Corp
| | - Dae-Yong Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University
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Ghoneim AI. Effects of curcumin on ethanol-induced hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis: implication of lipid peroxidation and cytochrome c. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2008; 379:47-60. [PMID: 18716759 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-008-0335-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol-induced hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis are valid in vitro models to investigate the modulatory effects of hepatoprotective/toxic agents such as curcumin. In this study, suspension and monolayer cultures of isolated rat hepatocytes were used. Levels of trypan blue uptake, reduced glutathione, and lipid peroxidation were quantified. Chromatin condensation, caspase-3 activity, and cytochrome c extramitochondrial translocation were also evaluated. Results revealed that curcumin did not protect against either ethanol-induced necrosis or glutathione depletion. Neither did curcumin reduce caspase-3 activation nor chromatin condensation. In contrast, curcumin induced glutathione depletion, caspase-3 activation, necrosis, and apoptosis. Fortunately, all tested curcumin concentrations (1 microM-10 mM) diminished the ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation. In addition, 1 microM curcumin decreased cytochrome c translocation in hepatocyte monolayers. In conclusion, low concentrations of curcumin may protect hepatocytes by reducing lipid peroxidation and cytochrome c release. Conversely, higher concentrations provoke glutathione depletion, caspase-3 activation, and hepatocytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asser I Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
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Shi S, Nie J. A natural component as coinitiator for unfilled dental resin composites. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007; 82:44-50. [PMID: 17245738 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A natural component, 1,3-benzodioxole (BDO), was used for the purpose of replacing the conventional amine for dental composite. Camphorquinone (CQ)/BDO was used to initiate the photopolymerization of urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA)/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) (70/30 wt %). The kinetics was recorded by real-time Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The mechanical properties were measured by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), and CQ/ethyl 4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDMAB) mixture was used as control in the same photocuring condition. The results indicated that, the addition of BDO as coinitiator greatly improved the rate of polymerization and final double bond conversion (DC), when compared with the system initiated by CQ alone. BDO and EDMAB were found to reach almost the same final DC (75%), though the kinetics of two systems was different. Comparing with EDMAB, BDO brought approximately the same glass transition temperature (Tg), but slightly higher storage modulus around 37 degrees C. The water sorption and solubility for two mixtures were almost the same and within the range of the ISO 4049's standards. These results suggested that BDO was an effective alternative to conventional amine for coinitiator. And the human diet characteristics of BDO made it more promising than amine in the dental resin formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
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Caro AA, Cederbaum AI. Role of cytochrome P450 in phospholipase A2- and arachidonic acid-mediated cytotoxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:364-75. [PMID: 16443151 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) comprise a set of extracellular and intracellular enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the sn-2 fatty acyl bond of phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids. The PLA2 reaction is the primary pathway through which arachidonic acid (AA) is released from phospholipids. PLA2s have an important role in cellular death that occurs via necrosis or apoptosis. Several reports support the hypothesis that unesterified arachidonic acid in cells is a signal for the induction of apoptosis. However, most of the biological effects of arachidonic acid are attributable to its metabolism by mainly three different groups of enzymes: cytochromes P450, cyclooxygenases, and lipoxygenases. In this review we will focus on the role of cytochrome P450 in AA metabolism and toxicity. The major pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism catalyzed by cytochrome P450 generate metabolites that are subdivided into two groups: the epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, formed by CYP epoxygenases, and the arachidonic acid derivatives that are hydroxylated at or near the omega-terminus by CYP omega-oxidases. In addition, autoxidation of AA by cytochrome P450-derived reactive oxygen species produces lipid hydroperoxides as primary oxidation products. In some cellular models of toxicity, cytochrome P450 activity exacerbates PLA2- and AA-dependent injury, mainly through the production of oxygen radicals that promote lipid peroxidation or production of metabolites that alter Ca2+ homeostasis. In contrast, in other situations, cytochrome P450 metabolism of AA is protective, mainly by lowering levels of unesterified AA and by production of metabolites that activate antiapoptotic pathways. Several lines of evidence point to the combined action of phospholipase A2 and cytochrome P450 as central in the mechanism of cellular injury in several human diseases, such as alcoholic liver disease and myocardial reperfusion injury. Inhibition of specific PLA2 and cytochrome P450 isoforms may represent novel therapeutic strategies against these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres A Caro
- Department of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1603, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Valentine SP, Le Nedelec MJ, Menzies AR, Scandlyn MJ, Goodin MG, Rosengren RJ. Curcumin modulates drug metabolizing enzymes in the female Swiss Webster mouse. Life Sci 2005; 78:2391-8. [PMID: 16297412 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin, the yellow pigment found in turmeric, exhibits potent chemopreventative properties in both in vivo and in vitro cancer models. We hypothesized that this effect may occur via curcumin-mediated changes in enzymes involved in both carcinogen bioactivation and estrogen metabolism. Female Swiss Webster mice were treated with either curcumin (200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle control for 1 or 2 weeks. The results demonstrated that curcumin had no effect on the catalytic activities of ovarian aromatase, hepatic catechol-O-methyltransferase or hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. However, both doses of curcumin caused a 25% decrease in CYP1A catalytic activity, but not polypeptide levels, following 2 weeks of treatment. Additionally, following 2 weeks of curcumin at 400 mg/kg, there was a 20% decrease in the catalytic activity and a 28% decrease in polypeptide levels of CYP3A. While 2 weeks of curcumin treatment (400 mg/kg) caused a 20% increase in glutathione S-transferase activity, there was no parallel increase in hepatic stores of the co-factor glutathione. In conclusion small changes in CYP1A, CYP3A and GST following long term treatment (2 weeks) suggest that the combination of all three metabolic pathways may play a small role in curcumin's chemopreventative action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie P Valentine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 18 Frederick Street, Adams Building, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Kamalakkannan N, Rukkumani R, Varma PS, Viswanathan P, Rajasekharan KN, Menon VP. Comparative effects of curcumin and an analogue of curcumin in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 97:15-21. [PMID: 15943754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_97103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated the comparative effect of curcumin (diferuloyl methane) and its analogue [bis-1,7-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione] (BDMC-A) on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Administration of carbon tetrachloride (3 ml/kg/week) for three months significantly (P<0.05) increased the levels of marker enzymes such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). The levels of plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and lipid hydroperoxides were also significantly (P<0.05) increased. We have observed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the levels of plasma reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C and vitamin E. There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in the levels of TBARS and hydroperoxides in liver and kidney and a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the activities of enzymic antioxidants- superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and GSH peroxidase along with GSH in CCl(4)-treated rats. Oral administration of curcumin and BDMC-A to CCl(4)-induced rats for a period of three months significantly (P<0.05) decreased the levels of marker enzymes, plasma TBARS and hydroperoxides and increased the levels of plasma and tissue antioxidants. Histopathological studies of liver also showed protective effect of curcumin and BDMC-A. We have observed thickening of blood vessels and microvesicular fatty changes around the portal triad in CCl(4)-treated rat liver. Treatment with curcumin showed only mild sinusoidal dilatation while with BDMC-A there was only mild portal inflammation. The effect exerted by BDMC-A was found to be more promising than curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimhanaidu Kamalakkannan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ueng YF, Hsieh CH, Don MJ. Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes by the natural hepatotoxin safrole. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:707-12. [PMID: 15778010 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hepatotoxin, safrole is a methylenedioxy phenyl compound, found in sassafras oil and certain other essential oils. Recombinant cytochrome P450 (CYP, P450) and human liver microsomes were studied to investigate the selective inhibitory effects of safrole on human P450 enzymes and the mechanisms of action. Using Escherichia coli-expressed human P450, our results demonstrated that safrole was a non-selective inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 in the IC(50) order CYP2E1 < CYP1A2 < CYP2A6 < CYP3A4 < CYP2D6. Safrole strongly inhibited CYP1A2, CYP2A6, and CYP2E1 activities with IC(50) values less than 20 microM. Safrole caused competitive, non-competitive, and non-competitive inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2A6 and CYP2E1 activities, respectively. The inhibitor constants were in the order CYP1A2 < CYP2E1 < CYP2A6. In human liver microsomes, 50 microM safrole strongly inhibited 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation, coumarin hydroxylation, and chlorzoxazone hydroxylation activities. These results revealed that safrole was a potent inhibitor of human CYP1A2, CYP2A6, and CYP2E1. With relatively less potency, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 were also inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yune-Fang Ueng
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, 155-1, Li-Nong Street, Sec. 2, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC.
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Weber LWD, Boll M, Stampfl A. Hepatotoxicity and mechanism of action of haloalkanes: carbon tetrachloride as a toxicological model. Crit Rev Toxicol 2004; 33:105-36. [PMID: 12708612 DOI: 10.1080/713611034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1106] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of many halogenated alkanes such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), chloroform (CHCl3) or iodoform (CHI3), has been banned or severely restricted because of their distinct toxicity. Yet CCl4 continues to provide an important service today as a model substance to elucidate the mechanisms of action of hepatotoxic effects such as fatty degeneration, fibrosis, hepatocellular death, and carcinogenicity. In a matter of dose,exposure time, presence of potentiating agents, or age of the affected organism, regeneration can take place and lead to full recovery from liver damage. CCl4 is activated by cytochrome (CYP)2E1, CYP2B1 or CYP2B2, and possibly CYP3A, to form the trichloromethyl radical, CCl3*. This radical can bind to cellular molecules (nucleic acid, protein, lipid), impairing crucial cellular processes such as lipid metabolism, with the potential outcome of fatty degeneration (steatosis). Adduct formation between CCl3* and DNA is thought to function as initiator of hepatic cancer. This radical can also react with oxygen to form the trichloromethylperoxy radical CCl3OO*, a highly reactive species. CCl3OO* initiates the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation, which attacks and destroys polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular those associated with phospholipids. This affects the permeabilities of mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membranes, resulting in the loss of cellular calcium sequestration and homeostasis, which can contribute heavily to subsequent cell damage. Among the degradation products of fatty acids are reactive aldehydes, especially 4-hydroxynonenal, which bind easily to functional groups of proteins and inhibit important enzyme activities. CCl4 intoxication also leads to hypomethylation of cellular components; in the case of RNA the outcome is thought to be inhibition of protein synthesis, in the case of phospholipids it plays a role in the inhibition of lipoprotein secretion. None of these processes per se is considered the ultimate cause of CCl4-induced cell death; it is by cooperation that they achieve a fatal outcome, provided the toxicant acts in a high single dose, or over longer periods of time at low doses. At the molecular level CCl4 activates tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha, nitric oxide (NO), and transforming growth factors (TGF)-alpha and -beta in the cell, processes that appear to direct the cell primarily toward (self-)destruction or fibrosis. TNFalpha pushes toward apoptosis, whereas the TGFs appear to direct toward fibrosis. Interleukin (IL)-6, although induced by TNFalpha, has a clearly antiapoptotic effect, and IL-10 also counteracts TNFalpha action. Thus, both interleukins have the potential to initiate recovery of the CCl4-damaged hepatocyte. Several of the above-mentioned toxication processes can be specifically interrupted with the use of antioxidants and mitogens, respectively, by restoring cellular methylation, or by preserving calcium sequestration. Chemicals that induce cytochromes that metabolize CCl4, or delay tissue regeneration when co-administered with CCl4 will potentiate its toxicity thoroughly, while appropriate CYP450 inhibitors will alleviate much of the toxicity. Oxygen partial pressure can also direct the course of CCl4 hepatotoxicity. Pressures between 5 and 35 mmHg favor lipid peroxidation, whereas absence of oxygen, as well as a partial pressure above 100 mmHg, both prevent lipid peroxidation entirely. Consequently, the location of CCl4-induced damage mirrors the oxygen gradient across the liver lobule. Mixed halogenated methanes and ethanes, found as so-called disinfection byproducts at low concentration in drinking water, elicit symptoms of toxicity very similar to carbon tetrachloride, including carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz W D Weber
- Institute of Toxicology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Munich, P.O. Box 1129, D-85758 Neuherberg (FRG).
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16
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Liu TY, Chung YT, Wang PF, Chi CW, Hsieh LL. Safrole-DNA adducts in human peripheral blood--an association with areca quid chewing and CYP2E1 polymorphisms. Mutat Res 2004; 559:59-66. [PMID: 15066574 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2003] [Revised: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been recently demonstrated that safrole (4-allyl-1,2-methylenedioxybenzene)-DNA adducts are present in oral cancer tissue from patients who have chewed areca quid (AQ) containing high concentration of safrole. In this study, the presence of safrole-DNA adducts in peripheral white blood cells from 88 subjects with a known AQ chewing history and 161 matched controls were studied with the aim of identifying the adducts as a biomarker for safrole exposure. This study also analyzed the correlation between the level of safrole-DNA adducts and polymorphism of the CYP2E1 gene, alone and in combination with the GST M1 and GST T1-deletion polymorphisms. The results demonstrated the presence of safrole-DNA adducts in 83 (94.32%) of the DNA samples from subjects with current AQ chewing history and 21 (13.04%) of the control samples without known AQ chewing habit ( [Formula: see text] ). Individuals with at least one CYP2E1 c2 allele had a significant higher frequency of safrole-DNA adducts (odds ratio (OR), 4.00; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-15.53) than those with the CYP2E1 c1c1 genotype while chewing less than 20 areca quids per day. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the presence of safrole-DNA adducts in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), and the presence of these safrole-DNA adducts is correlated with AQ chewing. In addition, the CYP2E1 would seem to play an important role in the modulation of safrole-DNA adduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yun Liu
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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18
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. FAD. Phytochemical Investigation of Biologically Active Fractions of Astragalus
spinosus Roots Grown in Egypt. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2002. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2002.119.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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19
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Muto Y, Tani Y, Okada T, Katayama KI, Suzuki M, Uetsuka K, Nakayama H, Doi K. Effects of T-2 Toxin Treatment on CCl4-Induced Hepatic Necrosis in Mice. J Toxicol Pathol 2002. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.15.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Muto
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yoshiro Tani
- Laboratory Animal Science and Toxicology Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Taro Okada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kei-ichi Katayama
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Koji Uetsuka
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kunio Doi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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Hsiao G, Lin YH, Lin CH, Chou DS, Lin WC, Sheu JR. The protective effects of PMC against chronic carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo. Biol Pharm Bull 2001; 24:1271-6. [PMID: 11725962 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.24.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, PMC (2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-hydroxychromane), a derivative of alpha-tocopherol, dose-dependently (1-10 mg/kg) ameliorated the increase in plasma aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (GPT) levels caused by chronic repeated carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intoxication in mice. Moreover, PMC significantly improved the CCl4-induced increase of hepatic glutathione peroxidase, reductase, and superoxide dismutase activities. PMC also restored the decrement in the glutathione content of hepatic tissues in CCl4-intoxicated mice. Furthermore, it also dose-dependently inhibited the formation of lipid peroxidative products during carbon tetrachloride treatment. Histopathological changes of hepatic lesions induced by carbon tetrachloride were significantly improved by treatment with PMC in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that PMC exerts effective protection in chronic chemical-induced hepatic injury in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
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21
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Lee EW, He P, Kawagishi H, Sugiyama K. Suppression of D-galactosamine-induced liver injury by mushrooms in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000; 64:2001-4. [PMID: 11055413 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.64.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Six species of edible mushroom were found to suppress D-galactosamine-induced enhancement of plasma alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities when powdered mushrooms were added to the diet (5%) and fed to rats for 2 wk. Grifola frondosa exhibited the most potent effect in a dose-dependent manner. A significant effect was observed only from the water-soluble low-molecular-weight fraction of G. frondosa. The results indicate that several mushrooms possess a protective effect against liver injury induced by D-galactosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Lee
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Japan
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22
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Leung YK, Ho JW. Modulation of reduction of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone by vitamin C-palmitate. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1999; 124:451-6. [PMID: 10665374 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(99)00146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro study of effects of vitamin C-palmitate on the metabolism of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in rat microsomes was performed. A sensitive assay method has been developed for the detection of metabolites of NNK in microsomes. Only the reduced metabolite of NNK, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanol (NNAL), was detected and measured in a time-course study. Vitamin C-palmitate enhanced the reduction of NNK in a concentration-dependent manner. The results indicate a significant increase in Vmax and K(m) in the presence of vitamin C. However, the rate of formation of NNAL at low substrate concentration varied. The ratio of Vmax to K(m) decreases. The results suggest that the kinetics are accounted for best by an uncompetitive activator binding model at low concentration of vitamin C. The uncompetitive binding model becomes sketchy at higher concentration of vitamin C. These observations infer that vitamin C loosely binds to the substrate-enzyme complex. Furthermore, the nature of the binding would facilitate the modulation of NNK biotransformation leading to the formation of NNAL. The results also show that vitamin C-palmitate is a potent activator of NNK reduction in rat liver microsomes. Thus, vitamin C-palmitate would mediate the metabolism of NNK through reduction. The resulting NNAL-glucuronide is more readily eliminated in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Ram VJ, Goel A. Present status of hepatoprotectants. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1999; 52:53-101. [PMID: 10396126 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8730-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Perpetual exposure of liver to xenobiotics and therapeutic agents leads to toxic manifestations of a complex and diverse nature. Not a single curative therapeutic agent has been found so far which could provide lasting remedy to patients suffering from hepatic disorders. In fact, the remedies available in the modern system of medicine provide only symptomatic relief without any significant changes on the disease process. Moreover, their use is associated with severe side effects and chances of relapses. Except some natural products claimed to be effective, no safe synthetic product is yet available for the management of hepatic disorders. Lack of effective, least toxic and curative hepatoprotectants made the task difficult to discover newer drugs. This review is an attempt to provide an overall view of the development of synthetic and natural products as hepatoprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Ram
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Mizutani T, Murakami M, Shirai M, Tanaka M, Nakanishi K. Metabolism-dependent hepatotoxicity of methimazole in mice depleted of glutathione. J Appl Toxicol 1999; 19:193-8. [PMID: 10362270 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(199905/06)19:3<193::aid-jat553>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Methimazole (MMI) (>0.1 mmol kg(-1), p.o.) given in combination with DL-buthionine sulphoximine (BSO) (3 mmol kg(-1), i.p., 1 h before MMI administration), an inhibitor of glutathione (GSH) synthesis, caused liver injury in mice. The injury was characterized by centrilobular necrosis of hepatocytes and an increase in serum alanine transaminase (ALT) activity. Methionazole (2 mmol kg(-1)) alone resulted in only a marginal increase in serum ALT activity, but produced no histopathological changes in the liver. Pretreatment with hepatic cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase inhibitors--cobalt chloride, isosafrole, methoxsalen, metyrapone and piperonyl butoxide-prevented or tended to suppress the hepatotoxicity induced by MMI in combination with BSO. Treatment with N,N-dimethylaniline and ethyl methyl sulphide, competitive substrates of flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO), also resulted in remarkable suppression of the hepatotoxicity caused by MMI in combination with BSO. These results suggest that MMI is activated by reactions mediated by both cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases and FMO, and that the inadequate rates of detoxification of the resulting metabolite are responsible for the hepatotoxicity in GSH-depleted mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mizutani
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutritional Health, Kyoto Prefectural University, Japan.
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Zhao ZS, Khan S, O'Brien PJ. The prevention of ferric nitrilotriacetate-induced nephro- and hepatotoxicity by methylenedioxybenzene antioxidants. Chem Biol Interact 1997; 108:107-18. [PMID: 9463524 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(97)00103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previously it was shown that methylenedioxybenzenes (MDBs), particularly isosafrole, were highly effective at preventing CCl4-induced liver necrosis in vivo (Z.S. Zhao, P.J. O'Brien, The prevention of CCl4-induced liver necrosis in mice by naturally occurring methylenedioxybenzenes, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 140 (1996) 411-421), probably as a result of forming metabolic intermediate complexes with cytochrome P450. In the following it was shown that pretreatment of mice with isosafrole also completely prevented ferric nitrilotriacetate (FeNTA)-induced renal necrosis and lipid peroxidation, even though metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 is not involved. The naturally occurring or synthetic MDBs that prevented CCl4 hepatotoxicity also prevented hepatocyte lipid peroxidation. induced by FeNTA, but other cytochrome P450 inhibitors were ineffective. These compounds, in decreasing order of antioxidant effectiveness, were sesamol, 4-t-butyl-methylenedioxybenzene, isosafrole, piperonyl butoxide and 4-bromo-methylenedioxybenzene and safrole, whereas, benzodioxole, 3,4-(methylenedioxy)-toluene and 1,2-(methylenedioxy)-4-nitrobenzene were ineffective. Pre-incubating the hepatocytes with P450 inhibitors decreased the protective effects of isosafrole, suggesting that the catecholic metabolites of MDBs were responsible for the antioxidant activity. A greater inhibition of FeNTA-induced lipid peroxidation by catecholic metabolites was observed. Since cytochrome P450 did not participate in FeNTA-induced hepatocyte or microsomal lipid peroxidation, it is likely that the antioxidant properties of MDBs or their catecholic metabolites also contribute to their in vivo protection against CCl4 or FeNTA-induced hepato- or nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z S Zhao
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ont., Canada
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