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Vieira BM, Thurow S, da Costa M, Casaril AM, Domingues M, Schumacher RF, Perin G, Alves D, Savegnago L, Lenardão EJ. Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of 3-Selanyl-1 H-indole and 3-Selanylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Derivatives. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz M. Vieira
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos; Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel; P. O. Box 354, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Samuel Thurow
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos; Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel; P. O. Box 354, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Monaliza da Costa
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos; Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel; P. O. Box 354, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Angela M. Casaril
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Unidade Biotecnologia; Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel; P. O. Box 354, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Micaela Domingues
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Unidade Biotecnologia; Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel; P. O. Box 354, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Ricardo F. Schumacher
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos; Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel; P. O. Box 354, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Gelson Perin
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos; Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel; P. O. Box 354, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos; Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel; P. O. Box 354, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Lucielli Savegnago
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Unidade Biotecnologia; Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel; P. O. Box 354, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Eder J. Lenardão
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos; Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel; P. O. Box 354, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
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Zhang J, Yan H, Löfgren S, Tian X, Lou MF. Ultraviolet radiation-induced cataract in mice: the effect of age and the potential biochemical mechanism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:7276-85. [PMID: 23010639 PMCID: PMC3478038 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the effect of age on the morphologic and biochemical alterations induced by in vivo exposure of ultraviolet radiation (UV). METHODS Young and old C57BL/6 mice were exposed to broadband UVB+UVA and euthanized after 2 days. Another batch of UV-exposed young mice was monitored for changes after 1, 2, 4, and 8 days. Age-matched nonexposed mice served as controls. Lens changes were documented in vivo by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and dark field microscopy photographs ex vivo. Lens homogenates were analyzed for glutathione (GSH) level, and the activities of thioredoxin (Trx), thioltransferase (TTase), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD). Glutathionylated lens proteins (PSSGs) were detected by immunoblotting using GSH antibody. Western blot analysis was also done for the expression levels of TTase and Trx. RESULTS Both age groups developed epithelial and superficial anterior subcapsular cataract at 2 days postexposure. The lens GSH level and G3PD activity were decreased, and PSSGs were elevated in both age groups, but more prominent in the older mice. TTase and Trx activity and protein expression were elevated only in the young mice. Interestingly, lens TTase and Trx in the young mice showed a transient increase, peaking at 2 days after UV exposure and returning to baseline at day 8, corroborated by lens transparency. CONCLUSIONS The lenses of old mice were more susceptible to UV radiation-induced cataract. The upregulated TTase and Trx likely provided oxidation damage repair in the young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; the
| | - Hong Yan
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Stefan Löfgren
- St. Erik's Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; the
| | - Marjorie F. Lou
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; the
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de Guidi G, Bracchitta G, Catalfo A. Photosensitization Reactions of Fluoroquinolones and Their Biological Consequences. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:1214-29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cuquerella MC, Belvedere A, Catalfo A, Miranda MA, Scaiano J, Guidi GD. Effects of bio-compatible metal ions on rufloxacin photochemistry, photophysics and photosensitization: Copper(II). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 101:295-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Atlasz T, Szabadfi K, Kiss P, Marton Z, Griecs M, Hamza L, Gaal V, Biro Z, Tamas A, Hild G, Nyitrai M, Toth G, Reglodi D, Gabriel R. Effects of PACAP in UV-A radiation-induced retinal degeneration models in rats. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:51-7. [PMID: 20521124 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The retina is constantly exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light with different wavelengths, which may lead to chronic UV-induced retinal injury. In our previous studies, we have shown the protective effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) in toxic and ischemic retinal injuries. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of PACAP in UV-A-induced retinal lesion. We used diffuse UV-A radiation (315-400 nm) to induce acute retinal damage over a short period of exposure. Using standard histological (morphological and morphometrical) analysis, we assessed the actions of intravitreal PACAP (100 pmol/5 µl) treatment on acute UV-A-induced retinal damage. We measured the thickness of nuclear and plexiform layers as well as the number of cells in the outer nuclear and inner nuclear layers and in the ganglion cell layer. Outer limiting membrane-inner limiting membrane distances in the cross-section of the retina were also examined. Our results show that UV-A light-induced retinal damage led to severe degeneration in the photoreceptor layer, and in the outer and inner nuclear layers. Alteration in the plexiform layers was also observed. We found that post-irradiation PACAP treatment significantly attenuated the UV-A-induced retinal damage. Our results provide the basis for future clinical application of PACAP treatment in retinal degeneration and may have clinical implications in several ophthalmic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Atlasz
- Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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Lhiaubet-Vallet V, Bosca F, Miranda MA. Photosensitized DNA damage: the case of fluoroquinolones. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:861-8. [PMID: 19320842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on DNA damage photosensitized by the fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibacterial drugs. The in vivo evidence for photocarcinogenesis mediated by FQs is presented in the introduction. The different methods employed for detection of DNA-photodamage mediated by FQs are then summarized, including gel electrophoresis (with whole cells, with isolated DNA and with oligonucleotides) and chromatographic analysis (especially HPLC with electrochemical and MS/MS detection). The chemical mechanisms involved in the formation of the reported lesions are discussed on the basis of product studies and transient spectroscopic evidence. In general, the literature coverage is limited to the last decade, although some earlier citations are also included.
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Ray RS, Agrawal N, Misra RB, Farooq M, Hans RK. Radiation-Inducedin VitroPhototoxic Potential of Some Fluoroquinolones. Drug Chem Toxicol 2008; 29:25-38. [PMID: 16455588 DOI: 10.1080/01480540500408572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizing drugs that can damage cellular biomolecules is a matter of concern. Lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and enoxacin (broad-spectrum antibiotics of fluoroquinolone group) are used for the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections. Phototoxicity and possible mechanism of their action was assessed under the exposure of ambient levels of UV-A, UV-B, and sunlight at a concentration generally used in the treatment of various diseases. Singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide anion radical (O2.-) generation, DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation in human blood were studied. All the fluoroquinolones tested in this study produced 1O2 and O2.- under exposure to UV-A, UV-B, and sunlight depending on the concentrations (0 to 60 microg/mL) of the drugs. Enoxacin showed a higher yield of 1O2 and O2.- than other drugs. These materials also degraded deoxyguanosine and induced lipid peroxidation in vitro under exposure to UV-A, UV-B, and sunlight (depending on the dose of radiation). The formation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the photoexcited drugs may be considered as a possible mechanism of their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Ray
- Photobiology Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow, India
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Fasani E, Profumo A, Albini A. Structure and Medium-Dependent Photodecomposition of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb02527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Sauvaigo S, Douki T, Odin F, Caillat S, Ravanat JL, Cadet J. Analysis of Fluoroquinolone-mediated Photosensitization of 2′-Deoxyguanosine, Calf Thymus and Cellular DNA: Determination of Type-I, Type-II and Triplet-Triplet Energy Transfer Mechanism Contribution¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730230aofmpo2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Catalfo A, Calandra ML, Renis M, Serrentino ME, De Guidi G. Rufloxacin-induced photosensitization in yeast. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:181-9. [PMID: 17277842 DOI: 10.1039/b608238f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fluoroquinolone Rufloxacin (RFX) is active as specific inhibitor of bacterial gyrase. The adverse effects of the photosensitization induced by fluoroquinolones are well known. A predominant type II photosensitizing activity of Rufloxacin has already been demonstrated on simpler models (free nucleosides, calf thymus DNA), whereas a cooperative mechanism was corroborated on more complex ones (plasmid and fibroblast). The purpose of this study is to examine the drug photocytoxicity in another complex cellular model, a wild-type eukaryotic fast-growing microorganism whose cultivation is cheap and easily managed, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This work represents the first report of the potential photogenotoxicity of Rufloxacin. Particular emphasis was given to DNA modifications caused in yeast by the formation of Rufloxacin photomediated toxic species, such as hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde. Drug phototoxicity on yeast was evaluated by measuring DNA fragmentation (single/double strand breaks) using single cell gel electrophoresis assay and 8-OH-dGuo, a DNA photooxidation biomarker, by HPLC-ECD. Cellular sensitivity was also assessed by cell viability test. The extra- and intracellular RFX concentration (as well as its main photoproduct) was verified by HPLC-MS, whereas the cytotoxic species were evaluated by colorimetric assays. The results confirm the phototoxicity of Rufloxacin on yeast cell and are in agreement with those previously obtained with human fibroblast and with simpler models used recently, and provide a clear link between DNA photosensitization and overall phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfio Catalfo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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Catalfo A, Scifo C, Stella S, Belvedere A, Renis M, De Guidi G. Rufloxacin induced photosensitization in bio-models of increasing complexity. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 4:304-14. [PMID: 15739000 DOI: 10.1039/b406908k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rufloxacin belongs to the class of fluoroquinolones that act mainly as specific inhibitors of bacterial Topoisomerase II. These drugs are widely known to be involved in various diseases ranging from cutaneous reactions to aging. The type II photosensitizing activity of Rufloxacin has been already demonstrated on calf thymus DNA and free nucleosides. The aim of this study is to examine in control untreated and UVA irradiated human fibroblasts the modifications on DNA status induced by Rufloxacin added in the culture medium. This allows to investigate the photosensitizing activity of Rufloxacin in a more complex cell model. Fibroblasts, either in the presence or in the absence of Rufloxacin, were exposed to UVA irradiation for different times. An experimental protocol was followed in order to evaluate the amount of single-strand breaks (SSB) and double-strand breaks (DSB) DNA fragmentation by comet assay, and plasmid photocleavage. The presence of oxidized bases was also evaluated using the 8-OH-dGuo test. The comet assay test was also employed to assess cellular repair capacity. The intracellular drug concentration was verified by HPLC-MS. The results confirming the role of Rufloxacin as photosensitizer were: (i) a time-dependent increase in DNA fragmentation when fibroblasts were irradiated in the presence of Rufloxacin; (ii) the efficiency of the cellular repair machinery to be exhaustive after 2 h (whereas no correlation between irradiation time and DNA damage repair was observed with a higher level of DNA fragmentation after shorter irradiation times); (iii) the increased number of cells exhibiting high DNA fragmentation, seen as comets with long tails, was not accompanied by a similar large extent of oxidised DNA base formation, as measured by 8-OH-dGuo analysis; (iv) the double helix SSB, formed in plasmid photosensitization, agreed with the comet assay results, pointing out a good correlation among the cell system and the simpler models used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfio Catalfo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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Fasani E, Mella M, Albini A. Photochemistry of the Phototoxic Drug Lomefloxacin: Paths Observed in the Presence of Amines or NaOH and from the Methyl Ester. European J Org Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Rolston KVI, Vaziri I, Frisbee-Hume S, Streeter H, LeBlanc B. In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Gatifloxacin Compared with Other Quinolones against Clinical Isolates from Cancer Patients. Chemotherapy 2004; 50:214-20. [PMID: 15523180 DOI: 10.1159/000081708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the predominance of gram-positive pathogens in neutropenic cancer patients, newer generation quinolones with an expanded gram-positive spectrum and enhanced potency, may have a role to play for prophylaxis and/or empiric therapy in such patients. The in vitro activity of gatifloxacin was compared with that of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and trovafloxacin against 848 recent clinical isolates from cancer patients. Against gram-positive organisms, gatifloxacin was the most active agent tested inhibiting all Aerococcus, Listeria monocytogens, Micrococcus, Stomatococcus mucilaginous, Bacillus, and Rhodococcus equi strains at < or =2 mg/l, its designated susceptibility breakpoint. It was also very active against methicillin-susceptible staphylococci and Streptococcus spp. (including penicillin nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans streptococci). It had moderate activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci and Enterococcus faecalis, inhibiting 68-80% of these strains at < or =2 mg/l. Gatifloxacin also had good activity against the Enterobacteriaceae (although ciprofloxacin was more potent) inhibiting >95% of isolates at < or =1 mg/l. Nonfermentative gram-negative organisms were less susceptible to all 4 agents. Gatifloxacin was very active against Acinetobacter lwoffi (MIC100 0.12 mg/l) and had moderate activity against Acinetobacter baumanii, Chryseobacterium spp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Pseudomonas species. Alcaligenes xylosoxidans strains were relatively resistant to all 4 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth V I Rolston
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Park HR, Kim TH, Bark KM. Physicochemical properties of quinolone antibiotics in various environments. Eur J Med Chem 2002; 37:443-60. [PMID: 12204471 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(02)01361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The progress and photosensitivity of quinolone antibiotics are briefly described. By the photolysis of nalidixic acid, the loss of -COOH group is observed. The photoreaction of fluoroquinolones involves heterolytic C-F bond fragmentation. The protonation and divalent cation complexation equilibria are also examined. The spectroscopic properties of these drugs are intensively investigated in biological mimetic systems such as AOT reverse micelle, and H(2)O-CH(3)OH and H(2)O-CH(3)CN mixed solvents. For ofloxacin and norfloxacin, the excited-state intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) is observed. So, fluorescence spectra exhibit reverse solvatochromism in mixed solvents. The change of radiative and non-radiative rate constant can also be explained using this ICT. The influence of dielectric effects of solvent is more significant compared with the specific hydrogen bonding interaction. Theoretical treatments support all of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Ryun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Science, Chonnam National University, Kwangju 500-757, South Korea
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Itoh S, Nakayama S, Shimada H. In vitro photochemical clastogenicity of quinolone antibacterial agents studied by a chromosomal aberration test with light irradiation. Mutat Res 2002; 517:113-21. [PMID: 12034313 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(02)00058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical clastogenic potential of 12 quinolone antibacterial agents with or without light irradiation was assessed by an in vitro chromosomal aberration test using cultured CHL cells. Exposure to all test compounds, except for DK-507k, increased the incidence of cells with structural aberrations excluding gap (TA) following light irradiation. Test compounds used in the present study under light irradiation were divided into three groups based on their ED(50) values, doses inducing chromosomal aberrations in 50% of cells. The first group with ED(50) values below 30 microg/ml includes sparfloxacin (SPFX), clinafloxacin (CLFX), gemifloxacin (GMFX), lomefloxacin (LFLX), sitafloxacin (STFX), grepafloxacin (GPFX) and fleroxacin (FLRX); the second group with ED(50) values of 100 microg/ml, enoxacin (ENX) and levofloxacin (LVFX); the third group with little or no potency, moxifloxacin (MFLX), trovafloxacin (TVFX) and DK-507k. The photochemical clastogenicity of these compounds correlates well with their reported in vivo phototoxic potentials. In the chemical structure and clastogenicity relationships, substitution of a methoxy group at the C-8 position in the quinolone nucleus was confirmed to reduce not only photochemical clastogenicity, but also the clastogenic potential of quinolone antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Itoh
- Drug Safety Research Laboratory, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 16-13 Kita-Kasai 1-Chome, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
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Yamamoto T, Tsurumaki Y, Takei M, Hosaka M, Oomori Y. In vitro method for prediction of the phototoxic potentials of fluoroquinolones. Toxicol In Vitro 2001; 15:721-7. [PMID: 11698174 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(01)00089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The phototoxic potential of eight fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, ofloxacin, enoxacin, ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, tosufloxacin, sparfloxacin and gatifloxacin) was evaluated by using three in vitro methods of cytotoxicity against mammalian cells, erythrocyte lysis and DNA strand breakage. All fluoroquinolones tested with the exception of gatifloxacin, an 8-methoxy quinolone, showed DNA strand breaking activities under UV-A irradiation. Their cytotoxicity against HeLa cells was also enhanced by UV-A irradiation. In particular, the phototoxic potential of sparfloxacin, enoxacin and lomefloxacin was high in both methods. Ofloxacin is very photocytotoxic against HeLa cells, while it has low potential to cause DNA strand breakage. Norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enoxacin were very photohemolytic, but sparfloxacin was not, indicating that the in vivo phototoxic potencies of fluoroquinolones might not be predictable by the photohemolysis study. Gatifloxacin, a non-phototoxic quinolone, showed no phototoxic potential in any of these three in vitro tests. These results suggest that determination of DNA strand breaking activity, combined with cytotoxicity against mammalian cells, is available to predict the phototoxic potential of fluoroquinolones without laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamamoto
- Central Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 2399-1, Nogi-Mitarai, Shimotsuga-gun, 329-0114, Tochigi, Japan.
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Fung-Tomc J, Gradelski E, Huczko E, Minassian B, Bonner DP. Activity of gatifloxacin against strains resistant to ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin and its ability to select for less susceptible bacterial variants. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 18:77-80. [PMID: 11463531 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(01)00356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone. On quinolones, this side chain imparts increased activity against Gram-positive bacteria and enhanced killing. Gatifloxacin was tested against ofloxacin non-susceptible (ofloxacin MIC>2 mg/l) strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae (gatifloxacin MIC(90), 1 mg/l) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, gatifloxacin MIC(90), 4 mg/l), and to ciprofloxacin non-susceptible (ciprofloxacin MIC>1 mg/l) strains of Escherichia coli (gatifloxacin MIC(90),>16 mg/l) and ciprofloxacin non-susceptible (ciprofloxacin MIC>0.06 mg/l) Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gatifloxacin MIC(50), 0.12 mg/l and MIC(90), 0.5 mg/l). Though gatifloxacin showed some reduced susceptibility to these populations, the MIC(50) and MIC(90) values suggest that gatifloxacin may be useful against pneumococci and some gonococcal strains not susceptible to other fluoroquinolones. Gatifloxacin did not select for less susceptible variants of MRSA and pneumococci, in contrast to the 10- to 100-fold higher selection frequencies with ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. The single-step E. coli mutants selected by gatifloxacin and the comparator quinolones had quinolone MICs within the susceptible range. These data suggest that gatifloxacin use may hinder the development of quinolone-resistance, particularly in Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fung-Tomc
- Department of Microbiology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, 06492, Wallingford, CT, USA.
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Sauvaigo S, Douki T, Odin F, Caillat S, Ravanat JL, Cadet J. Analysis of fluoroquinolone-mediated photosensitization of 2'-deoxyguanosine, calf thymus and cellular DNA: determination of type-I, type-II and triplet-triplet energy transfer mechanism contribution. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 73:230-7. [PMID: 11281018 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0230:aofmpo>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibacterials are known to exhibit photosensitization properties leading to the formation of oxidative damage to DNA. In addition, photoexcited lomefloxacin (Lome) was recently shown to induce the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers via triplet-triplet energy transfer. The present study is aimed at gaining further insights into the photosensitization mechanisms of several FQ including enoxacin (Enox), Lome, norfloxacin (Norflo) and ofloxacin (Oflo). This was achieved by monitoring the formation of DNA base degradation products upon UVA-mediated photosensitization of 2'-deoxyguanosine, isolated and cellular DNA. Oflo and Norflo act mainly via a Type-II mechanism whereas Lome and, to a lesser extent, Enox behave more like Type-I photosensitizers. However, the extent of oxidative damage was found to be relatively low. In contrast, it was found that cyclobutane thymine dimers represent the major class of damage induced by Enox, Lome and Norflo within isolated and cellular DNA upon UVA irradiation. This striking observation confirms that FQ are able to promote efficient triplet energy transfer to DNA. The levels of photosensitized formation of strand breaks, alkali-labile sites and oxidative damage to cellular DNA, as measured by the comet assay, were confirmed to be rather low. Therefore, we propose that the phototoxic effects of FQ are mostly accounted for energy transfer mechanism rather than by Type-I or -II photosensitization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sauvaigo
- Laboratoire des Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, Département de Recherche Fondamentale sur la Matière Condensée, Grenoble, France
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Bast DJ, de Azavedo JCS. Quinolone Resistance: Older Concepts and Newer Developments. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2001; 3:20-28. [PMID: 11177727 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-001-0055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
New quinolone compounds have been recommended for use in the treatment of respiratory tract infections, particularly pneumonia caused by multi drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Of concern, however, is the recent emergence of pneumococcal isolates with reduced susceptibilities to both old and new quinolone compounds. This necessitates the employment of quinolone-use strategies aimed at restricting the emergence of resistance, to extend the effectiveness of this very important class of antibacterial agents. This article provides a comprehensive review of the recent discoveries in type II topoisomerase/quinolone structure-function relationships. It also addresses new insights into the mechanisms of quinolone resistance, the predicted trends in quinolone resistance, and possible strategies for quinolone use against S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrin J. Bast
- Department of Microbiology, Toronto Medical Laboratories, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
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20
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Drug-induced skin phototoxicity: lessons from the fluoroquinolones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1568-461x(01)80052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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21
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Fung-Tomc J, Minassian B, Kolek B, Washo T, Huczko E, Bonner D. In vitro antibacterial spectrum of a new broad-spectrum 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone, gatifloxacin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 45:437-46. [PMID: 10747819 DOI: 10.1093/jac/45.4.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro antibacterial spectrum of gatifloxacin was compared with those of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Gatifloxacin was two- to four-fold more potent than comparator quinolones against staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci and enterococci (gatifloxacin MIC90s, < or =1 mg/L, except 4 mg/L against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium). Gatifloxacin was two-fold less potent than ciprofloxacin, and the same as or two-fold more potent than ofloxacin against Enterobacteriaceae (MIC90s, 0.06-0.5 mg/L against most members of the Enterobacteriaceae and < or =1 mg/L against Proteus/Morganella spp.). Relative to the comparator quinolones, gatifloxacin was two- to four-fold more potent against Providencia spp., and had good potency against Acinetobacter spp. (MIC90s, 0.25-1 mg/L). Gatifloxacin and ofloxacin had similar anti-pseudomonal potency, with corresponding MIC90s of 4, 8 and 0.25 mg/L for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas stutzeri, while ciprofloxacin had two- to eight-fold more potency. The three quinolones were equipotent against Burkholderia cepacia (MIC90s, 8 mg/L), but gatifloxacin was two-fold more potent against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (MIC90, 4 mg/L). Gatifloxacin was highly potent (MIC90s, 0.03-0.06 mg/L) against Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella spp., Helicobacter pylori and had at least eight-fold better anti-chlamydial and anti-mycoplasma potency (gatifloxacin MIC90s, 0.13 mg/L). The higher quinolone MICs for ureaplasma (MIC90s, 4-8 mg/L) may be due to the acidic pH of the ureaplasma test medium, which antagonizes quinolones. Like other quinolones, gatifloxacin had poor potency against Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, though it was eight- to 16-fold more potent against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC90, 0.25 mg/L). Of the three quinolones, only gatifloxacin had activity against Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium difficile. In summary, gatifloxacin is a broad-spectrum 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone that is more potent than ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin against Gram-positive bacteria, chlamydia, mycoplasma, mycobacteria and anaerobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fung-Tomc
- Department of Microbiology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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22
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Kersten B, Zhang J, Brendler-Schwaab SY, Kasper P, Müller L. The application of the micronucleus test in Chinese hamster V79 cells to detect drug-induced photogenotoxicity. Mutat Res 1999; 445:55-71. [PMID: 10521691 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(99)00143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports on the photochemical carcinogenicity and photochemical genotoxicity of fluoroquinolone antibacterials led to an increasing awareness for the need of a standard approach to test for photochemical genotoxicity. In this study the micronucleus test using V79 cells was adapted to photogenotoxicity testing. Results of using different UVA/UVB relationships enabled us to identify a suitable irradiation regimen for the activation of different kinds of photosensitizers. Using this regimen, 8-methoxypsoralen and the fluoroquinolones lomefloxacin, grepafloxacin and Bay Y 3118 were identified to cause micronuclei and toxicity upon photochemical activation. Among the phenothiazines tested, chlorpromazine and 2-chlorophenothiazine, were positive for both endpoints, whereas triflupromazine was only slightly photoclastogenic in the presence of strong phototoxicity. Among the other potential human photosensitizers tested (oxytetracycline, doxycycline, metronidazole, emodin, hypericin, griseofulvin), only hypericin was slightly photogenotoxic. Photochemical toxicity in the absence of photochemical genotoxicity was noted for doxycycline and emodin. With the assay system described, it is possible to determine photochemical toxicity and photochemical genotoxicity concomitantly with sufficient reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kersten
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Seestrasse 10, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.
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