1
|
Zhang Z, Fang Q, Xie T, Gong X. Mechanism of ceramide synthase inhibition by fumonisin B 1. Structure 2024:S0969-2126(24)00220-X. [PMID: 38964337 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Ceramide synthases (CerSs) play crucial roles in sphingolipid metabolism and have emerged as promising drug targets for metabolic diseases, cancers, and antifungal therapy. However, the therapeutic targeting of CerSs has been hindered by a limited understanding of their inhibition mechanisms by small molecules. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) has been extensively studied as a potent inhibitor of eukaryotic CerSs. In this study, we characterize the inhibition mechanism of FB1 on yeast CerS (yCerS) and determine the structures of both FB1-bound and N-acyl-FB1-bound yCerS. Through our structural analysis and the observation of N-acylation of FB1 by yCerS, we propose a potential ping-pong catalytic mechanism for FB1 N-acylation by yCerS. Lastly, we demonstrate that FB1 exhibits lower binding affinity for yCerS compared to the C26- coenzyme A (CoA) substrate, suggesting that the potent inhibitory effect of FB1 on yCerS may primarily result from the N-acyl-FB1 catalyzed by yCerS, rather than through direct binding of FB1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zike Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Molecular Design, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Qi Fang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Molecular Design, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Molecular Design, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Xin Gong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Molecular Design, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ali O, Szabó A. Fumonisin distorts the cellular membrane lipid profile: A mechanistic insight. Toxicology 2024; 506:153860. [PMID: 38871209 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring modifications in membrane lipids in association with external stimuli/agents, including fumonisins (FUMs), is a widely employed approach to assess cellular metabolic response/status. FUMs are prevalent fusariotoxins worldwide that have diverse structures with varying toxicity across species; nevertheless, they can induce metabolic disturbances and disease, including cancer. The capacity of FUMs to disrupt membrane lipids, demonstrated across numerous species and organs/tissues, is ascribed to a multitude of factors/events, which range from direct to indirect effects. Certain events are well established, whereas the potential consequences of others remain speculative. The most notable effect is their resemblance to sphingoid bases, which impacts the synthesis of ceramides leading to numerous changes in lipids' composition that are not limited to sphingolipids' composition of the membranes. The next plausible scenario involves the induction of oxidative stress, which is considered an indirect/secondary effect of FUMs. Additional modes of action include modifications of enzyme activities and nuclear signals related to lipid metabolism, although these are likely not yet fully comprehended. This review provides in-depth insight into the current state of these events and their potential mechanistic actions in modifying membrane lipids, with a focus on long-chain fatty acids. This paper also presents a detailed description of the reported modifications to membrane lipids by FUMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omeralfaroug Ali
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, Kaposvár 7400, Hungary.
| | - András Szabó
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, Kaposvár 7400, Hungary; HUN-REN-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, Kaposvár 7400, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Riedel S, Abel S, Burger HM, Swanevelder S, Gelderblom WCA. Fumonisin B 1 protects against long-chained polyunsaturated fatty acid-induced cell death in HepG2 cells - implications for cancer promotion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184310. [PMID: 38479610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2024.184310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a food-borne mycotoxin, is a cancer promoter in rodent liver and augments proliferation of initiated cells while inhibiting the growth of normal hepatocytes by disrupting lipid biosynthesis at various levels. HepG2 cancer cells exhibited resistance to FB1-induced toxic effects presumably due to their low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) even though FB1-typical lipid changes were observed, e.g. significantly increased phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), decreased sphingomyelin and cholesterol content, increased sphinganine (Sa) and sphinganine/sphingosine ratio, increased C18:1ω-9, decreased C20:4ω-6 content in PE and decreased C20:4ω-6_PC/PE ratio. Increasing PUFA content of HepG2 cells with phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles containing C20:4ω-6 (SAPC) or C22:6ω-3 (SDPC) disrupted cell survival, cellular redox status and induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. A partially protective effect of FB1 was evident in PUFA-enriched HepG2 cells which may be related to the FB1-induced reduction in oxidative stress and the disruption of key cell membrane constituents indicative of a resistant lipid phenotype. Interactions between different ω-6 and ω-3 PUFA, membrane constituents including cholesterol, and the glycerophospho- and sphingolipids and FB1 in this cell model provide further support for the resistant lipid phenotype and its role in the complex cellular effects underlying the cancer promoting potential of the fumonisins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Riedel
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Centre for Cardiometabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
| | - Stefan Abel
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Hester-Mari Burger
- Unit of Research Integrity, Research Directorate, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Sonja Swanevelder
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | - Wentzel C A Gelderblom
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng C, Lv S, Ye J, Zou L, Zhu K, Li H, Dong Y, Li L. Metabolomic Insights into the Mechanisms of Ganoderic Acid: Protection against α-Amanitin-Induced Liver Injury. Metabolites 2023; 13:1164. [PMID: 37999259 PMCID: PMC10672867 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13111164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Amanitin is a representative toxin found in the Amanita genus of mushrooms, and the consumption of mushrooms containing α-Amanitin can lead to severe liver damage. In this study, we conduct toxicological experiments to validate the protective effects of Ganoderic acid A against α-amanitin-induced liver damage. By establishing animal models with different durations of Ganoderic acid A treatment and conducting a metabolomic analysis of the serum samples, we further confirmed the differences in serum metabolites between the AMA+GA and AMA groups. The analysis of differential serum metabolites after the Ganoderic acid A intervention suggests that Ganoderic acid A may intervene in α-amanitin-induced liver damage by participating in the regulation of retinol metabolism, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, sphingosine biosynthesis, spermidine and spermine biosynthesis, and branched-chain amino acid metabolism. This provides initial insights into the protective intervention mechanisms of GA against α-amanitin-induced liver damage and offers new avenues for the development of therapeutic drugs for α-Amanitin poisoning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zheng
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang 550004, China; (C.Z.)
| | - Shaofang Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jianfang Ye
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang 550004, China; (C.Z.)
| | - Lu Zou
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang 550004, China; (C.Z.)
| | - Kai Zhu
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang 550004, China; (C.Z.)
| | - Haichang Li
- Guiyang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Yongxi Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lei Li
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang 550004, China; (C.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Sun J, Zhang M, Pan K, Liu T, Zhang T, Luo X, Zhao J, Li Z. Detoxification of Fumonisins by Three Novel Transaminases with Diverse Enzymatic Characteristics Coupled with Carboxylesterase. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020416. [PMID: 36673508 PMCID: PMC9858248 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin (FB) is one of the most common mycotoxins contaminating feed and food, causing severe public health threat to human and animals worldwide. Until now, only several transaminases were found to reduce FB toxicity, thus, more fumonisin detoxification transaminases with excellent catalytic properties required urgent exploration for complex application conditions. Herein, through gene mining and enzymatic characterization, three novel fumonisin detoxification transaminases-FumTSTA, FumUPTA, FumPHTA-were identified, sharing only 61-74% sequence identity with reported fumonisin detoxification transaminases. Moreover, the recombinant proteins shared diverse pH reaction ranges, good pH stability and thermostability, and the recombinant protein yields were also improved by condition optimum. Furthermore, the final products were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. This study provides ideal candidates for fumonisin detoxification and meets diverse required demands in food and feed industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Junhao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Kungang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tianhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Junqi Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhongyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (Z.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Investigation of the Genotoxic Potential of the Marine Toxin C17-SAMT Using the In Vivo Comet and Micronucleus Assays. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100619. [PMID: 36286443 PMCID: PMC9604968 DOI: 10.3390/md20100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The contaminant responsible for the atypical toxicity reported in mussels from Bizerte Lagoon (Northern Tunisia) during the last decade has been characterized as C17-sphinganine analog mycotoxin (C17-SAMT). This neurotoxin showed common mouse toxic symptoms, including flaccid paralysis and severe dyspnea, followed by rapid death. For hazard assessment on human health, in this work we aimed to evaluate the in vivo genotoxic effects of this marine biotoxin using the classical alkaline and modified Fpg comet assays performed to detect DNA breaks and alkali-labile sites as well as oxidized bases. The micronucleus assay was used on bone marrow to detect chromosome and genome damage. C17-SAMT induces a statistically insignificant increase in DNA tail intensity at all doses in the duodenum, and in the spleen contrary to the liver, the percentage of tail DNA increased significantly at the mid dose of 300 µg/kg b.w/d. C17-SAMT did not affect the number of micronuclei in the bone marrow. Microscopic observations of the liver showed an increase in the number of mitosis and hepatocytes' cytoplasm clarification. At this level of study, we confirm that C17-SAMT induced DNA damage in the liver but there was no evidence of effects causing DNA oxidation or chromosome and genome damage.
Collapse
|
7
|
Artasasta MA, Yanwirasti Y, Taher M, Djamaan A, Ariantari NP, Edrada-Ebel RA, Handayani D. Apoptotic Activity of New Oxisterigmatocystin Derivatives from the Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus nomius NC06. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:631. [PMID: 34822502 PMCID: PMC8621937 DOI: 10.3390/md19110631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponge-derived fungi have recently attracted attention as an important source of interesting bioactive compounds. Aspergillus nomius NC06 was isolated from the marine sponge Neopetrosia chaliniformis. This fungus was cultured on rice medium and yielded four compounds including three new oxisterigmatocystins, namely, J, K, and L (1, 2, and 3), and one known compound, aspergillicin A (4). Structures of the compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The isolated compounds were tested for cytotoxic activity against HT 29 colon cancer cells, where compounds 1, 2, and 4 exhibited IC50 values of 6.28, 15.14, and 1.63 µM, respectively. Under the fluorescence microscope by using a double staining method, HT 29 cells were observed to be viable, apoptotic, and necrotic after treatment with the cytotoxic compounds 1, 2, and 4. The result shows that compounds 1 and 2 were able to induce apoptosis and cell death in HT 29 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muh. Ade Artasasta
- Laboratory of Sumatran Biota, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia; (M.A.A.); (A.D.)
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang (UM), Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Yanwirasti Yanwirasti
- Departement of Biomedical, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia;
| | - Muhammad Taher
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia;
| | - Akmal Djamaan
- Laboratory of Sumatran Biota, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia; (M.A.A.); (A.D.)
| | - Ni Putu Ariantari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Bali 80361, Indonesia;
| | - Ru Angelie Edrada-Ebel
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, The John Arbuthnott Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK;
| | - Dian Handayani
- Laboratory of Sumatran Biota, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia; (M.A.A.); (A.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Molina-Pintor I, Rojas-García A, Medina-Díaz I, Barrón-Vivanco B, Bernal-Hernández Y, Ortega-Cervantes L, Ramos A, Herrera-Moreno J, González-Arias C. An update on genotoxic and epigenetic studies of fumonisin B1. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins (FBs), a widespread group of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp., are natural contaminants in cereals and foodstuffs. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most toxic and prevalent mycotoxin of this group, and it has been reported that FB1 accounts for 70-80% of FBs produced by the mycotoxigenic strains. The mode of action of FB1 depends on the structural similarity with sphinganine/sphingosine N-acyltransferase. This fact causes an accumulation of sphingoid bases and blocks the sphingolipid biosynthesis or the function of sphingolipids. Diverse toxic effects and diseases such as hepatocarcinogenicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and cytotoxicity have been reported, and diseases like leukoencephalomalacia in horses and pulmonary oedema in horses and swine have been described. In humans, FBs have been associated with oesophageal cancer, liver cancer, neural tube defects, and infantile growth delay. However, despite the International Agency for Research on Cancer designated FB1 as a possibly carcinogenic to humans, its genotoxicity and epigenetic properties have not been clearly elucidated. This review aims to summarise the progress in research about the genotoxic and epigenetics effects of FB1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I.B. Molina-Pintor
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Los fresnos s/n. Tepic, Nayarit C.P. 63155, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - A.E. Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Los fresnos s/n. Tepic, Nayarit C.P. 63155, México
| | - I.M. Medina-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Los fresnos s/n. Tepic, Nayarit C.P. 63155, México
| | - B.S. Barrón-Vivanco
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Los fresnos s/n. Tepic, Nayarit C.P. 63155, México
| | - Y.Y. Bernal-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Los fresnos s/n. Tepic, Nayarit C.P. 63155, México
| | - L. Ortega-Cervantes
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Los fresnos s/n. Tepic, Nayarit C.P. 63155, México
| | - A.J. Ramos
- Food Technology Department, Lleida University, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, 25198, Spain
| | - J.F. Herrera-Moreno
- Laboratory of Precision Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 630 west 168th Street, P&S Building Room 16-416, New York, NY, USA
| | - C.A. González-Arias
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Los fresnos s/n. Tepic, Nayarit C.P. 63155, México
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Food-Origin Mycotoxin-Induced Neurotoxicity: Intend to Break the Rules of Neuroglia Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9967334. [PMID: 34621467 PMCID: PMC8492254 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9967334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are key risk factors in human food and animal feed. Most of food-origin mycotoxins could easily enter the organism and evoke systemic toxic effects, such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisin B1 (FB1), and 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA). For the last decade, the researches have provided much evidences in vivo and in vitro that the brain is an important target organ on mycotoxin-mediated neurotoxic phenomenon and neurodegenerative diseases. As is known to all, glial cells are the best regulator and defender of neurons, and a few evaluations about the effects of mycotoxins on glial cells such as astrocytes or microglia have been conducted. The fact that mycotoxin contamination may be a key factor in neurotoxicity and glial dysfunction is exactly the reason why we reviewed the activation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function changes of glial cells under mycotoxin infection and summarized the mycotoxin-mediated glial cell proliferation disorders, death pathways, and inflammatory responses. The purpose of this paper is to analyze various pathways in which common food-derived mycotoxins can induce glial toxicity and provide a novel perspective for future research on the neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
10
|
Paul S, Jakhar R, Bhardwaj M, Chauhan AK, Kang SC. Fumonisin B1 induces poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymer-mediated cell death (parthanatos) in neuroblastoma. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 154:112326. [PMID: 34111490 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a well-known mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. and has a wide range of dose-dependent toxic effects, including nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. This research illustrated that FB1 exerts its toxicity in the neuroblastoma cell line through a distinct cell-death pathway called parthanatos. FB1 can cause excessive DNA strand breaks, leading to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) overactivation and cell death. In this study, we used 50 μM FB1-treated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to elucidate the signaling pathway of FB1-induced parthanatos. We observed that FB1-induced cell death is caspase-independent and accompanied by rapid activation of PARP-1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and intracellular calcium increase. FB1 treatment also increased endoplasmic reticulum stress due to the rapid increase of calcium ions and ROS levels. In addition, FB1 induced massive DNA damage and chromatin decondensation. We also observed that apoptosis-inducing factor nuclear translocation and PAR accumulation were associated with the necroptosis signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Souren Paul
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave NE, Austin, MN, 55912, USA; Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Kyoungsan, Kyoungbook, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Rekha Jakhar
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Kyoungsan, Kyoungbook, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Monika Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Kyoungsan, Kyoungbook, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Anil Kumar Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Kyoungsan, Kyoungbook, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Kyoungsan, Kyoungbook, 38453, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Arumugam T, Ghazi T, Chuturgoon AA. Molecular and epigenetic modes of Fumonisin B 1 mediated toxicity and carcinogenesis and detoxification strategies. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:76-94. [PMID: 33605189 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1881040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a natural contaminant of agricultural commodities that has displayed a myriad of toxicities in animals. Moreover, it is known to be a hepatorenal carcinogen in rodents and may be associated with oesophageal and hepatocellular carcinomas in humans. The most well elucidated mode of FB1-mediated toxicity is its disruption of sphingolipid metabolism; however, enhanced oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and alterations in immune response may also play a role in its toxicity and carcinogenicity. Alterations to the host epigenome may impact on the toxic and carcinogenic response to FB1. Seeing that the contamination of FB1 in food poses a considerable risk to human and animal health, a great deal of research has focused on new methods to prevent and attenuate FB1-induced toxic consequences. The focus of the present review is on the molecular and epigenetic interactions of FB1 as well as recent research involving FB1 detoxification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thilona Arumugam
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Terisha Ghazi
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gonkowski S, Gajęcka M, Makowska K. Mycotoxins and the Enteric Nervous System. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070461. [PMID: 32707706 PMCID: PMC7404981 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various fungal species. They are commonly found in a wide range of agricultural products. Mycotoxins contained in food enter living organisms and may have harmful effects on many internal organs and systems. The gastrointestinal tract, which first comes into contact with mycotoxins present in food, is particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of these toxins. One of the lesser-known aspects of the impact of mycotoxins on the gastrointestinal tract is the influence of these substances on gastrointestinal innervation. Therefore, the present study is the first review of current knowledge concerning the influence of mycotoxins on the enteric nervous system, which plays an important role, not only in almost all regulatory processes within the gastrointestinal tract, but also in adaptive and protective reactions in response to pathological and toxic factors in food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Self-Protection against the Sphingolipid Biosynthesis Inhibitor Fumonisin B 1 Is Conferred by a FUM Cluster-Encoded Ceramide Synthase. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00455-20. [PMID: 32546615 PMCID: PMC7298705 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00455-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin (FB) mycotoxins produced by species of the genus Fusarium detrimentally affect human and animal health upon consumption, due to the inhibition of ceramide synthase. In the present work, we set out to identify mechanisms of self-protection employed by the FB1 producer Fusarium verticillioides FB1 biosynthesis was shown to be compartmentalized, and two cluster-encoded self-protection mechanisms were identified. First, the ATP-binding cassette transporter Fum19 acts as a repressor of the FUM gene cluster. Appropriately, FUM19 deletion and overexpression increased and decreased, respectively, the levels of intracellular and secreted FB1 Second, the cluster genes FUM17 and FUM18 were shown to be two of five ceramide synthase homologs in Fusarium verticillioides, grouping into the two clades CS-I and CS-II in a phylogenetic analysis. The ability of FUM18 to fully complement the yeast ceramide synthase null mutant LAG1/LAC1 demonstrated its functionality, while coexpression of FUM17 and CER3 partially complemented, likely via heterodimer formation. Cell viability assays revealed that Fum18 contributes to the fungal self-protection against FB1 and increases resistance by providing FUM cluster-encoded ceramide synthase activity.IMPORTANCE The biosynthesis of fungal natural products is highly regulated not only in terms of transcription and translation but also regarding the cellular localization of the biosynthetic pathway. In all eukaryotes, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in the production of organelles, which are subject to cellular traffic or secretion. Here, we show that in Fusarium verticillioides, early steps in fumonisin production take place in the ER, together with ceramide biosynthesis, which is targeted by the mycotoxin. A first level of self-protection is given by the presence of a FUM cluster-encoded ceramide synthase, Fum18, hitherto uncharacterized. In addition, the final fumonisin biosynthetic step occurs in the cytosol and is thereby spatially separate from the fungal ceramide synthases. We suggest that these strategies help the fungus to avoid self-poisoning during mycotoxin production.
Collapse
|
14
|
Carreira AC, Santos TC, Lone MA, Zupančič E, Lloyd-Evans E, de Almeida RFM, Hornemann T, Silva LC. Mammalian sphingoid bases: Biophysical, physiological and pathological properties. Prog Lipid Res 2019:100995. [PMID: 31445071 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sphingoid bases encompass a group of long chain amino alcohols which form the essential structure of sphingolipids. Over the last years, these amphiphilic molecules were moving more and more into the focus of biomedical research due to their role as bioactive molecules. In fact, free sphingoid bases interact with specific receptors and target molecules and have been associated with numerous biological and physiological processes. In addition, they can modulate the biophysical properties of biological membranes. Several human diseases are related to pathological changes in the structure and metabolism of sphingoid bases. Yet, the mechanisms underlying their biological and pathophysiological actions remain elusive. Within this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the biochemical and biophysical properties of the most common sphingoid bases and to discuss their importance in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Carreira
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB) e Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - T C Santos
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Química-Física Molecular - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CQFM-IN) and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M A Lone
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Zupančič
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - E Lloyd-Evans
- Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - R F M de Almeida
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB) e Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - T Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L C Silva
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Química-Física Molecular - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CQFM-IN) and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Riley RT, Merrill AH. Ceramide synthase inhibition by fumonisins: a perfect storm of perturbed sphingolipid metabolism, signaling, and disease. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1183-1189. [PMID: 31048407 PMCID: PMC6602133 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.s093815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins are mycotoxins that cause diseases of plants and, when consumed by animals, can damage liver, kidney, lung, brain, and other organs, alter immune function, and cause developmental defects and cancer. They structurally resemble sphingolipids (SLs), and studies nearly 30 years ago discovered that the most prevalent fumonisin [fumonisin B1 (FB1)] potently inhibits ceramide synthases (CerSs), enzymes that use fatty acyl-CoAs to N-acylate sphinganine (Sa), sphingosine (So), and other sphingoid bases. CerS inhibition by FB1 triggers a "perfect storm" of perturbations in structural and signaling SLs that include: reduced formation of dihydroceramides, ceramides, and complex SLs; elevated Sa and So and their 1-phosphates, novel 1-deoxy-sphingoid bases; and alteration of additional lipid metabolites from interrelated pathways. Moreover, because the initial enzyme of sphingoid base biosynthesis remains active (sometimes with increased activity), the impact is multiplied by the continued production of damaging metabolites. Evidence from many studies, including characterization of knockout mice for specific CerSs and analyses of human blood (which found that FB1 intake is associated with elevated Sa 1-phosphate), has consistently pointed to CerS as the proximate target of FB1 It is also apparent that the changes in multiple bioactive lipids and related biologic processes account for the ensuing spectrum of animal and plant disease. Thus, the diseases caused by fumonisins can be categorized as "sphingolipidoses" (in these cases, due to defective SL biosynthesis), and the lessons learned about the consequences of CerS inhibition should be borne in mind when contemplating other naturally occurring and synthetic compounds (and genetic manipulations) that interfere with SL metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald T Riley
- College of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Alfred H Merrill
- School of Biological Sciences and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Carreira AC, Santos TC, Lone MA, Zupančič E, Lloyd-Evans E, de Almeida RFM, Hornemann T, Silva LC. Mammalian sphingoid bases: Biophysical, physiological and pathological properties. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 75:100988. [PMID: 31132366 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sphingoid bases encompass a group of long chain amino alcohols which form the essential structure of sphingolipids. Over the last years, these amphiphilic molecules were moving more and more into the focus of biomedical research due to their role as bioactive molecules. In fact, free sphingoid bases interact with specific receptors and target molecules, and have been associated with numerous biological and physiological processes. In addition, they can modulate the biophysical properties of biological membranes. Several human diseases are related to pathological changes in the structure and metabolism of sphingoid bases. Yet, the mechanisms underlying their biological and pathophysiological actions remain elusive. Within this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the biochemical and biophysical properties of the most common sphingoid bases and to discuss their importance in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Carreira
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal; Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB) e Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal; Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - T C Santos
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal; Centro de Química-Física Molecular - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CQFM-IN), IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M A Lone
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Zupančič
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal
| | - E Lloyd-Evans
- Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - R F M de Almeida
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB) e Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - T Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L C Silva
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal; Centro de Química-Física Molecular - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CQFM-IN), IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Goins L, Spassieva S. Sphingoid bases and their involvement in neurodegenerative diseases. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 70:65-73. [PMID: 30377075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sphingoid bases (also known as long-chain bases) form the backbone of sphingolipids. Sphingolipids comprise a large group of lipid molecules, which function as the building blocks of biological membranes and play important signaling and regulatory roles within cells. The roles of sphingoid bases in neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration have yet to be fully elucidated, as they are complex and multi-faceted. This comprises a new frontier of research that may provide us with important clues regarding their involvement in neurological health and disease. This paper explores various neurological diseases and conditions which result when the metabolism of sphingoid bases and some of their derivatives, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate and psychosine, becomes compromised due to the inhibition or mutation of key enzymes. Dysregulation of sphingoid base metabolism very often manifests with neurological symptoms, as sphingolipids are highly enriched in the nervous system, where they play important signaling and regulatory roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Goins
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stefka Spassieva
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dellafiora L, Galaverna G, Dall’Asta C. Mechanisms of Fumonisin B1 Toxicity: A Computational Perspective beyond the Ceramide Synthases Inhibition. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1203-1212. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall’Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Knutsen HK, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Dall'Asta C, Gutleb AC, Humpf HU, Galli C, Metzler M, Oswald IP, Parent-Massin D, Binaglia M, Steinkellner H, Alexander J. Appropriateness to set a group health-based guidance value for fumonisins and their modified forms. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05172. [PMID: 32625807 PMCID: PMC7009576 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) for fumonisin B1 (FB 1) of 1.0 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day based on increased incidence of megalocytic hepatocytes found in a chronic study with mice. The CONTAM Panel considered the limited data available on toxicity and mode of action and structural similarities of FB 2-6 and found it appropriate to include FB 2, FB 3 and FB 4 in a group TDI with FB 1. Modified forms of FBs are phase I and phase II metabolites formed in fungi, infested plants or farm animals. Modified forms also arise from food or feed processing, and include covalent adducts with matrix constituents. Non-covalently bound forms are not considered as modified forms. Modified forms of FBs identified are hydrolysed FB 1-4 (HFB 1-4), partially hydrolysed FB 1-2 (pHFB 1-2), N-(carboxymethyl)-FB 1-3 (NCM-FB 1-3), N-(1-deoxy-d-fructos-1-yl)-FB 1 (NDF-FB 1), O-fatty acyl FB 1, N-fatty acyl FB 1 and N-palmitoyl-HFB 1. HFB 1, pHFB 1, NCM-FB 1 and NDF-FB 1 show a similar toxicological profile but are less potent than FB 1. Although in vitro data shows that N-fatty acyl FBs are more toxic in vitro than FB 1, no in vivo data were available for N-fatty acyl FBs and O-fatty acyl FBs. The CONTAM Panel concluded that it was not appropriate to include modified FBs in the group TDI for FB 1-4. The uncertainty associated with the present assessment is high, but could be reduced provided more data are made available on occurrence, toxicokinetics and toxicity of FB 2-6 and modified forms of FB 1-4.
Collapse
|
20
|
Sands SA, LeVine SM. Substrate reduction therapy for Krabbe's disease. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:1261-72. [PMID: 27638608 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Krabbe's disease (KD) is a lysosomal storage disorder in which galactosylceramide, a major glycosphingolipid of myelin, and psychosine (galactose-sphingosine) cannot be adequately metabolized because of a deficiency in galactosylceramidase. Substrate reduction therapy (SRT) has been tested in preclinical studies. The premise of SRT is to reduce the synthesis of substrates that are not adequately digested so that the substrate burden is lowered, resulting in less accumulation of unmetabolized material. SRT is used for Gaucher's disease, in which inhibitors of the terminal biosynthetic step are used. Unfortunately, an inhibitor for the final step of galactosylceramide biosynthesis, i.e., UDP glycosyltransferase 8 (a.k.a. UDP-galactose ceramide galactosyltransferase), has not been found. Approaches that inhibit an earlier biosynthetic step or that lessen the substrate burden by other means, such as genetic manipulations, have been tested in the twitcher mouse model of KD. Either as a stand-alone therapy or in combination with other approaches, SRT slowed the disease course, indicating that this approach has potential therapeutic value. For instance, in individuals with adult-onset disease, SRT theoretically could lessen the production of substrates so that residual enzymatic activity could adequately manage the lower substrate burden. In more severe forms of disease, SRT theoretically could be part of a combination therapy. However, SRT has the potential to impair normal function by reducing the synthesis of galactosylceramide to levels that impede myelin function, or SRT could have other deleterious effects. Thus, multiple issues need to be resolved before this approach is ready for testing in humans. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Sands
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Steven M LeVine
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qin X, Zhang RX, Ge S, Zhou T, Liang YK. Sphingosine kinase AtSPHK1 functions in fumonisin B1-triggered cell death in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 119:70-80. [PMID: 28846870 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The fungal toxin Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a strong inducer to trigger plant hypersensitive responses (HR) along with increased long chain bases (LCB) and long chain base phosphates (LCBP) contents, though the regulatory mechanism of FB1 action and how the LCB/LCBP signalling cassette functions during the process is still not fully understood. Here, we report sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) as a key factor in FB1-induced HR by modulating the salicylic acid (SA) pathway and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Overexpression of SPHK1 increases the FB1-induced accumulations of ROS and SA. The double mutant that simultaneously overexpresses SPHK1 and suppresses the SPPASE or DPL1, two enzymes are mainly responsible for Phyto-sphingosine-1-phosphate (Phyto-S1P) removal, showed enhanced susceptibility to FB1 killing and FB1-induced SA activation than the plants overexpress SPHK1 alone. Exogenous sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) can modulate the transcription of the SA-responsive marker gene PR1 in a concentration-dependent biphasic manner. Suppression of SPHK1 decreases SA production whereas promotes jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis in response to FB1 applications. Our findings indicate a role of SPHK1 in modulating FB1-triggered cell death via SA and JA pathway interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ruo-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shengchao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vendruscolo CP, Frias NC, de Carvalho CB, de Sá LRM, Belli CB, Baccarin RYA. Leukoencephalomalacia Outbreak in Horses due to Consumption of Contaminated Hay. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1879-1881. [PMID: 27744651 PMCID: PMC5115199 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C P Vendruscolo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - N C Frias
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C B de Carvalho
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - L R M de Sá
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C B Belli
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R Y A Baccarin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rösler SM, Sieber CMK, Humpf HU, Tudzynski B. Interplay between pathway-specific and global regulation of the fumonisin gene cluster in the rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5869-82. [PMID: 26966024 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The rice pathogenic fungus Fusarium fujikuroi is known to produce a large variety of secondary metabolites. Besides the gibberellins, causing the bakanae effect in infected rice seedlings, the fungus produces several mycotoxins and pigments. Among the 47 putative secondary metabolite gene clusters identified in the genome of F. fujikuroi, the fumonisin gene cluster (FUM) shows very high homology to the FUM cluster of the main fumonisin producer Fusarium verticillioides, a pathogen of maize. Despite the high level of cluster gene conservation, total fumonisin FB1 and FB2 levels (FBx) produced by F. fujikuroi were only 1-10 % compared to F. verticillioides under inducing conditions. Nitrogen repression was found to be relevant for wild-type strains of both species. However, addition of germinated maize kernels activated the FBx production only in F. verticillioides, reflecting the different host specificity of both wild-type strains. Over-expression of the pathway-specific transcription factor Fum21 in F. fujikuroi strongly activated the FUM cluster genes leading to 1000-fold elevated FBx levels. To gain further insights into the nitrogen metabolite repression of FBx biosynthesis, we studied the impact of the global nitrogen regulators AreA and AreB and demonstrated that both GATA-type transcription factors are essential for full activation of the FUM gene cluster. Loss of one of them obstructs the pathway-specific transcription factor Fum21 to fully activate expression of FUM cluster genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Rösler
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian M K Sieber
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,DOE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
De Ruyck K, De Boevre M, Huybrechts I, De Saeger S. Dietary mycotoxins, co-exposure, and carcinogenesis in humans: Short review. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 766:32-41. [PMID: 26596546 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites of fungi, affect global agriculture so prolifically that they are virtually ubiquitous at some concentration in the average human diet. Studies of in vitro and in vivo toxicity are discussed, leading to investigations of co-exposed mycotoxins, as well as carcinogenic effects. Some of the most common and toxicologically significant mycotoxins, such as the aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, patulin, zearalenone, and some ergot alkaloids are outlined. The wide variety of pathogenic mechanisms these compounds employ are shown capable of inducing a complex set of interactions. Of particular note are potential synergisms between mycotoxins with regard to carcinogenic attributable risk, indicating an important field for future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl De Ruyck
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cingolani F, Futerman AH, Casas J. Ceramide synthases in biomedical research. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 197:25-32. [PMID: 26248326 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipid metabolism consists of multiple metabolic pathways that converge upon ceramide, one of the key molecules among sphingolipids (SLs). In mammals, ceramide synthesis occurs via N-acylation of sphingoid backbones, dihydrosphingosine (dhSo) or sphingosine (So). The reaction is catalyzed by ceramide synthases (CerS), a family of enzymes with six different isoforms, with each one showing specificity towards a restricted group of acyl-CoAs, thus producing ceramides (Cer) and dihydroceramides (dhCer) with different fatty acid chain lengths. A large body of evidence documents the role of both So and dhSo as bioactive molecules, as well as the involvement of dhCer and Cer in physiological and pathological processes. In particular, the fatty acid composition of Cer has different effects in cell biology and in the onset and progression of different diseases. Therefore, modulation of CerS activity represents an attractive target in biomedical research and in finding new treatment modalities. In this review, we discuss functional, structural and biochemical features of CerS and examine CerS inhibitors that are currently available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cingolani
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Josefina Casas
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Garbetta A, Debellis L, De Girolamo A, Schena R, Visconti A, Minervini F. Dose-dependent lipid peroxidation induction on ex vivo intestine tracts exposed to chyme samples from fumonisins contaminated corn samples. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1140-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
27
|
Yamane M. Palmitoyl-ceramide accumulation with necrotic cell death in A549 cells, followed by a steep increase in sphinganine content. BIOCHIMIE OPEN 2015; 1:11-27. [PMID: 29632826 PMCID: PMC5889477 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopen.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides (Cers) have recently been identified as key signaling molecules that mediate biological functions such as cell growth, differentiation, senescence, apoptosis, and autophagy. However, the functions of Cer accumulation in necrotic cell death remain unknown. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between Cer accumulation with inhibition of the conversion pathway of Cer and concomitant necrotic cell death. In order to minimize the effect of apoptosis against necrotic cell death, A549 cells having the inhibiting effect of caspase 9 by survivin were used in this study. Consequently, Cer accumulation in A549 cells would likely be associated with a pathway other than the mitochondrial caspase-dependent pathway of apoptosis. Here, we showed that the dual addition of a glucosyl-Cer synthase inhibitor and a ceramidase inhibitor to A549 cell culture induced palmitoyl-Cer accumulation with Cer synthase 5 expression and necrotic cell death with lysosomal rupture together with leakage of cathepsin B/alkalization after 2–3 h, although it is unknown in this study whether the necrotic cell death was caused by the lysosomal rupture. This Cer accumulation was followed by a steep increase in sphinganine base levels via the activation of serine palmitoyltransferase activity brought about by the increase in palmitoyl-coenzyme A concentration as a substrate after 5–6 h. The increase in palmitoyl-coenzyme A concentration was achieved by activation of the fatty acid synthetic pathway from acetyl coenzyme A. Palmitoylceramide accumulation with necrosis is studied. The accumulation is with ceramide synthase 5 expression. The accumulation is followed by high sphinganine levels.
Collapse
Key Words
- ([13C16]C16:0-CoA, palmitoyl-13C16 coenzyme A
- 4-HPR, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide
- A549 cells
- APCI, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- C16:0-Cer, palmitoyl-ceramide
- C16:0-CoA, palmitoyl-coenzyme A
- C2:0-CoA, acetyl-coenzyme A
- CHOP, CAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein
- CathB, cathepsin B
- Cer, ceramide
- CerS, ceramide synthase
- D-NMAPPD
- D-NMAPPD, N-[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxy-methyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]tetradecanamide
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DL-PDMP
- DL-PDMP, DL-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ESI, electrospray ionization
- FATP1, fatty acid transport protein 1
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GlcCer, glucosylceramide
- IS, internal standard
- L-[2,3,3-D3]Ser, L-serine-2,3,3-D3
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- LMP, lysosomal membrane permeabilization
- Lys, lysosomes
- MAM, mitochondria-associated membrane
- Myriocin, 2-amino-3,4-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-14-oxo-6-eicosenoic acid
- Necrosis
- Palmitoyl-ceramide
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SIM, selected-ion monitoring
- SM, sphingomyelin
- SPT, serine palmitoyltransferase
- SPTLC, SPT-long chain base subunit
- Ser, Serine
- Sphinganine
- [1,2,3,4-13C4]C16:0 acid, palmitic acid-1,2,3,4-13C4
- [2-13C]C2:0 acid, sodium acetate-2-13C
- [D7]d18:0, D-erythro-sphinganine-D7
- [D7]d18:1, D-erythro-sphingosine-D7
- acridine orange, 3,6-Bis(dimethylamino) acridine hydrochloride
- d18:0, sphinganine
- d18:1, sphingosine
- d18:1-[D31]C16:0-Cer, N-palmitoyl [D31]-D-erythro-sphingosine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mototeru Yamane
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dose-dependent effects on sphingoid bases and cytokines in chickens fed diets prepared with fusarium verticillioides culture material containing fumonisins. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1253-72. [PMID: 25871822 PMCID: PMC4417966 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7041253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In chickens, the effect of mycotoxins, especially fumonisins (FB), in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is not well documented. Thus, this study in broiler chicks determined the effects of consuming diets prepared with Fusarium verticillioides culture material containing FB on intestinal gene expression and on the sphinganine (Sa)/sphingosine (So) ratio (Sa/So; a biomarker of FB effect due to disruption of sphingolipid metabolism). Male broilers were assigned to 6 diets (6 cages/diet; 6 birds/cage) from hatch to 20 days containing 0.4, 5.6, 11.3, 17.5, 47.8, or 104.8 mg FB/kg diet. Exposure to FB altered the Sa/So ratio in all tissues analyzed, albeit to varying extents. Linear dose-responses were observed in the kidney, jejunum and cecum. The liver and the ileum were very sensitive and data fit a cubic and quadratic polynomial model, respectively. Gene expression in the small intestine revealed low but significant upregulations of cytokines involved in the pro-inflammatory, Th1/Th17 and Treg responses, especially at 10 days of age. Interestingly, the cecal tonsils exhibited a biphasic response. Unlike the sphingolipid analysis, the effects seen on gene expression were not dose dependent, even showing more effects when birds were exposed to 11.3 mg FB/kg. In conclusion, this is the first report on the disruption of the sphingolipid metabolism by FB in the GIT of poultry. Further studies are needed to reach conclusions on the biological meaning of the immunomodulation observed in the GIT, but the susceptibility of chickens to intestinal pathogens when exposed to FB, at doses lower than those that would cause overt clinical symptoms, should be addressed.
Collapse
|
29
|
Fumonisin B₁ inhibits apoptosis in HepG2 cells by inducing Birc-8/ILP-2. Toxicol Lett 2015; 235:67-74. [PMID: 25800559 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium sp., a common contaminant of maize. FB1 inhibits sphingolipid biosynthesis, alters sphingosine/sphinganine ratios and modifies cell survival and cell death processes at varying propensities at both species- and tissue-specific level. We investigated the effect of FB1 on the apoptotic pathway in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. We measured: (i) the level of cell proliferation and cell death mechanism of HepG2 cells (MTT assay, annexin V and propidium iodide staining, JC-1 assay, γH2AX and cleaved PARP and Hoechst staining); (ii) initiator and executioner caspase activity (luminometric enzyme activity assays); (iii) regulation of mRNA expression of pro- and anti- apoptotic molecules using an apoptosis array (qPCR) and (iv) levels of significantly altered apoptosis-related proteins (Western blotting) following a 24 h incubation. FB1 caused a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability with an inhibitory concentration for 50% of cell growth at 200 μM. FACS data showed FB1 induced a 2.5-fold increase in annexin V staining, however, caspase activity and mitochondrial depolarization was not significantly influenced. Cleaved PARP and γH2AX were significantly lower in treated cells with minimal DNA condensation and fragmentation observed with the Hoechst stain. BIRC-8/ILP-2 was most significantly up-regulated (8-fold; apoptosis array). ILP2 protein levels were elevated (2.3-fold) with a corresponding decrease in Smac/DIABLO protein levels (1.7-fold). Further analysis showed a dose-dependent increase in BIRC-8/ILP-2 mRNA and protein expression in HepG2 cells. We conclude that FB1 modulates apoptosis in a complex dose-dependent regulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic molecules.
Collapse
|
30
|
Anderson AS, Roberts PC, Frisard MI, Hulver MW, Schmelz EM. Ovarian tumor-initiating cells display a flexible metabolism. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:44-57. [PMID: 25172556 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An altered metabolism during ovarian cancer progression allows for increased macromolecular synthesis and unrestrained growth. However, the metabolic phenotype of cancer stem or tumor-initiating cells, small tumor cell populations that are able to recapitulate the original tumor, has not been well characterized. In the present study, we compared the metabolic phenotype of the stem cell enriched cell variant, MOSE-LFFLv (TIC), derived from mouse ovarian surface epithelial (MOSE) cells, to their parental (MOSE-L) and benign precursor (MOSE-E) cells. TICs exhibit a decrease in glucose and fatty acid oxidation with a concomitant increase in lactate secretion. In contrast to MOSE-L cells, TICs can increase their rate of glycolysis to overcome the inhibition of ATP synthase by oligomycin and can increase their oxygen consumption rate to maintain proton motive force when uncoupled, similar to the benign MOSE-E cells. TICs have an increased survival rate under limiting conditions as well as an increased survival rate when treated with AICAR, but exhibit a higher sensitivity to metformin than MOSE-E and MOSE-L cells. Together, our data show that TICs have a distinct metabolic profile that may render them flexible to adapt to the specific conditions of their microenvironment. By better understanding their metabolic phenotype and external environmental conditions that support their survival, treatment interventions can be designed to extend current therapy regimens to eradicate TICs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela S Anderson
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Paul C Roberts
- Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Madlyn I Frisard
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Matthew W Hulver
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Eva M Schmelz
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Minervini F, Garbetta A, D'Antuono I, Cardinali A, Martino NA, Debellis L, Visconti A. Toxic mechanisms induced by fumonisin b1 mycotoxin on human intestinal cell line. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 67:115-123. [PMID: 24549592 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the main target of exposure to mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1), common natural contaminant in food. Previous studies reported that proliferating cells are more sensitive than confluent cells to the toxic effect of FB1. This study aims to investigate, by dose- and time-dependent experiments on human colon proliferating intestinal cell line (HT-29), the modifications induced by FB1 at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 69 μM. The choice of highest FB1 concentration considered the low toxicity previously reported on intestinal cell lines, whereas the lowest one corresponded to the lower FBs levels permitted by European Commission Regulation. Different functional parameters were tested such as cell proliferation, oxidative status, immunomodulatory effect and changes in membrane microviscosity. In addition FB1-FITC localization in this cell line was assessed by using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Lipid peroxidation induction was the main and early (12 h) effect induced by FB1 at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 69 μM, followed by inhibition of cell proliferation (up to 8.6 μM), the immunomodulatory effect (up to 17.2 μM), by assessing IL-8 secretion, and increase in membrane microviscosity (up to 34.5 μM). The toxic effects observed in different functional parameters were not dose-dependent and could be the consequence of the FB1 intracytoplasmatic localization as confirmed by confocal microscopy results. The different timescales and concentrations active of different functional parameters could suggest different cellular targets of FB1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Minervini
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70125, Bari, Italy,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Manyes L, Ruiz M, Luciano F, Meca G. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of fumonisin B2 and its reaction products with isothiocyanates through a simulated gastrointestinal digestion system. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
33
|
Herter I, Geginat G, Hof H, Kupfahl C. Modulation of innate and antigen-specific immune functions directed against Listeria monocytogenes by fungal toxins in vitro. Mycotoxin Res 2014; 30:79-87. [PMID: 24526341 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-014-0191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, a large group of secondary fungal metabolites, are ubiquitously present in the environment and are potentially harmful to exposed humans and animals. Despite increasing interest in this group of fungal metabolites it is still difficult to estimate the relative toxic potential of one individual mycotoxin compared with others. We therefore compared the effects of some of the most important mycotoxins on effector cells of the innate and adaptive immune system in an in vitro model. Our data show clear differences of various mycotoxins in regard of their immunotoxic potential on mouse macrophages and T cells. Our results also indicate differences in the susceptibility of specific immune effector functions of macrophages and T cells exposed to mycotoxins. Thus, our results enhance the understanding of role of mycotoxins in the pathogenesis of human and animal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Herter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Doosh KS, Alhusyne LA, N. Almosaw B. Utilization of Concentrated Buttermilk in Functional Processed Cheese Manufacturing
and Studying Some of its Physicochemical Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2014.33.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
35
|
Regulation of cytoskeleton organization by sphingosine in a mouse cell model of progressive ovarian cancer. Biomolecules 2013; 3:386-407. [PMID: 24970173 PMCID: PMC4030958 DOI: 10.3390/biom3030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a multigenic disease and molecular events driving ovarian cancer progression are not well established. We have previously reported the dysregulation of the cytoskeleton during ovarian cancer progression in a syngeneic mouse cell model for progressive ovarian cancer. In the present studies, we investigated if the cytoskeleton organization is a potential target for chemopreventive treatment with the bioactive sphingolipid metabolite sphingosine. Long-term treatment with non-toxic concentrations of sphingosine but not other sphingolipid metabolites led to a partial reversal of a cytoskeleton architecture commonly associated with aggressive cancer phenotypes towards an organization reminiscent of non-malignant cell phenotypes. This was evident by increased F-actin polymerization and organization, a reduced focal adhesion kinase expression, increased α-actinin and vinculin levels which together led to the assembly of more mature focal adhesions. Downstream focal adhesion signaling, the suppression of myosin light chain kinase expression and hypophosphorylation of its targets were observed after treatment with sphingosine. These results suggest that sphingosine modulate the assembly of actin stress fibers via regulation of focal adhesions and myosin light chain kinase. The impact of these events on suppression of ovarian cancer by exogenous sphingosine and their potential as molecular markers for treatment efficacy warrants further investigation.
Collapse
|
36
|
Inhibition of serine palmitoyltransferase reduces Aβ and tau hyperphosphorylation in a murine model: a safe therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2037-51. [PMID: 23528227 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the autosomal dominant mutations to the etiology of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well characterized. However, the molecular mechanisms contributing to sporadic AD are less well understood. Increased ceramide levels have been evident in AD patients. We previously reported that increased ceramide levels, regulated by increased serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), directly mediate amyloid β (Aβ) levels. Therefore, we inhibited SPT in an AD mouse model (TgCRND8) through subcutaneous administration of L-cylcoserine. The cortical Aβ₄₂ and hyperphosphorylated tau levels were down-regulated with the inhibition of SPT/ceramide. Positive correlations were observed among cortical SPT, ceramide, and Aβ₄₂ levels. With no evident toxic effects observed, inhibition of SPT could be a safe therapeutic strategy to ameliorate the AD pathology. We previously observed that miR-137, -181c, -9, and 29a/b post-transcriptionally regulate SPT levels, and the corresponding miRNA levels in the blood sera are potential diagnostic biomarkers for AD. Here, we observe a negative correlation between cortical Aβ₄₂ and sera Aβ₄₂, and a positive correlation between cortical miRNA levels and sera miRNA levels suggesting their potential as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers.
Collapse
|
37
|
Müller S, Dekant W, Mally A. Fumonisin B1 and the kidney: Modes of action for renal tumor formation by fumonisin B1 in rodents. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3833-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
38
|
Berkey R, Bendigeri D, Xiao S. Sphingolipids and plant defense/disease: the "death" connection and beyond. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:68. [PMID: 22639658 PMCID: PMC3355615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids comprise a major class of structural materials and lipid signaling molecules in all eukaryotic cells. Over the past two decades, there has been a phenomenal growth in the study of sphingolipids (i.e., sphingobiology) at an average rate of ∼1000 research articles per year. Sphingolipid studies in plants, though accounting for only a small fraction (∼6%) of the total number of publications, have also enjoyed proportionally rapid growth in the past decade. Concomitant with the growth of sphingobiology, there has also been tremendous progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant innate immunity. In this review, we (i) cross examine and analyze the major findings that establish and strengthen the intimate connections between sphingolipid metabolism and plant programmed cell death (PCD) associated with plant defense or disease; (ii) highlight and compare key bioactive sphingolipids involved in the regulation of plant PCD and possibly defense; (iii) discuss the potential role of sphingolipids in polarized membrane/protein trafficking and formation of lipid rafts as subdomains of cell membranes in relation to plant defense; and (iv) where possible, attempt to identify potential parallels for immunity-related mechanisms involving sphingolipids across kingdoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Berkey
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of MarylandRockville, MD, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Dipti Bendigeri
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of MarylandRockville, MD, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of MarylandRockville, MD, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Sphingolipid metabolism in metazoan cells consists of a complex interconnected web of numerous enzymes, metabolites and modes of regulation. At the centre of sphingolipid metabolism reside CerSs (ceramide synthases), a group of enzymes that catalyse the formation of ceramides from sphingoid base and acyl-CoA substrates. From a metabolic perspective, these enzymes occupy a unique niche in that they simultaneously regulate de novo sphingolipid synthesis and the recycling of free sphingosine produced from the degradation of pre-formed sphingolipids (salvage pathway). Six mammalian CerSs (CerS1-CerS6) have been identified. Unique characteristics have been described for each of these enzymes, but perhaps the most notable is the ability of individual CerS isoforms to produce ceramides with characteristic acyl-chain distributions. Through this control of acyl-chain length and perhaps in a compartment-specific manner, CerSs appear to regulate multiple aspects of sphingolipid-mediated cell and organismal biology. In the present review, we discuss the function of CerSs as critical regulators of sphingolipid metabolism, highlight their unique characteristics and explore the emerging roles of CerSs in regulating programmed cell death, cancer and many other aspects of biology.
Collapse
|
40
|
Grenier B, Bracarense APFL, Schwartz HE, Trumel C, Cossalter AM, Schatzmayr G, Kolf-Clauw M, Moll WD, Oswald IP. The low intestinal and hepatic toxicity of hydrolyzed fumonisin B₁ correlates with its inability to alter the metabolism of sphingolipids. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1465-73. [PMID: 22366513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins are mycotoxins frequently found as natural contaminants in maize, where they are produced by the plant pathogen Fusarium verticillioides. They are toxic to animals and exert their effects through mechanisms involving disruption of sphingolipid metabolism. Fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) is the predominant fumonisin in this family. FB₁ is converted to its hydrolyzed analogs HFB₁, by alkaline cooking (nixtamalization) or through enzymatic degradation. The toxicity of HFB₁ is poorly documented especially at the intestinal level. The objectives of this study were to compare the toxicity of HFB₁ and FB₁ and to assess the ability of these toxins to disrupt sphingolipids biosynthesis. HFB₁ was obtained by a deesterification of FB₁ with a carboxylesterase. Piglets, animals highly sensitive to FB₁, were exposed by gavage for 2 weeks to 2.8 μmol FB₁ or HFB₁/kg body weight/day. FB₁ induced hepatotoxicity as indicated by the lesion score, the level of several biochemical analytes and the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Similarly, FB₁ impaired the morphology of the different segments of the small intestine, reduced villi height and modified intestinal cytokine expression. By contrast, HFB₁ did not trigger hepatotoxicity, did not impair intestinal morphology and slightly modified the intestinal immune response. This low toxicity of HFB₁ correlates with a weak alteration of the sphinganine/sphingosine ratio in the liver and in the plasma. Taken together, these data demonstrate that HFB₁ does not cause intestinal or hepatic toxicity in the sensitive pig model and only slightly disrupts sphingolipids metabolism. This finding suggests that conversion to HFB₁ could be a good strategy to reduce FB₁ exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Grenier
- INRA, UMR 1331 ToxAlim, Immuno-Myco-Toxicology Team, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chronic ingestion of deoxynivalenol and fumonisin, alone or in interaction, induces morphological and immunological changes in the intestine of piglets. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:1776-86. [PMID: 21936967 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511004946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FB) are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species, which naturally co-occur in animal diets. The gastrointestinal tract represents the first barrier met by exogenous food/feed compounds. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of DON and FB, alone and in combination, on some intestinal parameters, including morphology, histology, expression of cytokines and junction proteins. A total of twenty-four 5-week-old piglets were randomly assigned to four different groups, receiving separate diets for 5 weeks: a control diet; a diet contaminated with either DON (3 mg/kg) or FB (6 mg/kg); or both toxins. Chronic ingestion of these contaminated diets induced morphological and histological changes, as shown by the atrophy and fusion of villi, the decreased villi height and cell proliferation in the jejunum, and by the reduced number of goblet cells and lymphocytes. At the end of the experiment, the expression levels of several cytokines were measured by RT-PCR and some of them (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10) were significantly up-regulated in the ileum or the jejunum. In addition, the ingestion of contaminated diets reduced the expression of the adherent junction protein E-cadherin and the tight junction protein occludin in the intestine. When animals were fed with a co-contaminated diet (DON+FB), several types of interactions were observed depending on the parameters and segments assessed: synergistic (immune cells); additive (cytokines and junction protein expression); less than additive (histological lesions and cytokine expression); antagonistic (immune cells and cytokine expression). Taken together, the present data provide strong evidence that chronic ingestion of low doses of mycotoxins alters the intestine, and thus may predispose animals to infections by enteric pathogens.
Collapse
|
42
|
Doi K, Uetsuka K. Mechanisms of mycotoxin-induced neurotoxicity through oxidative stress-associated pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:5213-37. [PMID: 21954354 PMCID: PMC3179161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12085213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Among many mycotoxins, T-2 toxin, macrocyclic trichothecenes, fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) and ochratochin A (OTA) are known to have the potential to induce neurotoxicity in rodent models. T-2 toxin induces neuronal cell apoptosis in the fetal and adult brain. Macrocyclic trichothecenes bring about neuronal cell apoptosis and inflammation in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb. FB(1) induces neuronal degeneration in the cerebral cortex, concurrent with disruption of de novo ceramide synthesis. OTA causes acute depletion of striatal dopamine and its metabolites, accompanying evidence of neuronal cell apoptosis in the substantia nigra, striatum and hippocampus. This paper reviews the mechanisms of neurotoxicity induced by these mycotoxins especially from the viewpoint of oxidative stress-associated pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Doi
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1, Shin-Machi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-428-33-1086; Fax: +81-428-31-6166
| | - Koji Uetsuka
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1, Shin-Machi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hartinger D, Moll W. Fumonisin elimination and prospects for detoxification by enzymatic transformation. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2011. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A technology to efficiently reduce the concentration of carcinogenic and toxic fumonisins in food and feed would be desirable. This class of mycotoxins is produced by the maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides and other fungi. Fumonisins are frequently found in maize from the warm growing regions of the world, sometimes in considerable concentrations. Their molecular similarity with sphingolipids enables their binding to mammalian ceramide synthase, and the resulting interference with sphingolipid metabolism. Recently, we reported on a cluster of genes of Sphingopyxis sp. MTA144 which enables this alphaproteobacterium to degrade fumonisins. These and the previously known fumonisin catabolism genes and enzymes from the black yeast Exophiala spinifera and from bacterium ATCC 55552 allow the consideration of prospects for enzymatic detoxification of fumonisins in food and feed. All the known fumonisin catabolism pathways start by hydrolytic release of the two tricarballylic acid side chains, followed by removal of the 2-amino group from the core chain by different enzymatic mechanisms. The potential for application of feed enzymes for fumonisin detoxification in the gastrointestinal tract of animals is discussed, and possible applications in processing of maize for feed or food are also considered. To be able to evaluate the requirement for, and potential of, a new, enzyme-based fumonisin detoxification technology, an overview of the state of the art of fumonisin elimination and the known chemical reactions of fumonisins in processing or decontamination is also given. There is a special focus on the toxicity of hydrolysed fumonisins, because they can be generated from fumonisins both by an established, traditional method of maize processing, nixtamalisation, and by enzymatic biotransformation. As a complement to other approaches, enzymatic degradation of fumonisins to ameliorate the health risk of contaminated maize for animals, and possibly also for humans, seems feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Hartinger
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - W. Moll
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lallès JP, Lessard M, Boudry G. Intestinal barrier function is modulated by short-term exposure to fumonisin B₁ in Ussing chambers. Vet Res Commun 2011; 33:1039-43. [PMID: 19626452 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-009-9310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B₁ (FB1) alters intestinal epithelial cell cycle, absorptive, secretory and barrier properties of intestinal epithelial cells in vitro but data with intestinal mucosa are lacking. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that acute exposure to FB1 alters indices of intestinal absorptive and secretory physiology and barrier function ex vivo. Eighteen non-littermates pigs (n=18) weaned at 28 d were slaughtered 7 d post-weaning. Jejunal tissue was collected immediately, the mucosa was mounted in Ussing chambers (UC) and short-term (2 h) effects of pure FB1 were investigated. Increased transepithelial resistance (TER) (P=0.05) and macromolecular passage (P=0.06) were observed after 60-90 min of incubation of jejunal mucosa with FB1. FB1 did not alter the jejunal absorptive and secretory physiology. In conclusion, 2h-exposure to FB1 tended to increase the trans- cellular permeability and increased para-cellular permeability of pig small intestine.
Collapse
|
45
|
Hartinger D, Schwartz H, Hametner C, Schatzmayr G, Haltrich D, Moll WD. Enzyme characteristics of aminotransferase FumI of Sphingopyxis sp. MTA144 for deamination of hydrolyzed fumonisin B₁. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:757-68. [PMID: 21503761 PMCID: PMC3136697 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins are carcinogenic mycotoxins that are frequently found as natural contaminants in maize from warm climate regions around the world. The aminotransferase FumI is encoded as part of a gene cluster of Sphingopyxis sp. MTA144, which enables this bacterial strain to degrade fumonisin B(1) and related fumonisins. FumI catalyzes the deamination of the first intermediate of the catabolic pathway, hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1). We used a preparation of purified, His-tagged FumI, produced recombinantly in Escherichia coli in soluble form, for enzyme characterization. The structure of the reaction product was studied by NMR and identified as 2-keto hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1). Pyruvate was found to be the preferred co-substrate and amino group receptor (K (M) = 490 μM at 10 μM hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1)) of FumI, but other α-keto acids were also accepted as co-substrates. Addition of the co-enzyme pyridoxal phosphate to the enzyme preparation enhanced activity, and saturation was already reached at the lowest tested concentration of 10 μM. The enzyme showed activity in the range of pH 6 to 10 with an optimum at pH 8.5, and in the range of 6°C to 50°C with an optimum at 35°C. The aminotransferase worked best at low salt concentration. FumI activity could be recovered after preincubation at pH 4.0 or higher, but not lower. The aminotransferase was denatured after preincubation at 60°C for 1 h, and the residual activity was also reduced after preincubation at lower temperatures. At optimum conditions, the kinetic parameters K (M) = 1.1 μM and k (cat) = 104/min were determined with 5 mM pyruvate as co-substrate. Based on the enzyme characteristics, a technological application of FumI, in combination with the fumonisin carboxylesterase FumD for hydrolysis of fumonisins, for deamination and detoxification of hydrolyzed fumonisins seems possible, if the enzyme properties are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Hartinger
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technologiezentrum Tulln, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Symolon H, Bushnev A, Peng Q, Ramaraju H, Mays SG, Allegood JC, Pruett ST, Sullards MC, Dillehay DL, Liotta DC, Merrill AH. Enigmol: a novel sphingolipid analogue with anticancer activity against cancer cell lines and in vivo models for intestinal and prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:648-57. [PMID: 21398423 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sphingoid bases are cytotoxic for many cancer cell lines and are thought to contribute to suppression of intestinal tumorigenesis in vivo by ingested sphingolipids. This study explored the behavior of a sphingoid base analogue, (2S,3S,5S)-2-amino-3,5-dihydroxyoctadecane (Enigmol), that cannot be phosphorylated by sphingosine kinases and is slowly N-acylated and therefore is more persistent than natural sphingoid bases. Enigmol had potential anticancer activity in a National Cancer Institute (NCI-60) cell line screen and was confirmed to be more cytotoxic and persistent than naturally occurring sphingoid bases using HT29 cells, a colon cancer cell line. Although the molecular targets of sphingoid bases are not well delineated, Enigmol shared one of the mechanisms that has been found for naturally occurring sphingoid bases: normalization of the aberrant accumulation of β-catenin in the nucleus and cytoplasm of colon cancer cells due to defect(s) in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)/β-catenin regulatory system. Enigmol also had antitumor efficacy when administered orally to Min mice, a mouse model with a truncated APC gene product (C57Bl/6J(Min/+) mice), decreasing the number of intestinal tumors by half at 0.025% of the diet (w/w), with no evidence of host toxicity until higher dosages. Enigmol was also tested against the prostate cancer cell lines DU145 and PC-3 in nude mouse xenografts and suppressed tumor growth in both. Thus, Enigmol represents a novel category of sphingoid base analogue that is orally bioavailable and has the potential to be effective against multiple types of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Symolon
- School of Biology, 310 Ferst Drive, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hartinger D, Heinl S, Schwartz HE, Grabherr R, Schatzmayr G, Haltrich D, Moll WD. Enhancement of solubility in Escherichia coli and purification of an aminotransferase from Sphingopyxis sp. MTA144 for deamination of hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1). Microb Cell Fact 2010; 9:62. [PMID: 20718948 PMCID: PMC2933618 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fumonisin B(1) is a cancerogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides and other fungi. Sphingopyxis sp. MTA144 can degrade fumonisin B(1), and a key enzyme in the catabolic pathway is an aminotransferase which removes the C2-amino group from hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1). In order to study this aminotransferase with respect to a possible future application in enzymatic fumonisin detoxification, we attempted expression of the corresponding fumI gene in E. coli and purification of the enzyme. Since the aminotransferase initially accumulated in inclusion bodies, we compared the effects of induction level, host strain, expression temperature, solubility enhancers and a fusion partner on enzyme solubility and activity. RESULTS When expressed from a T7 promoter at 30 degrees C, the aminotransferase accumulated invariably in inclusion bodies in DE3 lysogens of the E. coli strains BL21, HMS174, Rosetta 2, Origami 2, or Rosetta-gami. Omission of the isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) used for induction caused a reduction of expression level, but no enhancement of solubility. Likewise, protein production but not solubility correlated with the IPTG concentration in E. coli Tuner(DE3). Addition of the solubility enhancers betaine and sorbitol or the co-enzyme pyridoxal phosphate showed no effect. Maltose-binding protein, used as an N-terminal fusion partner, promoted solubility at 30 degrees C or less, but not at 37 degrees C. Low enzyme activity and subsequent aggregation in the course of purification and cleavage indicated that the soluble fusion protein contained incorrectly folded aminotransferase. Expression in E. coli ArcticExpress(DE3), which co-expresses two cold-adapted chaperonins, at 11 degrees C finally resulted in production of appreciable amounts of active enzyme. Since His tag-mediated affinity purification from this strain was hindered by co-elution of chaperonin, two steps of chromatography with optimized imidazole concentration in the binding buffer were performed to obtain 1.45 mg of apparently homogeneous aminotransferase per liter of expression culture. CONCLUSIONS We found that only reduction of temperature, but not reduction of expression level or fusion to maltose-binding protein helped to produce correctly folded, active aminotransferase FumI in E. coli. Our results may provide a starting point for soluble expression of related aminotransferases or other aggregation-prone proteins in E. coli.
Collapse
|
48
|
Ribeiro DHB, Ferreira FL, da Silva VN, Aquino S, Corrêa B. Effects of aflatoxin B(1) and fumonisin B(1) on the viability and induction of apoptosis in rat primary hepatocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:1944-55. [PMID: 20480051 PMCID: PMC2871147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11041944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effect of aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) and fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) either alone, or in association, on rat primary hepatocyte cultures. Cell viability was assessed by flow cytometry after propidium iodine intercalation. DNA fragmentation and apoptosis were assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis and acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining. At the concentrations of AFB(1) and FB(1) used, the toxins did not decrease cell viability, but did induce apoptosis in a concentration and time-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deise H. B. Ribeiro
- Centro de P&D de Proteção Ambiental, Instituto Biológico, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves n. 1252 – Vila Mariana. São Paulo, SP. 04014-002, Brazil
| | - Fabiane L. Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas – Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes n. 1374 – Cidade Universitária. São Paulo, SP. 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Valéria N. da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas – Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes n. 1374 – Cidade Universitária. São Paulo, SP. 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Simone Aquino
- Centro de P&D de Proteção Ambiental, Instituto Biológico, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves n. 1252 – Vila Mariana. São Paulo, SP. 04014-002, Brazil
| | - Benedito Corrêa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas – Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes n. 1374 – Cidade Universitária. São Paulo, SP. 05508-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kang MS, Ahn KH, Kim SK, Jeon HJ, Ji JE, Choi JM, Jung KM, Jung SY, Kim DK. Hypoxia-induced neuronal apoptosis is mediated by de novo synthesis of ceramide through activation of serine palmitoyltransferase. Cell Signal 2009; 22:610-8. [PMID: 19932170 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular hypoxia can lead to cell death or adaptation and has important effects on development, physiology, and pathology. Here, we investigated the role and regulation of ceramide in hypoxia-induced apoptosis of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Hypoxia increased the ceramide concentration; subsequently, we observed biochemical changes indicative of apoptosis, such as DNA fragmentation, nuclear staining, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. The hypoxic cell death was potently inhibited by a caspase inhibitor, zVAD-fmk (benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone). l-Cycloserine, a serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) inhibitor, and fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)), a ceramide synthase inhibitor, inhibited the hypoxia-induced increase in ceramide, indicating that the increase occurred via the de novo pathway. Hypoxia increased the activity and protein levels of SPT2, suggesting that the hypoxia-induced increase in ceramide is due to the transcriptional up-regulation of SPT2. Specific siRNA of SPT2 prevented hypoxia-induced cell death and ceramide production. However, hypoxia also increased the cellular level of glucosylceramide, which was inhibited by a glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) inhibitor and specific siRNA, but not a ceramidase inhibitor. The increase in glucosylceramide was accompanied by increases in both PARP cleavage and DNA fragmentation. Together, the current results suggest that both SPT and GCS may regulate the cellular level of ceramide, and thus may be critical enzymes for deciding the fate of the cells exposed to hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Sun Kang
- Department of Environmental & Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Huksuk-Dong, Dongjak-Ku, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Consumption of fumonisin B1 for 9 days induces stress proteins along the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Toxicon 2009; 55:244-9. [PMID: 19647010 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B(1) (FB1) is a mycotoxin which alters intestinal epithelial cell physiology and barrier properties, and accumulates in the colon. Data on effects of FB1 on stress proteins in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are lacking. Therefore, we hypothesized that repeated consumption of FB1 alters GIT tissue levels of stress proteins. This was tested using 36 weaned pigs fed a FB1 solution (n=18) or the vehicle (control; n=18) for 9 days. The pigs were then slaughtered, the organs were weighed and GIT tissues were collected for assessing GIT integrity, and for analysing stress proteins by Western blotting and densitometry (n=7 in each group). FB1 had little effects on growth rate but the liver was heavier (P<0.01) in FB1-fed pigs. alphaB crystallin and COX-1 concentrations were eight-fold and 12-fold higher in the colon of FB1-fed pigs than in the controls (P<0.0001). Concentrations of COX-1 and nNOS in the stomach, HSP 70 in the jejunum and HO-2 in the colon were also higher in FB1-fed pigs (P<0.05 to P<0.001). In conclusion, the FB1 extract drastically enhanced colonic levels of alphaB crystallin and COX-1, with milder increases in other stress proteins along the GIT of pigs. The data suggest that the colon is an important target for FB1-induced stress responses.
Collapse
|