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Pang F, Long Q, Liang S. Designing a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against Orf virus using molecular docking and molecular dynamics. Virulence 2024; 15:2398171. [PMID: 39258802 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2398171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is an acute contact, epitheliotropic, zoonotic, and double-stranded DNA virus that causes significant economic losses in the livestock industry. The objective of this study is to design an immunoinformatics-based multi-epitope subunit vaccine against ORFV. Various immunodominant cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), helper T lymphocytes (HTL), and B-cell epitopes from the B2L, F1L, and 080 protein of ORFV were selected and linked by short connectors to construct a multi-epitope subunit vaccine. Immunogenicity was enhanced by adding an adjuvant β-defensin to the N-terminal of the vaccine using the EAAAK linker. The vaccine exhibited a significant degree of antigenicity and solubility, without allergenicity or toxicity. The 3D formation of the vaccine was subsequently anticipated, improved, and verified. The optimized model exhibited a lower Z-score of -4.33, indicating higher quality. Molecular docking results demonstrated that the vaccine strongly binds to TLR2 and TLR4. Molecular dynamics results indicated that the docked vaccine-TLR complexes were stable. Immune simulation analyses further confirmed that the vaccine can induce a marked increase in IgG and IgM antibody titers, and elevated levels of IFN-γ and IL-2. Finally, the optimized DNA sequence of the vaccine was cloned into the vector pET28a (+) for high expression in the E.coli expression system. Overall, the designed multi-epitope subunit vaccine is highly stable and can induce robust humoral and cellular immunity, making it a promising vaccine candidate against ORFV.
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MESH Headings
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Animals
- Orf virus/immunology
- Orf virus/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/chemistry
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Mice
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/chemistry
- Ecthyma, Contagious/prevention & control
- Ecthyma, Contagious/immunology
- Ecthyma, Contagious/virology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Female
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qinqin Long
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shaobo Liang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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2
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Alexander G, Hanns-Joachim R, Stefan K, Eckhard W, Helmut B, Mathias B. Parapoxvirus species revisited by whole genome sequencing: A retrospective analysis of bovine virus isolates. Virus Res 2024; 346:199404. [PMID: 38782262 PMCID: PMC11152744 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Parapoxviruses (PPV) of animals are spread worldwide. While the Orf virus (ORFV) species is a molecularly well-characterized prototype pathogen of small ruminants, the genomes of virus species affecting large ruminants, namely Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), are less well known. Using Nanopore sequencing we retrospectively show the whole genome sequences (WGS) of six BPSV, three PCPV isolates and an attenuated ORFV strain, originating from different geographic locations. A phylogenetic tree shows that the de novo assembled genomes belong to PPV species including WGS of reference PPV. Remarkably, Nanopore sequencing allowed the molecular resolution of inverted terminal repeats (ITR) and the hairpin loop within the de novo assembled WGS. Additionally, peculiarities regarding map location of two genes and the heterogeneity of a genomic region were noted. Details for the molecular variability of an interferon response modulatory gene (ORF116) and the PCPV specificity of gene 073.5 are reported. In summary, WGS gained by Nanopore sequencing allowed analysis of complete PPV genomes and confident virus species attribution within a phylogenetic tree avoiding uncertainty of limited gene-based diagnostics. Nanopore-based WGS provides robust comparison of PPV genomes and reliable identity determination of new Poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graf Alexander
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Dept. Genomics, Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Rziha Hanns-Joachim
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Krebs Stefan
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Dept. Genomics, Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolf Eckhard
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Dept. Genomics, Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Blum Helmut
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Dept. Genomics, Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Büttner Mathias
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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3
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Zhang Z, Zhang X, Meng P, Feng K, Gong J, Yang Z, Yang T, Xu X, Zheng W, Li P. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Orf viruses from goats in Jiangxi province, China. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1389185. [PMID: 38903681 PMCID: PMC11188777 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1389185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Orf is a zoonosis caused by the Orf virus (ORFV), which is endemic in goats, sheep, and wild ruminants worldwide. Orf infection is prevalent in China, with outbreaks reported in several provinces. Currently, there is limited information available regarding the characterization of ORFV strains in Jiangxi province. This study investigated an acute outbreak of Orf that occurred in 2021 in a goat herd in the Jiangxi province of China. Clinical signs in this case included lesions on the lips, nose, and inside the mouth. The presence of ORFV was confirmed from tissue samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The nucleotide sequences of the B2L and F1L genes were fully sequenced and used to construct phylogenetic trees. The results of this investigation identified the ORFV JXxy2021 as the cause of the outbreak. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the ORFV strain JXxy2021 had the highest similarity to the ORFV strains GO and FJ-SL from the neighboring province of Fujian. This suggests that JXxy2021 was likely transmitted from Fujian province. The results have provided valuable information on the genetic characteristics of JXxy2021 and the endemic situations of Orf in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ping Meng
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kang Feng
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinxiang Gong
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Taotao Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xingli Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenya Zheng
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
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Ewies SS, Tamam SM, Abdel-Moneim AS, Rouby SR. Contagious ecthyma in Egypt: Clinical, virological and molecular explorations. Virology 2024; 589:109924. [PMID: 37977083 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Contagious Ecthyma (CE) is a highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats with worldwide distribution. The present study aimed to provide a clinical description of contagious ecthyma in four sheep flocks and screen the possible genetic variation in the B2L gene of the detected isolates. Oral lesions were collected and inoculated into chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 11 days embryonated chicken eggs. Polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing of the B2L gene was conducted. Infected sheep exhibited anorexia with a development of nodular lesions evolving in proliferative thick scabs around oral commissures. The inoculated CAM showed small-sized white pock lesions accompanied with thickening of CAM. The partial length of B2L gene (592 bp) was successfully amplified in samples collected from four flocks. The isolated strains belong to genotype I/I and I/II. Sequence and evolutionary analysis illustrate that B2L gene (ORF011) are highly conserved among Orf viruses isolated from different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar S Ewies
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Sabry M Tamam
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Al-Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherin R Rouby
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt.
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Ghazaleh RA, Al-Sawalhe M, Odeh IA, El Ibrahim J, Al-Turman B, Makhamreh J. Host range, severity and trans boundary transmission of Orf virus (ORFV). INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 112:105448. [PMID: 37217030 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma in small ruminants is a zoonotic disease caused by Orf virus (ORFV) in the genus Parapoxvirus that can be deadly to its natural hosts. It causes significant losses worldwide, and commonly infects humans. However, the literature about its comparative severity in sheep and goat hosts is misleading; and while contagious ecthyma has been shown to occur in camels and transmit to humans, there is confusion as to whether ORFV is responsible. Camels are important from a 'One Health' perspective as they have been implicated as a reservoir host for the virus causing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), which has a case fatality rate of 35% in humans. We compared ORFV gene sequences and mortality data from the West Bank in Palestine, where ORFV has not been reported previously, with data from the region. Surprisingly, we found that infections of camels that had been attributed to ORFV were more closely related to a different member of the genus Parapoxvirus. Two Middle East ORFVs isolated from humans were unrelated and sat alongside sheep and goat derived sequences on two distinct ORFV lineages of a maximum likelihood B2L gene tree. One of the viral lineages bifurcated to produce a monophyletic group of goat-derived ORFVs characterized uniquely by a glycine at amino acid reside 249. We found that serine is the ancestral allele shared between ORFV infections of sheep and also two closely related Parapoxviruses (PCPV and CCEV), indicating that the glycine allele represents a more recent shift in virus host range adaptation to goats. Furthermore, and contrary to some reports that ORFV is more severe in goats than in sheep, we observed median mortality of up to 24.5% in sheep, but none in goats. We also identified trans-boundary spread of ORFV between the West Bank and Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Abu Ghazaleh
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine.
| | - Mohammed Al-Sawalhe
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine
| | - Insaf Abu Odeh
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine
| | - Jehad El Ibrahim
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine; National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Jenin, Palestine
| | - Basem Al-Turman
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine
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6
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Koç BT. Molecular evidence for concurrent infection of goats by orf virus and bovine herpesvirus 1. Acta Vet Hung 2022. [PMID: 35895479 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Orf is a disease of small ruminant animals, including goats and sheep, that is caused by a parapoxvirus. Although the mortality rate is low, economic losses may occur due to the clinical signs. Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) infection is known to cause respiratory and reproductive disorders mainly in cattle; however, it has been found to circulate among goats and sheep as well. In contrast to orf virus (ORFV), BoHV-1 does not induce clinical disease in goats. In this study, we aimed to detect the presence of ORFV by molecular methods and to uncover eventual simultaneous herpesvirus infections masked by orf disease signs. To this end, 82 goats, housed near to a cattle herd, were tested. By polymerase chain reaction (PCR), three goats (3.7%) were found to harbour both viruses, while an additional goat was positive for ORFV only. The PCR products were sequenced and phylogenetic analyses were performed. This study revealed that ORFV and BoHV-1 may be present simultaneously in an animal causing a concurrent infection. These data should be taken into consideration when looking for secondary pathogens in diseased goats, and the prevention methods should be developed accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Taylan Koç
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 09016 Isikli Efeler, Aydin, Turkey
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Khalafalla AI, Elhag AE, Ishag HZA. Field investigation and phylogenetic characterization of orf virus (ORFV) circulating in small ruminants and Pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) in dromedary camels of eastern Sudan. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03595. [PMID: 32258461 PMCID: PMC7096746 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, livestock herders in eastern Sudan were interviewed through structured questionnaire involved 14046 animals in 151 herds (87 camel herds, 51 sheep and 13 goats) from June to September of 2016 in Showak area of Gadarif State to get some epidemiological information on contagious ecthyma (CE) infection. 102 suspected cases of CE were investigated (38 sheep, 22 goats and 42 camels) by a second questionnaire focusing on age and sex of affected animals beside number and localization of the lesions. Representative tissue samples of scab lesion scrapings were collected from a total of 36 suspected sheep, goats and camels for DNA extraction to identify PPV by quantitative real-time PCR and gel-based PCR, then a PCR protocol was used to obtain DNA fragment of B2L gene from six DNAs (2 from each animal species) for sequencing. Phylogenetic tree based on nucleotide sequences was constructed and all data were analyzed statistically. Obtained result has shown morbidity rate of 23.8% and a case fatality rate of 4.7 % in overall investigated animals resulting in a significant economic loss. Within individual herd, the morbidity rate varied from 5.6 to 42.8%, while the case fatality rate ranged between 0 and 33.3%. Camels accounted for the highest case fatality rate with 6.5% compared to sheep and goats which their rates were 2.8% and 1.3%, respectively. 93% of the affected animals were young less than one-year-old. The prevalence of CE was high in the rainy season compared to winter and summer. Out of 36 scab materials collected from sheep, goats, and camels, 24 gave positive specific amplification in real-time PCR and 21 in the gel-based PCR. DNA sequencing confirmed the PCR results. All sequences had a high G + C content of 62.6-63.9%. A BLAST search also revealed that the studied sheep PPV (SPPV) isolates shared 99.08% nucleotide sequence intragroup identity, 96.88-97.27% identity with the goat PPV (GPPV) isolates and together they belong to the Orf virus (ORFV) species, while the camel PPV (CPPV) isolates are close to the Pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) species of the PPV genus and share 92.51-93.62 % identity with the GPPV isolates. In conclusion the present study demonstrated that the gross lesion produced by PPV in sheep, goats and camels is generally similar, yet the PPVs circulating in eastern Sudan in camels (PCPV) are genetically distinct from those affecting sheep and goats (ORFV). Contagious ecthyma in eastern Sudan causes significant morbidities and mortalities and control measures, guided by the results of this investigation ought to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmalik Ibrahim Khalafalla
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P. O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Shambat, Sudan
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority P. O. Box 52150, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Eisa Elhag
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Gadarif, 32211 Sudan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55270 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Hassan Zackaria Ali Ishag
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority P. O. Box 52150, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- College of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Sudan
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Structural Features of a Conformation-dependent Antigen Epitope on ORFV-B2L Recognized by the 2E4 mAb. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16094. [PMID: 31695071 PMCID: PMC6834619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we successfully prepared a monoclonal antibody (mAb) named 2E4, that directly recognizes the major envelope protein B2L of the orf virus (ORFV), but there is little information about its epitope. Here, we meticulously mapped the 2E4 epitope through combinatorial programs and identified the functional binding domain and a key amino acid residue. Briefly, the simulated epitope peptide closely resembles 84VDVQSKDKDADELR97 located at the N-terminus of B2L, strongly suggesting that the epitope is conformationally or spatially structure-dependent. Subsequently, we combined these findings with the results from the antigenicity prediction of B2L to design three truncated fragments of B2L (F1, F2 and F3) selected using 2E4, and only the F1 fragment was found to be eligible for the advanced stage. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis suggested that the D94 residue is structurally crucial for the 2E4 epitope. The other participating residues, including K61, E62, and D92, together with D94 were responsible for enabling 2E4 binding and served as factors that synergistically enabled binding to the whole 2E4 epitope. In this paper, we describe, for the first time, the architecture of an ORFV conformational epitope, and it is also expected that mAb 2E4 and its epitope can be used for applications relating to orf control.
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Şevik M. Orf virus circulation in cattle in Turkey. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:1-6. [PMID: 31300096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) causes contagious skin disease that mainly affects sheep and goats with zoonotic potential. However, there is not enough information about the association between ORFV and occurrence of skin disease in cattle. The present study describes outbreaks of ORFV infection in cattle in different provinces that are located in the Aegean, Central Anatolian and Mediterranean regions of Turkey. During the months of June and August 2017, vesicular fluid and scab samples were collected from cattle which had proliferative skin lesions. First, presence of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) and bovine herpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2, known as the causative agent of pseudo-lumpy skin disease) were investigated by real time PCR and PCR, respectively. Then, samples tested for the presence of parapoxviruses by PCR using primers specific to major envelope protein gene (B2L). Parapoxvirus DNA was detected in investigated samples whereas LSDV and BoHV-2 DNA were not detected. The analysis of the B2L gene sequences revealed that cattle were infected with ORFV. The isolates in the present study shared 100% sequence identity at the nucleotide and amino acid level when compared with previously characterised Turkish field ORFV isolates from goats in 2016. Results of the study show unusual infection of cattle with ORFV, and suggest that ORFV jumps the host species barrier from goats to cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Şevik
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, 31040 Hatay, Turkey.
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Ahanger SA, Parveen R, Nazki S, Dar Z, Dar T, Dar KH, Dar A, Rai N, Dar P. Detection and phylogenetic analysis of Orf virus in Kashmir Himalayas. Virusdisease 2018; 29:405-410. [PMID: 30159380 PMCID: PMC6111950 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is a zoonotic pathogen that primarily infects sheep and goats, and is responsible for significant economic losses. ORFV is endemic in all the major sheep and goat rearing areas of the world including Indian subcontinent. However, the nature of ORFV circulating among sheep and goat in Kashmir Himalayas has not yet been characterized. In the present study, we describe natural outbreaks of ORFV in sheep and goats of Kashmir Himalayas. We detected the presence of ORFV in the scab lesion by PCR amplification of the major envelope protein (B2L) gene. We sequenced the virus interferon resistance (VIR) gene and determined their phylogenetic relationship with that of the published reference sequences. Phylogenetic analysis based on VIR gene revealed that the ORFV isolates from Kashmir Himalayas separated into main two clusters. The sheep isolates showed genetic homology with the sheep strains reported from Greece and Italy, whereas the goat-specific strain show homology with the goat strains reported from China. This study demonstrates the presence of ORFV infection in sheep and goats, and report first phylogenetic analysis of the ORFV strains prevalent in the Kashmir Himalayas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showket A. Ahanger
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry (FVSc & AH), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, 190006 India
| | - Rafia Parveen
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry (FVSc & AH), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, 190006 India
| | - Salik Nazki
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry (FVSc & AH), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, 190006 India
| | - Zahoor Dar
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry (FVSc & AH), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, 190006 India
| | - Tanveer Dar
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry (FVSc & AH), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, 190006 India
| | - Khadim Hussain Dar
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry (FVSc & AH), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, 190006 India
| | - Aijaz Dar
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry (FVSc & AH), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, 190006 India
| | - Niraj Rai
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007 India
| | - Pervaiz Dar
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry (FVSc & AH), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, 190006 India
- Present Address: Department of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH USA
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KARABASANAVAR NAGAPPA, BAGALKOTE PRASHANTHS, RAJASHEKARA DB, MANJUNATHA SS, VEERANNA KC. Phylogenetic analysis of Orf virus associated with contagious ecthyma (orf) outbreak in Tellicherry goats (Capra hircus). THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i2.79288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is a member of genus Parapoxvirus that causes contagious ecthyma in goats. A pox-like disease was investigated in Tellicherry goats (31 female) maintained at a semi-organized farm. History revealed recent introduction of Tellicherry goats for breeding purpose and housing of the new entrants in to a farm already having a mild form of pox-like disease. Newly introduced and stressed Tellicherry goats developed severe form of infection with 100% morbidity. Affected goats showed lesions around lips (100%), commissure (53%) and oral cavity (65%); exanthematic dermatitis was evident in 94% of the affected goats followed by ulceration (47%) and nodular lesions (24%). Scab samples were collected from affected goats to confirm the clinical diagnosis. Genus Parapoxvirus was confirmed by the amplification of specific 594 bp and 235 bp amplicons. Further, Orf virus specific amplicon of size 1,206 bp was also amplified for the confirmation. Sequence analysis of PCR amplicons showed close resemblance of the outbreak strain with reported Indian Orf virus isolates. Based on the homology of the outer envelope protein B2L gene sequence of Orf virus, the source of infection to the Tellicherry goats was traced to the local goat. Although Orf virus is zoonotic; however, no occupational transmission was noticed in the present outbreak.
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Tryland M, Beckmen KB, Burek-Huntington KA, Breines EM, Klein J. Orf virus infection in Alaskan mountain goats, Dall's sheep, muskoxen, caribou and Sitka black-tailed deer. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:12. [PMID: 29467004 PMCID: PMC5822636 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The zoonotic Orf virus (ORFV; genus Parapoxvirus, Poxviridae family) occurs worldwide and is transmitted between sheep and goats, wildlife and man. Archived tissue samples from 16 Alaskan wildlife cases, representing mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus, n = 8), Dall’s sheep (Ovis dalli dalli, n = 3), muskox (Ovibos moschatus, n = 3), Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis, n = 1) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti, n = 1), were analyzed. Results Clinical signs and pathology were most severe in mountain goats, affecting most mucocutaneous regions, including palpebrae, nares, lips, anus, prepuce or vulva, as well as coronary bands. The proliferative masses were solid and nodular, covered by dark friable crusts. For Dall’s sheep lambs and juveniles, the gross lesions were similar to those of mountain goats, but not as extensive. The muskoxen displayed ulcerative lesions on the legs. The caribou had two ulcerative lesions on the upper lip, as well as lesions on the distal part of the legs, around the main and dew claws. A large hairless spherical mass, with the characteristics of a fibroma, was sampled from a Sitka black-tailed deer, which did not show proliferative lesions typical of an ORFV infection. Polymerase chain reaction analyses for B2L, GIF, vIL-10 and ATI demonstrated ORFV specific DNA in all cases. Sequences from Dall’s sheep formed a separate cluster, comparable to ORFV from domestic sheep. Sequences from the other species were different from the Dall’s sheep sequences, but almost identical to each other. Conclusions This is the first major investigation of parapoxvirus infections in large Alaskan game species, and the first report of parapoxvirus infection in caribou and Sitka black-tailed deer. This study shows that most of the wild ruminant species in Alaska and from most parts of Alaska, can carry and be affected by ORFV. These findings call for attention to transmission of ORFV from wildlife to livestock and to hunters, subsistence harvesters, and wildlife biologists. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13028-018-0366-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Genetic diversity of Orf virus isolated from sheep in Uruguay. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1285-1291. [PMID: 29368063 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the etiological agent of contagious ecthyma, a disease widely spread in the world that occasionally causes zoonotic infections. This work is the first molecular characterization of ORFV in Uruguay, where we analyzed twenty-one sheep samples, eighteen of which were recovered from thirteen ORFV outbreaks that occurred during 2004 to 2011 as well as three strains from a national vaccine. Phylogenetic analysis and the derived amino acid sequences from the B2L gene suggest that the Uruguayan virus do not form a unique cluster, with most of them displaying similarities with worldwide ORFV isolates as well as our vaccine strains.
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Tedla M, Berhan N, Molla W, Temesgen W, Alemu S. Molecular identification and investigations of contagious ecthyma (Orf virus) in small ruminants, North west Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:13. [PMID: 29334948 PMCID: PMC5769459 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orf virus, the prototype of parapoxvirus, is the main causative agent of contagious ecthyma. Little is known about the status of the disease in Ethiopia and this study was aimed at determining its status using PCR as a confirmatory tool. Methods a total of 400 randomly selected sheep and goat was screened for the identification of the virus using amplification of B2L gene and transfection of mammalian cells (VERO cells). Results Out of 400 animals screened for infection of the virus, 48 animals were found positive to PCR and revealed an overall incidence of 12%. Different epidemiological parameters were considered to look at the association with incidence of the disease and of which, only species of the animal(sheep), non-vaccinated and non-treated animals, nursing animals, poor body condition animals, extensively managed animals, animals having mouth lesion, and study areas having outbreak history showed higher prevalence. A univariate logistic regression analysis showed statistically significant difference in all variables (P < 0.05). Whereas, age and sex of animals showed no significant difference (P < 0.05). Conclusion The result of the present finding showed high incidence of Orf virus in the region as confirmed through PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebrahtu Tedla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Nega Berhan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wassie Molla
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wudu Temesgen
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sefinew Alemu
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Wang Y, Yang K, Bai C, Yin D, Li G, Qi K, Wang G, Li Y. Development of a SYBR Green I real-time PCR for the detection of the orf virus. AMB Express 2017; 7:21. [PMID: 28063148 PMCID: PMC5218949 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf is a non-systemic, ubiquitous disease of sheep and goats caused by the orf virus (ORFV). ORFV occasionally causes cutaneous lesions in humans in contact with infected animals. In the present study, a real-time PCR method was established for detection of ORFV using the fluorescent chimeric dye SYBR Green I. Specific primers were designed to target a highly conserved region of the ORFV B2L gene. This method was able to detect a minimum of 20 copies of ORFV genomic DNA. The results showed no cross-reactions with other common DNA viruses. The time required for the test was approximately 1.5 h. Clinical test samples showed that this method was faster and had a higher sensitivity than traditional PCR. In conclusion, this novel, real-time PCR-based assay provides a rapid, sensitive, and specific method for ORFV detection. This test provides improved technical support for studies regarding the clinical diagnosis and epidemiology of ORFV.
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Association of two clusters of Orf virus isolates in outbreaks of infection in goat in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey. Virusdisease 2017; 28:345-348. [PMID: 29291224 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-017-0392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the etiological agent of contagious pustular dermatitis and can cause skin disease in sheep and goats. In this study, two outbreaks of ORFV infection in goats in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey were investigated. Samples were collected from 1- to 4-month-old kids (n = 9) in two different flocks in the Aksaray and Konya Provinces during the months of March and May 2016. The presence of ORFV in suspected samples was confirmed by PCR using primers specific to envelope gene (B2L). The analysis of the B2L gene sequences revealed that the nucleotide homology between the two isolates in the present study was 100%, whereas the similarity with Parapoxvirus isolates from different regions ranged from 83.6 to 99%. Phylogenetic analysis of the B2L gene revealed that there are two main clusters of ORFV isolates which were responsible for past outbreaks in Turkey. The information presented here will provide an insight into genetic diversity of field isolates of ORFV circulating in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey.
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Yu Y, Tan Q, Zhao W, Zhang X, Ma J, Wu Z, Zhu Z, Cui Y. Characterization of an orf virus isolate from an outbreak in Heilongjiang province, China. Arch Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Akkutay-Yoldar Z, Oguzoglu TC, Akça Y. Diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of orf virus in Aleppo and Saanen goats from an outbreak in Turkey. Virol Sin 2017; 31:270-3. [PMID: 26817941 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Akkutay-Yoldar
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Diskapi, 06110, Turkey.
| | - Tuba Cigdem Oguzoglu
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Diskapi, 06110, Turkey
| | - Yılmaz Akça
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Diskapi, 06110, Turkey
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Functional characterization of recombinant major envelope protein (rB2L) of orf virus. Arch Virol 2016; 162:953-962. [PMID: 27995337 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Orf, or contagious ecthyma, a highly contagious transboundary disease of sheep and goats, is caused by a double-stranded DNA virus (ORFV) belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus of the family Poxviridae. The ORFV genome encodes the major envelope proteins B2L and F1L, which have been found to be highly immunogenic and have multiple functional characteristics. In order to investigate the functional properties of the B2L protein, in this study, the B2L gene of ORFV strain 59/05, encoding recombinant mature B2L (aa 1M-D334), was produced as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The functional characteristics of purified rB2L fusion protein (~60 kDa) were evaluated in vivo and in vitro, showing that this protein had lipase and immunomodulatory activities. Immunization trials involving laboratory animals (mice, rabbits and guinea pigs) using either constant or graded doses of rB2L fusion protein with or without adjuvants (FCA, alum) as well as co-administration with candidate rErns-Ag protein of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) indicated that the rB2L protein is immunogenic and has immunomodulatory properties. This study shows the potential utility of the rB2L protein as a safe and novel adjuvant in veterinary vaccine formulations.
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Laguardia-Nascimento M, de Oliveira APF, Fernandes FRP, Rivetti AV, Camargos MF, Fonseca Júnior AA. Detection of pseudocowpox virus in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) with vesicular disease in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, in 2016. Vet Q 2016; 37:16-22. [PMID: 27774853 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1252479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parapoxviruses are zoonotic viruses that infect cattle, goats and sheep; there have also been reports of infections in camels, domestic cats and seals. OBJECTIVE The objective of this report was to describe a case of vesicular disease caused by pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Brazil. ANIMALS Sixty buffalo less than 6 months old exhibited ulcers and widespread peeling of the tongue epithelium. There were no cases of vesicular disease in pigs or horses on the same property. METHODS Samples were analysed by PCR and sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis in MEGA 7.01 was reconstructed using major envelope protein (B2L) by the Tamura three-parameter nucleotide substitution model and the maximum likelihood and neighbor joining models, both with 1000 bootstrap replicates. The genetic distance between the groups was analysed in MEGA using the maximum composite likelihood model. The rate variation among sites was modeled using gamma distribution. RESULTS The presence of PCPV in the buffalo herd could be demonstrated in epithelium and serum. The minimum genetic distance between the isolated PCPV strain (262-2016) and orf virus and bovine papular stomatitis virus was 6.7% and 18.4%, respectively. The maximum genetic distance calculated was 4.6% when compared with a PCPV detected in a camel. Conclusions/Clinical Importance: The peculiar position of the isolated strain in the phylogenetic trees does not necessarily indicate a different kind of PCPV that infects buffalo. More samples from cattle and buffalo in Brazil must be sequenced and compared to verify if PCPV from buffalo are genetically different from samples derived from cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Laguardia-Nascimento
- a Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minhas Gerais , Pedro Leopoldo , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ferreira de Oliveira
- a Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minhas Gerais , Pedro Leopoldo , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rodas Pires Fernandes
- b Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Doenças Virais, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minhas Gerais , Pedro Leopoldo , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Anselmo Vasconcelos Rivetti
- b Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Doenças Virais, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minhas Gerais , Pedro Leopoldo , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fernandes Camargos
- b Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Doenças Virais, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minhas Gerais , Pedro Leopoldo , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Antônio Augusto Fonseca Júnior
- a Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minhas Gerais , Pedro Leopoldo , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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Kurosaki Y, Okada S, Nakamae S, Yasuda J. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and sensitive detection of bovine papular stomatitis virus. J Virol Methods 2016; 238:42-47. [PMID: 27751948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) causes pustular cutaneous disease in cattle worldwide. This paper describes the development of a specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to detect BPSV which did not cross-react with other parapoxviruses. To assess analytical sensitivity of this LAMP assay, DNA was extracted from serially diluted BPSV from which the infectious titer was determined by a novel assay based on calf kidney epithelial cells. The LAMP assay had equivalent analytical sensitivity to quantitative PCR, and could detect as few as 86 copies of viral DNA per reaction. These results suggest that the assay is a specific and sensitive technique to rapidly diagnose bovine papular stomatitis in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kurosaki
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Okada
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Sayuri Nakamae
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Jiro Yasuda
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
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Zhao K, He W, Bi J, Zhang X, Zhang D, Huang H, Zhang Y, Song D, Gao F. Development of a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for the rapid diagnosis of Orf virus infections. J Virol Methods 2016; 236:10-17. [PMID: 27380632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA) was developed for the specific detection of Orf virus (ORFV) using two distinct monoclonal antibodies (MAbs: 5A5 and 6F2) against the ORFV ORF011 protein. The MAb 5A5 was conjugated with colloidal gold, and the MAb 6F2 and goat anti-mouse IgG were sprayed onto a nitrocellulose membrane in strips at positions designated test (T) and control (C), respectively. The results showed that samples of ORFV complexed with colloidal gold-conjugated MAb 5A5, were captured by MAb 6F2 at the T line resulting in the appearance of a purple band. When samples did not contain ORFV or when they contained a quantity of ORFV below the detection limit of the test, only the C line was visible. The analysis of sensitivity of the test demonstrated that the lowest detected quantity of ORFV was 2.03×10(3.0) TCID50/ml. Storage at room temperature for 6 months did not result in the loss of performance of the LFIA test. Using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) as a reference test, the relative specificity and sensitivity of the LFIA test were determined to be 100% and 92.1%, respectively. Based on these results, the LFIA test developed may be a suitable tool for rapid on-site testing for ORFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqi He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingying Bi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Ximu Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Peking University, 5 Summer Palace Road, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Houshuang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Deguang Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis and Animal Research Center, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China.
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Wang K, Shao H, Pei Z, Hu G. Rapid detection of contagious ecthyma by loop-mediated isothermal amplification and epidemiology in Jilin Province China. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:125-8. [PMID: 26346652 PMCID: PMC4751130 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)
assay and to research the recent epidemiology of contagious ecthyma in Jilin Province,
China, using the assay. A LAMP assay targeting a highly conserved region of the F1L gene
was developed to detect contagious ecthyma virus (CEV). Three hundred and sixty-five cases
from 64 flocks in 9 different areas of Jilin Province, China, from 2011 to 2014 were
tested using the LAMP assay. The results showed that the sensitivity of the LAMP assay was
100 copies of the standard plasmid, which is 100-fold higher than the sensitivity of PCR.
No cross-reactivity was observed with capripoxvirus, fowlpox virus, foot-and-mouth disease
virus serotype O, foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia I and bluetongue virus. The
average positive rate was 19.73% (72/365), and the positive rate was highest in lambs aged
1–6 months. Our results demonstrated that CEV infection was very widespread in the flocks
of Jilin Province and that the LAMP assay allows for easy, rapid, accurate and sensitive
detection of CEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No.2888, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
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Khalafalla AI, El-Sabagh IM, Al-Busada KA, Al-Mubarak AI, Ali YH. Phylogenetic analysis of eight sudanese camel contagious ecthyma viruses based on B2L gene sequence. Virol J 2015; 12:124. [PMID: 26260127 PMCID: PMC4578853 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Camel contagious ecthyma (CCE) is an important viral disease of camelids caused by a poxvirus of the genus parapoxvirus (PPV) of the family Poxviridae. The disease has been reported in west and east of the Sudan causing economical losses. However, the PPVs that cause the disease in camels of the Sudan have not yet subjected to genetic characterization. At present, the PPV that cause CCE cannot be properly classified because only few isolates that have been genetically analyzed. METHODS AND RESULTS PCR was used to amplify the B2L gene of the PPV directly from clinical specimens collected from dromedary camels affected with contagious ecthyma in the Sudan between 1993 and 2013. PCR products were sequenced and subjected to genetic analysis. The results provided evidence for close relationships and genetic variation of the camel PPV (CPPV) represented by the circulation of both Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) and Orf virus (ORFV) strains among dromedary camels in the Sudan. Based on the B2L gene sequence the available CPPV isolates can be divided into two genetic clades or lineages; the Asian lineage represented by isolates from Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and India and the African lineage comprising isolates from the Sudan. CONCLUSION The camel parapoxvirus is genetically diverse involving predominantly viruses close to PCPV in addition to ORFVs, and can be divided into two genetically distant lineages. Based on sequences of the B2L gene it is not possible to suggest that the viruses that cause CCE form a monophylogenetic group or species within the PPV phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmalik I Khalafalla
- Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Shambat, Sudan.
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sabagh
- Central Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Virology, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Khalid A Al-Busada
- Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah I Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yahia H Ali
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P. O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan.
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Abstract
Objective of the present paper is to review microbial diseases of the genital system of male small ruminants. The paper reviews the infections and the diseases by taking an organ approach within the genital system, whilst relevant health management actions are also discussed. Diseases of the genital organs of male small ruminants include orchitis, of bacterial or viral aetiology, epididymitis, primarily caused by Brucella ovis, by other bacteria as well (e.g., Actinobacillus seminis, Haemophilus somni), infections of the accessory glands, orf, other infections of the penis or prepuce and infections of the scrotum. The health management of rams/bucks include the appropriate diagnostic investigations, the relevant therapeutic approaches and, finally, the preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Gouletsou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece.
| | - G C Fthenakis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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El-Tholoth M, Elnaker YF, Shiha G. Phylogenetic analysis of B2L gene of Egyptian orf virus from naturally infected sheep. Virusdisease 2015; 26:147-50. [PMID: 26396981 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-015-0264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf is a viral disease caused by a parapoxvirus, affecting primarily sheep and goats and causes severe economic losses. In this study, a total of 500 sheep from a farm in El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt were examined during spring, 2014. Out of them, 30 sheep showed clinical signs of orf virus infection. The diseased sheep exhibited proliferative lesions on the lips and around the mouth. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for diagnosis of the disease. For genetic characterization of the Egyptian orf virus, the sequence of a major and highly immunogenic envelope protein gene (B2L gene) was identified and compared with the sequences available from different parts of the world. The virus was detected in 24 out of 30 collected samples (80 %) by PCR. Phylogenetic analyses of the Egyptian orf virus B2L gene showed close genetic relationship with Israel orf viruses those were identified in 2012. In conclusion, this study reports identification and genetic characterization of Egyptian orf virus in sheep in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Tholoth
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Yasser F Elnaker
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley Branch, Assiut University, Asyût, Egypt
| | - Gamal Shiha
- Veterinary Medicine Directorate-El Beheira, Ministry of Agriculture, Damanhour, Egypt
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Bora M, Bora DP, Barman NN, Borah B, Bora PL, Talukdar A, Tamuly S. Isolation and molecular characterization of Orf virus from natural outbreaks in goats of Assam. Virusdisease 2015; 26:82-8. [PMID: 26436126 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-015-0255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of contagious ecthyma (caused by a Parapox virus) in goats were investigated in 6 districts of Assam, a north eastern state of India. Diagnosis of the disease was carried out employing both standard virological as well as molecular methods. Four representative isolates from different places were selected for phylogenetic analysis. The major envelop protein (B2L) of Orf virus was targeted for molecular analysis. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the selected sequences at nucleotide level revealed that the Orf virus isolates were closely related to each other (97.6-100 %) and showed highest similarity to the Orf virus isolate 82/04 (98.4 %), reported from Shahjahanpur, India. The data will provide an insight in transmission of the virus from northern to North eastern part of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Bora
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, 781022 Assam India
| | - Durlav Prasad Bora
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, 781022 Assam India
| | - Nagendra Nath Barman
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, 781022 Assam India
| | - Biswajyoti Borah
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, 781022 Assam India
| | - Padma Lochan Bora
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, 781022 Assam India
| | - Archana Talukdar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Hygiene, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam India
| | - Shantanu Tamuly
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam India
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Fleming SB, Wise LM, Mercer AA. Molecular genetic analysis of orf virus: a poxvirus that has adapted to skin. Viruses 2015; 7:1505-39. [PMID: 25807056 PMCID: PMC4379583 DOI: 10.3390/v7031505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae. It induces acute pustular skin lesions in sheep and goats and is transmissible to humans. The genome is G+C rich, 138 kbp and encodes 132 genes. It shares many essential genes with vaccinia virus that are required for survival but encodes a number of unique factors that allow it to replicate in the highly specific immune environment of skin. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that both viral interleukin-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor genes have been "captured" from their host during the evolution of the parapoxviruses. Genes such as a chemokine binding protein and a protein that binds granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-2 appear to have evolved from a common poxvirus ancestral gene while three parapoxvirus nuclear factor (NF)-κB signalling pathway inhibitors have no homology to other known NF-κB inhibitors. A homologue of an anaphase-promoting complex subunit that is believed to manipulate the cell cycle and enhance viral DNA synthesis appears to be a specific adaptation for viral-replication in keratinocytes. The review focuses on the unique genes of orf virus, discusses their evolutionary origins and their role in allowing viral-replication in the skin epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Fleming
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 720 Cumberland St, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Lyn M Wise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 720 Cumberland St, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 720 Cumberland St, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
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Peralta A, Robles C, Martínez A, Alvarez L, Valera A, Calamante G, König GA. Identification and molecular characterization of Orf virus in Argentina. Virus Genes 2015; 50:381-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hosamani M, Scagliarini A, Bhanuprakash V, McInnes CJ, Singh RK. Orf: an update on current research and future perspectives. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 7:879-93. [PMID: 19735227 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan Hosamani
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-263138, Nainital Distt., India and Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bangalore-24, India.
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Bhanuprakash V, Prabhu M, Venkatesan G, Balamurugan V, Hosamani M, Pathak KML, Singh RK. Camelpox: epidemiology, diagnosis and control measures. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 8:1187-201. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Friederichs S, Krebs S, Blum H, Wolf E, Lang H, von Buttlar H, Büttner M. Comparative and retrospective molecular analysis of Parapoxvirus (PPV) isolates. Virus Res 2013; 181:11-21. [PMID: 24373950 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Species members of the genus Parapoxvirus (PPV) within the family Poxviridae cause contagious pustular dermatitis in small ruminants (Orf virus, ORFV) and mostly mild localized inflammation in cattle (bovine papular stomatitis virus, BPSV and pseudocowpox virus, PCPV). All PPVs are known to be zoonotic, leading to circumscribed skin lesions in humans, historically known as milker's nodules. Human PPV isolates are often ill defined concerning their allocation to an animal origin. Here we present a comparative molecular analysis of a unique collection of 21 historic and recent human and animal PPV cell culture isolates (and two PPV DNA samples). Cell culture PPV propagation was restricted to primary ruminant fibroblasts and was strictly kept at low passages to avoid genomic changes by in vitro influences. For molecular arrangement of the isolate DNAs and their attribution to established PPV species DNA fragments of the PPVs were generated by two different discriminating PCR protocols, targeting the major part of the open reading frame (ORF) 011 (B2L gene) and the complete ORF 032. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis of both genes resulted in affiliation to the known PPV species. The sequences from the ORF 032 allowed discrimination of the isolate DNAs at a higher resolution. Human PPV isolates could be clearly assigned to the PPV species belonging to the reported or assumed animal host of transmission. For the first time, a whole PPV genome sequence comparison of a human biopsy derived virus (B029) and its ovine counterpart (B015) originating from a defined Orf outbreak in Germany is provided, revealing their well conserved relationship. Thus human PPVs can be molecularly retraced to the PPV species indicating the animal of transmission. After transmission to the human host, molecular conservation of the animal's virus peculiarities indicative for a PPV species became evident.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Lang
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Heiner von Buttlar
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universität Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Büttner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
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Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of an orf virus from sheep in Makhdoom, India. Virus Genes 2013; 48:312-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-1025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Comparison and phylogenetic analysis based on the B2L gene of orf virus from goats and sheep in China during 2009-2011. Arch Virol 2013; 159:1475-9. [PMID: 24343266 PMCID: PMC4042016 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
As a zoonotic infectious disease, orf outbreaks have been reported in China in recent years. However, molecular epidemiology analysis has not been performed for Chinese orf virus (ORFV) strains. Here, we have identified 13 ORFVs from goats and sheep in China between 2009 and 2011. Thirty-four complete B2L sequences were used to construct a phylogenetic tree to elucidate the molecular epidemiology of ORFV in China. Nucleotide sequences of B2L genes of clinical samples and attenuated vaccine strains were aligned and compared. Three genotypes were found by molecular epidemiology analysis. Amino acid substitutions were dispersed among B2 polypeptides from wild and attenuated ORFV strains.
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Zhao H, Wilkins K, Damon IK, Li Y. Specific qPCR assays for the detection of orf virus, pseudocowpox virus and bovine papular stomatitis virus. J Virol Methods 2013; 194:229-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Chi X, Zeng X, Hao W, Li M, Li W, Huang X, Wang S, Luo S. Heterogeneity among orf virus isolates from goats in Fujian Province, Southern China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66958. [PMID: 24143166 PMCID: PMC3797069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus is a parapoxvirus that causes recurring contagious ecthyma or orf disease in goat, sheep and other wild and domestic ruminants. Infected animals show signs of pustular lesions on the mouth and muzzle and develop scabs over the lesions. Although the infection is usually cleared within 1–2 months, delayed growth and associated secondary infections could still impact the herds. Orf virus can also infect humans, causing lesions similar to the animals in pathological histology. Prior infection of orf virus apparently offers little protective immunity against future infections. Several gene products of orf virus have been identified as responsible for immunomodulatory functions. In our recent study of orf virus isolates from an area along the Minjiang River in northern Fujian Province, we found a high heterogeneity among isolates from 10 farms within a 120-kilometer distance. Only two isolates from locations within 1 km to each other had same viral genes. There is no correlation between the geographical distance between the corresponding collection sites and the phylogenetic distance in ORFV011 or ORV059 genes for any two isolates. This finding suggests that there are diverse populations of orf virus present in the environment. This may in part contribute to the phenomenon of recurring outbreaks and heighten the need for better surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Chi
- College of Life Sciences,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthc re in Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiancheng Zeng
- College of Life Sciences,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthc re in Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Hao
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthc re in Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihua Wang
- College of Life Sciences,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SW); (SL)
| | - Shuhong Luo
- College of Life Sciences,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SW); (SL)
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Li H, Zhu X, Zheng Y, Wang S, Liu Z, Dou Y, Li H, Cai X, Luo X. Phylogenetic analysis of two Chinese orf virus isolates based on sequences of B2L and VIR genes. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1477-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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Schmidt C, Cargnelutti JF, Brum MC, Traesel CK, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Partial sequence analysis of B2L gene of Brazilian orf viruses from sheep and goats. Vet Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Scagliarini A, Piovesana S, Turrini F, Savini F, Sithole F, McCrindle CM. Orf in South Africa: endemic but neglected. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 79:E1-8. [PMID: 23327326 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v79i1.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
A survey amongst sheep and goat producers and veterinarians was undertaken to collect epidemiological data on orf in South Africa. Previous epidemiological studies on the presence of the disease in the country have not been documented and this report is the first descriptive epidemiological study of orf in South Africa. A seven-month investigation, realised by direct and indirect interviews and field observation, enabled us to outline incidence and risk factors of this disease and to better understand how the local farmers in rural areas relate to it. The results may contribute to better management of the disease in rural areas. By means of molecular analyses the phylogenetic relationships between field isolates from different areas have been identified. The findings gave a first important contribution to the general assessment of the economic impact of orf virus infections and the extent of the risk to human health.
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40
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Li W, Ning Z, Hao W, Song D, Gao F, Zhao K, Liao X, Li M, Rock DL, Luo S. Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of orf virus from the sheep herd outbreak in northeast China. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:229. [PMID: 23174032 PMCID: PMC3561078 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orf is a zoonotic and epitheliotrophic contagious disease that mainly affects sheep, goats, wild ruminants, and humans with a worldwide distribution. To date, there is little information on the characterization of ORFV strains that are endemic in Mainland China. In addition, the relationship between the severity of disease and the molecular profile of ORFV strains has not been fully elucidated. RESULTS From the recent outbreak of a sheep herd in Nongan, northeast of China, the novel orf virus (ORFV) strain NA1/11 was successfully isolated. Western blot analysis indicated that the NA1/11 strain cross reacts with monoclonal antibody A3 and infected sheep ORFV antiserum. The purified virions revealed the typical ovoid shape when observed by atomic force microscopy. To determine the genetic characteristics of the NA1/11 strain, the sequences of ORFV011 (B2L), ORFV059 (F1L), ORFV109, ORFV110 and ORFv132 (VEGF) genes were amplified and compared with reference parapoxvirus strains. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) was performed to analyze the nucleotide similarities between different ORFV strains. CONCLUSIONS Phylogenetic analysis based on ORFV 011 nucleotide sequences showed that the NA1/11strain was closely related to Xinjiang and Gansu strains. ORFV110 and ORFV132 genes are highly variable. The results revealed that precise phylogenetic analysis might provide evidence for genetic variation and movement of circulating ORFV strains in Northeast China. In addition, nMDS analysis showed that geographic isolation and animal host are likely major factors resulting in genetic differences between ORFV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, N, Guangzhou Avenue 1838, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
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Rintoul JL, Lemay CG, Tai LH, Stanford MM, Falls TJ, de Souza CT, Bridle BW, Daneshmand M, Ohashi PS, Wan Y, Lichty BD, Mercer AA, Auer RC, Atkins HL, Bell JC. ORFV: a novel oncolytic and immune stimulating parapoxvirus therapeutic. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1148-57. [PMID: 22273579 PMCID: PMC3369287 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Replicating viruses for the treatment of cancer have a number of advantages over traditional therapeutic modalities. They are highly targeted, self-amplifying, and have the added potential to act as both gene-therapy delivery vehicles and oncolytic agents. Parapoxvirus ovis or Orf virus (ORFV) is the prototypic species of the Parapoxvirus genus, causing a benign disease in its natural ungulate host. ORFV possesses a number of unique properties that make it an ideal viral backbone for the development of a cancer therapeutic: it is safe in humans, has the ability to cause repeat infections even in the presence of antibody, and it induces a potent T(h)-1-dominated immune response. Here, we show that live replicating ORFV induces an antitumor immune response in multiple syngeneic mouse models of cancer that is mediated largely by the potent activation of both cytokine-secreting, and tumoricidal natural killer (NK) cells. We have also highlighted the clinical potential of the virus by demonstration of human cancer cell oncolysis including efficacy in an A549 xenograft model of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Rintoul
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chantal G Lemay
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee-Hwa Tai
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianne M Stanford
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theresa J Falls
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christiano T de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manijeh Daneshmand
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian D Lichty
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca C Auer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harold L Atkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Billinis C, Mavrogianni VS, Spyrou V, Fthenakis GC. Phylogenetic analysis of strains of Orf virus isolated from two outbreaks of the disease in sheep in Greece. Virol J 2012; 9:24. [PMID: 22260526 PMCID: PMC3275544 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although orf is endemic around the world, there are few descriptions of Orf virus strains and comparisons of these strains. We report the sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the partial B2L gene of Orf virus from two outbreaks of the disease in Greece. The first was an outbreak of genital form of the disease in a flock imported from France, whilst the second was an outbreak of the disease in the udder skin of ewes and around the mouth of lambs in an indigenous flock. Results Phylogenetic analysis was performed on a part (498 bp) of the B2L gene of 35 Parapoxvirus isolates, including the two Orf virus isolates recovered from each of the two outbreaks in the present study. This analysis revealed that the maximum nucleotide and amino-acid variation amongst Orf virus strains worldwide (n = 33) was 8.1% and 9.6%, respectively. The homology of the nucleotide and amino-acid sequences between the two Greek isolates was 99.0% and 98.8%, respectively. The two Greek isolates clustered only with Orf virus strains. Conclusions We suggest that there can be differences between strains based on their geographical origin. However, differences in the origin of strains or in the clinical presentation of the disease may not be associated with their pathogenicity. More work is required to determine if differing clinical presentations are linked to viral strain differences or if other factors, e.g., flock immunity, method of exposure or genetic susceptibility, are more important to determine the clinical presentation of the infection.
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Novel immune-modulator identified by a rapid, functional screen of the parapoxvirus ovis (Orf virus) genome. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:4. [PMID: 22243932 PMCID: PMC3283511 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The success of new sequencing technologies and informatic methods for identifying genes has made establishing gene product function a critical rate limiting step in progressing the molecular sciences. We present a method to functionally mine genomes for useful activities in vivo, using an unusual property of a member of the poxvirus family to demonstrate this screening approach. Results The genome of Parapoxvirus ovis (Orf virus) was sequenced, annotated, and then used to PCR-amplify its open-reading-frames. Employing a cloning-independent protocol, a viral expression-library was rapidly built and arrayed into sub-library pools. These were directly delivered into mice as expressible cassettes and assayed for an immune-modulating activity associated with parapoxvirus infection. The product of the B2L gene, a homolog of vaccinia F13L, was identified as the factor eliciting immune cell accumulation at sites of skin inoculation. Administration of purified B2 protein also elicited immune cell accumulation activity, and additionally was found to serve as an adjuvant for antigen-specific responses. Co-delivery of the B2L gene with an influenza gene-vaccine significantly improved protection in mice. Furthermore, delivery of the B2L expression construct, without antigen, non-specifically reduced tumor growth in murine models of cancer. Conclusion A streamlined, functional approach to genome-wide screening of a biological activity in vivo is presented. Its application to screening in mice for an immune activity elicited by the pathogen genome of Parapoxvirus ovis yielded a novel immunomodulator. In this inverted discovery method, it was possible to identify the adjuvant responsible for a function of interest prior to a mechanistic study of the adjuvant. The non-specific immune activity of this modulator, B2, is similar to that associated with administration of inactivated particles to a host or to a live viral infection. Administration of B2 may provide the opportunity to significantly impact host immunity while being itself only weakly recognized. The functional genomics method used to pinpoint B2 within an ORFeome may be more broadly applicable to screening for other biological activities in an animal.
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Zhao K, He W, Gao W, Lu H, Han T, Li J, Zhang X, Zhang B, Wang G, Su G, Zhao Z, Song D, Gao F. Orf virus DNA vaccines expressing ORFV 011 and ORFV 059 chimeric protein enhances immunogenicity. Virol J 2011; 8:562. [PMID: 22204310 PMCID: PMC3269396 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ORFV attenuated live vaccines have been the main prophylactic measure against contagious ecthyma in sheep and goats in the last decades, which play an important role in preventing the outbreak of the disease. However, the available vaccines do not induce lasting immunity in sheep and goats. On the other hand, variation in the terminal genome of Orf virus vaccine strains during cell culture adaptation may affect the efficacy of a vaccine. Currently, there are no more effective antiviral treatments available for contagious ecthyma. Results We constructed three eukaryotic expression vectors pcDNA3.1-ORFV011, pcDNA3.1-ORFV059 and pcDNA3.1-ORFV011/ORFV059 and tested their immunogenicity in mouse model. High level expression of the recombinant proteins ORFV011, ORFV059 and ORFV011/ORFV059 was confirmed by western blotting analysis and indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA) tests. The ORFV-specific antibody titers and serum IgG1/IgG2a titers, the proliferation of lymphocytes and ORFV-specific cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) were examined to evaluate the immune responses of the vaccinated mice. We found that mice inoculated with pcDNA3.1-ORFV 011/ORFV059 had significantly stronger immunological responses than those inoculated with pcDNA3.1-ORFV011, pcDNA3.1-ORFV059, or pcDNA3.1-ORFV011 plus pcDNA3.1-ORFV059. Compared to other vaccine plasmids immunized groups, pcDNA3.1-ORFV011/ORFV059 immunized group enhances immunogenicity. Conclusions We concluded that DNA vaccine pcDNA3.1-ORFV011/ORFV059 expressing ORFV011 and ORFV059 chemeric-proteins can significantly improve the potency of DNA vaccination and could be served as more effective and safe approach for new vaccines against ORFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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Analysis of deletion within the reindeer pseudocowpoxvirus genome. Virus Res 2011; 160:326-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cross ML, Fleming SB, Cowan PE, Scobie S, Whelan E, Prada D, Mercer AA, Duckworth JA. Vaccinia virus as a vaccine delivery system for marsupial wildlife. Vaccine 2011; 29:4537-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Lojkic I, Cac Z, Beck A, Bedekovic T, Cvetnic Z, Sostaric B. Phylogenetic analysis of Croatian orf viruses isolated from sheep and goats. Virol J 2010; 7:314. [PMID: 21073725 PMCID: PMC2989325 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Orf virus (ORFV) is the prototype of the parapoxvirus genus and it primarily causes contagious ecthyma in goats, sheep, and other ruminants worldwide. In this paper, we described the sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the B2L gene of ORFV from two natural outbreaks: i) in autochthonous Croatian Cres-breed sheep and ii) on small family goat farm. RESULTS Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the ORFV B2L gene showed that the Cro-Cres-12446/09 and Cro-Goat-11727/10 were not clustered together. Cro-Cres-12446/09 shared the highest similarity with ORFV NZ2 from New Zealand, and Ena from Japan; Cro-Goat-11727/10 was closest to the HuB from China and Taiping and Hoping from Taiwan. CONCLUSION Distinct ORFV strains are circulating in Croatia. Although ORFV infections are found ubiquitously wherever sheep and goats are farmed in Croatia, this is the first information on genetic relatedness of any Croatian ORFV with other isolates around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Lojkic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Nagarajan G, Ghorui SK, Kumar S, Pathak KML. Complete nucleotide sequence of the envelope gene of pseudocowpox virus isolates from Indian dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius). Arch Virol 2010; 155:1725-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang K, Shang Y, Jin Y, Wang G, Zheng H, He J, Lu Z, Liu X. Diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of Orf virus from goats in China: a case report. Virol J 2010; 7:78. [PMID: 20416112 PMCID: PMC2877020 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orf virus (ORFV) is the etiological agent of contagious pustular dermatitis and is the prototype of the genus Parapoxvirus (PPV). It causes a severe exanthematous dermatitis that afflicts domestic and wild small ruminants. Case presentation In the present study, an outbreak of proliferative dermatitis in farmed goats. The presence of ORFV in tissue scrapings from the lips was confirmed by B2L gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The molecular characterization of the ORFV was performed using PCR amplification, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the B2L gene. Conclusion The results of this investigation indicated that the outbreak was caused by infection with an ORFV that was closely related genetically to Nantou (DQ934351), which was isolated from the Tai wan province of China and Hoping (EU935106), which originated from South Korea in 2008. This is the first report of the phylogenetic analysis of ORFV from goats in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshan Zhang
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Xujiaping No,1, Yanchangpu, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
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INOSHIMA Y, ITO M, ISHIGURO N. Spatial and Temporal Genetic Homogeneity of Orf Viruses Infecting Japanese Serows (Capricornis crispus). J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:701-7. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo INOSHIMA
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University
| | - Mika ITO
- Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Naotaka ISHIGURO
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University
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