1
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Sasaki J, Kawakubo S, Kim H, Kim OK, Yamashita K, Shimura H, Masuta C. Leek Yellow Stripe Virus Can Adjust for Host Adaptation by Trimming the N-Terminal Domain to Allow the P1 Protein to Function as an RNA Silencing Suppressor. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 38:383-394. [PMID: 35953058 PMCID: PMC9372110 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.ft.06.2022.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In Japan, the P1 protein (S-type) encoded by leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) isolates detected in Honshu and southward is shorter than the P1 (N-type) of LYSV isolates from garlic grown in Hokkaido due to a large deletion in the N-terminal half. In garlic fields in Hokkaido, two types of LYSV isolate with N- and S-type P1s are sometimes found in mixed infections. In this study, we confirmed that N- and S-type P1 sequences were present in the same plant and that they belong to different evolutionary phylogenetic groups. To investigate how LYSV with S-type P1 (LYSV-S) could have invaded LYSV with N-type P1 (LYSV-N)-infected garlic, we examined wild Allium spp. plants in Hokkaido and found that LYSV was almost undetectable. On the other hand, in Honshu, LYSV-S was detected at a high frequency in Allium spp. other than garlic, suggesting that the LYSV-S can infect a wider host range of Allium spp. compared to LYSV-N. Because P1 proteins of potyviruses have been reported to promote RNA silencing suppressor (RSS) activity of HC-Pro proteins, we analyzed whether the same was true for P1 of LYSV. In onion, contrary to expectation, the P1 protein itself had RSS activity. Moreover, the RSS activity of S-type P1 was considerably stronger than that of N-type P1, suggesting that LYSV P1 may be able to enhance its RSS activity when the deletion is in the N-terminal half and that acquiring S-type P1 may have enabled LYSV to expand its host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sasaki
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589,
Japan
- Ornamental Plants and Vegetables Research Center, Takikawa 073-0026,
Japan
| | - Shusuke Kawakubo
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589,
Japan
| | - Hangil Kim
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589,
Japan
| | - Ok-Kyung Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi 243-0034,
Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamashita
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi 243-0034,
Japan
- Fukuchi Garlic R&S, Nambu-Chou, Aomori 039-0815,
Japan
| | - Hanako Shimura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589,
Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589,
Japan
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2
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López‐González S, Navarro JA, Pacios LF, Sardaru P, Pallás V, Sánchez F, Ponz F. Association between flower stalk elongation, an Arabidopsis developmental trait, and the subcellular location and movement dynamics of the nonstructural protein P3 of Turnip mosaic virus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1271-1286. [PMID: 32737952 PMCID: PMC7488469 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Virus infections affect plant developmental traits but this aspect of the interaction has not been extensively studied so far. Two strains of Turnip mosaic virus differentially affect Arabidopsis development, especially flower stalk elongation, which allowed phenotypical, cellular, and molecular characterization of the viral determinant, the P3 protein. Transiently expressed wild-type green fluorescent protein-tagged P3 proteins of both strains and selected mutants of them revealed important differences in their behaviour as endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated peripheral proteins flowing along the reticulum, forming punctate accumulations. Three-dimensional (3D) model structures of all expressed P3 proteins were computationally constructed through I-TASSER protein structure predictions, which were used to compute protein surfaces and map electrostatic potentials to characterize the effect of amino acid changes on features related to protein interactions and to phenotypical and subcellular results. The amino acid at position 279 was the main determinant affecting stalk development. It also determined the speed of ER-flow of the expressed proteins and their final location. A marked change in the protein surface electrostatic potential correlated with changes in subcellular location. One single amino acid in the P3 viral protein determines all the analysed differential characteristics between strains differentially affecting flower stalk development. A model proposing a role of the protein in the intracellular movement of the viral replication complex, in association with the viral 6K2 protein, is proposed. The type of association between both viral proteins could differ between the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Antonio Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV‐CSIC), IBMCPValenciaSpain
| | - Luis F. Pacios
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA)Pozuelo de AlarcónSpain
| | - Papaiah Sardaru
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA)Pozuelo de AlarcónSpain
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV‐CSIC), IBMCPValenciaSpain
| | - Flora Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA)Pozuelo de AlarcónSpain
| | - Fernando Ponz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA)Pozuelo de AlarcónSpain
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3
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Taninaka Y, Nakahara KS, Hagiwara-Komoda Y. Intracellular proliferation of clover yellow vein virus is unaffected by the recessive resistance gene cyv1 of Pisum sativum. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:76-82. [PMID: 31687790 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pea cyv1 gene is a yet-to-be-identified recessive resistance gene that inhibits the infection of clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV). Previous studies confirmed that the cell-to-cell movement of ClYVV is inhibited in cyv1-carrying pea plants; however, the effect of cyv1 on viral replication remains unknown. In this study, we developed a new pea protoplast transfection method to investigate ClYVV propagation at the single-cell level. Using this method, we revealed that ClYVV accumulates to similar levels in both ClYVV-susceptible and cyv1-carrying pea protoplasts. Thus, the cyv1-mediated resistance would not suppress intracellular ClYVV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Taninaka
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Kenji S Nakahara
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuka Hagiwara-Komoda
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
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4
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Ishibashi K, Saruta M, Shimizu T, Shu M, Anai T, Komatsu K, Yamada N, Katayose Y, Ishikawa M, Ishimoto M, Kaga A. Soybean antiviral immunity conferred by dsRNase targets the viral replication complex. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4033. [PMID: 31562302 PMCID: PMC6764979 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic positive-strand RNA viruses replicate their genomes in membranous compartments formed in a host cell, which sequesters the dsRNA replication intermediate from antiviral immune surveillance. Here, we find that soybean has developed a way to overcome this sequestration. We report the positional cloning of the broad-spectrum soybean mosaic virus resistance gene Rsv4, which encodes an RNase H family protein with dsRNA-degrading activity. An active-site mutant of Rsv4 is incapable of inhibiting virus multiplication and is associated with an active viral RNA polymerase complex in infected cells. These results suggest that Rsv4 enters the viral replication compartment and degrades viral dsRNA. Inspired by this model, we design three plant-gene-derived dsRNases that can inhibit the multiplication of the respective target viruses. These findings suggest a method for developing crops resistant to any target positive-strand RNA virus by fusion of endogenous host genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ishibashi
- Plant and Microbial Research Unit, Division of Plant and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Masayasu Saruta
- Crop Breeding and Food Functional Components Division, Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-3-1 Senyu-cho, Zentsuji-shi, Kagawa, 765-8508, Japan
- Soybean Breeding Unit, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
| | - Takehiko Shimizu
- Soybean and Field Crop Applied Genomics Research Unit, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
- Advanced Genomics Breeding Section, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
| | - Miao Shu
- Plant and Microbial Research Unit, Division of Plant and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Anai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Komatsu
- Research Team for Crop Cold Tolerance, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Hitsujigaoka 1, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8555, Japan
- Crop Breeding and Food Functional Components Division, Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-3-1 Senyu-cho, Zentsuji-shi, Kagawa, 765-8508, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yamada
- Nagano Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Experiment Station, 1066-1, Soga, Shiojiri, Nagano, 399-6461, Japan
| | - Yuichi Katayose
- Advanced Genomics Breeding Section, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
- Department of Planning and Coordination, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8517, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ishikawa
- Plant and Microbial Research Unit, Division of Plant and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Masao Ishimoto
- Soybean and Field Crop Applied Genomics Research Unit, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
- Division of Basic Research, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8517, Japan
| | - Akito Kaga
- Soybean and Field Crop Applied Genomics Research Unit, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan.
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5
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Luan H, Liao W, Niu H, Cui X, Chen X, Zhi H. Comprehensive Analysis of Soybean Mosaic Virus P3 Protein Interactors and Hypersensitive Response-Like Lesion-Inducing Protein Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143388. [PMID: 31295900 PMCID: PMC6678280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is one of the most prevalent and important pathogens of soybean, which produces 11 proteins, and the third protein, P3, was suggested to be involved in virus movement and replication, as well as host infection. During the virus infection, host proteins are essential in the virus cycle. However, there is no comprehensive report on the network of host proteins that interact with P3. Fifty-one interactors were identified by using the P3 protein as the bait against the SMV SC15 strain-challenged soybean cDNA library. These proteins were classified into five groups, including transport and protein transport-related proteins, defense and disease-related proteins, photosynthesis proteins, cellular metabolic proteins, and unknown proteins. Among these proteins, the protein defined as hypersensitive response-like lesion-inducing (HRLI) appeared multiple times and showed strong affinity with P3, which indicated its important role in SMV infection. Thus, it was chosen for further investigation. Phylogenetic classification showed that paralog proteins GmHRLI-1 and GmHRLI-2 clustered together and shared 90% homologous identity. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay was carried out to confirm the interaction, and fluorescence was detected at the cell periplasmic as well as at the nucleus. Subcellular localization showed that GmHRLI was localized to the cell periplasmic, while the co-localization of GmHRLI and P3 signals was also observed in the nucleus, suggesting that GmHRLI could interact with P3 and promoted the translation of P3 to the nucleus. Moreover, the gene expression of GmHRLI was abundant in the roots, leaves, and flowers, and could be induced by SMV infection, suggesting its involvement in SMV infection. Our results together lay the foundation to explore the mechanisms of P3 in the HR process and the HRLI protein function in SMV response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexiang Luan
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenlin Liao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haopeng Niu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Haijian Zhi
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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6
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Host-associated selection of a P3 mutant of zucchini yellow mosaic virus affects viral infectivity in watermelon. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1449-1454. [PMID: 29426994 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we found that the infectivity of zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) in watermelon lines H1 and K6 changed from partial to complete after propagation in the susceptible watermelon line ZXG637. When using cucumber infected with strain ZYMV-CH87 as an inoculum (named ZYMV-CH87C), the mean incidences of infection in lines H1 and K6 were 6% and 11%, respectively. However, when these lines were inoculated with ZXG637 infected with ZYMV-CH87C (named ZYMV-637), 100% of the plants became infected. Sequencing of ZYMV from these different inoculums revealed two nucleotide changes in the P3 cistron in ZYMV-637, which resulted in changes in the amino acids at positions 768 and 857 of the P3 protein, compared with the original strain ZYMV-CH87. We named this variant the M768I857-variant. The M768I857-variant was detected at low levels (3.9%) in ZYMV-CH87C. When ZYMV-CH87C was passaged with ZXG637, the M768I857-variant was selected by the host, and the original sequence was replaced entirely after two passages. These results may be explained by host-associated selection due to an unknown host-encoded factor. Using the M768I857-variant as an inoculum, 100% of the H1 and K6 plants showed systemic symptoms. These results suggest that (1) changing the individual amino acids at the end of the P3 N-terminus induces resistance-breaking, and (2) the P3 N-terminus may be involved in host recognition.
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7
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Cui X, Lu L, Wang Y, Yuan X, Chen X. The interaction of soybean reticulon homology domain protein (GmRHP) with Soybean mosaic virus encoded P3 contributes to the viral infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:2105-2110. [PMID: 29229386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), a member of the Potyvirus genus, is a prevalent and devastating viral pathogen in soybean-growing regions worldwide. Potyvirus replication occurs in the 6K2-induced viral replication complex at endoplasmic reticulum exit sites. Potyvirus-encoded P3 is also associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and is as an essential component of the viral replication complex, playing a key role in viral replication. This study provides evidence that the soybean (Glycine max) reticulon homology domain protein (designated as GmRHP) interacts with SMV-P3 by using a two-hybrid yeast system to screen a soybean cDNA library. A bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay further confirmed the interaction, which occurred on the cytomembrane, endoplasmic reticulum and cytoskeleton in Nicotiana benthamiana cells. The transient expression of GmRHP can promote the coupling of Turnip mosaic virus replication and cell-to-cell movement in N. benthamiana. The interaction between the membrane protein SMV-P3 and GmRHP may contribute to the potyvirus infection, and GmRHP may be an essential host factor for P3's involvement in potyvirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cui
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, PR China
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, PR China; Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, PR China.
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8
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Cui X, Yaghmaiean H, Wu G, Wu X, Chen X, Thorn G, Wang A. The C-terminal region of the Turnip mosaic virus P3 protein is essential for viral infection via targeting P3 to the viral replication complex. Virology 2017; 510:147-155. [PMID: 28735115 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Like other positive-strand RNA viruses, plant potyviruses assemble viral replication complexes (VRCs) on modified cellular membranes. Potyviruses encode two membrane proteins, 6K2 and P3. The former is known to play pivotal roles in the formation of membrane-associated VRCs. However, P3 remains to be one of the least characterized potyviral proteins. The P3 cistron codes for P3 as well as P3N-PIPO which results from RNA polymerase slippage. In this study, we show that the P3N-PIPO of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is required for viral cell-to-cell movement but not for viral replication. We demonstrate that the C-terminal region of P3 (P3C) is indispensable for P3 to form cytoplasmic punctate inclusions and target VRCs. We reveal that TuMV mutants that lack P3C are replication-defective. Taken together, these data suggest that the P3 cistron has two distinct functions: P3N-PIPO as a dedicated movement protein and P3 as an essential component of the VRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cui
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China; London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada; Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Hoda Yaghmaiean
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada; Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Guanwei Wu
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China; London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada; Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada; College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Greg Thorn
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada; Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
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9
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Charon J, Theil S, Nicaise V, Michon T. Protein intrinsic disorder within the Potyvirus genus: from proteome-wide analysis to functional annotation. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:634-52. [PMID: 26699268 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00677e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Within proteins, intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are devoid of stable secondary and tertiary structures under physiological conditions and rather exist as dynamic ensembles of inter-converting conformers. Although ubiquitous in all domains of life, the intrinsic disorder content is highly variable in viral genomes. Over the years, functional annotations of disordered regions at the scale of the whole proteome have been conducted for several animal viruses. But to date, similar studies applied to plant viruses are still missing. Based on disorder prediction tools combined with annotation programs and evolutionary studies, we analyzed the intrinsic disorder content in Potyvirus, using a 10-species dataset representative of this genus diversity. In this paper, we revealed that: (i) the Potyvirus proteome displays high disorder content, (ii) disorder is conserved during Potyvirus evolution, suggesting a functional advantage of IDRs, (iii) IDRs evolve faster than ordered regions, and (iv) IDRs may be associated with major biological functions required for the Potyvirus cycle. Notably, the proteins P1, Coat protein (CP) and Viral genome-linked protein (VPg) display a high content of conserved disorder, enriched in specific motifs mimicking eukaryotic functional modules and suggesting strategies of host machinery hijacking. In these three proteins, IDRs are particularly conserved despite their high amino acid polymorphism, indicating a link to adaptive processes. Through this comprehensive study, we further investigate the biological relevance of intrinsic disorder in Potyvirus biology and we propose a functional annotation of potyviral proteome IDRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Charon
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France. and UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Theil
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France. and UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Valérie Nicaise
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France. and UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Thierry Michon
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France. and UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
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10
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Lu L, Wu G, Xu X, Luan H, Zhi H, Cui J, Cui X, Chen X. Soybean actin-depolymerizing factor 2 interacts with Soybean mosaic virus-encoded P3 protein. Virus Genes 2015; 50:333-9. [PMID: 25537947 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), a member of the Potyvirus genus, is one of the most prevalent and devastating viral pathogens in soybean-growing regions worldwide. It is generally accepted that symptom development of a viral plant disease results from molecular interactions between the virus and its host plant. P3 protein is the most variable polyprotein in potyviruses, which potentially plays an important role in the process of the evolution of virus type specialization. However, P3 not only plays a major role in virus replication and movement, but it is also responsible for symptom development in SMV-infected plants. This study provides evidence that actin-depolymerizing factor 2 (designated as ADF2) of soybean interacts with SMV P3 via a two-hybrid yeast system by screening a soybean cDNA library. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay further confirmed the interaction, which occurred in both the cytomembrane and cytoskeleton of Nicotiana benthamiana cells. The results support the hypothesis that SMV P3 might have a role in virus movement within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Abstract
Potyvirus is the largest genus of plant viruses causing significant losses in a wide range of crops. Potyviruses are aphid transmitted in a nonpersistent manner and some of them are also seed transmitted. As important pathogens, potyviruses are much more studied than other plant viruses belonging to other genera and their study covers many aspects of plant virology, such as functional characterization of viral proteins, molecular interaction with hosts and vectors, structure, taxonomy, evolution, epidemiology, and diagnosis. Biotechnological applications of potyviruses are also being explored. During this last decade, substantial advances have been made in the understanding of the molecular biology of these viruses and the functions of their various proteins. After a general presentation on the family Potyviridae and the potyviral proteins, we present an update of the knowledge on potyvirus multiplication, movement, and transmission and on potyvirus/plant compatible interactions including pathogenicity and symptom determinants. We end the review providing information on biotechnological applications of potyviruses.
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12
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Ivanov KI, Eskelin K, Lõhmus A, Mäkinen K. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying potyvirus infection. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1415-1429. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.064220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Potyviruses represent one of the most economically important and widely distributed groups of plant viruses. Despite considerable progress towards understanding the cellular and molecular basis of their pathogenicity, many questions remain about the mechanisms by which potyviruses suppress host defences and create an optimal intracellular environment for viral translation, replication, assembly and spread. The review focuses on the multifunctional roles of potyviral proteins and their interplay with various host factors in different compartments of the infected cell. We place special emphasis on the recently discovered and currently putative mechanisms by which potyviruses subvert the normal functions of different cellular organelles in order to establish an efficient and productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. I. Ivanov
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - K. Eskelin
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - A. Lõhmus
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - K. Mäkinen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Choi SH, Hagiwara-Komoda Y, Nakahara KS, Atsumi G, Shimada R, Hisa Y, Naito S, Uyeda I. Quantitative and qualitative involvement of P3N-PIPO in overcoming recessive resistance against Clover yellow vein virus in pea carrying the cyv1 gene. J Virol 2013; 87:7326-37. [PMID: 23616656 PMCID: PMC3700270 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00065-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In pea carrying cyv1, a recessive gene for resistance to Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV), ClYVV isolate Cl-no30 was restricted to the initially infected cells, whereas isolate 90-1 Br2 overcame this resistance. We mapped the region responsible for breaking of cyv1-mediated resistance by examining infection of cyv1 pea with chimeric viruses constructed from parts of Cl-no30 and 90-1 Br2. The breaking of resistance was attributed to the P3 cistron, which is known to produce two proteins: P3, from the main open reading frame (ORF), and P3N-PIPO, which has the N-terminal part of P3 fused to amino acids encoded by a small open reading frame (ORF) called PIPO in the +2 reading frame. We introduced point mutations that were synonymous with respect to the P3 protein but nonsynonymous with respect to the P3N-PIPO protein, and vice versa, into the chimeric viruses. Infection of plants with these mutant viruses revealed that both P3 and P3N-PIPO were involved in overcoming cyv1-mediated resistance. Moreover, P3N-PIPO quantitatively affected the virulence of Cl-no30 in cyv1 pea. Additional expression in trans of the P3N-PIPO derived from Cl-no30, using White clover mosaic virus as a vector, enabled Cl-no30 to move to systemic leaves in cyv1 pea. Susceptible pea plants infected with chimeric ClYVV possessing the P3 cistron of 90-1 Br2, and which were therefore virulent toward cyv1 pea, accumulated more P3N-PIPO than did those infected with Cl-no30, suggesting that the higher level of P3N-PIPO in infected cells contributed to the breaking of resistance by 90-1 Br2. This is the first report showing that P3N-PIPO is a virulence determinant in plants resistant to a potyvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Choi
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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14
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Tena Fernández F, González I, Doblas P, Rodríguez C, Sahana N, Kaur H, Tenllado F, Praveen S, Canto T. The influence of cis-acting P1 protein and translational elements on the expression of Potato virus Y helper-component proteinase (HCPro) in heterologous systems and its suppression of silencing activity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:530-41. [PMID: 23451733 PMCID: PMC6638740 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the Potyvirus genus, the P1 protein is the first N-terminal product processed from the viral polyprotein, followed by the helper-component proteinase (HCPro). In silencing suppression patch assays, we found that Potato virus Y (PVY) HCPro expressed from a P1-HCPro sequence increased the accumulation of a reporter gene, whereas protein expressed from an HCPro sequence did not, even with P1 supplied in trans. This enhancing effect of P1 has been noted in other potyviruses, but has remained unexplained. We analysed the accumulation of PVY HCPro in infiltrated tissues and found that it was higher when expressed from P1-HCPro than from HCPro sequences. Co-expression of heterologous suppressors increased the steady-state level of mRNA expressed from the HCPro sequence, but not that of protein. This suggests that, in the absence of P1 upstream, either HCPro acquires a conformation that affects negatively its activity or stability, or that its translation is reduced. To test these options, we purified HCPro expressed in the presence or absence of upstream P1, and found no difference in purification pattern and final soluble state. By contrast, alteration of the Kozak context in the HCPro mRNA sequence to favour translation increased partially suppressor accumulation and activity. Furthermore, protein activity was not lower than in protein expressed from P1-HCPro sequences. Thus, a direct role for P1 on HCPro suppressor activity or stability, by influencing its conformation during translation, can be excluded. However, P1 could still have an indirect effect favouring HCPro accumulation. Our data highlight the relevance of cis-acting translational elements in the heterologous expression of HCPro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Tena Fernández
- Environmental Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Quenouille J, Vassilakos N, Moury B. Potato virus Y: a major crop pathogen that has provided major insights into the evolution of viral pathogenicity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:439-52. [PMID: 23480826 PMCID: PMC6638879 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
TAXONOMY Potato virus Y (PVY) is the type member of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae. VIRION AND GENOME PROPERTIES: PVY virions have a filamentous, flexuous form, with a length of 730 nm and a diameter of 12 nm. The genomic RNA is single stranded, messenger sense, with a length of 9.7 kb, covalently linked to a viral-encoded protein (VPg) at the 5' end and to a 3' polyadenylated tail. The genome is expressed as a polyprotein of approximately 3062 amino acid residues, processed by three virus-specific proteases into 11 mature proteins. HOSTS PVY is distributed worldwide and has a broad host range, consisting of cultivated solanaceous species and many solanaceous and nonsolanaceous weeds. It is one of the most economically important plant pathogens and causes severe diseases in cultivated hosts, such as potato, tobacco, tomato and pepper, as well as in ornamental plants. TRANSMISSION PVY is transmitted from plant to plant by more than 40 aphid species in a nonpersistent manner and, in potato, by planting contaminated seed tubers. DIVERSITY: Five major clades, named C1, C2, Chile, N and O, have been described within the PVY species. In recent decades, a strong increase in prevalence of N × O recombinant isolates has been observed worldwide. A correlation has been observed between PVY phylogeny and certain pathogenicity traits. GENETIC CONTROL OF PVY: Resistance genes against PVY have been used widely in breeding programmes and deployed in the field. These resistance genes show a large diversity of spectrum of action, durability and genetic determinism. Notably, recessive and dominant major resistance genes show highly contrasting patterns of interaction with PVY populations, displaying rapid co-evolution or stable relationships, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Quenouille
- INRA, UR407 Pathologie Végétale, Domaine Saint Maurice, CS 60094, F-84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
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16
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Faurez F, Baldwin T, Tribodet M, Jacquot E. Identification of new Potato virus Y (PVY) molecular determinants for the induction of vein necrosis in tobacco. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2012; 13:948-59. [PMID: 22537230 PMCID: PMC6638754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Two tobacco vein necrosis (TVN) determinants, the residues K(400) and E(419) , have been identified previously in the helper component-protease (HC-Pro) protein sequence of Potato virus Y (PVY). However, since their description, non-necrotic PVY isolates with both K(400) and E(419) necrotic determinants have been reported in the literature. This suggests the presence in the viral genome of other, as yet uncharacterized, TVN determinant(s). The identification of PVY(N) pathogenicity determinants was approached through the replacement of genomic regions of the necrotic PVY(N) -605 infectious clone by corresponding sequences from the non-necrotic PVY(O) -139 isolate. Series of PVY(N/O) chimeras and site-directed PVY mutants were constructed to test the involvement of different parts of the PVY genome (from nucleotide 421 to nucleotide 9629) in the induction of TVN symptoms. The analysis of both the genomic characteristics and biological properties of these mutants made it possible to highlight the involvement, in addition to residues K(400) and E(419), of the residue N(339) of the HC-Pro protein and two regions in the cytoplasmic inclusion (CI) protein to nuclear inclusion protein a-protease (NIa-Pro) sequence (nucleotides 5496-5932 and 6233-6444) in the induction of vein necrosis in tobacco infected by PVY isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Faurez
- INRA-Agrocampus Ouest-Université Rennes1, UMR1099 BiO3P Biology of Organisms and Populations Applied to Plant Protection, F-35653 Le Rheu, France
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Wang A, Krishnaswamy S. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-mediated recessive resistance to plant viruses and its utility in crop improvement. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2012; 13:795-803. [PMID: 22379950 PMCID: PMC6638641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of genetic resistance is considered to be the most effective and sustainable approach to the control of plant pathogens. Although most of the known natural resistance genes are monogenic dominant R genes that are predominant against fungi and bacteria, more and more recessive resistance genes against viruses have been cloned in the last decade. Interestingly, of the 14 natural recessive resistance genes against plant viruses that have been cloned from diverse plant species thus far, 12 encode the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) or its isoform eIF(iso)4E. This review is intended to summarize the current state of knowledge about eIF4E and the possible mechanisms underlying its essential role in virus infection, and to discuss recent progress and the potential of eIF4E as a target gene in the development of genetic resistance to viruses for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiming Wang
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada, N5V 4T3.
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18
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Suntio T, Mäkinen K. Abiotic stress responses promote Potato virus A infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2012; 13:775-84. [PMID: 22340188 PMCID: PMC6638678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The effect of abiotic stress responses on Potato virus A (PVA; genus Potyvirus) infection was studied. Salt, osmotic and wounding stress all increased PVA gene expression in infected Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. According to the literature, an early response to these stresses is an elevation in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration. The infiltration of 0.1 m CaCl(2) into the infected leaf area enhanced the translation of PVA RNA, and this Ca(2+) -induced effect was more profound than that induced solely by osmotic stress. The inhibition of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels within the plasma membrane abolished the Ca(2+) effect, suggesting that Ca(2+) had to be transported into the cytosol to affect viral gene expression. This was also supported by a reduced wounding effect in the presence of the Ca(2+) -chelating agent ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA). In the absence of viral replication, the intense synthesis of viral proteins in response to Ca(2+) was transient. However, a Ca(2+) pulse administered at the onset of wild-type PVA infection enhanced the progress of infection within the locally infected leaf, and the virus appeared earlier in the systemic leaves than in the control plants. This suggests that the cellular environment was thoroughly modified by the Ca(2+) pulse to support viral infection. One message of this study is that the sensing of abiotic stress, which leads to cellular responses, probably via Ca(2+) signalling, associated with enhanced virus infection, may lead to higher field crop losses. Therefore, the effect of abiotic stress on plant viral infection warrants further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taina Suntio
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Maliogka VI, Calvo M, Carbonell A, García JA, Valli A. Heterologous RNA-silencing suppressors from both plant- and animal-infecting viruses support plum pox virus infection. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1601-1611. [PMID: 22513385 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.042168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HCPro, the RNA-silencing suppressor (RSS) of viruses belonging to the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae, is a multifunctional protein presumably involved in all essential steps of the viral infection cycle. Recent studies have shown that plum pox potyvirus (PPV) HCPro can be replaced successfully by cucumber vein yellowing ipomovirus P1b, a sequence-unrelated RSS from a virus of the same family. In order to gain insight into the requirement of a particular RSS to establish a successful potyviral infection, we tested the ability of different heterologous RSSs from both plant- and animal-infecting viruses to substitute for HCPro. Making use of engineered PPV chimeras, we show that PPV HCPro can be replaced functionally by some, but not all, unrelated RSSs, including the NS1 protein of the mammal-infecting influenza A virus. Interestingly, the capacity of a particular RSS to replace HCPro does not correlate strictly with its RNA silencing-suppression strength. Altogether, our results suggest that not all suppression strategies are equally suitable for efficient escape of PPV from the RNA-silencing machinery. The approach followed here, based on using PPV chimeras in which an under-consideration RSS substitutes for HCPro, could further help to study the function of diverse RSSs in a 'highly sensitive' RNA-silencing context, such as that taking place in plant cells during the process of a viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara I Maliogka
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Calvo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Carbonell
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio García
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrian Valli
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Zilian E, Maiss E. Detection of plum pox potyviral protein-protein interactions in planta using an optimized mRFP-based bimolecular fluorescence complementation system. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2711-2723. [PMID: 21880839 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.033811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, protein interaction maps of different potyviruses have been generated using yeast two-hybrid (YTH) systems, and these maps have demonstrated a high diversity of interactions of potyviral proteins. Using an optimized bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) system, a complete interaction matrix for proteins of a potyvirus was developed for the first time under in planta conditions with ten proteins from plum pox virus (PPV). In total, 52 of 100 possible interactions were detected, including the self-interactions of CI, 6K2, VPg, NIa-Pro, NIb and CP, which is more interactions than have ever been detected for any other potyvirus in a YTH approach. Moreover, the BiFC system was shown to be able to localize the protein interactions, which was typified for the protein self-interactions indicated above. Additionally, experiments were carried out with the P3N-PIPO protein, revealing an interaction with CI but not with CP and supporting the involvement of P3N-PIPO in the cell-to-cell movement of potyviruses. No self-interaction of the PPV helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) was detected using BiFC in planta. Therefore, additional experiments with turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) HC-Pro, PPV_HC-Pro and their mutants were conducted. The self-interaction of TuMV_HCpro, as recently demonstrated, and the self-interaction of the TuMV_ and PPV_HC-Pro mutants were shown by BiFC in planta, indicating that HC-Pro self-interactions may be species-specific. BiFC is a very useful and reliable method for the detection and localization of protein interactions in planta, thus enabling investigations under more natural conditions than studies in yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Zilian
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Edgar Maiss
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
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Chowda-Reddy RV, Sun H, Hill JH, Poysa V, Wang A. Simultaneous mutations in multi-viral proteins are required for soybean mosaic virus to gain virulence on soybean genotypes carrying different R genes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28342. [PMID: 22140577 PMCID: PMC3227670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic resistance is the most effective and sustainable approach to the control of plant pathogens that are a major constraint to agriculture worldwide. In soybean, three dominant R genes, i.e., Rsv1, Rsv3 and Rsv4, have been identified and deployed against Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) with strain-specificities. Molecular identification of virulent determinants of SMV on these resistance genes will provide essential information for the proper utilization of these resistance genes to protect soybean against SMV, and advance knowledge of virus-host interactions in general. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To study the gain and loss of SMV virulence on all the three resistance loci, SMV strains G7 and two G2 isolates L and LRB were used as parental viruses. SMV chimeras and mutants were created by partial genome swapping and point mutagenesis and then assessed for virulence on soybean cultivars PI96983 (Rsv1), L-29 (Rsv3), V94-5152 (Rsv4) and Williams 82 (rsv). It was found that P3 played an essential role in virulence determination on all three resistance loci and CI was required for virulence on Rsv1- and Rsv3-genotype soybeans. In addition, essential mutations in HC-Pro were also required for the gain of virulence on Rsv1-genotype soybean. To our best knowledge, this is the first report that CI and P3 are involved in virulence on Rsv1- and Rsv3-mediated resistance, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Multiple viral proteins, i.e., HC-Pro, P3 and CI, are involved in virulence on the three resistance loci and simultaneous mutations at essential positions of different viral proteins are required for an avirulent SMV strain to gain virulence on all three resistance loci. The likelihood of such mutations occurring naturally and concurrently on multiple viral proteins is low. Thus, incorporation of all three resistance genes in a soybean cultivar through gene pyramiding may provide durable resistance to SMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. V. Chowda-Reddy
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haiyue Sun
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John H. Hill
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Vaino Poysa
- Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
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Schoelz JE, Harries PA, Nelson RS. Intracellular transport of plant viruses: finding the door out of the cell. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:813-31. [PMID: 21896501 PMCID: PMC3183398 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are a class of plant pathogens that specialize in movement from cell to cell. As part of their arsenal for infection of plants, every virus encodes a movement protein (MP), a protein dedicated to enlarging the pore size of plasmodesmata (PD) and actively transporting the viral nucleic acid into the adjacent cell. As our knowledge of intercellular transport has increased, it has become apparent that viruses must also use an active mechanism to target the virus from their site of replication within the cell to the PD. Just as viruses are too large to fit through an unmodified plasmodesma, they are also too large to be freely diffused through the cytoplasm of the cell. Evidence has accumulated now for the involvement of other categories of viral proteins in intracellular movement in addition to the MP, including viral proteins originally associated with replication or gene expression. In this review, we will discuss the strategies that viruses use for intracellular movement from the replication site to the PD, in particular focusing on the role of host membranes for intracellular transport and the coordinated interactions between virus proteins within cells that are necessary for successful virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Schoelz
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Phillip A. Harries
- Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA
| | - Richard S. Nelson
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
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23
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Ala-Poikela M, Goytia E, Haikonen T, Rajamäki ML, Valkonen JPT. Helper component proteinase of the genus Potyvirus is an interaction partner of translation initiation factors eIF(iso)4E and eIF4E and contains a 4E binding motif. J Virol 2011; 85:6784-94. [PMID: 21525344 PMCID: PMC3126533 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00485-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional helper component proteinase (HCpro) of potyviruses (genus Potyvirus; Potyviridae) shows self-interaction and interacts with other potyviral and host plant proteins. Host proteins that are pivotal to potyvirus infection include the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E and the isoform eIF(iso)4E, which interact with viral genome-linked protein (VPg). Here we show that HCpro of Potato virus A (PVA) interacts with both eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E, with interactions with eIF(iso)4E being stronger, as judged by the data of a yeast two-hybrid system assay. A bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay on leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana showed that HCpro from three potyviruses (PVA, Potato virus Y, and Tobacco etch virus) interacted with the eIF(iso)4E and eIF4E of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum); interactions with eIF(iso)4E and eIF4E of potato (Solanum tuberosum) were weaker. In PVA-infected cells, interactions between HCpro and tobacco eIF(iso)4E were confined to round structures that colocalized with 6K2-induced vesicles. Point mutations introduced to a 4E binding motif identified in the C-terminal region of HCpro debilitated interactions of HCpro with translation initiation factors and were detrimental to the virulence of PVA in plants. The 4E binding motif conserved in HCpro of potyviruses and HCpro-initiation factor interactions suggest new roles for HCpro and/or translation factors in the potyvirus infection cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Ala-Poikela
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Goytia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuuli Haikonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna-Liisa Rajamäki
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari P. T. Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Rohozková J, Navrátil M. P1 peptidase--a mysterious protein of family Potyviridae. J Biosci 2011; 36:189-200. [PMID: 21451259 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-011-9020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Potyviridae family, named after its type member, Potato virus Y (PVY), is the largest of the 65 plant virus groups and families currently recognized. The coding region for P1 peptidase is located at the very beginning of the viral genome of the family Potyviridae. Until recently P1 was thought of as serine peptidase with RNA-binding activity and with possible influence in cell-to-cell viral spreading. This N-terminal protein, among all of the potyviruses, is the most divergent protein: varying in length and in its amino acid sequence. Nevertheless, P1 peptidase in many ways is still a mysterious viral protein. In this review, we would like to offer a comprehensive overview, discussing the proteomic, biochemical and phylogenetic views of the P1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Rohozková
- Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Slechtitelů 11, 783 71, Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic.
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Chowda-Reddy RV, Sun H, Chen H, Poysa V, Ling H, Gijzen M, Wang A. Mutations in the P3 protein of Soybean mosaic virus G2 isolates determine virulence on Rsv4-genotype soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:37-43. [PMID: 20795856 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-10-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) G2 isolates, L and L-RB, sharing high-sequence similarly but differing in ability to break Rsv4-mediated resistance in soybean, were investigated. Infectious clones corresponding to these two isolates and their chimeric clones resulting from swapping different regions of genomic cDNA between L and L-RB were constructed. Only L-RB or chimeras containing the middle fragment of L-RB cDNA showed virulence on Rsv4-genotype soybean. Sequence comparison analysis revealed that the middle genomic region of L and L-RB encodes four different amino acids. Point mutagenesis demonstrated that a single amino acid substitution (Q1033K) in the P3 protein determined virulence toward Rsv4 resistance. In addition, six new SMV Rsv4 resistance-breaking isolates, variants of the second passage on Williams 82 infected with the chimeras or mutants noninfectious on soybean carrying Rsv4, were obtained. Sequencing data indicated that these new isolates contain either the Q1033K mutation or a new substitution (G1054R) in P3. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed the virulence role of the G1054R mutation on Rsv4-genotype soybean. Taken together, these data suggest that P3 of the SMV G2 strain is an avirulent determinant for Rsv4 and one single nucleotide mutation in P3 may be sufficient to compromise its elicitor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Chowda-Reddy
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
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26
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Nakahara KS, Shimada R, Choi SH, Yamamoto H, Shao J, Uyeda I. Involvement of the P1 cistron in overcoming eIF4E-mediated recessive resistance against Clover yellow vein virus in pea. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:1460-9. [PMID: 20653413 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-09-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Two recessive genes (cyv1 and cyv2) are known to confer resistance against Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV) in pea. cyv2 has recently been revealed to encode eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and is the same allele as sbm1 and wlm against other potyviruses. Although mechanical inoculation with crude sap is rarely able to cause infection of a cyv2 pea, biolistic inoculation of the infectious ClYVV cDNA clone does. At the infection foci, the breaking virus frequently emerges, resulting in systemic infection. Here, a derived cleaved-amplified polymorphic sequence analysis showed that the breakings were associated with a single nonsynonymous mutation on the ClYVV genome, corresponding to an amino-acid substitution at position 24 (isoleucine to valine) on the P1 cistron. ClYVV with the point mutation was able to break the resistance. This is a first report demonstrating that P1 is involved in eIF4E-mediated recessive resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji S Nakahara
- Pathogen-Plant Interactions Group, Plant Breeding Science, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
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27
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Cui X, Wei T, Chowda-Reddy RV, Sun G, Wang A. The Tobacco etch virus P3 protein forms mobile inclusions via the early secretory pathway and traffics along actin microfilaments. Virology 2010; 397:56-63. [PMID: 19945728 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant potyviruses encode two membrane proteins, 6K and P3. The 6K protein has been shown to induce virus replication vesicles. However, the function of P3 remains unclear. In this study, subcellular localization of the Tobacco etch virus (TEV) P3 protein was investigated in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells. The TEV P3 protein localized on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and formed punctate inclusions in association with the Golgi apparatus. The trafficking of P3 to the Golgi was mediated by the early secretory pathway. The Golgi-associated punctate structures originated from the ER exit site (ERES). Deletion analyses identified P3 domains required for the retention of P3 at the Golgi. Moreover, the P3 punctate structure was found to traffic along the actin filaments and colocalize with the 6K-containing replication vesicles. Taken together, these data support previous suggestions that P3 may play dual roles in virus movement and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P R China
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28
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Interaction of a potyviral VPg with anionic phospholipid vesicles. Virology 2009; 395:114-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Protein–protein interactions in two potyviruses using the yeast two-hybrid system. Virus Res 2009; 142:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Rantalainen KI, Uversky VN, Permi P, Kalkkinen N, Dunker AK, Mäkinen K. Potato virus A genome-linked protein VPg is an intrinsically disordered molten globule-like protein with a hydrophobic core. Virology 2008; 377:280-8. [PMID: 18533220 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Genome-linked protein VPg of Potato virus A (PVA; genus Potyvirus) has essential functions in all critical steps of PVA infection, i.e. replication, movement, and virulence. Structural features of the recombinant PVA VPg were investigated with the aim to create an outline for structure-function relationships. Circular dichroism data of PVA VPg revealed a distinct near-UV spectrum indicating that the environment around its aromatic residues is structured but rather flexible, and a far-UV spectrum that was characterized by features typical for intrinsically disordered proteins. Temperature-induced denaturation followed a typical all-or-none transition whereas urea- and GdmHCl-induced denaturation proceeded via a route best described by a three-state-model. The conclusion drawn was that the overall structure of PVA VPg is significantly unstable even in the absence of denaturants. Acrylamide fluorescence quenching and 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate binding experiments together with 1D and 2D NMR data further verified that PVA VPg behaves as a partially folded species that contains a hydrophobic core domain. Regions predicted to be disordered in PVA VPg were the ones that were cut the fastest by trypsin whereas regions predicted to be structured and to contain the most conserved amino acids among potyvirus VPgs were trypsin-resistant. Amino acid composition analysis of potyvirus VPgs revealed a clear enrichment of disorder and depletion of structure-promoting residues. Taken together it seems that the native structure of PVA VPg, and probably that of potyviral VPg in general, resembles a partially disordered molten globule. Further experimentation is required to understand the functional regulation achieved via this property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo I Rantalainen
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Hafrén A, Mäkinen K. Purification of viral genome-linked protein VPg from potato virus A-infected plants reveals several post-translationally modified forms of the protein. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1509-1518. [PMID: 18474568 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to be able to analyse post-translational modifications and protein interactions of viral genome-linked protein VPg taking place during potato virus A (PVA) infection, an affinity tag-based purification system was developed by inserting a sequence encoding a six-histidine and haemagglutinin (HisHA) tag to the 3' end of the VPg coding sequence within the infectious cDNA clone of PVA. The engineered virus was fully functional and the HisHA tag-encoding sequence remained stable in the PVA genome throughout the infection process. Purification under denaturing conditions resulted in a protein sample that contained multiple VPg and NIa forms carrying post-translational modifications that altered their isoelectric points. Non-modified tagged VPg (pI 8) was a minor product in the protein sample derived from total leaf proteins, but when the replication-associated membranes were used as starting material, its relative amount increased. Further characterization demonstrated that some of the PVA VPg isoforms were modified by multiple phosphorylation events. Purity of the proteins derived from the native purifications with either of the tags was evaluated. A clearly purer VPg sample was obtained by performing tandem affinity purification utilizing both tags sequentially. NIb, CI and HC-Pro co-purified in an affinity-tagged VPg-dependent manner, indicating that the system was able to isolate protein complexes operating during PVA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Hafrén
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, Latokartanonkaari 11, PO Box 27, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Mäkinen
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, Latokartanonkaari 11, PO Box 27, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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32
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Salvador B, Saénz P, Yangüez E, Quiot JB, Quiot L, Delgadillo MO, García JA, Simón-Mateo C. Host-specific effect of P1 exchange between two potyviruses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2008; 9:147-55. [PMID: 18705848 PMCID: PMC6640519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The potyviruses Plum pox virus (PPV) and Tobacco vein mottling virus (TVMV) have distinct host ranges and induce different symptoms in their common herbaceous hosts. To test the relevance of the P1 protein in host compatibility and pathogenicity, hybrid viruses were constructed in which the P1 coding sequence of PPV was completely or partially replaced by the corresponding sequences from TVMV. Infections induced by these chimeric viruses revealed that the TVMV P1 and a PPV/TVMV hybrid P1 proteins are functionally equivalent in herbaceous plants to the P1 protein of a PPV isolate adapted to these hosts, in spite of having high sequence divergence. Moreover, the presence of TVMV P1 sequences enhanced the competence of a low-infectivity PPV-D-derived chimera in Nicotiana clevelandii. Conversely, all PPV/TVMV hybrids were unable to infect Prunus persicae, a specific host for PPV, suggesting that TVMV P1 is not functionally competent in this plant. Together, these data highlight the importance of the P1 protein in defining the virus host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Salvador
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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33
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Chen CC, Chen TC, Raja JAJ, Chang CA, Chen LW, Lin SS, Yeh SD. Effectiveness and stability of heterologous proteins expressed in plants by Turnip mosaic virus vector at five different insertion sites. Virus Res 2007; 130:210-27. [PMID: 17689817 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminal (NT) regions of particular protein-coding sequences are generally used for in-frame insertion of heterologous open reading frames (ORFs) in potyviral vectors for protein expression in plants. An infectious cDNA clone of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolate YC5 was engineered at the generally used NT regions of HC-Pro and CP, and other possibly permissive sites to investigate their effectiveness to express the GFP (jellyfish green fluorescent protein) and Der p 5 (allergen from the dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) ORFs. The results demonstrated the permissiveness of the NT regions of P3, CIP and NIb to carry the ORFs and express the translates as part of the viral polyprotein, the processing of which released free-form proteins in the host cell milieu. However, these sites varied in their permissiveness to retain the ORFs intact and hence affect the heterologous protein expression. Moreover, strong influence of the inserted ORF and host plants in determining the permissiveness of a viral genomic context to stably carry the alien ORFs and hence to support their prolonged expression was also noticed. In general, the engineered sites were relatively more permissive to the GFP ORF than to the Der p 5 ORF. Among the hosts, the local lesion host, Chenopodium quinoa Willd. showed the highest extent of support to TuMV to stably carry the heterologous ORFs at the engineered sites and the protein expression therefrom. Among the systemic hosts, Nicotiana benthamiana Domin proved more supportive to TuMV to carry and express the heterologous ORFs than the Brassica hosts, whereas the protein expression levels were significantly higher and more stable in the plants of Brassica campestris L. var. chinensis and B. campestris L. var. ching-geeng than those in the plants of B. juncea L. and B. campestris L. var. pekinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chih Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
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34
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Jin Y, Ma D, Dong J, Li D, Deng C, Jin J, Wang T. The HC-pro protein of potato virus Y interacts with NtMinD of tobacco. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:1505-11. [PMID: 17990958 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-12-1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) infections often lead to altered numbers of host plant chloroplasts, as well as changes in morphology and inhibited photosynthesis. The multifunctional protein helper component-proteinase, HC-Pro, has been identified in PVY-infected leaf chloroplasts. We used yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays to demonstrate that HC-Pro can interact with the chloroplast division-related factor NtMinD in yeast and tobacco cells, respectively. In addition, we confirmed that residues 271 to 314 in NtMinD are necessary for its interaction with PVY HC-Pro in a yeast two-hybrid analysis using four NtMinD deletion mutants. These residues are necessary for the dimerization of NtMinD, which plays a vital role in chloroplast division. Thus, PVY HC-Pro may affect NtMinD activity by inhibiting the formation of NtMinD homodimers, and this may interfere with chloroplast division and contribute to changes in the numbers of chloroplast per cell observed in PVY-infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Aricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
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35
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Shi Y, Chen J, Hong X, Chen J, Adams MJ. A potyvirus P1 protein interacts with the Rieske Fe/S protein of its host. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2007; 8:785-90. [PMID: 20507538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screens were used to test for interactions between the P1 protein of Soybean mosaic virus Pinellia isolate (SMV-P) and a cDNA expression library of its host, the aroid Pinellia ternata. Of the 13 independent interacting clones identified, ten were identical and had an open reading frame predicted to encode a 23.7-kDa protein closely related to the cytochrome b6/f complex Rieske Fe/S genes of plants. The interaction between SMV-P-P1 and the mature Rieske Fe/S protein (without transit peptide) of the host was confirmed by in vitro co-immunoprecipitation of the two proteins. Y2H assays using different parts of the two proteins showed that only the N-terminal part (amino acids 1-82) of SMV-P P1 was responsible for the interaction with the Rieske Fe/S protein and that amino acids 1-33 interacted only with the transit peptide, while amino acids 34-82 could interact with the entire Rieske Fe/S protein. SMV-P P1 also interacted moderately with the Rieske Fe/S protein of its other hosts, soybean and Zantedeschia aethiopica, but weakly with that of the non-host Arabidopsis thaliana. The P1-Rieske Fe/S protein interactions are likely to be involved in symptom development, and the very variable N-terminus of P1 may play an important role in host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China
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36
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Eiamtanasate S, Juricek M, Yap YK. C-terminal hydrophobic region leads PRSV P3 protein to endoplasmic reticulum. Virus Genes 2007; 35:611-7. [PMID: 17564824 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-007-0114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
P3 protein is one of the least characterized potyviral proteins in both functions and sub-cellular localization. In this study, we examined the sub-cellular localization of PRSV P3 and its intermediate, P3-6K1 by expressing their GFP fusion proteins in onion epidermal cells. Our results showed that both P3- and P3-6K1 GFP fusion proteins were localized at the endoplasmic reticulum. Deletion analysis indicated that C-terminal of P3 protein contained localization signal, and a 19 amino acids hydrophobic domain from this region was able to target the GFP fusion protein to endoplasmic reticulum. C-terminal of P3 proteins has been suggested to be involved in both viability and pathogenicity of the potyvirus. Therefore, our result suggests that localization of P3 protein at endoplasmic reticulum is essential for functionality of P3 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarasate Eiamtanasate
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Mahidol University, Salaya campus, 25/25 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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37
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Nováková S, Klaudiny J, Kollerová E, Subr ZW. Expression of a part of the Potato virus A non-structural protein P3 in Escherichia coli for the purpose of antibody preparation and P3 immunodetection in plant material. J Virol Methods 2006; 137:229-35. [PMID: 16876262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminal part of the Potato virus A (PVA) P3 protein was cloned into two E. coli fusion expression systems. An overexpression of the P3 fragment fused with thioredoxin was observed between 2 and 21 h after induction. The protein formed insoluble inclusions. Decreasing the cultivation temperature did not enhance its solubility. To obtain antigen for antibody preparation, inclusions were concentrated and purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation, and subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The band specific for the protein was excised from the gel and used for rabbit immunization. Obtained antibody tested positive with high specificity in immunoblots of expressed PVA P3 fused with either thioredoxin or GST. The antibody was also applied for the detection of P3 protein in plant material by immunoblot. Previous plant sap concentration was essential for most samples. Three concentration methods were tested: simple centrifugal size-exclusion filtration, the same preceded with high-speed centrifugation at 250,000 x g, and differential ammonium sulfate precipitation. The last approach was the most convenient. Plants tested included PVA P3-transgenic tobacco lines as well as PVA-infected wild-type tobacco. In all cases, mature P3 with a molecular mass of 40 kDa was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nováková
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 45 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Valli A, Martín-Hernández AM, López-Moya JJ, García JA. RNA silencing suppression by a second copy of the P1 serine protease of Cucumber vein yellowing ipomovirus, a member of the family Potyviridae that lacks the cysteine protease HCPro. J Virol 2006; 80:10055-63. [PMID: 17005683 PMCID: PMC1617295 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00985-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The P1 protein of viruses of the family Potyviridae is a serine proteinase, which is highly variable in length and sequence, and its role in the virus infection cycle is not clear. One of the proposed activities of P1 is to assist HCPro, the product that viruses of the genus Potyvirus use to counteract antiviral defense mediated by RNA silencing. Indeed, an HCPro-coding region is present in all the genomes of members of the genera Potyvirus, Rymovirus, and Tritimovirus that have been sequenced. However, it was recently reported that a sequence coding for HCPro is lacking in the genome of Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV), a member of the genus Ipomovirus, the fourth monopartite genus of the family. In this study, we provide further evidence that P1 enhances the activity of HCPro in members of the genus Potyvirus and show that it is duplicated in the ipomovirus CVYV. The two CVYV P1 copies are arranged in tandem, and the second copy (P1b) has RNA silencing suppression activity. CVYV P1b suppressed RNA silencing induced either by sense green fluorescent protein (GFP) mRNA or by a GFP inverted repeat RNA, indicating that CVYV P1b acts downstream of the formation of double-stranded RNA. CVYV P1b also suppressed local silencing in agroinfiltrated patches of transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana line 16c and delayed its propagation to the neighboring cells. However, neither the short-distance nor long-distance systemic spread of silencing of the GFP transgene was completely blocked by CVYV P1b. CVYV P1b and P1-HCPro from the potyvirus Plum pox virus showed very similar behaviors in all the assays carried out, suggesting that evolution has found a way to counteract RNA silencing by similar mechanisms using very different proteins in viruses of the same family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Valli
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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39
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Sanfaçon H. Replication of positive-strand RNA viruses in plants: contact points between plant and virus components. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1139/b05-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses constitute the largest group of plant viruses and have an important impact on world agriculture. These viruses have small genomes that encode a limited number of proteins and depend on their hosts to complete the various steps of their replication cycle. In this review, the contact points between positive-strand RNA plant viruses and their hosts, which are necessary for the translation and replication of the viral genomes, are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the description of viral replication complexes that are associated with specific membranous compartments derived from plant intracellular membranes and contain viral RNAs and proteins as well as a variety of host proteins. These complexes are assembled via an intricate network of protein–protein, protein–membrane, and protein–RNA interactions. The role of host factors in regulating the assembly, stability, and activity of viral replication complexes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Sanfaçon
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada (e-mail: )
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40
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Rajamäki ML, Kelloniemi J, Alminaite A, Kekarainen T, Rabenstein F, Valkonen JPT. A novel insertion site inside the potyvirus P1 cistron allows expression of heterologous proteins and suggests some P1 functions. Virology 2005; 342:88-101. [PMID: 16112702 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2005] [Revised: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The P1 cistron encodes the first and most variable part of the polyprotein of potyviruses. A site tolerant to a pentapeptide insertion at the N-terminus of Potato virus A P1 (Genome Res. 12, 584-594) was used to express heterologous proteins (insertions up to 783 nucleotides) with or without flanking new proteolytic sites. Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP) accumulated to high levels when proteolytically released from P1 and showed strong fluorescence in leaves systemically infected with vector virus. Deletions in GFP and adjacent viral sequences emerged 2-4 weeks after infection, revealing putative recombination hot spots. The inserts in P1 diminished infectivity host-specifically, reduced virus accumulation in protoplasts and systemically infected leaves, alleviated symptoms and reduced accumulation of mRNA and HCpro in cis in a virus-free system. This heterologous protein expression site is the first within a protein-encoding cistron and the third in the genome of potyviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna-Liisa Rajamäki
- Department of Applied Biology, PO Box 27, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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41
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Ballut L, Drucker M, Pugnière M, Cambon F, Blanc S, Roquet F, Candresse T, Schmid HP, Nicolas P, Gall OL, Badaoui S. HcPro, a multifunctional protein encoded by a plant RNA virus, targets the 20S proteasome and affects its enzymic activities. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:2595-2603. [PMID: 16099919 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome is a multicatalytic complex involved in many cellular processes in eukaryotes, such as protein and RNA turnover, cell division, signal transduction, transcription and translation. Intracellular pathogens are targets of its enzymic activities, and a number of animal viruses are known to interfere with these activities. The first evidence that a plant virus protein, the helper component-proteinase (HcPro) of Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV; genus Potyvirus), interferes with the 20S proteasome ribonuclease is reported here. LMV infection caused an aggregation of the 20S proteasome to high-molecular mass structures in vivo, and specific binding of HcPro to the proteasome was confirmed in vitro using two different approaches. HcPro inhibited the 20S endonuclease activity in vitro, while its proteolytic activities were unchanged or slightly stimulated. This ability of HcPro, a pathogenicity regulator of potyviruses, to interfere with some of the catalytic functions of the 20S proteasome suggests the existence of a novel type of defence and counter-defence interplay in the course of interaction between potyviruses and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Ballut
- UMR 1095 ASP (INRA-Université Blaise Pascal), Campus des Cézeaux, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Martin Drucker
- UMR 385 BGPI, CIRAD-INRA-ENSAM, TA 41/K, Campus de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Martine Pugnière
- CPBS, CNRS UMR 5160, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Av. Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Florence Cambon
- UMR 1095 ASP (INRA-Université Blaise Pascal), Campus des Cézeaux, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- UMR 385 BGPI, CIRAD-INRA-ENSAM, TA 41/K, Campus de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Françoise Roquet
- CPBS, CNRS UMR 5160, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Av. Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Thierry Candresse
- UMR GDPP (INRA-UVSB2), IBVM, BP 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Hans-Peter Schmid
- UMR 1095 ASP (INRA-Université Blaise Pascal), Campus des Cézeaux, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Paul Nicolas
- UMR 1095 ASP (INRA-Université Blaise Pascal), Campus des Cézeaux, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Le Gall
- UMR GDPP (INRA-UVSB2), IBVM, BP 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Saloua Badaoui
- UMR 1095 ASP (INRA-Université Blaise Pascal), Campus des Cézeaux, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
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42
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Choi IR, Horken KM, Stenger DC, French R. An internal RNA element in the P3 cistron of Wheat streak mosaic virus revealed by synonymous mutations that affect both movement and replication. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:2605-2614. [PMID: 16099920 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple synonymous substitution mutations in the Wheat streak mosaic virus P3 cistron did not affect translation in vitro but rendered the virus incapable of systemic infection. Multiple synonymous substitutions in the cylindrical inclusion cistron did not alter infectivity or in vitro translation. To assess replication and movement phenotypes, P3 mutations were placed in context with a GUS reporter gene. GUS activity measured in barley protoplasts 36 h post-transfection indicated that mutants with synonymous substitutions in P3 retained the ability to replicate at 22–80 % of wild-type levels. Almost no GUS activity was detected in protoplasts transfected with a P3 frame-shift mutant. Histochemical GUS assays conducted 3 days post-inoculation (p.i.) revealed genomes with multiple synonymous substitutions in P3, which were able to establish infection foci limited to small clusters of cells that increased in size only slightly by 5 days p.i. Infection foci produced by wild-type Wheat streak mosaic virus-expressing GUS were much larger at 3 days p.i. and had coalesced by 5 days p.i. No GUS activity was detected in plants inoculated with the frame-shift mutant bearing GUS. Three of four mutants, each with a single synonymous substitution in the 3′-proximal half of the P3 cistron, were wild-type with respect to systemic infectivity. A model RNA secondary structure obtained for the region was disrupted by the debilitating single mutation but not by the other three single mutations. Collectively, these results identify an internal RNA sequence element in the P3 cistron that affects both replication and movement of the viral genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Ryong Choi
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, 344 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Kempton M Horken
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, 344 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Drake C Stenger
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, 344 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Roy French
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, 344 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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43
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Krause-Sakate R, Redondo E, Richard-Forget F, Jadão AS, Houvenaghel MC, German-Retana S, Pavan MA, Candresse T, Zerbini FM, Le Gall O. Molecular mapping of the viral determinants of systemic wilting induced by a Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) isolate in some lettuce cultivars. Virus Res 2005; 109:175-80. [PMID: 15763148 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Revised: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The isolate AF199 of Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV, genus Potyvirus) causes local lesions followed by systemic wilting and plant death in the lettuce cultivars Ithaca and Vanguard 75. Analysis of the phenotype of virus chimeras revealed that a region within the P1 protein coding region (nucleotides 112-386 in the viral genome) and/or another one within the CI protein coding region (nucleotides 5496-5855) are sufficient together to cause the lethal wilting in Ithaca, but not in Vanguard 75. This indicates that the determinants of this particular symptom are different in these two lettuce cultivars. The wilting phenotype was not directly correlated with differences in the deduced amino acid sequence of these two regions. Furthermore, transient expression of the LMV-AF199 proteins, separately or in combination, did not induce local necrosis or any other visible reaction in the plants. Together, these results suggest that the systemic wilting reaction might be due to RNA rather than protein sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Krause-Sakate
- Equipe de Virologie, UMR GDPP INRA-Bordeaux 2, IBVM, BP 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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44
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Tan Z, Gibbs AJ, Tomitaka Y, Sánchez F, Ponz F, Ohshima K. Mutations in Turnip mosaic virus genomes that have adapted to Raphanus sativus. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:501-510. [PMID: 15659771 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis for virulence in potyviruses is largely unknown. Earlier studies showed that there are two host types of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV); the Brassica/Raphanus (BR)-host type infects both Brassica and Raphanus systemically, whereas the Brassica (B)-host type infects Brassica fully and systemically, but not Raphanus. The genetic basis of this difference has been explored by using the progeny of an infectious clone, p35Tunos; this clone is derived from the UK1 isolate, which is of the B-host type, but rarely infects Raphanus systemically and then only asymptomatically. Two inocula from one such infection were adapted to Raphanus by passaging, during which the infectivity and concentration of the virions of successive infections increased. The variant genomes in the samples, 16 in total, were sequenced fully. Four of the 39 nucleotide substitutions that were detected among the Raphanus sativus-adapted variant genomes were probably crucial for adaptation, as they were found in several variants with independent passage histories. These four were found in the protein 1 (P1), protein 3 (P3), cylindrical inclusion protein (CI) and genome-liked viral protein (VPg) genes. One of four 'parallel evolution' substitutions, 3430G-->A, resulted in a 1100Met-->Ile amino acid change in the C terminus of P3. It seems likely that this site is important in the initial stages of adaptation to R. sativus. Other independent substitutions were mostly found in the P3, CI and VPg genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Tan
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Adrian J Gibbs
- School of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Yasuhiro Tomitaka
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Flora Sánchez
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, INIA, Autopista A-6 km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Ponz
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, INIA, Autopista A-6 km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kazusato Ohshima
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
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45
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Hajimorad MR, Eggenberger AL, Hill JH. Loss and gain of elicitor function of soybean mosaic virus G7 provoking Rsv1-mediated lethal systemic hypersensitive response maps to P3. J Virol 2005; 79:1215-22. [PMID: 15613348 PMCID: PMC538562 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.2.1215-1222.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rsv1, a single dominant resistance gene in soybean PI 96983 (Rsv1), confers extreme resistance against all known American strains of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), except G7 and G7d. SMV-G7 provokes a lethal systemic hypersensitive response (LSHR), whereas SMV-G7d, an experimentally evolved variant of SMV-G7, induces systemic mosaic. To identify the elicitor of Rsv1-mediated LSHR, chimeras were constructed by exchanging fragments between the molecularly cloned SMV-G7 (pSMV-G7) and SMV-G7d (pSMV-G7d), and their elicitor functions were assessed on PI 96983 (Rsv1). pSMV-G7-derived chimeras containing only P3 of SMV-G7d lost the elicitor function, while the reciprocal chimera of pSMV-G7d gained the function. The P3 regions of the two viruses differ by six nucleotides, of which two are translationally silent. The four amino acid differences are located at positions 823, 915, 953, and 1112 of the precursor polypeptide. Analyses of the site-directed point mutants of both the viruses revealed that nucleotide substitutions leading to translationally silent mutations as well as reciprocal amino acid substitution at position 915 did not influence the loss or gain of the elicitor function. pSMV-G7-derived mutants with amino acid substitutions at any of the other three positions lost the ability to provoke LSHR but induced SHR instead. Two concomitant amino acid substitutions at positions 823 (V to M) and 953 (K to E) abolished pSMV-G7 elicitor function, provoking Rsv1-mediated SHR. Conversely, pSMV-G7d gained the elicitor function of Rsv1-mediated LSHR by a single amino acid substitution at position 823 (M to V), and mutants with amino acid substitutions at position 953 or 1112 induced SHR instead of mosaic. Taken together, the data suggest that strain-specific P3 of SMV is the elicitor of Rsv1-mediated LSHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hajimorad
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, 2431 Center Dr., 205 Ellington Plant Sciences Bldg., Knoxville, TN 37996-4560, USA.
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Suehiro N, Natsuaki T, Watanabe T, Okuda S. An important determinant of the ability of Turnip mosaic virus to infect Brassica spp. and/or Raphanus sativus is in its P3 protein. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:2087-2098. [PMID: 15218194 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV, genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) infects mainly cruciferous plants. Isolates Tu-3 and Tu-2R1 of TuMV exhibit different infection phenotypes in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) and Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Infectious full-length cDNA clones, pTuC and pTuR1, were constructed from isolates Tu-3 and Tu-2R1, respectively. Progeny virus derived from infections with pTuC induced systemic chlorotic and ringspot symptoms in infected cabbage, but no systemic infection in radish. Virus derived from plants infected with pTuR1 induced a mild chlorotic mottle in cabbage and infected radish systemically to induce mosaic symptoms. By exchanging genome fragments between the two virus isolates, the P3-coding region was shown to be responsible for systemic infection by TuMV and the symptoms it induces in cabbage and radish. Moreover, exchanges of smaller parts of the P3 region resulted in recombinants that induced complex infection phenotypes, especially the combination of pTuC-derived N-terminal sequence and pTuR1-derived C-terminal sequence. Analysis by tissue immunoblotting of the inoculated leaves showed that the distributions of P3-chimeric viruses differed from those of the parents, and that the origin of the P3 components affected not only virus accumulation, but also long-distance movement. These results suggest that the P3 protein is an important factor in the infection cycle of TuMV and in determining the host range of this and perhaps other potyviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Suehiro
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Mine-machi 350, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
| | - Tomohide Natsuaki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Mine-machi 350, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoko Watanabe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Mine-machi 350, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
| | - Seiichi Okuda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Mine-machi 350, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
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Puustinen P, Mäkinen K. Uridylylation of the potyvirus VPg by viral replicase NIb correlates with the nucleotide binding capacity of VPg. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:38103-10. [PMID: 15218030 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m402910200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Poty- and picornaviruses share similar genome organizations and polyprotein processing strategies. By analogy to picornaviruses it has been proposed that the genome-linked protein VPg may serve as a primer for genome replication of potyviruses. The multifunctional VPg of potato virus A (PVA; genus Potyvirus) was found to be uridylylated by NIb, the RNA polymerase of PVA. The nucleotidylation activity of NIb is more efficient in the presence of Mn(2+) than Mg(2+) and does not require an RNA template. Our results suggest that the nucleotidylation reaction exhibits weak preference for UTP over the other NTPs. An NTP-binding experiment with oxidized [alpha-(32)P]UTP revealed that PVA VPg contains an NTP-binding site. Deletion of a 7-amino acid-long putative NTP-binding site from VPg reduced nucleotide-binding capacity and debilitated uridylylation reaction. These results provide evidence that VPg may play a similar role in RNA synthesis of potyviruses as it does in the case of picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietri Puustinen
- Department of Applied Biology, P. O. Box 27, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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48
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Desbiez C, Gal-On A, Girard M, Wipf-Scheibel C, Lecoq H. Increase in Zucchini yellow mosaic virus Symptom Severity in Tolerant Zucchini Cultivars Is Related to a Point Mutation in P3 Protein and Is Associated with a Loss of Relative Fitness on Susceptible Plants. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2003; 93:1478-84. [PMID: 18943611 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2003.93.12.1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV, Potyvirus) is a very damaging cucurbit virus worldwide. Interspecific crosses with resistant Cucurbita moschata have led to the release of "resistant" zucchini squash (C. pepo) F(1) hybrids. However, although the resistance is almost complete in C. moschata, the commercial C. pepo hybrids are only tolerant. ZYMV evolution toward increased aggressiveness on tolerant hybrids was observed in the field and was obtained experimentally. Sequence comparisons and recombination experiments revealed that a point mutation in the P3 protein of ZYMV was enough to induce tolerance breaking. Competition experiments were performed between quasi-isogenic wild-type, and aggressive variants of ZYMV distinguished by monoclonal antibodies. The aggressive mutants were more fit than wild-type strains in mixed infections of tolerant zucchini, but they presented a drastic fitness loss in mixed infections of susceptible zucchini or melon. Thus, the ability to induce severe symptoms in tolerant zucchini is related to a genetic load in susceptible zucchini, but also on other susceptible hosts. This represents the first quantitative study of the fitness cost associated with tolerance breaking for a plant virus. Thus, although easily broken, the tolerance might prove durable in some conditions if the aggressive variants are counterselected in susceptible crops.
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49
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Yambao MLM, Masuta C, Nakahara K, Uyeda I. The central and C-terminal domains of VPg of Clover yellow vein virus are important for VPg–HCPro and VPg–VPg interactions. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:2861-2869. [PMID: 13679621 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the major proteins of Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV) were investigated using a GAL4 transcription activator-based yeast two-hybrid system (YTHS). Self-interactions manifested by VPg and HCPro and an interaction between NIb and NIaPro were observed in ClYVV. In addition, a strong HCPro–VPg interaction was detected by both YTHS and by in vitro far-Western blot analysis in ClYVV. A potyvirus HCPro–VPg interaction has not been reported previously. Using YTHS, domains in ClYVV for the VPg self-interaction and the HCPro–VPg interaction were mapped. The VPg C-terminal region (38 amino acids) was important for the VPg–VPg interaction and the central 19 amino acids were needed for the HCPro–VPg interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Leonora M Yambao
- Pathogen Plant Interactions Group, Plant Breeding Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Pathogen Plant Interactions Group, Plant Breeding Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakahara
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Biotechnology Institute, Akita Prefectural University, Ogata, Akita 010-0444, Japan
| | - Ichiro Uyeda
- Pathogen Plant Interactions Group, Plant Breeding Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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50
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Jenner CE, Wang X, Tomimura K, Ohshima K, Ponz F, Walsh JA. The dual role of the potyvirus P3 protein of Turnip mosaic virus as a symptom and avirulence determinant in brassicas. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2003; 16:777-784. [PMID: 12971601 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.9.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two isolates of the potyvirus Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), UK 1 and CDN 1, differ both in their general symptoms on the susceptible propagation host Brassica juncea and in their ability to infect B. napus lines possessing a variety of dominant resistance genes. The isolate CDN 1 produces a more extreme mosaic in infected brassica leaves than UK 1 and is able to overcome the resistance genes TuRB01, TuRB04, and TuRB05. The resistance gene TuRB03, in the B. napus line 22S, is effective against CDN 1 but not UK 1. The nucleic acid sequences of the UK 1 and CDN 1 isolates were 90% identical. The C-terminal half of the P3 protein was identified as being responsible for the differences in symptoms in B. juncea. A single amino acid in the P3 protein was found to be the avirulence determinant for TuRB03. Previous work already has identified the P3 as an avirulence determinant for TuRB04. Our results increase the understanding of the basis of plant-virus recognition, show the importance of the potyviral P3 gene as a symptom determinant, and provide a role in planta for the poorly understood P3 protein in a normal infection cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol E Jenner
- Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK.
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