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Liu P, Hu D, Yuan L, Lian Z, Yao X, Zhu Z, Li X. Metabolomics Analysis of PK-15 Cells with Pseudorabies Virus Infection Based on UHPLC-QE-MS. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061158. [PMID: 35746630 PMCID: PMC9229976 DOI: 10.3390/v14061158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses depend on the metabolic mechanisms of the host to support viral replication. We utilize an approach based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/Q Exactive HF-X Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass (UHPLC-QE-MS) to analyze the metabolic changes in PK-15 cells induced by the infections of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) variant strain and Bartha K61 strain. Infections with PRV markedly changed lots of metabolites, when compared to the uninfected cell group. Additionally, most of the differentially expressed metabolites belonged to glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, purine metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism. Lipid metabolites account for the highest proportion (around 35%). The results suggest that those alterations may be in favor of virion formation and genome amplification to promote PRV replication. Different PRV strains showed similar results. An understanding of PRV-induced metabolic reprogramming will provide valuable information for further studies on PRV pathogenesis and the development of antiviral therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panrao Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.L.); (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Danhe Hu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.L.); (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Lili Yuan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.L.); (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhengmin Lian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.L.); (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiaohui Yao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.L.); (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhenbang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.L.); (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.L.); (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-514-8797-9036
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Li C, Zhang T, Liu Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Fu S, Xu Y, Zhou T, Wu J, Zhou X. Rice stripe virus activates the bZIP17/28 branch of the unfolded protein response signalling pathway to promote viral infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:447-458. [PMID: 34897936 PMCID: PMC8828695 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) plays important roles in plant virus infection. Our previous study has proved that rice stripe virus (RSV) infection elicits host UPR. However, the mechanism on how the UPR is triggered upon RSV infection remains obscure. Here, we show that the bZIP17/28 branch of the UPR signalling pathway is activated upon RSV infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. We found that membrane-associated proteins NSvc2 and NSvc4 encoded by RSV are responsible for the activation of the bZIP17/28 branch. Ectopic expression of NSvc2 or NSvc4 in plant leaves induced the proteolytic processing of NbbZIP17/28 and up-regulated the expression of UPR-related genes. Silencing NbbZIP17/28 significantly inhibited RSV infection. We show that RSV can specifically elicit the UPR through the bZIP17/28 branch, thus promoting virus infection of N. benthamiana plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and SafetyInstitute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Tianze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zongdi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Shuai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Present address:
Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and SafetyInstitute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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Guo W, Li C, Zeng B, Li J, Wang Z, Ma S, Du L, Lan Y, Sun F, Lu C, Li S, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhou T. Analyses on the Infection Process of Rice Virus and the Spatiotemporal Expression Pattern of Host Defense Genes Based on a Determined-Part Inoculation Approach. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020144. [PMID: 35215088 PMCID: PMC8880328 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice viral diseases adversely affect crop yield and quality. Most rice viruses are transmitted through insect vectors. However, the traditional whole-plant inoculation method cannot control the initial inoculation site in rice plants because the insect feeding sites in plants are random. To solve this problem, we established a determined-part inoculation approach in this study that restricted the insect feeding sites to specific parts of the rice plant. Rice stripe virus (RSV) was used as the model virus and was inoculated at the bottom of the stem using our method. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses detected RSV only present at the bottom of the Nipponbare (NPB) stem at 1 day post-inoculation (dpi), indicating that our method successfully controlled the inoculation site. With time, RSV gradually moved from the bottom of the stem to the leaf in NPB rice plants, indicating that systemic viral spread can also be monitored using this method. In addition, a cultivar resistant to RSV, Zhendao 88 (ZD88), was inoculated using this method. We found that RSV accumulation in ZD88 was significantly lower than in NPB. Additionally, the expression level of the resistant gene STV11 in ZD88 was highly induced at the initial invasion stage of RSV (1 dpi) at the inoculation site, whereas it remained relatively stable at non-inoculated sites. This finding indicated that STV11 directly responded to RSV invasion to inhibit virus accumulation at the invasion site. We also proved that this approach is suitable for other rice viruses, such as Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV). Interestingly, we determined that systemic infection with RSV was faster than that with RBSDV in NPB, which was consistent with findings in field trails. In summary, this approach is suitable for characterizing the viral infection process in rice plants, comparing the local viral accumulation and spread among different cultivars, analyzing the spatiotemporal expression pattern of resistance-associated genes, and monitoring the infection rate for different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.G.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chenyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Bo Zeng
- National Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Beijing 100125, China;
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhaoyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shuhui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Linlin Du
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ying Lan
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chengye Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.G.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yunyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.G.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (T.Z.)
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (C.L.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (S.M.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (F.S.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Joint Laboratory, International Rice Research Institute, Nanjing 210014, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (T.Z.)
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African swine fever virus regulates host energy and amino acid metabolism to promote viral replication. J Virol 2021; 96:e0191921. [PMID: 34908441 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01919-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is one of the most serious viral diseases caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). The metabolic changes induced by ASFV infection remain unknown. Here, PAMs infected with ASFV was analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) in combination with multivariate statistical analysis. A total of 90 metabolites were significantly changed after ASFV infection, and most of them belong to amino acids and TCA cycle intermediates. ASFV infection induced increase of most of amino acids in host during the early stages of infection, and amino acids decreased in the late stages of infection. ASFV infection did not significantly affected glycolysis pathway, whereas it induced the increase of citrate, succinate, α-ketoglutarate, and oxaloacetate levels in the TCA cycle, suggesting that ASFV infection promoted TCA cycle. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate production were significantly elevated in ASFV-infected cells and pigs, resulting in reversible transition between TCA cycle and amino acids synthesis. Aspartate, glutamate, and TCA cycle were essential for ASFV replication. In addition, ASFV infection induced an increase in lactate level using lactate dehydrogenase, which led to low expression of IFN-β and increased of ASFV replication. Our data, for the first time, indicated that ASFV infection controls IFN-β production through RIG-I-mediated signaling pathways. These data identified a novel mechanism evolved by ASFV to inhibit host innate immune responses, and will provide insights for development of new preventive or therapeutic strategies targeting the altered metabolic pathways. IMPORTANCE In order to promote viral replication, viruses often cause severe immunosuppression and seize organelles to synthesize a large number of metabolites required for self-replication. African swine fever virus (ASFV) has developed many strategies to evade host innate immune responses. However, the impact of ASFV infection on host cellular metabolism remains unknown. Here, for the first time, we analyzed the metabolomic profiles of ASFV-infected PAMs cells. ASFV infection increased host TCA cycle and amino acids metabolism. Aspartate, glutamate, and TCA cycle promoted ASFV replication. ASFV infection also induced the increase of lactate production to inhibit innate immune responses for self-replication. This study identified novel immune evasion mechanisms utilized by ASFV and provided viewpoints on ASFV-host interactions, which is critical for guiding the design of new prevention strategies against ASFV targeting the altered metabolic pathways.
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Shi X, Dai K, Liang Z, Zhu M, Zhang Z, Shen Z, Pan J, Wang C, Hu X, Gong C. Characterization of the lipidomic profile of BmN cells in response to Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103822. [PMID: 32810558 PMCID: PMC7428682 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV)that belongs to the genus Cypovirus in the family of Reoviridae is one of the problematic pathogens in sericulture. In our previous study, we have found that lipid-related constituents in the host cellular membrane are associated with the BmCPV life cycle. It is important to note that the lipids not only affect the cellular biological processes, they also impact the virus life cycle. However, the intracellular lipid homeostasis in BmN cells after BmCPV infection remains unclear. Here, the lipid metabolism in BmCPV-infected BmN cells was studied by lipidomics analysis. Our results revealed that the intracellular lipid homeostasis was disturbed in BmN cells upon BmCPV infection. Major lipids constituents in cellular membrane were found to be significantly induced upon BmCPV infection, which included triglycerides, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, phospholipids, glucoside ceramide, monoetherphosphatidylcholin, ceramide, ceramide phosphoethanolamine and cardiolipin. Further analysis of the pathways related to these altered lipids (such as PE and PC) showed that glycerophospholipid metabolism was one of the most enriched pathways. These results suggested that BmCPV may manipulate the lipid metabolism of cells for their own interest. The findings may facilitate a better understanding of the roles of lipid metabolic changes during virus infection in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yunshan Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiu Shi
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zi Liang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ziyao Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zeen Shen
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jun Pan
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chonglong Wang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Liu P, Yin Y, Gong Y, Qiu X, Sun Y, Tan L, Song C, Liu W, Liao Y, Meng C, Ding C. In Vitro and In Vivo Metabolomic Profiling after Infection with Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100962. [PMID: 31635316 PMCID: PMC6832399 DOI: 10.3390/v11100962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is an acute, febrile, highly contagious disease caused by the virulent Newcastle disease virus (vNDV). The disease causes serious economic losses to the poultry industry. However, the metabolic changes caused by vNDV infection remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the metabolomic profiling after infection with vNDV. DF-1 cells infected with the vNDV strain Herts/33 and the lungs from Herts/33-infected specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were analyzed via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) in combination with multivariate statistical analysis. A total of 305 metabolites were found to have changed significantly after Herts/33 infection, and most of them belong to the amino acid and nucleotide metabolic pathway. It is suggested that the increased pools of amino acids and nucleotides may benefit viral protein synthesis and genome amplification to promote NDV infection. Similar results were also confirmed in vivo. Identification of these metabolites will provide information to further understand the mechanism of vNDV replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panrao Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Yuncong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yabin Gong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Chunchun Meng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Dantoft W, Robertson KA, Watkins WJ, Strobl B, Ghazal P. Metabolic Regulators Nampt and Sirt6 Serially Participate in the Macrophage Interferon Antiviral Cascade. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:355. [PMID: 30886604 PMCID: PMC6409323 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular determinants underlying interferon (IFN)-macrophage biology can help delineate enzyme systems, pathways and mechanisms for enabling host-directed therapeutic approaches against infection. Notably, while the IFN antiviral response is known to be directly coupled to mevalonate-sterol biosynthesis, mechanistic insight for providing host pathway-therapeutic targets remain incomplete. Here, we show that Nampt and Sirt6 are coordinately regulated upon immune activation of macrophages and contribute to the IFN-sterol antiviral response. In silico analysis of the Nampt and Sirt6 promoter regions identified multiple core immune gene-regulatory transcription factor sites, including Stat1, implicating a molecular link to IFN control. Experimentally, we show using a range of genetically IFN-defective macrophages that the expression of Nampt is stringently regulated by the Jak/Stat-pathway while Sirt6 activation is temporally displaced in a partial IFN-dependent manner. We further show that pharmacological inhibition of Nampt and small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated inhibition of Nampt and Sirt6 promotes viral growth of cytomegalovirus in both fibroblasts and macrophages. Our results support the notion of pharmacologically exploiting immune regulated enzyme systems of macrophages for use as an adjuvant-based therapy for augmenting host protective pathway responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widad Dantoft
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A Robertson
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - W John Watkins
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Kariithi HM, Boucias DG, Murungi EK, Meki IK, Demirbaş-Uzel G, van Oers MM, Vreysen MJB, Abd-Alla AMM, Vlak JM. Coevolution of hytrosaviruses and host immune responses. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:183. [PMID: 30470186 PMCID: PMC6251100 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hytrosaviruses (SGHVs; Hytrosaviridae family) are double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that cause salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH) syndrome in flies. Two structurally and functionally distinct SGHVs are recognized; Glossina pallidipes SGHV (GpSGHV) and Musca domestica SGHV (MdSGHV), that infect the hematophagous tsetse fly and the filth-feeding housefly, respectively. Genome sizes and gene contents of GpSGHV (~ 190 kb; 160-174 genes) and MdSGHV (~ 124 kb; 108 genes) may reflect an evolution with the SGHV-hosts resulting in differences in pathobiology. Whereas GpSGHV can switch from asymptomatic to symptomatic infections in response to certain unknown cues, MdSGHV solely infects symptomatically. Overt SGH characterizes the symptomatic infections of SGHVs, but whereas MdSGHV induces both nuclear and cellular hypertrophy (enlarged non-replicative cells), GpSGHV induces cellular hyperplasia (enlarged replicative cells). Compared to GpSGHV's specificity to Glossina species, MdSGHV infects other sympatric muscids. The MdSGHV-induced total shutdown of oogenesis inhibits its vertical transmission, while the GpSGHV's asymptomatic and symptomatic infections promote vertical and horizontal transmission, respectively. This paper reviews the coevolution of the SGHVs and their hosts (housefly and tsetse fly) based on phylogenetic relatedness of immune gene orthologs/paralogs and compares this with other virus-insect models. RESULTS Whereas MdSGHV is not vertically transmitted, GpSGHV is both vertically and horizontally transmitted, and the balance between the two transmission modes may significantly influence the pathogenesis of tsetse virus. The presence and absence of bacterial symbionts (Wigglesworthia and Sodalis) in tsetse and Wolbachia in the housefly, respectively, potentially contributes to the development of SGH symptoms. Unlike MdSGHV, GpSGHV contains not only host-derived proteins, but also appears to have evolutionarily recruited cellular genes from ancestral host(s) into its genome, which, although may be nonessential for viral replication, potentially contribute to the evasion of host's immune responses. Whereas MdSGHV has evolved strategies to counteract both the housefly's RNAi and apoptotic responses, the housefly has expanded its repertoire of immune effector, modulator and melanization genes compared to the tsetse fly. CONCLUSIONS The ecologies and life-histories of the housefly and tsetse fly may significantly influence coevolution of MdSGHV and GpSGHV with their hosts. Although there are still many unanswered questions regarding the pathogenesis of SGHVs, and the extent to which microbiota influence expression of overt SGH symptoms, SGHVs are attractive 'explorers' to elucidate the immune responses of their hosts, and the transmission modes of other large DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Kariithi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O Box 57811, Kaptagat Rd, Loresho, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya. .,Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, A-1400, Vienna, Austria. .,Present Address: US National Poultry Research Centre, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.
| | - Drion G Boucias
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 970 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Edwin K Murungi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, 20115, Kenya
| | - Irene K Meki
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Güler Demirbaş-Uzel
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monique M van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J B Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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9
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An Interferon Regulated MicroRNA Provides Broad Cell-Intrinsic Antiviral Immunity through Multihit Host-Directed Targeting of the Sterol Pathway. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002364. [PMID: 26938778 PMCID: PMC4777525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In invertebrates, small interfering RNAs are at the vanguard of cell-autonomous antiviral immunity. In contrast, antiviral mechanisms initiated by interferon (IFN) signaling predominate in mammals. Whilst mammalian IFN-induced miRNA are known to inhibit specific viruses, it is not known whether host-directed microRNAs, downstream of IFN-signaling, have a role in mediating broad antiviral resistance. By performing an integrative, systematic, global analysis of RNA turnover utilizing 4-thiouridine labeling of newly transcribed RNA and pri/pre-miRNA in IFN-activated macrophages, we identify a new post-transcriptional viral defense mechanism mediated by miR-342-5p. On the basis of ChIP and site-directed promoter mutagenesis experiments, we find the synthesis of miR-342-5p is coupled to the antiviral IFN response via the IFN-induced transcription factor, IRF1. Strikingly, we find miR-342-5p targets mevalonate-sterol biosynthesis using a multihit mechanism suppressing the pathway at different functional levels: transcriptionally via SREBF2, post-transcriptionally via miR-33, and enzymatically via IDI1 and SC4MOL. Mass spectrometry-based lipidomics and enzymatic assays demonstrate the targeting mechanisms reduce intermediate sterol pathway metabolites and total cholesterol in macrophages. These results reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism by which IFN regulates the sterol pathway. The sterol pathway is known to be an integral part of the macrophage IFN antiviral response, and we show that miR-342-5p exerts broad antiviral effects against multiple, unrelated pathogenic viruses such Cytomegalovirus and Influenza A (H1N1). Metabolic rescue experiments confirm the specificity of these effects and demonstrate that unrelated viruses have differential mevalonate and sterol pathway requirements for their replication. This study, therefore, advances the general concept of broad antiviral defense through multihit targeting of a single host pathway.
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10
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Lu H, Talbot S, Robertson KA, Watterson S, Forster T, Roy D, Ghazal P. Rapid proteasomal elimination of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase by interferon-γ in primary macrophages requires endogenous 25-hydroxycholesterol synthesis. Steroids 2015; 99:219-29. [PMID: 25759117 PMCID: PMC4503878 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) play a central role in immunity and emerging evidence suggests that IFN-signalling coordinately regulates sterol biosynthesis in macrophages, via Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein (SREBP) dependent and independent pathways. However, the precise mechanisms and kinetic steps by which IFN controls sterol biosynthesis are as yet not fully understood. Here, we elucidate the molecular circuitry governing how IFN controls the first regulated step in the mevalonate-sterol pathway, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), through the synthesis of 25-Hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) from cholesterol by the IFN-inducible Cholesterol-25-Hydroxylase (CH25H). We show for the first 30-min of IFN stimulation of macrophages the rate of de novo synthesis of the Ch25h transcript is markedly increased but by 120-min becomes transcriptionally curtailed, coincident with induction of the Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3) repressor. We demonstrate ATF3 induction by Toll-like receptors is strictly dependent on IFN-signalling. While the SREBP-pathway dependent rates of de novo transcription of Hmgcr are relatively unchanged in the first 90-min of IFN treatment, we find HMGCR enzyme levels undergo a rapid proteasomal-mediated degradation, defining a previously unappreciated SREBP-independent mechanism for IFN-action. These events precede a sustained marked reduction in Hmgcr RNA levels involving SREBP-dependent mechanisms. We demonstrate that HMGCR proteasomal-degradation by IFN strictly requires the synthesis of endogenous 25-HC and functionally couples HMGCR to CH25H to coordinately suppress sterol biosynthesis. In conclusion, we quantitatively delineate proteomic and transcriptional levels of IFN-mediated control of HMGCR, the primary enzymatic step of the mevalonate-sterol biosynthesis pathway, providing a foundational framework for mathematically modelling the therapeutic outcome of immune-metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjin Lu
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Talbot
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A Robertson
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; SynthSys at Edinburgh University, The Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Watterson
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, University of Ulster, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Derry, Co Londonderry, Northern Ireland BT47 6SB, United Kingdom
| | - Thorsten Forster
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; SynthSys at Edinburgh University, The Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Roy
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; SynthSys at Edinburgh University, The Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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11
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Kotzamanis K, Angulo A, Ghazal P. Infection homeostasis: implications for therapeutic and immune programming of metabolism in controlling infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:395-407. [PMID: 25800350 PMCID: PMC4439431 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis underpins at a systems level the regulatory control of immunity and metabolism. While physiologically these systems are often viewed as independent, there is increasing evidence showing a tight coupling between immune and metabolic functions. Critically upon infection, the homeostatic regulation for both immune and metabolic pathways is altered yet these changes are often investigated in isolation. Here, we summarise our current understanding of these processes in the context of a clinically relevant pathogen, cytomegalovirus. We synthesise from the literature an integrative view of a coupled immune-metabolic infection process, centred on sugar and lipid metabolism. We put forward the notion that understanding immune control of key metabolic enzymatic steps in infection will promote the future development of novel therapeutic modalities based on metabolic modifiers that either enhance protection or inhibit infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kotzamanis
- Division of Pathway and Infection Medicine, Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Ana Angulo
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway and Infection Medicine, Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai A. Kropp
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KAK); (PG)
| | - Ana Angulo
- Facultad de Medicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- SynthSys (Synthetic and Systems Biology), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KAK); (PG)
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13
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Genomic survey of early responses to viruses in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:163-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Blanc M, Hsieh WY, Robertson KA, Watterson S, Shui G, Lacaze P, Khondoker M, Dickinson P, Sing G, Rodríguez-Martín S, Phelan P, Forster T, Strobl B, Müller M, Riemersma R, Osborne T, Wenk MR, Angulo A, Ghazal P. Host defense against viral infection involves interferon mediated down-regulation of sterol biosynthesis. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1000598. [PMID: 21408089 PMCID: PMC3050939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the protective role of inflammatory processes in modulating lipid metabolism in infection. Here we report an intimate link between the innate immune response to infection and regulation of the sterol metabolic network characterized by down-regulation of sterol biosynthesis by an interferon regulatory loop mechanism. In time-series experiments profiling genome-wide lipid-associated gene expression of macrophages, we show a selective and coordinated negative regulation of the complete sterol pathway upon viral infection or cytokine treatment with IFNγ or β but not TNF, IL1β, or IL6. Quantitative analysis at the protein level of selected sterol metabolic enzymes upon infection shows a similar level of suppression. Experimental testing of sterol metabolite levels using lipidomic-based measurements shows a reduction in metabolic output. On the basis of pharmacologic and RNAi inhibition of the sterol pathway we show augmented protection against viral infection, and in combination with metabolite rescue experiments, we identify the requirement of the mevalonate-isoprenoid branch of the sterol metabolic network in the protective response upon statin or IFNβ treatment. Conditioned media experiments from infected cells support an involvement of secreted type 1 interferon(s) to be sufficient for reducing the sterol pathway upon infection. Moreover, we show that infection of primary macrophages containing a genetic knockout of the major type I interferon, IFNβ, leads to only a partial suppression of the sterol pathway, while genetic knockout of the receptor for all type I interferon family members, ifnar1, or associated signaling component, tyk2, completely abolishes the reduction of the sterol biosynthetic activity upon infection. Levels of the proteolytically cleaved nuclear forms of SREBP2, a key transcriptional regulator of sterol biosynthesis, are reduced upon infection and IFNβ treatment at both the protein and de novo transcription level. The reduction in srebf2 gene transcription upon infection and IFN treatment is also found to be strictly dependent on ifnar1. Altogether these results show that type 1 IFN signaling is both necessary and sufficient for reducing the sterol metabolic network activity upon infection, thereby linking the regulation of the sterol pathway with interferon anti-viral defense responses. These findings bring a new link between sterol metabolism and interferon antiviral response and support the idea of using host metabolic modifiers of innate immunity as a potential antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Blanc
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Yuan Hsieh
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A. Robertson
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Watterson
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Guanghou Shui
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul Lacaze
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mizanur Khondoker
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Dickinson
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Garwin Sing
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Martín
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Phelan
- Metabolic Signaling Diseases Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thorsten Forster
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Veterinary University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Veterinary University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolph Riemersma
- Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Osborne
- Metabolic Signaling Diseases Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ana Angulo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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15
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Watterson S, Ghazal P. Use of logic theory in understanding regulatory pathway signaling in response to infection. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:163-76. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological pathways link the molecular and cellular levels of biological activity and perform complex information processing seamlessly. Systems biology aims to combine an understanding of the cause–effect relationships of each individual interaction to build an understanding of the function of whole pathways. Therapies that target the ‘host’ biological processes in infectious diseases are often limited to the use of vaccines and biologics rather than small molecules. The development of host drug targets for small molecules is constrained by a limited knowledge of the underlying role of each target, particularly its potential to cause harmful side effects after targeting. By considering the combinatorial complexity of pathways from the outset, we can develop modeling tools that are better suited to analyzing large pathways, enabling us to identify new causal relationships. This could lead to new drug target strategies that beneficially disrupt host–pathogen interactions, minimizing the number of side effects. We introduce logic theory as part of a pathway modeling approach that can provide a new framework for understanding pathways and refine ‘host-based’ drug target identification strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Watterson
- Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK and Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, CH Waddington Building, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JY, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK and Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, CH Waddington Building, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JY, Scotland, UK
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16
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Villar E, Barroso IM. Role of sialic acid-containing molecules in paramyxovirus entry into the host cell: A minireview. Glycoconj J 2006; 23:5-17. [PMID: 16575518 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-5433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid-containing compounds play a key role in the initial steps of the paramyxovirus life cycle. As enveloped viruses, their entry into the host cell consists of two main events: binding to the host cell and membrane fusion. Virus adsorption occurs at the surface of the host cell with the recognition of specific receptor molecules located at the cell membrane by specific viral attachment proteins. The viral attachment protein present in some paramyxoviruses (Respirovirus, Rubulavirus and Avulavirus) is the HN glycoprotein, which binds to cellular sialic acid-containing molecules and exhibits sialidase and fusion promotion activities. Gangliosides of the gangliotetraose series bearing the sialic acid N-acetylneuraminic (Neu5Ac) on the terminal galactose attached in alpha2-3 linkage, such as GD1a, GT1b, and GQ1b, and neolacto-series gangliosides are the major receptors for Sendai virus. Much less is known about the receptors for other paramyxoviruses than for Sendai virus. Human parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3 preferentially recognize oligosaccharides containing N-acetyllactosaminoglycan branches with terminal Neu5Acalpha2-3Gal. In the case of Newcastle disease virus, has been reported the absence of a specific pattern of the gangliosides that interact with the virus. Additionally, several works have described the use of sialylated glycoproteins as paramyxovirus receptors. Accordingly, the design of specific sialic acid analogs to inhibit the sialidase and/or receptor binding activity of viral attachment proteins is an important antiviral strategy. In spite of all these data, the exact nature of paramyxovirus receptors, apart from their sialylated nature, and the mechanism(s) of viral attachment to the cell surface are poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Villar
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Departamental, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, Lab. 108, Salamanca 37007, Spain.
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17
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Wagner EK, Ramirez JJG, Stingley SWN, Aguilar SA, Buehler L, Devi-Rao GB, Ghazal P. Practical approaches to long oligonucleotide-based DNA microarray: lessons from herpesviruses. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 71:445-91. [PMID: 12108450 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(02)71048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward K Wagner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine 92717, USA
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18
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Alcami A, Ghazal P, Yewdell JW. Viruses in control of the immune system. Workshop on molecular mechanisms of immune modulation: lessons from viruses. EMBO Rep 2002; 3:927-32. [PMID: 12370204 PMCID: PMC1307615 DOI: 10.1093/embo-reports/kvf200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Workshop on molecular mechanisms of immune modulation: lessons from viruses
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Alcami
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK.
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