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Espinoza J, Alfaro-Núñez A, Cedillo-Peláez C, Fernández-Sanz H, Mancini A, Zavala-Norzagaray AA, Ley-Quiñonez CP, López ES, Garcia-Bereguiain MA, Alonso Aguirre A, Reséndiz E. Epidemiology of marine turtle fibropapillomatosis and tumour-associated chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5; Scutavirus chelonidalpha5) in North-Western Mexico: a scoping review implementing the one health approach. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10429-6. [PMID: 38922387 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis (FP) - tumour-associated chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5; Scutavirus chelonidalpha5) - is a disease that affect marine turtles around the world, and characterized by the formation of cutaneous tumours that can appear anywhere on the body. We carried out a thorough literature search (from 1990 to 2024) in the feeding sites of North-western Mexico, a region that hosts important habitats for feeding, development, and reproduction for five of the seven existing sea turtle species. We found 18 reports recording a total of 32 cases of FP and/or ChHV5/Scutavirus chelonidalpha5 in coastal and insular areas of North-western Mexico. Baja California Sur resulted with the highest number of cases (75%). While the first case of ChHV5/Scutavirus chelonidalpha5 infection was reported in 2004, the presence of FP tumours was reported in 2014 and became more frequent between 2019 and 2024. The affected species were black, Chelonia mydas (50%), olive ridley, Lepidochelys olivacea (46.8%) and loggerhead turtles, Caretta caretta (3.2%). Tumours occurred mainly in anterior flippers (46.1%) and neck (22.5%), and most had a nodular and verrucous appearance with a rough surface. In the study region, there is a potential sign of the emergence of the ChHV5/Scutavirus chelonidalpha5 infections and FP disease during the last 20 years, with a rapid increase during the last 10 years. As long as infections by ChHV5/Scutavirus chelonidalpha5 and the prevalence of the FP disease may be potentially influenced by anthropogenic activities, a One Health approach is needed to understand and improve sea turtles' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelly Espinoza
- Posgrado en Ciencias Marinas y Costeras (CIMACO), Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), Carretera al Sur Km 5.5., Apartado Postal 19-B, 23080, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
- Health assessments in sea turtles from B.C.S, La Paz, 23085, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Ringstedgade 57a, Naestved, 4700, Denmark.
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Copenhagen K, 1353, Denmark.
| | - Carlos Cedillo-Peláez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3700, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico
| | - Helena Fernández-Sanz
- Posgrado en Ciencias Marinas y Costeras (CIMACO), Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), Carretera al Sur Km 5.5., Apartado Postal 19-B, 23080, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
- Health assessments in sea turtles from B.C.S, La Paz, 23085, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Agnese Mancini
- Grupo Tortuguero de las Californias A.C, La Paz, 23098, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Alan A Zavala-Norzagaray
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (IPN-CIIDIR), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cesar Paul Ley-Quiñonez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (IPN-CIIDIR), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erika Santacruz López
- Grupo tortuguero de Bahía de los Ángeles, Bahía de los ángeles, 22980, Baja California, Mexico
| | | | - A Alonso Aguirre
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eduardo Reséndiz
- Departamento académico de Ciencia Animal y Conservación del Hábitat, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), Carretera al Sur KM 5.5., Apartado Postal 19-B, La Paz, 23080, Baja California Sur, México
- Asociación Mexicana de Veterinarios de Tortugas A.C, Xalapa, 91050, Veracruz, México
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da Cruz KPP, Gattamorta MA, Matushima ER, Salvarani FM. Fibropapillomatosis: A Review of the Disease with Attention to the Situation Northern Coast of Brazil. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1809. [PMID: 38929428 PMCID: PMC11200417 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis in sea turtles is a potentially debilitating and fatal disease for which there is still a lack of knowledge, especially for specific regions of Brazil. The diagnosis is made through the observation of clinical manifestations, and despite its association with Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) as the etiological agent, the expression of the disease may also be related to immunological and environmental factors caused by anthropic degradation of the environment. Thus, this review aims to elucidate what is known about this disease globally, and especially in various regions of Brazil, promoting a better understanding of its evolution, spatiotemporal prevalence, and relationship with human activities. Furthermore, the review explores the molecular biology of ChHV5, including its genomic structure, replication cycle, and mechanisms of pathogenesis. The role of environmental factors, such as temperature and pollution, in modulating ChHV5 infection and FP development is also discussed. Additionally, the review summarizes current diagnostic methods for detecting ChHV5 infection in sea turtles, highlighting the importance of early detection and monitoring for effective disease management and conservation efforts. Finally, the review outlines future research directions aimed at improving our understanding of ChHV5 and developing strategies for FP control and prevention in sea turtle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eliana Reiko Matushima
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508220, SP, Brazil;
| | - Felipe Masiero Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal 68740970, PA, Brazil;
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Morphologic and physiologic characteristics of green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) hatchlings in southeastern Florida, USA. J Comp Physiol B 2022; 192:751-764. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cáceres-Farias L, Reséndiz E, Espinoza J, Fernández-Sanz H, Alfaro-Núñez A. Threats and Vulnerabilities for the Globally Distributed Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) Sea Turtle: A Historical and Current Status Evaluation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141837. [PMID: 35883384 PMCID: PMC9311662 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) is the most abundant of all seven sea turtles, found across the tropical regions of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans in over 80 different countries all around the globe. Despite being the most common and widely distributed sea turtle, olive ridley populations have been declining substantially for decades. Worldwide, olive ridleys have experienced a 30–50% decline, putting their populations at risk and being considered an Endangered Species by the IUCN. Natural habitat degradation, pollution, bycatch, climate change, predation by humans and animals, infectious diseases and illegal trade are the most notorious threats to explain olive ridley populations rapidly decline. The present review assesses the numerous dangers that the olive ridley turtle has historically faced and currently faces. To preserve olive ridleys, stronger conservation initiatives and strategies must continue to be undertaken. Policies and law enforcement for the protection of natural environments and reduction in the effects of climate change should be implemented worldwide to protect this turtle species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenin Cáceres-Farias
- AquaCEAL Corporation, Urb. Las Palmeras, Ave. Capitán Byron Palacios & General Quisquis, Santo Domingo de los Colorados 230101, Ecuador;
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología y Cultivo de Moluscos, Departamento de Acuicultura, Pesca y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Bahía de Caráquez, Manabí 131101, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Reséndiz
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), La Paz 23080, Mexico; (E.R.); (J.E.); (H.F.-S.)
- Health Assessments in Sea Turtles from BCS, La Paz 23085, Mexico
| | - Joelly Espinoza
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), La Paz 23080, Mexico; (E.R.); (J.E.); (H.F.-S.)
- Health Assessments in Sea Turtles from BCS, La Paz 23085, Mexico
| | - Helena Fernández-Sanz
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), La Paz 23080, Mexico; (E.R.); (J.E.); (H.F.-S.)
- Health Assessments in Sea Turtles from BCS, La Paz 23085, Mexico
| | - Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Ringstedgade 57a, 4700 Naestved, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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Affuso A, Di Palma C, Meomartino L, Pace A, Montagnaro S, Russo V, Mennonna G, Micieli F, Maffucci F, Hochscheid S, Lamagna F, D’Aquino I, Lamagna B. Symblepharon, Ankyloblepharon, and Salt Gland Dysfunction in a Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta). Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060281. [PMID: 35737333 PMCID: PMC9229700 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesions involving the bulbar and the palpebral conjunctiva (Symblepharon) may interfere with tear drainage, cause chronic conjunctivitis, and reduce ocular motility. This condition may be associated with adhesion of the edges of the upper and lower eyelids (ankyloblepharon). The present case describes bilateral symblepharon, ankyloblepharon and salt gland dysfunction in a juvenile Caretta caretta. The loggerhead presented both eyelids swollen, ulcerated, and not separable when rescued. Eye examination was not possible, but ultrasonography showed right bulbar integrity, while the left eye was smaller, with a thicker cornea that had lost its normal doubled lined structure. Surgical dissection of the fibrous adhesions between the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea, and third eyelid was performed, and large dacryoliths were removed. The microscopic findings were consistent with chronic keratoconjunctivitis. Ultrastructurally, no virus-like particles were observed. In addition, tissue samples were negative for herpesvirus by qualitative PCR. The eyelids of both eyes and the corneal epithelium of the right eye healed; moreover, the vision was restored in the right eye. There were no recurrences after 12 months of follow-up, and the turtle was released 16 months after the end of treatments on the southern Tyrrhenian coast in the western Mediterranean Sea. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of symblepharon with ankyloblepharon and salt gland dysfunction in Caretta caretta turtle. Ocular ultrasonography was helpful in the preliminary diagnostic work-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Affuso
- Marine Turtle Research Group, Department of Marine Animal Conservation and Public Engagement, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.A.); (A.P.); (F.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Cristina Di Palma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (S.M.); (V.R.); (F.M.); (F.L.); (I.D.); b (B.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-2536025; Fax: +39-081-2536021
| | - Leonardo Meomartino
- Interdepartmental Radiology Centre, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (L.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Antonino Pace
- Marine Turtle Research Group, Department of Marine Animal Conservation and Public Engagement, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.A.); (A.P.); (F.M.); (S.H.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (S.M.); (V.R.); (F.M.); (F.L.); (I.D.); b (B.L.)
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (S.M.); (V.R.); (F.M.); (F.L.); (I.D.); b (B.L.)
| | - Valeria Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (S.M.); (V.R.); (F.M.); (F.L.); (I.D.); b (B.L.)
| | - Giuseppina Mennonna
- Interdepartmental Radiology Centre, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (L.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Fabiana Micieli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (S.M.); (V.R.); (F.M.); (F.L.); (I.D.); b (B.L.)
| | - Fulvio Maffucci
- Marine Turtle Research Group, Department of Marine Animal Conservation and Public Engagement, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.A.); (A.P.); (F.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Sandra Hochscheid
- Marine Turtle Research Group, Department of Marine Animal Conservation and Public Engagement, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.A.); (A.P.); (F.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Francesco Lamagna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (S.M.); (V.R.); (F.M.); (F.L.); (I.D.); b (B.L.)
| | - Ilaria D’Aquino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (S.M.); (V.R.); (F.M.); (F.L.); (I.D.); b (B.L.)
| | - Barbara Lamagna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (S.M.); (V.R.); (F.M.); (F.L.); (I.D.); b (B.L.)
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Kelley JR, Kelley KL, Savage AE, Mansfield KL. Novel disease state model finds most juvenile green turtles develop and recover from fibropapillomatosis. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jake R. Kelley
- Department of Biology University of Central Florida Orlando Florida USA
| | - Kayla L. Kelley
- Department of Biology University of Central Florida Orlando Florida USA
| | - Anna E. Savage
- Department of Biology University of Central Florida Orlando Florida USA
| | - Kate L. Mansfield
- Department of Biology University of Central Florida Orlando Florida USA
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Zamana RR, Gattamorta MA, Cruz Ochoa PF, Navas-Suárez PE, Sacristán C, Rossi S, Grisi-Filho JHH, Silva IS, Matushima ER. High Occurrence of Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) in Green Sea Turtles Chelonia mydas with and without Fibropapillomatosis in Feeding Areas of the São Paulo Coast, Brazil. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2021; 33:252-263. [PMID: 34634147 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) has been consistently associated with fibropapillomatosis (FP), a neoplastic disease that affects sea turtles globally. The DNA of ChHV5 has been detected in cutaneous and noncutaneous tissues (e.g., lung) of green sea turtles Chelonia mydas with (FP+) and without (FP-) clinical signs of FP, indicating a persistent ChHV5 infection. Previously published and custom primer pairs were used to amplify the fragments of ChHV5 unique long (UL) partial genes (UL30 and UL18) through end-point PCR from cutaneous tumors (n = 31), nontumored skin (n = 49), and lungs (n = 26) from FP+ (n = 31) and FP- (n = 18) green sea turtles. The DNA of ChHV5 was detected in cutaneous tumors (80.6%, 25/31), nontumored skin (74.2%, 23/31 FP+; 27.8%, 5/18 FP-), and lung samples (91.7%, 11/12 FP+; 100%, 14/14 FP-). The high occurrence of ChHV5 observed in lung samples from FP- individuals was unexpected (14/14), providing the first evidence of ChHV5 DNA presence in lungs of individuals without FP. Our results also revealed high ChHV5 occurrence among the tested cohort (93.9%, 46/49) and suggested that a large proportion (83.4%, 15/18) of FP- green sea turtles had subclinical ChHV5 infections. Hence, our findings support the hypothesis that ChHV5 requires one or more possibly environmental or immune-related co-factors to induce FP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ramblas Zamana
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Código Endereçamento Postal, 05508-010, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Gattamorta
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Código Endereçamento Postal, 05508-010, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de São Paulo, Campus Cubatão, Rua Maria Cristina 50, Casqueiro, Código Endereçamento Postal, 11533-160, Cubatão, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Pablo Felipe Cruz Ochoa
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Código Endereçamento Postal, 05508-010, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
- Bioparque Los Ocarros, Kilómetro 3 vía Restrepo, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | - Pedro Enrique Navas-Suárez
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Código Endereçamento Postal, 05508-010, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Carlos Sacristán
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Código Endereçamento Postal, 05508-010, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Silmara Rossi
- Laboratório de Morfofisiologia de Vertebrados, Departamento de Morfologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, Código Endereçamento Postal, 59072-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil
| | - José Henrique Hildebrand Grisi-Filho
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Estatística, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Código Endereçamento Postal, 05508-010, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Isabela Santos Silva
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Código Endereçamento Postal, 05508-010, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Eliana Reiko Matushima
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Código Endereçamento Postal, 05508-010, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
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Loganathan AL, Palaniappan P, Subbiah VK. First Evidence of Chelonid Herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) Infection in Green Turtles ( Chelonia mydas) from Sabah, Borneo. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111404. [PMID: 34832560 PMCID: PMC8624793 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis (FP) of sea turtles is characterised by cutaneous tumours and is associated with Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5), an alphaherpesvirus from the family Herpesviridae. Here, we provide the first evidence of ChHV5-associated FP in endangered Green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Sabah, which is located at the northern region of Malaysian Borneo. The aims of our study were firstly, to determine the presence of ChHV5 in both tumour exhibiting and tumour-free turtles using molecular techniques and secondly, to determine the phylogeography of ChHV5 in Sabah. We also aim to provide evidence of ChHV5 infection through histopathological examinations. A total of 115 Green turtles were sampled from Mabul Island, Sabah. We observed three Green turtles that exhibited FP tumours and were positive for ChHV5. In addition, six clinically healthy turtles (with no presence of tumours) were also positive for the virus based on Polymerase Chain Reaction of three viral genes (Capsid protein gene UL18, Glycoprotein H gene UL22, and Glycoprotein B gene UL27). The prevalence of the ChHV5 was 5.22% in asymptomatic Green turtles. Epidermal intranuclear inclusions were identified in tumour lesions upon histopathological examination. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of the UL18, UL22, UL27, and UL30 gene sequences showed a worldwide distribution of the ChHV5 strain with no clear distinction based on geographical location suggesting an interoceanic connection and movement of the sea turtles. Thus, the emergence of ChHV5 in Green turtles in the waters of Sabah could indicate a possible threat to sea turtle populations in the future and requires further monitoring of the populations along the Bornean coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswini Leela Loganathan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
- Genomics Facility, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pushpa Palaniappan
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
| | - Vijay Kumar Subbiah
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
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9
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Page-Karjian A, Whitmore L, Stacy BA, Perrault JR, Farrell JA, Shaver DJ, Walker JS, Frandsen HR, Rantonen E, Harms CA, Norton TM, Innis C, Yetsko K, Duffy DJ. Fibropapillomatosis and Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 Infection in Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtles ( Lepidochelys kempii). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113076. [PMID: 34827808 PMCID: PMC8614476 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Kemp’s ridley sea turtle is an endangered species that is susceptible to a tumor disease called fibropapillomatosis (FP) and its associated virus, chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5). The goal of our study was to describe FP in Kemp’s ridley turtles, including estimated disease prevalence and pathologyg, and case demographics and outcomes, to better understand the risk posed by FP to Kemp’s ridley population recovery. During 2006–2020, we identified 22 cases of Kemp’s ridley turtles with FP, including 12 adult turtles, a reproductively valuable age class. Molecular diagnostics were used to identify ChHV5 DNA in blood (7.8%) and tumor (91.7%) samples collected from free-ranging Kemp’s ridley turtles. Genomic sequencing was conducted to identify ChHV5 variants in tumor samples collected from Kemp’s ridley turtles with FP. Along with case data, phylogenetic analysis of resultant sequences suggests increasing, spatiotemporal spread of ChHV5 infections and FP among Kemp’s ridley turtles in coastal areas, including the Gulf of Mexico and the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, where they share habitat with green sea turtles (in which FP is enzootic). This is concerning because FP has an uncertain pathogenesis, is potentially related to anthropogenic environmental degradation, and can cause suffering and/or death in severely afflicted turtles. Abstract Fibropapillomatosis (FP), a debilitating, infectious neoplastic disease, is rarely reported in endangered Kemp’s ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii). With this study, we describe FP and the associated chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) in Kemp’s ridley turtles encountered in the United States during 2006–2020. Analysis of 22 case reports of Kemp’s ridley turtles with FP revealed that while the disease was mild in most cases, 54.5% were adult turtles, a reproductively valuable age class whose survival is a priority for population recovery. Of 51 blood samples from tumor-free turtles and 12 tumor samples from turtles with FP, 7.8% and 91.7%, respectively, tested positive for ChHV5 DNA via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Viral genome shotgun sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of six tumor samples show that ChHV5 sequences in Kemp’s ridley turtles encountered in the Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Atlantic cluster with ChHV5 sequences identified in green (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles from Hawaii, the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, and the Caribbean. Results suggest an interspecific, spatiotemporal spread of FP among Kemp’s ridley turtles in regions where the disease is enzootic. Although FP is currently uncommon in this species, it remains a health concern due to its uncertain pathogenesis and potential relationship with habitat degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Page-Karjian
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Liam Whitmore
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA; (L.W.); (J.A.F.); (K.Y.); (D.J.D.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - Brian A. Stacy
- National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | | | - Jessica A. Farrell
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA; (L.W.); (J.A.F.); (K.Y.); (D.J.D.)
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Donna J. Shaver
- Division of Sea Turtle Science and Recovery, Padre Island National Seashore, Corpus Christi, TX 78480, USA; (D.J.S.); (J.S.W.); (H.R.F.)
| | - J. Shelby Walker
- Division of Sea Turtle Science and Recovery, Padre Island National Seashore, Corpus Christi, TX 78480, USA; (D.J.S.); (J.S.W.); (H.R.F.)
| | - Hilary R. Frandsen
- Division of Sea Turtle Science and Recovery, Padre Island National Seashore, Corpus Christi, TX 78480, USA; (D.J.S.); (J.S.W.); (H.R.F.)
| | - Elina Rantonen
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA;
| | - Craig A. Harms
- Center for Marine Science & Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA;
| | | | | | - Kelsey Yetsko
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA; (L.W.); (J.A.F.); (K.Y.); (D.J.D.)
| | - David J. Duffy
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA; (L.W.); (J.A.F.); (K.Y.); (D.J.D.)
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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10
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Whitmore L, Yetsko K, Farrell JA, Page-Karjian A, Daniel W, Shaver DJ, Frandsen HR, Walker JS, Crowder W, Bovery C, Rollinson Ramia D, Burkhalter B, Ryan E, Duffy DJ. Evolutionary Comparisons of Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) Genomes from Fibropapillomatosis-Afflicted Green ( Chelonia mydas), Olive Ridley ( Lepidochelys olivacea) and Kemp's Ridley ( Lepidochelys kempii) Sea Turtles. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2489. [PMID: 34573455 PMCID: PMC8465875 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The spreading global sea turtle fibropapillomatosis (FP) epizootic is threatening some of Earth's ancient reptiles, adding to the plethora of threats faced by these keystone species. Understanding this neoplastic disease and its likely aetiological pathogen, chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5), is crucial to understand how the disease impacts sea turtle populations and species and the future trajectory of disease incidence. We generated 20 ChHV5 genomes, from three sea turtle species, to better understand the viral variant diversity and gene evolution of this oncogenic virus. We revealed previously underappreciated genetic diversity within this virus (with an average of 2035 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 1.54% of the ChHV5 genome) and identified genes under the strongest evolutionary pressure. Furthermore, we investigated the phylogeny of ChHV5 at both genome and gene level, confirming the propensity of the virus to be interspecific, with related variants able to infect multiple sea turtle species. Finally, we revealed unexpected intra-host diversity, with up to 0.15% of the viral genome varying between ChHV5 genomes isolated from different tumours concurrently arising within the same individual. These findings offer important insights into ChHV5 biology and provide genomic resources for this oncogenic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Whitmore
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA; (K.Y.); (J.A.F.); (D.R.R.); (B.B.); (D.J.D.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
| | - Kelsey Yetsko
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA; (K.Y.); (J.A.F.); (D.R.R.); (B.B.); (D.J.D.)
| | - Jessica A. Farrell
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA; (K.Y.); (J.A.F.); (D.R.R.); (B.B.); (D.J.D.)
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Annie Page-Karjian
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA;
| | - Whitney Daniel
- South Carolina Aquarium, 100 Aquarium Wharf, Charleston, SC 29401, USA;
| | - Donna J. Shaver
- Division of Sea Turtle Science and Recovery, Padre Island National Seashore, Corpus Christi, TX 78480, USA; (D.J.S.); (H.R.F.); (J.S.W.)
| | - Hilary R. Frandsen
- Division of Sea Turtle Science and Recovery, Padre Island National Seashore, Corpus Christi, TX 78480, USA; (D.J.S.); (H.R.F.); (J.S.W.)
| | - Jennifer Shelby Walker
- Division of Sea Turtle Science and Recovery, Padre Island National Seashore, Corpus Christi, TX 78480, USA; (D.J.S.); (H.R.F.); (J.S.W.)
| | - Whitney Crowder
- Gumbo Limbo Nature Center, Boca Raton, FL 33432, USA; (W.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Caitlin Bovery
- Gumbo Limbo Nature Center, Boca Raton, FL 33432, USA; (W.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Devon Rollinson Ramia
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA; (K.Y.); (J.A.F.); (D.R.R.); (B.B.); (D.J.D.)
| | - Brooke Burkhalter
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA; (K.Y.); (J.A.F.); (D.R.R.); (B.B.); (D.J.D.)
| | - Elizabeth Ryan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
| | - David J. Duffy
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA; (K.Y.); (J.A.F.); (D.R.R.); (B.B.); (D.J.D.)
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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11
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Monteiro J, Duarte M, Amadou K, Barbosa C, El Bar N, Madeira FM, Regalla A, Duarte A, Tavares L, Patrício AR. Fibropapillomatosis and the Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 in Green Turtles from West Africa. ECOHEALTH 2021; 18:229-240. [PMID: 34241724 PMCID: PMC8463353 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01526-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a tumorigenic panzootic disease of sea turtles, most common in green turtles (Chelonia mydas). FP is linked to the chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChAHV5) and to degraded habitats and, though benign, large tumours can hinder vital functions, causing death. We analyse 108 green turtles, captured in 2018 and 2019, at key foraging grounds in Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania, West Africa, for the presence of FP, and use real-time PCR to detect ChAHV5 DNA, in 76 individuals. The prevalence of FP was moderate; 33% in Guinea-Bissau (n = 36) and 28% in Mauritania (n = 72), and most turtles were mildly affected, possibly due to low human impact at study locations. Juveniles had higher FP prevalence (35%, n = 82) compared to subadults (5%, n = 21), probably because individuals acquire resistance over time. ChAHV5 DNA was detected in 83% (n = 24) of the tumour biopsies, consistent with its role as aetiological agent of FP and in 26% (n = 27) of the 'normal' skin (not showing lesions) from FP turtles. Notably, 45% of the asymptomatic turtles were positive for ChAHV5, supporting multifactorial disease expression. We report the first baselines of FP and ChAHV5 prevalence for West Africa green turtles, essential to assess evolution of disease and future impacts of anthropogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Monteiro
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida Duarte
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), 1500-310, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Kidé Amadou
- Observatoire, Parc National du Banc d'Arguin, Chami, Mauritania
| | - Castro Barbosa
- Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Áreas Protegidas, Av. Dom Settimio Arturro Ferrazzetta, CP 70, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Nahi El Bar
- Observatoire, Parc National du Banc d'Arguin, Chami, Mauritania
| | - Fernando M Madeira
- cE3c Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande 016, I749-016, Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Aissa Regalla
- Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Áreas Protegidas, Av. Dom Settimio Arturro Ferrazzetta, CP 70, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Ana Duarte
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Patrício
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9EZ, UK.
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12
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James A, Page-Karjian A, Charles KE, Edwards J, Gregory CR, Cheetham S, Buter BP, Marancik DP. Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 Prevalence and First Confirmed Case of Sea Turtle Fibropapillomatosis in Grenada, West Indies. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1490. [PMID: 34064092 PMCID: PMC8224268 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) is strongly associated with fibropapillomatosis, a neoplastic disease of sea turtles that can result in debilitation and mortality. The objectives of this study were to examine green (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) sea turtles in Grenada, West Indies, for fibropapillomatosis and to utilize ChHV5-specific PCR, degenerate herpesvirus PCR, and serology to non-invasively evaluate the prevalence of ChHV5 infection and exposure. One-hundred and sixty-seven turtles examined from 2017 to 2019 demonstrated no external fibropapilloma-like lesions and no amplification of ChHV5 DNA from whole blood or skin biopsies. An ELISA performed on serum detected ChHV5-specific IgY in 18/52 (34.6%) of green turtles tested. In 2020, an adult, female green turtle presented for necropsy from the inshore waters of Grenada with severe emaciation and cutaneous fibropapillomas. Multiple tumors tested positive for ChHV5 by qPCR, providing the first confirmed case of ChHV5-associated fibropapillomatosis in Grenada. These results indicate that active ChHV5 infection is rare, although viral exposure in green sea turtles is relatively high. The impact of fibropapillomatosis in Grenada is suggested to be low at the present time and further studies comparing host genetics and immunologic factors, as well as examination into extrinsic factors that may influence disease, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda James
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, True Blue, Grenada; (A.J.); (J.E.); (S.C.); (B.P.B.)
| | - Annie Page-Karjian
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA;
| | | | - Jonnel Edwards
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, True Blue, Grenada; (A.J.); (J.E.); (S.C.); (B.P.B.)
| | | | - Sonia Cheetham
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, True Blue, Grenada; (A.J.); (J.E.); (S.C.); (B.P.B.)
| | - Brian P. Buter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, True Blue, Grenada; (A.J.); (J.E.); (S.C.); (B.P.B.)
| | - David P. Marancik
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, True Blue, Grenada; (A.J.); (J.E.); (S.C.); (B.P.B.)
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13
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Mashkour N, Jones K, Wirth W, Burgess G, Ariel E. The Concurrent Detection of Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 and Chelonia mydas Papillomavirus 1 in Tumoured and Non-Tumoured Green Turtles. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030697. [PMID: 33807588 PMCID: PMC7999010 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Characterised by benign tumours, fibropapillomatosis is a debilitating disease that predominantly afflicts the endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas). A growing body of evidence has associated these tumours with a herpesvirus. However, a recent study detected both herpesvirus and papillomavirus in these tumours. This result challenged the idea that the herpesvirus is the sole virus associated with this disease. The present study aimed to better understand the co-occurrence of these viruses in turtles with fibropapillomatosis (in both tumour samples and non-tumoured skin samples), in addition to samples from non-tumoured turtles. Both viruses were detected in all sample types, with the 43.5% of tumours containing both herpesvirus and papillomavirus. Tumour samples were found to contain the most herpesvirus while the highest amount of papillomavirus was detected in non-tumoured skin from turtles with tumours. Collectively, these results pivot the way we think about this disease; as an infectious disease where two separate viruses may be at play. Abstract Characterised by benign tumours, fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a debilitating disease that predominantly afflicts the endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas). A growing body of histological and molecular evidence has associated FP tumours with Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5). However, a recent study which detected both ChHV5 and Chelonia mydas papillomavirus 1 (CmPV1) DNA in FP tumour tissues has challenged this hypothesis. The present study aimed to establish a probe-based qPCR to assess the wider prevalence of CmPV1 and co-occurrence with ChHV5 in 275 marine turtles foraging in waters adjacent to the east coast of Queensland, Australia: three categories: Group A (FP tumours), Group B (non-tumoured skin from FP turtles) and Group C (non-tumoured skin from turtles without FP). Concurrent detection of ChHV5 and CmPV1 DNA is reported for all three categories, where Group A had the highest rate (43.5%). ChHV5 viral loads in Group A were significantly higher than loads seen in Group B and C. This was not the case for CmPV1 where the loads in Group B were highest, followed by Group A. However, the mean CmPV1 load for Group A samples was not significantly different to the mean load reported from Group B or C samples. Collectively, these results pivot the way we think about FP; as an infectious disease where two separate viruses may be at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Mashkour
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia; (K.J.); (W.W.); (G.B.); (E.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Karina Jones
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia; (K.J.); (W.W.); (G.B.); (E.A.)
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia
| | - Wytamma Wirth
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia; (K.J.); (W.W.); (G.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Graham Burgess
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia; (K.J.); (W.W.); (G.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia; (K.J.); (W.W.); (G.B.); (E.A.)
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14
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Blackburn NB, Leandro AC, Nahvi N, Devlin MA, Leandro M, Martinez Escobedo I, Peralta JM, George J, Stacy BA, deMaar TW, Blangero J, Keniry M, Curran JE. Transcriptomic Profiling of Fibropapillomatosis in Green Sea Turtles ( Chelonia mydas) From South Texas. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630988. [PMID: 33717164 PMCID: PMC7943941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea turtle fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a tumor promoting disease that is one of several threats globally to endangered sea turtle populations. The prevalence of FP is highest in green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) populations, and historically has shown considerable temporal growth. FP tumors can significantly affect the ability of turtles to forage for food and avoid predation and can grow to debilitating sizes. In the current study, based in South Texas, we have applied transcriptome sequencing to FP tumors and healthy control tissue to study the gene expression profiles of FP. By identifying differentially expressed turtle genes in FP, and matching these genes to their closest human ortholog we draw on the wealth of human based knowledge, specifically human cancer, to identify new insights into the biology of sea turtle FP. We show that several genes aberrantly expressed in FP tumors have known tumor promoting biology in humans, including CTHRC1 and NLRC5, and provide support that disruption of the Wnt signaling pathway is a feature of FP. Further, we profiled the expression of current targets of immune checkpoint inhibitors from human oncology in FP tumors and identified potential candidates for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B. Blackburn
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ana Cristina Leandro
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Nina Nahvi
- Sea Turtle Inc., South Padre Island, TX, United States
| | | | - Marcelo Leandro
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | | | - Juan M. Peralta
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jeff George
- Sea Turtle Inc., South Padre Island, TX, United States
| | - Brian A. Stacy
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | - John Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Megan Keniry
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
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15
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Rittenburg LT, Kelley JR, Mansfield KL, Savage AE. Marine leech parasitism of sea turtles varies across host species, seasons, and the tumor disease fibropapillomatosis. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 143:1-12. [PMID: 33443237 DOI: 10.3354/dao03549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a tumorous disease affecting all species of sea turtles and is associated with the pathogen chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5). Hypothesized ChHV5 vectors include the marine leeches Ozobranchus branchiatus and O. margoi, but data on their associations with FP and ChHV5 are minimal. To establish relationships between leech parasitism, turtle hosts, and FP, we compared green and loggerhead turtles from the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida, USA, in terms of (1) the presence or absence of ChHV5 within associated leeches, (2) the association between leech parasitism and host FP status, and (3) seasonal variation in leech presence. We identified 55 leeches collected from green turtles as O. branchiatus and 22 leeches collected from loggerhead turtles as O. margoi. Of 77 sequenced leeches, 10 O. branchiatus and 5 O. margoi were ChHV5 positive. ChHV5-positive O. branchiatus trended towards coming from FP-positive hosts. Using 12 yr of turtle capture data from the IRL, we found that leech parasitism was significantly correlated with FP and capture month in green turtles but not in loggerhead turtles. These results suggest that O. branchiatus and O. margoi may differ in their ability to transmit ChHV5 or to encounter and remain on FP-positive hosts. Alternatively, potential immunological differences between green and loggerhead turtles may explain the observed relationships. This study is the first to provide robust statistical evidence of an association between leeches and FP, as well as seasonal fluctuations in leech presence, in green turtles but not in loggerhead turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah T Rittenburg
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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16
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Espinoza J, Hernández E, Lara-Uc MM, Reséndiz E, Alfaro-Núñez A, Hori-Oshima S, Medina-Basulto G. Genetic Analysis of Chelonid Herpesvirus 5 in Marine Turtles from Baja California Peninsula. ECOHEALTH 2020; 17:258-263. [PMID: 32661638 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-020-01482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) is the primary etiological agent associated with fibropapillomatosis (FP), a neoplastic disease in marine turtles. In this study, we report for the first time ChHV5 in marine turtles and a leech from Baja California Peninsula. Eighty-seven black, olive or loggerhead turtle species, one FP tumor and five leeches were analyzed. The tumor sample from an olive, a skin sample from a black and a leech resulted positive of ChHV5 for conventional PCR. Two viral variants were identified and grouped within the Eastern Pacific phylogenetic group, suggesting a possible flow of the virus in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelly Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Campestre Ave. W/N Fracc. Laguna Campestre, 21380, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Elsa Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Campestre Ave. W/N Fracc. Laguna Campestre, 21380, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - María Mónica Lara-Uc
- Laboratorio de Oceanografía y Botánica Marina, Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, 23080, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
- Proyecto Salud de Tortugas Marinas, Laboratorio de Oceanografía, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, 23080, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Reséndiz
- Laboratorio de Oceanografía y Botánica Marina, Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, 23080, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
- Proyecto Salud de Tortugas Marinas, Laboratorio de Oceanografía, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, 23080, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory (ViFU), Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sawako Hori-Oshima
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Campestre Ave. W/N Fracc. Laguna Campestre, 21380, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Medina-Basulto
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Campestre Ave. W/N Fracc. Laguna Campestre, 21380, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico.
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17
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Differences in Antibody Responses against Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) Suggest Differences in Virus Biology in ChHV5-Seropositive Green Turtles from Hawaii and ChHV5-Seropositive Green Turtles from Florida. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01658-19. [PMID: 31748397 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01658-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a tumor disease associated with a herpesvirus (chelonid herpesvirus 5 [ChHV5]) that affects mainly green turtles globally. Understanding the epidemiology of FP has been hampered by a lack of robust serological assays to monitor exposure to ChHV5. This is due in part to an inability to efficiently culture the virus in vitro for neutralization assays. Here, we expressed two glycoproteins (FUS4 and FUS8) from ChHV5 using baculovirus. These proteins were immobilized on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay plates in their native form and assayed for reactivity to two types of antibodies, full-length 7S IgY and 5.7S IgY, which has a truncated Fc region. Turtles from Florida were uniformly seropositive to ChHV5 regardless of tumor status. In contrast, in turtles from Hawaii, we detected strong antibody reactivity mainly in tumored animals, with a lower antibody response being seen in nontumored animals, including those from areas where FP is enzootic. Turtles from Hawaii actively shedding ChHV5 were more seropositive than nonshedders. In trying to account for differences in the serological responses to ChHV5 between green turtles from Hawaii and green turtles from Florida, we rejected the cross-reactivity of antibodies to other herpesviruses, differences in viral epitopes, or differences in procedure as likely explanations. Rather, behavioral or other differences between green turtles from Hawaii and green turtles from Florida might have led to the emergence of biologically different viral strains. While the strains from turtles in Florida apparently spread independently of tumors, the transmission of the Hawaiian subtype relies heavily on tumor formation.IMPORTANCE Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a tumor disease associated with chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) that is an important cause of mortality in threatened green turtles globally. FP is expanding in Florida and the Caribbean but declining in Hawaii. We show that Hawaiian turtles mount antibodies to ChHV5 mainly in response to tumors, which are the only sites of viral replication, whereas tumored and nontumored Floridian turtles are uniformly seropositive. Tumor viruses that depend on tumors for replication and spread are rare, with the only example being the retrovirus causing walleye dermal sarcoma in fish. The Hawaiian strain of ChHV5 may be the first DNA virus with such an unusual life history. Our findings, along with the fundamental differences in the life histories between Floridian turtles and Hawaiian turtles, may partly explain the differential dynamics of FP between the two regions.
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Molecular evidence for horizontal transmission of chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 at green turtle (Chelonia mydas) foraging grounds in Queensland, Australia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227268. [PMID: 31917785 PMCID: PMC6952114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a marine turtle disease recognised by benign tumours on the skin, eyes, shell, oral cavity and/or viscera. Despite being a globally distributed disease that affects an endangered species, research on FP and its likely causative agent chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) in Australia is limited. Here we present improved molecular assays developed for detection of ChHV5, in combination with a robust molecular and phylogenetic analysis of ChHV5 variants. This approach utilised a multi-gene assay to detect ChHV5 in all FP tumors sampled from 62 marine turtles found at six foraging grounds along the Great Barrier Reef. Six distinct variants of ChHV5 were identified and the distribution of these variants was associated with host foraging ground. Conversely, no association between host genetic origin and ChHV5 viral variant was found. Together this evidence supports the hypothesis that marine turtles undergo horizontal transmission of ChHV5 at foraging grounds and are unlikely to be contracting the disease at rookeries, either during mating or vertically from parent to offspring.
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Álvarez-Varas R, Cárdenas DM, Cucalón RV, Del Río J, Cifuentes F, Ulloa M, Briceño C, Cárdenas WB. First report of fibropapillomatosis in an olive ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea from the southeastern Pacific. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 135:43-48. [PMID: 31244483 DOI: 10.3354/dao03381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An adult olive ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea with lesions suggestive of fibropapillomatosis was rescued on the coast of San Antonio, central Chile. Histopathologic analysis showed an exophytic and pedunculated mass formed by epidermal papillary projections supported by fibrovascular cores, epidermal hyperplasia and marked orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis. ChHV5 unique long genes UL27, UL28 and UL30 were amplified from tumor lesions and sequenced for phylogeny. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed the Chilean sequences clustering with the Eastern Pacific group. This is the first case of fibropapillomatosis in an olive ridley turtle diagnosed in Chile and in the southeastern Pacific region. Our results suggest a regional grouping of ChHV5 variants independent of the marine turtle's species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Álvarez-Varas
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003, Santiago, Chile
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Domiciano IG, Broadhurst MK, Domit C, Flaiban KKMC, Goldberg DW, Fritzen JTT, Bracarense APFRL. Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 DNA in Fibropapillomatosis-Affected Chelonia mydas. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:248-259. [PMID: 31124021 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis is a panzootic and chronic disease among Chelonia mydas-usually associated with anthropogenic impacts. This study contributes towards understanding fibropapillomatosis implications for C. mydas populations as a reflector of environmental quality, via prevalence and histological, molecular and blood analyses at a World Heritage site in southern Brazil. Sixty-three juvenile C. mydas (31.3-54.5 cm curved carapace length-CCL) were sampled during two years. Eighteen specimens (~ 29%) had tumours (which were biopsied), while 45 had none. Degenerative changes in the epidermis and Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 DNA detection with three variants support a herpesvirus infection. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that variants A and B were similar to a herpesvirus lineage from the Atlantic group, but variant C was similar to a herpesvirus from the eastern Pacific lineage and represents the first published case for marine turtles off Brazil. Significantly lower levels of seven blood parameters, but greater numbers of eosinophils, were observed in tumour-afflicted animals. These observations were attributed to metabolism efficiencies and/or differences in diet associated with temporal-recruitment bias and disease development, and greater non-specific immune stimulation. While most animals had adequate body condition independent of disease, longer-term studies are required to elucidate any protracted population effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela G Domiciano
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 km 380, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86057-970, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Matt K Broadhurst
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries Conservation Technology Unit, National Marine Science Centre, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
- Marine and Estuarine Ecology Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Camila Domit
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
- Associação MarBrasil - ONG, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Karina K M C Flaiban
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana T T Fritzen
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula F R L Bracarense
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 km 380, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86057-970, Brazil.
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Mejía-Radillo RY, Zavala-Norzagaray AA, Chávez-Medina JA, Aguirre AA, Escobedo-Bonilla CM. Presence of chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) in sea turtles in northern Sinaloa, Mexico. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 132:99-108. [PMID: 30628576 DOI: 10.3354/dao03313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of fibropapilloma and its associated chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) was assessed in 82 wild sea turtles. Olive ridley turtles Lepidochelys olivacea (n = 58) were caught in the pelagic Area of Marine Influence (AMI) (off the coast of Guasave, Sinaloa), and black turtles Chelonia mydas agassizii (n = 24) were captured in the Navachiste Lagoon System. The apparent physical condition was evaluated as 'good' or 'poor' by physical examination. The population structure and general health status was determined by condition index, hematocrit and total plasma protein. Detection of ChHV5 from skin samples was done by PCR. The overall physical condition of black turtles was good and all the individuals were tumor-free. Likewise, the physical condition of most olive ridley turtles was good, except for 10 individuals with poor condition. Of these, 4 had fibropapilloma-like tumors. PCR analyses showed that 3 tumors were ChHV5-positive. The DNA sequence showed 96% identity with ChHV5. All other skin samples from black or olive ridley turtles were ChHV5-negative. This is the first report of fibropapillomatosis-ChHV5 in foraging grounds off northern Sinaloa. The virus was present in a small proportion of L. olivacea individuals, a free-ranging species. It is suggested that infected turtles acquired the virus at a different location somewhere during their development before arriving in the AMI zone. This finding makes the case for setting up a health monitoring program for turtle populations in the area, enforcing sanitary measures to reduce the spread of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Y Mejía-Radillo
- Instituto Politecnico Nacional CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Blvd. Juan de Dios Batiz Paredes 250, Colonia San Joachin, CP 81101 Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
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Fibropapillomatosis in a Green Sea Turtle ( Chelonia mydas) from the Southeastern Pacific. J Wildl Dis 2018; 55:169-173. [PMID: 30096036 DOI: 10.7589/2017-12-295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis is a neoplastic disease that afflicts sea turtles. Although it is disseminated worldwide, cases of the disease have not been reported in the southeastern Pacific region. We describe a case of fibropapillomatosis in a green sea turtle ( Chelonia mydas) during its rehabilitation at the Machalilla National Park Rehabilitation Center, Ecuador. Viral presence was confirmed by PCR, targeting fragments of the chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) unique long (UL) genes, UL27, UL28, and UL30. The amplicons were sequenced and included in a global phylogenetic analysis of the virus with other reported sequences from GenBank. Results showed that the available viral sequences segregated into five phylogeographic groups: western Atlantic and eastern Caribbean, central Pacific, western Pacific, Atlantic, and eastern Pacific groups. The concatenated ChHV5 sequences from Ecuador clustered with the eastern Pacific sequences.
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Molecular evolution of fibropapilloma-associated herpesviruses infecting juvenile green and loggerhead sea turtles. Virology 2018; 521:190-197. [PMID: 29960922 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) has long been associated with fibropapillomatosis (FP) tumor disease in marine turtles. Presenting primarily in juvenile animals, FP results in fibromas of the skin, connective tissue, and internal organs, which may indirectly affect fitness by obstructing normal turtle processes. ChHV5 is near-universally present in tumorous tissues taken from affected animals, often at very high concentrations. However, there is also considerable asymptomatic carriage amongst healthy marine turtles, suggesting that asymptomatic hosts play an important role in disease ecology. Currently, there is a paucity of studies investigating variation in viral genetics between diseased and asymptomatic hosts, which could potentially explain why only some ChHV5 infections lead to tumor formation. Here, we generated a database containing DNA from over 400 tissue samples taken from green and loggerhead marine turtles, including multiple tissue types, a twenty year time span, and both diseased and asymptomatic animals. We used two molecular detection techniques, quantitative (q)PCR and nested PCR, to characterize the presence and genetic lineage of ChHV5 in each sample. We found that nested PCR across multiple loci out-performed qPCR and is a more powerful technique for determining infection status. Phylogenetic reconstruction of three viral loci from all ChHV5-positive samples indicated widespread panmixia of viral lineages, with samples taken across decades, species, disease states, and tissues all falling within the same evolutionary lineages. Haplotype networks produced similar results in that viral haplotypes were shared across species, tissue types and disease states with no evidence that viral lineages associated significantly with disease dynamics. Additionally, tests of selection on viral gene trees indicated signals of selection dividing major clades, though this selection did not divide sample categories. Based on these data, neither the presence of ChHV5 infection nor neutral genetic divergence between viral lineages infecting a juvenile marine turtle is sufficient to explain the development of FP within an individual.
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Vilca FZ, Rossi S, de Olinda RA, Sánchez-Sarmiento AM, Prioste FES, Matushima ER, Tornisielo VL. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in liver samples of juvenile green sea turtles from Brazil: Can these compounds play a role in the development of fibropapillomatosis? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 130:215-222. [PMID: 29866550 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis (FP) poses a significant threat to the conservation of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-PAHs are considered mutagenic, carcinogenic and toxic, and can act as cofactor of this disease. In order to evaluate possible differences between green sea turtles with and without FP, we monitored 15 PAHs in liver samples of 44 specimens (24 with FP) captured in Brazil. We detected eight PAHs and quantified phenanthrene in all green sea turtles with FP. Specimens without FP presented lower values than the tumored ones (1.48 ng g-1 and 17.35 ng g-1, respectively; p < 0.0001). There were no significant differences between tumored and non-tumored specimens, among studied areas, or Southwest Atlantic Fibropapillomatosis Score. Even though we found higher concentrations in the liver samples of green sea turtles with FP, further studies are necessary to confirm if these pollutants are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Zirena Vilca
- Escuela de Posgrado de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Av Floral 1153, Puno, Peru; Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, São Dimas, PO Box 96, CEP 13416-000 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Silmara Rossi
- Grupo de Pesquisa sobre Fibropapilomatose em Tartarugas Marinhas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Alves de Olinda
- Departamento de Estatística-CCT, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Bodocongó, 58101-001 Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | - Angélica Maria Sánchez-Sarmiento
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Eloisa Setim Prioste
- Grupo de Pesquisa sobre Fibropapilomatose em Tartarugas Marinhas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana Reiko Matushima
- Grupo de Pesquisa sobre Fibropapilomatose em Tartarugas Marinhas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Valdemar Luiz Tornisielo
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, São Dimas, PO Box 96, CEP 13416-000 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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Morrison CL, Iwanowicz L, Work TM, Fahsbender E, Breitbart M, Adams C, Iwanowicz D, Sanders L, Ackermann M, Cornman RS. Genomic evolution, recombination, and inter-strain diversity of chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 from Florida and Hawaii green sea turtles with fibropapillomatosis. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4386. [PMID: 29479497 PMCID: PMC5824677 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) is a herpesvirus associated with fibropapillomatosis (FP) in sea turtles worldwide. Single-locus typing has previously shown differentiation between Atlantic and Pacific strains of this virus, with low variation within each geographic clade. However, a lack of multi-locus genomic sequence data hinders understanding of the rate and mechanisms of ChHV5 evolutionary divergence, as well as how these genomic changes may contribute to differences in disease manifestation. To assess genomic variation in ChHV5 among five Hawaii and three Florida green sea turtles, we used high-throughput short-read sequencing of long-range PCR products amplified from tumor tissue using primers designed from the single available ChHV5 reference genome from a Hawaii green sea turtle. This strategy recovered sequence data from both geographic regions for approximately 75% of the predicted ChHV5 coding sequences. The average nucleotide divergence between geographic populations was 1.5%; most of the substitutions were fixed differences between regions. Protein divergence was generally low (average 0.08%), and ranged between 0 and 5.3%. Several atypical genes originally identified and annotated in the reference genome were confirmed in ChHV5 genomes from both geographic locations. Unambiguous recombination events between geographic regions were identified, and clustering of private alleles suggests the prevalence of recombination in the evolutionary history of ChHV5. This study significantly increased the amount of sequence data available from ChHV5 strains, enabling informed selection of loci for future population genetic and natural history studies, and suggesting the (possibly latent) co-infection of individuals by well-differentiated geographic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Morrison
- National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, US Geological Survey, Kearneysville, WV, United States of America
| | - Luke Iwanowicz
- National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, US Geological Survey, Kearneysville, WV, United States of America
| | - Thierry M Work
- National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, US Geological Survey, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Fahsbender
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Mya Breitbart
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Adams
- National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, US Geological Survey, Kearneysville, WV, United States of America
| | - Deb Iwanowicz
- National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, US Geological Survey, Kearneysville, WV, United States of America
| | - Lakyn Sanders
- National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, US Geological Survey, Kearneysville, WV, United States of America
| | | | - Robert S Cornman
- Fort Collins Science Center, US Geological Survey, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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Page-Karjian A, Gottdenker NL, Whitfield J, Herbst L, Norton TM, Ritchie B. Potential Noncutaneous Sites of Chelonid Herpesvirus 5 Persistence and Shedding in Green Sea Turtles Chelonia mydas. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2017; 29:136-142. [PMID: 28438079 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2017.1321590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5), the likely etiologic agent of sea turtle fibropapillomatosis (FP), is predicted to be unevenly distributed within an infected turtle, in which productive virus replication and virion shedding occurs in cutaneous tumor keratinocytes. In this study, we measured and compared ChHV5 DNA quantities in tumors, skin, urine, major organs, and nervous tissue samples from green turtles Chelonia mydas. These samples were taken from the carcasses of 10 juvenile green turtles with and without clinical signs of FP that stranded in Florida during 2014. Quantitative PCR for ChHV5 UL30 was used to identify ChHV5 DNA in tumors, skin, heart, kidney, nerves, and urine sampled from five out of five FP-positive and three out of five FP-free turtles. The most frequently co-occurring sites were cutaneous tumor and kidney (n = 4). Novel data presented here include the identification of ChHV5 DNA in kidney, heart, and nerve samples from three FP-free turtles. These data support candidate nontumored anatomic sites of ChHV5 DNA localization and mobilization during two different disease states that may be involved in the ChHV5 infection cycle. Received September 8, 2016; accepted April 17, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Page-Karjian
- a Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia ,501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens , Georgia 30602 , USA
| | - Nicole L Gottdenker
- a Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia ,501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens , Georgia 30602 , USA
| | - Jordyn Whitfield
- a Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia ,501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens , Georgia 30602 , USA
| | - Lawrence Herbst
- b Department of Pathology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx , New York 10461 , USA
| | - Terry M Norton
- c Georgia Sea Turtle Center, 214 Stable Road, Jekyll Island , Georgia 31527 , USA
| | - Branson Ritchie
- d Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia ,110 Riverbend Road, Riverbend North, Athens , Georgia 30602 , USA
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Chaves A, Aguirre AA, Blanco-Peña K, Moreira-Soto A, Monge O, Torres AM, Soto-Rivas JL, Lu Y, Chacón D, Fonseca L, Jiménez M, Gutiérrez-Espeleta G, Lierz M. Examining the Role of Transmission of Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:530-541. [PMID: 28512730 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Marine turtle fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a devastating neoplastic disease characterized by single or multiple cutaneous and visceral fibrovascular tumors. Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) has been identified as the most likely etiologic agent. From 2010 to 2013, the presence of ChHV5 DNA was determined in apparently normal skin, tumors and swab samples (ocular, nasal and cloacal) collected from 114 olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) and 101 green (Chelonia mydas) turtles, with and without FP tumors, on the Pacific coasts of Costa Rica and Nicaragua. For nesting olive ridley turtles from Costa Rica without FP, 13.5% were found to be positive for ChHV5 DNA in at least one sample, while in Nicaragua, all olive ridley turtles had FP tumors, and 77.5% tested positive for ChHV5 DNA. For green turtles without FP, 19.8% were found to be positive for ChHV5 DNA in at least one of the samples. In turtles without FP tumors, ChHV5 DNA was detected more readily in skin biopsies than swabs. Juvenile green turtles caught at the foraging site had a higher prevalence of ChHV5 DNA than adults. The presence of ChHV5 DNA in swabs suggests a possible route of viral transmission through viral secretion and excretion via corporal fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chaves
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurte Str. 91-93, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - A Alonso Aguirre
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Kinndle Blanco-Peña
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Andrés Moreira-Soto
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, 2060-1000, Costa Rica
| | - Otto Monge
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Ana M Torres
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - José L Soto-Rivas
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Ciencias Comerciales, P-84, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Yuanan Lu
- Environmental Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, 1960 East-West Road, Biomed D105, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Luis Fonseca
- WIDECAST Costa Rica, San Jose, 496-1100, Costa Rica
| | - Mauricio Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, 2060-1000, Costa Rica
| | | | - Michael Lierz
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurte Str. 91-93, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Rossi S, Sánchez-Sarmiento AM, Vanstreels RET, dos Santos RG, Prioste FES, Gattamorta MA, Grisi-Filho JHH, Matushima ER. Challenges in Evaluating the Severity of Fibropapillomatosis: A Proposal for Objective Index and Score System for Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Brazil. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167632. [PMID: 27936118 PMCID: PMC5147950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a neoplastic disease that affects marine turtles worldwide, especially green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas). FP tumors can develop on the body surface of marine turtles and also internally in the oral cavity and viscera. Depending on their quantity, size and anatomical distribution, these tumors can interfere with hydrodynamics and the ability to feed, hence scoring systems have been proposed in an attempt to quantify the clinical manifestation of FP. In order to establish a new scoring system adapted to geographic regions, we examined 214 juvenile green sea turtles with FP caught or rescued at Brazilian feeding areas, counted their 7466 tumors and classified them in relation to their size and anatomical distribution. The patterns in quantity, size and distribution of tumors revealed interesting aspects in the clinical manifestation of FP in specimens studied in Brazil, and that FP scoring systems developed for other areas might not perform adequately when applied to sea turtles on the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. We therefore propose a novel method to evaluate the clinical manifestation of FP: fibropapillomatosis index (FPI) that provides the Southwest Atlantic fibropapillomatosis score (FPSSWA). In combination, these indexing and scoring systems allow for a more objective, rapid and detailed evaluation of the severity of FP in green sea turtles. While primarily designed for the clinical manifestation of FP currently witnessed in our dataset, this index and the score system can be adapted for other areas and compare the characteristics of the disease across regions. In conclusion, scoring systems to classify the severity of FP can assist our understanding on the environmental factors that modulate its development and its impacts on the individual and population health of green sea turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silmara Rossi
- Research Group on Fibropapillomatosis in Sea Turtles, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Angélica María Sánchez-Sarmiento
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Ralph Eric Thijl Vanstreels
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiola Eloisa Setim Prioste
- Research Group on Fibropapillomatosis in Sea Turtles, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Gattamorta
- Research Group on Fibropapillomatosis in Sea Turtles, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
- Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas (FMU), São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - José Henrique Hildebrand Grisi-Filho
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Estatística (LEB), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana Reiko Matushima
- Research Group on Fibropapillomatosis in Sea Turtles, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
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Rossi S, de Queiroz Hazarbassanov NG, Sánchez-Sarmiento AM, Prioste FES, Matushima ER. Immune Response of Green Sea Turtles with and without Fibropapillomatosis: Evaluating Oxidative Burst and Phagocytosis via Flow Cytometry. CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-1202.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Alfaro-Núñez A, Bojesen AM, Bertelsen MF, Wales N, Balazs GH, Gilbert MTP. Further evidence of Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) latency: high levels of ChHV5 DNA detected in clinically healthy marine turtles. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2274. [PMID: 27547576 PMCID: PMC4974929 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) has been consistently associated with fibropapillomatosis (FP), a transmissible neoplastic disease of marine turtles. Whether ChHV5 plays a causal role remains debated, partly because while FP tumours have been clearly documented to contain high concentrations of ChHV5 DNA, recent PCR-based studies have demonstrated that large proportions of asymptomatic marine turtles are also carriers of ChHV5. We used a real-time PCR assay to quantify the levels of ChHV5 Glycoprotein B (gB) DNA in both tumour and non-tumour skin tissues, from clinically affected and healthy turtles drawn from distant ocean basins across four species. In agreement with previous studies, higher ratios of viral to host DNA were consistently observed in tumour versus non-tumour tissues in turtles with FP. Unexpectedly however, the levels of ChHV5 gB DNA in clinically healthy turtles were significantly higher than in non-tumour tissues from FP positive turtles. Thus, a large proportion of clinically healthy sea turtle populations worldwide across species carry ChHV5 gB DNA presumably through persistent latent infections. ChHV5 appears to be ubiquitous regardless of the animals’ clinical conditions. Hence, these results support the theory that ChHV5 is a near ubiquitous virus with latency characteristics requiring co-factors, possibly environmental or immune related, to induce FP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark; Laboratorio de Biomedicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Anders Miki Bojesen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiskberg , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo , Frederiskberg , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Nathan Wales
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen K , Denmark
| | - George H Balazs
- Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service , Honolulu , HI , United States of America
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark; Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Perth, Australia
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Development and validation of quantitative PCR for detection of Terrapene herpesvirus 1 utilizing free-ranging eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). J Virol Methods 2016; 232:57-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Monezi TA, Mehnert DU, de Moura EMM, Müller NMG, Garrafa P, Matushima ER, Werneck MR, Borella MI. Chelonid herpesvirus 5 in secretions and tumor tissues from green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Southeastern Brazil: A ten-year study. Vet Microbiol 2016; 186:150-6. [PMID: 27016769 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis (FP), a neoplastic disease characterized by the formation of multiple tumors affecting different species of sea turtles and, most often, the green turtle (Chelonia mydas), is considered one of the major threats to the survival of this species. Recent studies indicate that Chelonid herpesvirus (ChHV5) is the etiological agent of this disease, though its association with anthropogenically altered environments and the immune status of these animals also appears to contribute to disease expression and tumor formation. In this study, tumor biopsy and secretions from green turtles captured off the coast of São Paulo State, Brazil, were used in histological and molecular analyses to detect and characterize circulating ChHV5. In 40.9% of cases, the tumor histopathological findings revealed focal ballooning degeneration with intranuclear inclusion bodies, results which are suggestive of viral infection. ChHV5 was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the animals' skin, ocular tumor biopsies, and ocular and oral secretions. The analysis of the detected ChHV5 sequences revealed two distinct genetic sequences together. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Brazilian samples were similar to ChHV5 samples described for the Atlantic phylogeographic group and are therefore part of the same clade as the Gulf of Guinea and Puerto Rico samples. This similarity suggests a possible flow of the virus between these three regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma A Monezi
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Brazil; University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Brazil.
| | - Dolores U Mehnert
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth M M de Moura
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Brazil
| | - Natascha M G Müller
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Garrafa
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Brazil
| | - Eliana R Matushima
- University of São Paulo, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Brazil
| | | | - Maria I Borella
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Brazil
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A review of fibropapillomatosis in Green turtles (Chelonia mydas). Vet J 2015; 212:48-57. [PMID: 27256025 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite being identified in 1938, many aspects of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of fibropapillomatosis (FP) in marine turtles are yet to be fully uncovered. Current knowledge suggests that FP is an emerging infectious disease, with the prevalence varying both spatially and temporally, even between localities in close proximity to each other. A high prevalence of FP in marine turtles has been correlated with residency in areas of reduced water quality, indicating that there is an environmental influence on disease presentation. Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) has been identified as the likely aetiological agent of FP. The current taxonomic position of ChHV5 is in the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, genus Scutavirus. Molecular differentiation of strains has revealed that a viral variant is typically present at specific locations, even within sympatric species of marine turtles, indicating that the disease FP originates regionally. There is uncertainty surrounding the exact path of transmission and the conditions that facilitate lesion development, although recent research has identified atypical genes within the genome of ChHV5 that may play a role in pathogenesis. This review discusses emerging areas where researchers might focus and theories behind the emergence of FP globally since the 1980s, which appear to be a multi-factorial interplay between the virus, the host and environmental factors influencing disease expression.
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Cowan ML, Raidal SR, Peters A. Herpesvirus in a captive Australian Krefft's river turtle (Emydura macquarii krefftii). Aust Vet J 2015; 93:46-9. [PMID: 25622710 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CASE REPORT A mature, captive Krefft's river turtle (Emydura macquarii krefftii) was presented with severe proliferative and ulcerative lesions of the skin and shell. The areas were biopsied and histopathological examination demonstrated orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with keratinocytes containing eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions. Molecular diagnostics confirmed the presence of a herpesvirus in the affected tissues. CONCLUSION This is the first recorded case of herpesvirus infection in an Australian freshwater turtle species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Cowan
- Brisbane Bird and Exotics Veterinary Service, Cnr Kessels Road and Springfield Street, Macgregor, Queensland, 4109, Australia.
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Page-Karjian A, Norton TM, Ritchie B, Brown C, Mancia C, Jackwood M, Gottdenker NL. Quantifying chelonid herpesvirus 5 in symptomatic and asymptomatic rehabilitating green sea turtles. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Factors influencing survivorship of rehabilitating green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) with fibropapillomatosis. J Zoo Wildl Med 2014; 45:507-19. [PMID: 25314817 DOI: 10.1638/2013-0132r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine turtle fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a debilitating, infectious neoplastic disease that has reached epizootic proportions in several tropical and subtropical populations of green turtles (Chelonia mydas). FP represents an important health concern in sea turtle rehabilitation facilities. The objectives of this study were to describe the observed epidemiology, biology, and survival rates of turtles affected by FP (FP+ turtles) in a rehabilitation environment; to evaluate clinical parameters as predictors of survival in affected rehabilitating turtles; and to provide information about case progression scenarios and potential outcomes for FP+ sea turtle patients. A retrospective case series analysis was performed using the medical records of the Georgia Sea Turtle Center (GSTC), Jekyll Island, Georgia, USA, during 2009-2013. Information evaluated included signalment, morphometrics, presenting complaint, time to FP onset, tumor score (0-3), co-morbid conditions, diagnostic test results, therapeutic interventions, and case outcomes. Overall, FP was present in 27/362 (7.5%) of all sea turtles admitted to the GSTC for rehabilitation, either upon admittance or during their rehabilitation. Of these, 25 were green and 2 were Kemp's ridley turtles. Of 10 turtles that had only plaque-like FP lesions, 60% had natural tumor regression, all were released, and they were significantly more likely to survive than those with classic FP (P = 0.02 [0.27-0.75, 95% CI]). Turtles without ocular FP were eight times more likely to survive than those with ocular FP (odds ratio = 8.75, P = 0.032 [1.21-63.43, 95% CI]). Laser-mediated tumor removal surgery is the treatment of choice for FP+ patients at the GSTC; number of surgeries was not significantly related to case outcome.
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Alfaro-Núñez A, Frost Bertelsen M, Bojesen AM, Rasmussen I, Zepeda-Mendoza L, Tange Olsen M, Gilbert MTP. Global distribution of Chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus among clinically healthy sea turtles. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:206. [PMID: 25342462 PMCID: PMC4219010 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a neoplastic disease characterized by cutaneous tumours that has been documented to infect all sea turtle species. Chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus (CFPHV) is believed to be the aetiological agent of FP, based principally on consistent PCR-based detection of herpesvirus DNA sequences from FP tumours. We used a recently described PCR-based assay that targets 3 conserved CFPHV genes, to survey 208 green turtles (Chelonia mydas). This included both FP tumour exhibiting and clinically healthy individuals. An additional 129 globally distributed clinically healthy individual sea turtles; representing four other species were also screened. Results CFPHV DNA sequences were obtained from 37/37 (100%) FP exhibiting green turtles, and 45/300 (15%) clinically healthy animals spanning all five species. Although the frequency of infected individuals per turtle population varied considerably, most global populations contained at least one CFPHV positive individual, with the exception of various turtle species from the Arabian Gulf, Northern Indian Ocean and Puerto Rico. Haplotype analysis of the different gene markers clustered the CFPHV DNA sequences for two of the markers (UL18 and UL22) in turtles from Turks and Caicos separate to all others, regardless of host species or geographic origin. Conclusion Presence of CFPHV DNA within globally distributed samples for all five species of sea turtle was confirmed. While 100% of the FP exhibiting green turtles yielded CFPHV sequences, surprisingly, so did 15% of the clinically healthy turtles. We hypothesize that turtle populations with zero (0%) CFPHV frequency may be attributed to possible environmental differences, diet and/or genetic resistance in these individuals. Our results provide first data on the prevalence of CFPHV among seemingly healthy turtles; a factor that may not be directly correlated to the disease incidence, but may suggest of a long-term co-evolutionary latent infection interaction between CFPHV and its turtle-host across species. Finally, computational analysis of amino acid variants within the Turks and Caicos samples suggest potential functional importance in a substitution for marker UL18 that encodes the major capsid protein gene, which potentially could explain differences in pathogenicity. Nevertheless, such a theory remains to be validated by further research. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0206-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | | | - Anders Miki Bojesen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Isabel Rasmussen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Lisandra Zepeda-Mendoza
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Morten Tange Olsen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Marcus Thomas Pius Gilbert
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark. .,Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia.
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Rodenbusch CR, Baptistotte C, Werneck MR, Pires TT, Melo MTD, de Ataíde MW, Testa P, Alieve MM, Canal CW. Fibropapillomatosis in green turtles Chelonia mydas in Brazil: characteristics of tumors and virus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 111:207-217. [PMID: 25320033 DOI: 10.3354/dao02782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a benign neoplasia that affects physiological functions of sea turtles and may lead to death. High prevalence of FP in sea turtle populations has prompted several research groups to study the disease and the associated herpesvirus, chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5). The present study detected and quantified ChHV5 in 153 fibropapilloma samples collected from green turtles Chelonia mydas on the Brazilian coast between 2009 and 2010 to characterize the relationship between viral load and tumor characteristics. Of the tumor samples collected, 73 and 87% were positive for ChHV5 in conventional PCR and real-time PCR, respectively, and viral loads ranged between 1 and 118.62 copies cell⁻¹. Thirty-three percent of turtles were mildly, 28% were moderately and 39% were severely affected with FP. Skin samples were used as negative control. High viral loads correlated positively with increasing FP severity in turtles sampled on the Brazilian coast and with samples from turtles found dead in the states of São Paulo and Bahia. Six viral variants were detected in tumor samples, 4 of which were similar to the Atlantic phylogenetic group. Two variants were similar to the western Atlantic/eastern Caribbean phylogenetic group. Co-infection in turtles with more than one variant was observed in the states of São Paulo and Bahia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Rodenbusch
- Laboratory of Virology, Veterinary Medicine College, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, 915640-000 RS, Brazil
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Alfaro-Núñez A, Gilbert MTP. Validation of a sensitive PCR assay for the detection of Chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus in latent turtle infections. J Virol Methods 2014; 206:38-41. [PMID: 24882497 PMCID: PMC7119791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus (CFPHV) is hypothesized to be the causative agent of fibropapillomatosis, a neoplastic disease in sea turtles, given its consistent detection by PCR in fibropapilloma tumours. CFPHV has also been detected recently by PCR in tissue samples from clinically healthy (non exhibiting fibropapilloma tumours) turtles, thus representing presumably latent infections of the pathogen. Given that template copy numbers of viruses in latent infections can be very low, extremely sensitive PCR assays are needed to optimize detection efficiency. In this study, efficiency of several PCR assays designed for CFPHV detection is explored and compared to a method published previously. The results show that adoption of a triplet set of singleplex PCR assays outperforms other methods, with an approximately 3-fold increase in detection success in comparison to the standard assay. Thus, a new assay for the detection of CFPHV DNA markers is presented, and adoption of its methodology is recommended in future CFPHV screens among sea turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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Hirama S, Ehrhart LM, Rea LD, Kiltie RA. Relating fibropapilloma tumor severity to blood parameters in green turtles Chelonia mydas. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 111:61-68. [PMID: 25144118 DOI: 10.3354/dao02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis is a neoplastic disease that is commonly found in the green turtles Chelonia mydas in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In the current project, juvenile green turtles were captured with large-mesh tangle nets in the Indian River Lagoon and on nearshore reefs of Indian River County, Florida, USA, in 1998 and 1999. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between the severity of the disease and the general health of green turtles as indicated by blood parameters. All turtles were measured and examined, and the overall severity of the disease was rated by the size, number, and location of external fibropapilloma tumors. Hematocrit, total protein, and hemoglobin concentration were measured and compared with tumor scores (tumor severity appraisal). As the tumor score increased, the blood parameters of turtles decreased; for instance, the percentage of decrease in hematocrit for mildly afflicted, moderately afflicted, and severely afflicted groups were 2.6, 18.3, and 45.5%, respectively. Severely afflicted turtles suffered from anemia, while individuals with mild affliction did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetomo Hirama
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Wildlife Research Institute, 9700 South A1A, Melbourne Beach, Florida 32951, USA
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Rodenbusch CR, Marks FS, Canal CW, Reck J. Marine leech Ozobranchus margoi parasitizing loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:301-3. [PMID: 23070445 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612012000300023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the finding of several Ozobranchus margoi (Annelida: Hirudinea) parasitizing a loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) that was found in the municipality of Tavares, state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Since this parasite is considered to be a vector of chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV-5), the leeches collected were tested for the presence of this virus. All the specimens were negative on PCR analysis. Although O. margoi is considered to be a common sea turtle parasite, this is the first official record describing collection of this parasite from a loggerhead turtle in southern Brazil, within the country's subtropical zone. This finding draws attention to the presence of this parasite and to the risk of leech-borne infectious diseases among turtles found along the coast of southern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Rosane Rodenbusch
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
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Rodenbusch CR, Almeida LL, Marks FS, Ataíde MW, Alievi MM, Tavares M, Pereira RA, Canal CW. Detection and characterization of fibropapilloma associated herpesvirus of marine turtles in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012001100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a benign tumoral disease that affects sea turtles, hampering movement, sight and feeding, ultimately leading to death. In Brazil, the disease was described for the first time in 1986. Research suggests the involvement of a herpesvirus in association with environmental and genetic factors as causal agents of FP. The objective of the present study was to detect and characterize this herpesvirus in sea turtles living in the coast of state Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. From October 2008 to July 2010, 14 turtles were observed between the beaches of Torres and Tavares, of which 11 were green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and 3 were loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta). All turtles were young and mean curved carapace length was 37.71±7.82cm, and varied from 31 to 55cm. Only one green turtle presented a 1cm, papillary, pigmented fibropapilloma. Skin and fibropapilloma samples were analyzed by conventional and real time PCR assays to detect and quantify herpesvirus. All skin samples were negative, though the fibropapilloma specimen was positive in both tests. Viral load was 9,917.04 copies of viral genome per milligram of tissue. The DNA fragment amplified from the fibropapilloma sample was sequenced and allocated in the Atlantic phylogeographic group. This study reports the first molecular characterization of herpesvirus associated with fibropapilloma in turtles from the coast of RS.
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Page-Karjian A, Torres F, Zhang J, Rivera S, Diez C, Moore PA, Moore D, Brown C. Presence of chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus in tumored and non-tumored green turtles, as detected by polymerase chain reaction, in endemic and non-endemic aggregations, Puerto Rico. SPRINGERPLUS 2012; 1:35. [PMID: 23961364 PMCID: PMC3725908 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-1-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis (FP), a transmissible neoplastic disease of marine turtles characterized by a likely herpesviral primary etiology, has emerged as an important disease in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) over the past three decades. The objectives of this study were to determine the suitability of three different chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus (CFPHV) gene targets in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays of affected tissues; to explore the presence of CFPHV in non-affected skin from turtles with and without tumors; and to better understand tissue localization of the CFPHV genome in a tumor-free turtle by evaluating CFPHV presence in microanatomic tissue sites. Two aggregations of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Puerto Rico were evaluated, with six sampling intervals over the three-year period 2004–2007. Primary and nested PCR for three different herpesviral gene targets- DNA polymerase, capsid maturation protease, and membrane glycoprotein B- were performed on 201 skin biopsies taken from 126 turtles with and without external tumors. Laser capture microdissection and nested PCR were used to identify tissue localizations of CFPHV in skin from a normal turtle. Of the turtles sampled in Manglar Bay, 30.5% had tumors; at the relatively more pristine Culebrita, 5.3% of turtles sampled had tumors. All three PCR primer combinations successfully amplified CFPHV from tumors, and from normal skin of both tumored and tumor-free turtles. Via nested PCR, the polymerase gene target proved superior to the other two gene targets in the positive detection of CFPHV DNA. CFPHV infection may be common relative to disease incidence, supporting the idea that extrinsic and/or host factors could play a transforming role in tumor expression. Laser capture microdissection revealed CFPHV in skin from a tumor-free turtle, harbored in both epidermal and dermal tissues. Identification of CFPHV harbored in a non-epidermal site (dermis) of a tumor-free turtle indicates that virus is latent in a non-tumored host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Page-Karjian
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602 USA
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Ackermann M, Koriabine M, Hartmann-Fritsch F, de Jong PJ, Lewis TD, Schetle N, Work TM, Dagenais J, Balazs GH, Leong JAC. The genome of Chelonid herpesvirus 5 harbors atypical genes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46623. [PMID: 23056373 PMCID: PMC3462797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus (CFPHV; ChHV5) is believed to be the causative agent of fibropapillomatosis (FP), a neoplastic disease of marine turtles. While clinical signs and pathology of FP are well known, research on ChHV5 has been impeded because no cell culture system for its propagation exists. We have cloned a BAC containing ChHV5 in pTARBAC2.1 and determined its nucleotide sequence. Accordingly, ChHV5 has a type D genome and its predominant gene order is typical for the varicellovirus genus within the alphaherpesvirinae. However, at least four genes that are atypical for an alphaherpesvirus genome were also detected, i.e. two members of the C-type lectin-like domain superfamily (F-lec1, F-lec2), an orthologue to the mouse cytomegalovirus M04 (F-M04) and a viral sialyltransferase (F-sial). Four lines of evidence suggest that these atypical genes are truly part of the ChHV5 genome: (1) the pTARBAC insertion interrupted the UL52 ORF, leaving parts of the gene to either side of the insertion and suggesting that an intact molecule had been cloned. (2) Using FP-associated UL52 (F-UL52) as an anchor and the BAC-derived sequences as a means to generate primers, overlapping PCR was performed with tumor-derived DNA as template, which confirmed the presence of the same stretch of “atypical” DNA in independent FP cases. (3) Pyrosequencing of DNA from independent tumors did not reveal previously undetected viral sequences, suggesting that no apparent loss of viral sequence had happened due to the cloning strategy. (4) The simultaneous presence of previously known ChHV5 sequences and F-sial as well as F-M04 sequences was also confirmed in geographically distinct Australian cases of FP. Finally, transcripts of F-sial and F-M04 but not transcripts of lytic viral genes were detected in tumors from Hawaiian FP-cases. Therefore, we suggest that F-sial and F-M04 may play a role in FP pathogenesis.
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Pangaea and the Out-of-Africa Model of Varicella-Zoster Virus Evolution and Phylogeography. J Virol 2012; 86:9558-65. [PMID: 22761371 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00357-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this minireview is to provide an overview of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) phylogenetics and phylogeography when placed in the broad context of geologic time. Planet Earth was formed over 4 billion years ago, and the supercontinent Pangaea coalesced around 400 million years ago (mya). Based on detailed tree-building models, the base of the phylogenetic tree of the Herpesviridae family has been estimated at 400 mya. Subsequently, Pangaea split into Laurasia and Gondwanaland; in turn, Africa rifted from Gondwanaland. Based on available data, the hypothesis of this minireview is that the ancestral alphaherpesvirus VZV coevolved in simians, apes, and hominins in Africa. When anatomically modern humans first crossed over the Red Sea 60,000 years ago, VZV was carried along in their dorsal root ganglia. Currently, there are five VZV clades, distinguishable by single nucleotide polymorphisms. These clades likely represent continued VZV coevolution, as humans with latent VZV infection left Arabia and dispersed into Asia (clades 2 and 5) and Europe (clades 1, 3, and 4). The prototype VZV sequence contains nearly 125,000 bp, divided into 70 open reading frames. Generally, isolates within a clade display >99.9% identity to one another, while members of one clade compared to a second clade show 99.8% identity to one another. Recently, four different VZV genotypes that do not segregate into the previously defined five clades have been identified, a result indicating a wider than anticipated diversity among newly collected VZV strains around the world.
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Duarte A, Faísca P, Loureiro NS, Rosado R, Gil S, Pereira N, Tavares L. First histological and virological report of fibropapilloma associated with herpesvirus in Chelonia mydas at Príncipe Island, West Africa. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1155-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Patrício AR, Herbst LH, Duarte A, Vélez-Zuazo X, Santos Loureiro N, Pereira N, Tavares L, Toranzos GA. Global phylogeography and evolution of chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1035-1045. [PMID: 22258862 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.038950-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A global phylogeny for chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus (CFPHV), the most likely aetiological agent of fibropapillomatosis (FP) in sea turtles, was inferred, using dated sequences, through Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis and used to estimate the virus evolutionary rate independent of the evolution of the host, and to resolve the phylogenetic positions of new haplotypes from Puerto Rico and the Gulf of Guinea. Four phylogeographical groups were identified: eastern Pacific, western Atlantic/eastern Caribbean, mid-west Pacific and Atlantic. The latter comprises the Gulf of Guinea and Puerto Rico, suggesting recent virus gene flow between these two regions. One virus haplotype from Florida remained elusive, representing either an independent lineage sharing a common ancestor with all other identified virus variants or an Atlantic representative of the lineage giving rise to the eastern Pacific group. The virus evolutionary rate ranged from 1.62×10(-4) to 2.22×10(-4) substitutions per site per year, which is much faster than what is expected for a herpesvirus. The mean time for the most recent common ancestor of the modern virus variants was estimated at 192.90-429.71 years ago, which, although more recent than previous estimates, still supports an interpretation that the global FP pandemic is not the result of a recent acquisition of a virulence mutation(s). The phylogeographical pattern obtained seems partially to reflect sea turtle movements, whereas altered environments appear to be implicated in current FP outbreaks and in the modern evolutionary history of CFPHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Patrício
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - L H Herbst
- Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - A Duarte
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Technical University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - X Vélez-Zuazo
- ecOceanica, Lima 41, Peru.,Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - N Santos Loureiro
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology (DCTMA) of the University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - N Pereira
- Lisbon Oceanarium, 1999-005 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L Tavares
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Technical University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - G A Toranzos
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, Puerto Rico
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Abstract
The etiology of reptilian viral diseases can be attributed to a wide range of viruses occurring across different genera and families. Thirty to forty years ago, studies of viruses in reptiles focused mainly on the zoonotic potential of arboviruses in reptiles and much effort went into surveys and challenge trials of a range of reptiles with eastern and western equine encephalitis as well as Japanese encephalitis viruses. In the past decade, outbreaks of infection with West Nile virus in human populations and in farmed alligators in the USA has seen the research emphasis placed on the issue of reptiles, particularly crocodiles and alligators, being susceptible to, and reservoirs for, this serious zoonotic disease. Although there are many recognised reptilian viruses, the evidence for those being primary pathogens is relatively limited. Transmission studies establishing pathogenicity and cofactors are likewise scarce, possibly due to the relatively low commercial importance of reptiles, difficulties with the availability of animals and permits for statistically sound experiments, difficulties with housing of reptiles in an experimental setting or the inability to propagate some viruses in cell culture to sufficient titres for transmission studies. Viruses as causes of direct loss of threatened species, such as the chelonid fibropapilloma associated herpesvirus and ranaviruses in farmed and wild tortoises and turtles, have re-focused attention back to the characterisation of the viruses as well as diagnosis and pathogenesis in the host itself. 1. Introduction 2. Methods for working with reptilian viruses 3. Reptilian viruses described by virus families 3.1. Herpesviridae 3.2. Iridoviridae 3.2.1 Ranavirus 3.2.2 Erythrocytic virus 3.2.3 Iridovirus 3.3. Poxviridae 3.4. Adenoviridae 3.5. Papillomaviridae 3.6. Parvoviridae 3.7. Reoviridae 3.8. Retroviridae and inclusion body disease of Boid snakes 3.9. Arboviruses 3.9.1. Flaviviridae 3.9.2. Togaviridae 3.10. Caliciviridae 3.11. Picornaviridae 3.12. Paramyxoviridae 4. Summary 5. Acknowledgements 6. Competing interests 7. References
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Ariel
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia.
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Cushing TL, Schat KA, States SL, Grodio JL, O'Connell PH, Buckles EL. Characterization of the host response in systemic isosporosis (atoxoplasmosis) in a colony of captive American goldfinches (Spinus tristis) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Vet Pathol 2011; 48:985-92. [PMID: 21311069 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810391114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic isosporosis, also known as atoxoplasmosis, is a common parasitic disease of passerines. Infection is thought to be endemic in wild birds with fulminant, fatal disease occurring under the influence of stress, concurrent infections, or immunosuppression. Here, we describe the histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of the cellular infiltrate occurring in captive colonies of American goldfinches and house sparrows. Necropsies were performed on 9 birds, and histologic examination was performed on the intestines of 7 additional birds. Lesions were most severe in the proximal small intestines. Histologically, the changes ranged from variably intense infiltrates of lymphocytes that filled the lamina propria to sheets of large, atypical cells that expanded and obliterated normal mucosal epithelium and invaded through the wall of the intestine and into the ceolomic cavity. Both the smaller lymphocytes and large atypical cells were immunoreactive for CD3. Intracellular parasites consistent with Isospora were detected in the large atypical cells, but they were more easily detectable in the more differentiated lymphocytes. Polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation performed on tissues from 7 birds were negative for retroviruses and herpesvirus. The immunohistochemical results of this study and the destructive nature of the cellular infiltrate suggest that the lesion represents T-cell lymphoma. In birds, lymphomas are most often associated with herpes and retroviruses; the absence of these viruses suggests that the parasite initiated neoplastic transformation. Though much work needs to be done to prove the transformative nature of the lesions, these preliminary results suggest that passerine birds may be susceptible to parasite-associated lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Cushing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Flint M, Patterson-Kane JC, Limpus CJ, Mills PC. Health surveillance of stranded green turtles in southern Queensland, Australia (2006-2009): an epidemiological analysis of causes of disease and mortality. ECOHEALTH 2010; 7:135-145. [PMID: 20232226 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-010-0300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Causes of disease and mortality in marine turtles are frequently based on opportunistic investigations producing results that may not contribute to knowledge on how to protect their survival rate. Over a 4-year period (2006-2009), the major causes of stranding and morbidity in 100 green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from southern Queensland on the east coast of Australia were determined by comprehensive postmortem examination. Lesions were characterized for analysis using descriptive and probability statistics. Spirorchiid parasitism was found to be the most frequently occurring cause of mortality (41.8%), followed by gastrointestinal impaction (11.8%), microbiological infectious diseases (5.2%), and trauma (5.2%). Spirorchiid parasitism with associated inflammation (75%) was the most frequently occurring disease, followed by gastrointestinal impaction (5.1%). All other diseases were observed at a low prevalence. Assessment of the likelihood of disease being influenced by risk factors (season, maturity, and gender) showed that: (i) there were more observed cases of spirorchiid infection in summer when compared with the other seasons (P = 0.029); (ii) immature turtles had more severe spirorchiid parasite infections than mature turtles (P = 0.032); and (iii) respiratory disorders were more likely (P = 0.01) in summer and autumn than winter or spring. Number of observed cases and severity of spirorchiid lesions were highest in the brain compared with other histologically examined organ systems (all P > 0.1). Further investigation is required to build on these findings, aid management decisions, and determine the significance of these diseases for green turtle survivorship in Queensland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Flint
- Veterinary-Marine Animal Research, Teaching and Investigation (Vet-MARTI) Unit, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Therapies Road, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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