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de la Torre B, Matěj A, Sánchez-Grande A, Cirera B, Mallada B, Rodríguez-Sánchez E, Santos J, Mendieta-Moreno JI, Edalatmanesh S, Lauwaet K, Otyepka M, Medveď M, Buendía Á, Miranda R, Martín N, Jelínek P, Écija D. Tailoring π-conjugation and vibrational modes to steer on-surface synthesis of pentalene-bridged ladder polymers. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4567. [PMID: 32917869 PMCID: PMC7486926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of synthetic strategies to engineer π-conjugated polymers is of paramount importance in modern chemistry and materials science. Here we introduce a synthetic protocol based on the search for specific vibrational modes through an appropriate tailoring of the π-conjugation of the precursors, in order to increase the attempt frequency of a chemical reaction. First, we design a 1D π-conjugated polymer on Au(111), which is based on bisanthene monomers linked by cumulene bridges that tune specific vibrational modes. In a second step, upon further annealing, such vibrational modes steer the twofold cyclization reaction between adjacent bisanthene moieties, which gives rise to a long pentalene-bridged conjugated ladder polymer featuring a low bandgap. In addition, high resolution atomic force microscopy allows us to identify by atomistic insights the resonance form of the polymer, thus confirming the validity of the Glidewell and Lloyd´s rules for aromaticity. This on-surface synthetic strategy may stimulate exploiting previously precluded reactions towards π-conjugated polymers with specific structures and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno de la Torre
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Matěj
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Sánchez-Grande
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Cirera
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Benjamin Mallada
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | - José Santos
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús I Mendieta-Moreno
- Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Shayan Edalatmanesh
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Koen Lauwaet
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Medveď
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Álvaro Buendía
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Miranda
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - David Écija
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Sato H, Blemker MA, Hellinghausen G, Armstrong DW, Nafie JW, Roberts ST, Krische MJ. Triple Helical Ir(ppy) 3 Phenylene Cage Prepared by Diol-Mediated Benzannulation: Synthesis, Resolution, Absolute Stereochemistry and Photophysical Properties. Chemistry 2019; 25:8719-8724. [PMID: 31070822 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometalation of a triple helical N-doped phenylene cage prepared by ruthenium(0)-catalyzed diol-diene benzannulation delivers a chiral, conformationally constrained Ir(ppy)3 analogue. Like the parent complex, fac-Ir(ppy)3 , the iridium-containing PAH-cage is phosphorescent, but displays enhanced resistance to oxygen quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St. (A5300, Austin, TX, 78712-1167, USA
| | - Michelle A Blemker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St. (A5300, Austin, TX, 78712-1167, USA
| | - Garrett Hellinghausen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA
| | - Jordan W Nafie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA.,BioTools Inc., 17546 Bee Line Highway, Jupiter, FL, 33478, USA
| | - Sean T Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St. (A5300, Austin, TX, 78712-1167, USA
| | - Michael J Krische
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St. (A5300, Austin, TX, 78712-1167, USA
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4
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Dengiz C, Luppino SP, Gutierrez GD, Swager TM. Naphthazarin-Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbons and Iptycenes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:7470-7480. [PMID: 28670901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a set of naphthazarin-containing polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons is described herein. Sequential Diels-Alder reactions on a tautomerized naphthazarin core were employed to access the final conjugated systems. Complete conjugation across the backbone can be achieved through complexation with BF2, as observed by 1H NMR analysis and UV/vis spectroscopy. Precise synthetic control over the degree of oxidation of naphthazarin quinone Diels-Alder adduct 10 is additionally demonstrated and enables us to direct its subsequent reactivity. Finally, this work serves to demonstrate the potential for naphthazarin as a building block in the synthesis of novel organic electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagatay Dengiz
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sarah P Luppino
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gregory D Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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5
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Ayub R, Bakouri OE, Jorner K, Solà M, Ottosson H. Can Baird's and Clar's Rules Combined Explain Triplet State Energies of Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbons with Fused 4nπ- and (4n + 2)π-Rings? J Org Chem 2017; 82:6327-6340. [PMID: 28535673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Compounds that can be labeled as "aromatic chameleons" are π-conjugated compounds that are able to adjust their π-electron distributions so as to comply with the different rules of aromaticity in different electronic states. We used quantum chemical calculations to explore how the fusion of benzene rings onto aromatic chameleonic units represented by biphenylene, dibenzocyclooctatetraene, and dibenzo[a,e]pentalene modifies the first triplet excited states (T1) of the compounds. Decreases in T1 energies are observed when going from isomers with linear connectivity of the fused benzene rings to those with cis- or trans-bent connectivities. The T1 energies decreased down to those of the parent (isolated) 4nπ-electron units. Simultaneously, we observe an increased influence of triplet state aromaticity of the central 4n ring as given by Baird's rule and evidenced by geometric, magnetic, and electron density based aromaticity indices (HOMA, NICS-XY, ACID, and FLU). Because of an influence of triplet state aromaticity in the central 4nπ-electron units, the most stabilized compounds retain the triplet excitation in Baird π-quartets or octets, enabling the outer benzene rings to adapt closed-shell singlet Clar π-sextet character. Interestingly, the T1 energies go down as the total number of aromatic cycles within a molecule in the T1 state increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ayub
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ouissam El Bakouri
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona , c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Kjell Jorner
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona , c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Jin Z, Teo YC, Zulaybar NG, Smith MD, Xia Y. Streamlined Synthesis of Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbons Containing Cyclobutadienoids via C–H Activated Annulation and Aromatization. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1806-1809. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yew Chin Teo
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Nicolo G. Zulaybar
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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7
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Frederickson CK, Zakharov LN, Haley MM. Modulating Paratropicity Strength in Diareno-Fused Antiaromatics. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16827-16838. [PMID: 27966911 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the electronic structure of molecules is crucial when designing and optimizing new organic semiconductor materials. We report the regioselective synthesis of eight π-expanded diarenoindacene analogues based on the indeno[1,2-b]fluorene framework along with the computational investigation of an array of diareno-fused antiaromatic compounds possessing s-indacene, pentalene, or cyclobutadiene cores. Analysis of the experimental and computationally derived optoelectronic properties uncovered a linear correlation between the bond order of the fused arene bond and the paratropicity strength of the antiaromatic unit. The Ered1 for the pentalene and indacene core molecules correlates well with their calculated NICSπZZ values. The findings of this study can be used to predict the properties of, and thus rationally design, new diareno-fused antiaromatic molecules for use as organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conerd K Frederickson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- CAMCOR, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1433, United States
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
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