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Conti G, Bärenwaldt A, Rabbani S, Mühlethaler T, Sarcevic M, Jiang X, Schwardt O, Ricklin D, Pieters RJ, Läubli H, Ernst B. Tetra- and Hexavalent Siglec-8 Ligands Modulate Immune Cell Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314280. [PMID: 37947772 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding proteins are generally characterized by poor affinities for their natural glycan ligands, predominantly due to the shallow and solvent-exposed binding sites. To overcome this drawback, nature has exploited multivalency to strengthen the binding by establishing multiple interactions simultaneously. The development of oligovalent structures frequently proved to be successful, not only for proteins with multiple binding sites, but also for proteins that possess a single recognition domain. Herein we present the syntheses of a number of oligovalent ligands for Siglec-8, a monomeric I-type lectin found on eosinophils and mast cells, alongside the thermodynamic characterization of their binding. While the enthalpic contribution of each binding epitope was within a narrow range to that of the monomeric ligand, the entropy penalty increased steadily with growing valency. Additionally, we observed a successful agonistic binding of the tetra- and hexavalent and, to an even larger extent, multivalent ligands to Siglec-8 on immune cells and modulation of immune cell activation. Thus, triggering a biological effect is not restricted to multivalent ligands but could be induced by low oligovalent ligands as well, whereas a monovalent ligand, despite binding with similar affinity, showed an antagonistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Conti
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Bärenwaldt
- Laboratory for Cancer Immunotherapy, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Said Rabbani
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Mühlethaler
- Biophysics Facility, Department Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirza Sarcevic
- Laboratory for Cancer Immunotherapy, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Schwardt
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ricklin
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland J Pieters
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Laboratory for Cancer Immunotherapy, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
A dense and diverse array of glycans on glycoproteins and glycolipids decorate all cell surfaces. In vertebrates, many of these carry sialic acid, in a variety of linkages and glycan contexts, as their outermost sugar moiety. Among their functions, glycans engage complementary glycan binding proteins (lectins) to regulate cell physiology. Among the glycan binding proteins are the Siglecs, sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectins. In humans, there are 14 Siglecs, most of which are expressed on overlapping subsets of immune system cells. Each Siglec engages distinct, endogenous sialylated glycans that initiate signaling programs and regulate cellular responses. Here, we explore the emerging science of Siglec ligands, including endogenous sialoglycoproteins and glycolipids and synthetic sialomimetics. Knowledge in this field promises to reveal new molecular pathways controlling cell physiology and new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Zhang H, Xie Y, Hu Z, Yu H, Xie X, Ye Y, Xu W, Nian S, Yuan Q. Integrative Analysis of the Expression of SIGLEC Family Members in Lung Adenocarcinoma via Data Mining. Front Oncol 2021; 11:608113. [PMID: 33796453 PMCID: PMC8008066 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.608113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (SIGLEC) family members are involved in regulating immune-cell activation, proliferation, and apoptosis, and they play an important role in tumor development. However, their expression and correlation with immune molecules in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remain unclear. Methods: We utilized Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, Kaplan-Meier analysis, the limma package in R/Bioconductor, the University of California Santa Cruz Cancer Genome Browser, cBioPortal, STRING, Cytoscape, DAVID, and the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource for gene and protein profiling and analyses. Results: The results showed that SIGLEC10 and SIGLEC15 levels were upregulated in LUAD, whereas SIGLEC1, CD22 (SIGLEC2), CD33, myelin-associated glycoprotein (SIGLEC4), SIGLEC5, SIGLEC6, SIGLEC7, SIGLEC8, SIGLEC11, and SIGLEC14 levels were significantly downregulated, with their low expression associated with poor overall survival. Moreover, we observed high SIGLEC-mutation rates (22%) in LUAD patients, with SIGLEC functions determined as primarily involved in regulating the immune response, signal transduction, inflammatory response, and cell adhesion. Furthermore, we found that SIGLEC expression was significantly correlated with immune-cell infiltration, especially macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, and highly associated with immune molecules such as CD80, CD86, CD28, B-cell-activating factor, programmed cell death 1 ligand 2, and colony stimulating factor 1 receptor. Conclusion: These results provide insight into the potential molecular mechanism associated with SIGLEC-related development of LUAD, as well as clues for screening biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- Public Experimental Technology Center, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yongfei Xie
- Life Sciences School, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Public Experimental Technology Center, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiang Xie
- Public Experimental Technology Center, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yingchun Ye
- Public Experimental Technology Center, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Xu
- Public Experimental Technology Center, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Siji Nian
- Public Experimental Technology Center, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Public Experimental Technology Center, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Movsisyan LD, Macauley MS. Structural advances of Siglecs: insight into synthetic glycan ligands for immunomodulation. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5784-5797. [PMID: 32756649 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are transmembrane proteins of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily predominantly expressed on the cells of our immune system. Siglecs recognize sialic acid via their terminal V-set domain. In mammals, sialic acid-terminated glycolipids and glycoproteins are the ligands of Siglecs, and the monomeric affinity of Siglecs for their sialic acid-containing ligands is weak. Significant efforts have been devoted toward the development of chemically modified sialoside ligands to target Siglecs with higher affinity and selectivity. In this review we discuss natural and synthetic sialoside ligands for each human Siglec, emphasizing the ligand binding determinants uncovered from recent advances in protein structural information. Potential therapeutic applications of these ligands are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levon D Movsisyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Lectin antagonists in infection, immunity, and inflammation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 53:51-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sialic acid as a target for the development of novel antiangiogenic strategies. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:2835-2854. [PMID: 30539670 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid is associated with glycoproteins and gangliosides of eukaryotic cells. It regulates various molecular interactions, being implicated in inflammation and cancer, where its expression is regulated by sialyltransferases and sialidases. Angiogenesis, the formation of new capillaries, takes place during inflammation and cancer, and represents the outcome of several interactions occurring at the endothelial surface among angiogenic growth factors, inhibitors, receptors, gangliosides and cell-adhesion molecules. Here, we elaborate on the evidences that many structures involved in angiogenesis are sialylated and that their interactions depend on sialic acid with implications in angiogenesis itself, inflammation and cancer. We also discuss the possibility to exploit sialic acid as a target for the development of novel antiangiogenic drugs.
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Varki A. Biological roles of glycans. Glycobiology 2016; 27:3-49. [PMID: 27558841 PMCID: PMC5884436 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1443] [Impact Index Per Article: 180.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple and complex carbohydrates (glycans) have long been known to play major metabolic, structural and physical roles in biological systems. Targeted microbial binding to host glycans has also been studied for decades. But such biological roles can only explain some of the remarkable complexity and organismal diversity of glycans in nature. Reviewing the subject about two decades ago, one could find very few clear-cut instances of glycan-recognition-specific biological roles of glycans that were of intrinsic value to the organism expressing them. In striking contrast there is now a profusion of examples, such that this updated review cannot be comprehensive. Instead, a historical overview is presented, broad principles outlined and a few examples cited, representing diverse types of roles, mediated by various glycan classes, in different evolutionary lineages. What remains unchanged is the fact that while all theories regarding biological roles of glycans are supported by compelling evidence, exceptions to each can be found. In retrospect, this is not surprising. Complex and diverse glycans appear to be ubiquitous to all cells in nature, and essential to all life forms. Thus, >3 billion years of evolution consistently generated organisms that use these molecules for many key biological roles, even while sometimes coopting them for minor functions. In this respect, glycans are no different from other major macromolecular building blocks of life (nucleic acids, proteins and lipids), simply more rapidly evolving and complex. It is time for the diverse functional roles of glycans to be fully incorporated into the mainstream of biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
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Sialic Acid Mimetics to Target the Sialic Acid-Siglec Axis. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:519-531. [PMID: 27085506 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sialic acid sugars are vital regulators of the immune system through binding to immunosuppressive sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec) receptors on immune cells. Aberrant sialic acid-Siglec interactions are associated with an increasing number of pathologies including infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. Therefore, the sialic acid-Siglec axis is an emerging target to prevent or affect the course of several diseases. Chemical modifications of the natural sialic acid ligands have led to sialic acid mimetics (SAMs) with improved binding affinity and selectivity towards Siglecs. Recent progress in glycobiotechnology allows the presentation of these SAMs on nanoparticles, polymers, and living cells via bioorthogonal synthesis. These developments now enable the detailed study of the sialic acid-Siglec axis including its therapeutic potential as an immune modulator.
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Angata T, Nycholat CM, Macauley MS. Therapeutic Targeting of Siglecs using Antibody- and Glycan-Based Approaches. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:645-660. [PMID: 26435210 PMCID: PMC4593978 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are a family of immunomodulatory receptors whose functions are regulated by their glycan ligands. Siglecs are attractive therapeutic targets because of their cell type-specific expression pattern, endocytic properties, high expression on certain lymphomas/leukemias, and ability to modulate receptor signaling. Siglec-targeting approaches with therapeutic potential encompass antibody- and glycan-based strategies. Several antibody-based therapies are in clinical trials and continue to be developed for the treatment of lymphoma/leukemia and autoimmune disease, while the therapeutic potential of glycan-based strategies for cargo delivery and immunomodulation is a promising new approach. Here we review these strategies with special emphasis on emerging approaches and disease areas that may benefit from targeting the Siglec family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Angata
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Corwin M Nycholat
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Gerardy-Schahn R, Delannoy P, von Itzstein M. Advanced Technologies in Sialic Acid and Sialoglycoconjugate Analysis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 367:75-103. [PMID: 26017094 PMCID: PMC7122537 DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the structural diversity of sialic acid (Sia) is rapidly expanding, understanding of its biological significance has lagged behind. Advanced technologies to detect and probe diverse structures of Sia are absolutely necessary not only to understand further biological significance but also to pursue medicinal and industrial applications. Here we describe analytical methods for detection of Sia that have recently been developed or improved, with a special focus on 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac), N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), deaminoneuraminic acid (Kdn), O-sulfated Sia (SiaS), and di-, oligo-, and polysialic acid (diSia/oligoSia/polySia) in glycoproteins and glycolipids. Much more attention has been paid to these Sia and sialoglycoconjugates during the last decade, in terms of regulation of the immune system, neural development and function, tumorigenesis, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Delannoy
- Lille University of Science and Technology, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland Australia
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