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Sharma NK, Dwivedi P, Bhushan R, Maurya PK, Kumar A, Dakal TC. Engineering circular RNA for molecular and metabolic reprogramming. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:117. [PMID: 38918231 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in biological systems is extremely versatile. However, it's extremely short half-life poses a fundamental restriction on its application. Moreover, the translation efficiency of mRNA is also limited. On the contrary, circular RNAs, also known as circRNAs, are a common and stable form of RNA found in eukaryotic cells. These molecules are synthesized via back-splicing. Both synthetic circRNAs and certain endogenous circRNAs have the potential to encode proteins, hence suggesting the potential of circRNA as a gene expression machinery. Herein, we aim to summarize all engineering aspects that allow exogenous circular RNA (circRNA) to prolong the time that proteins are expressed from full-length RNA signals. This review presents a systematic engineering approach that have been devised to efficiently assemble circRNAs and evaluate several aspects that have an impact on protein production derived from. We have also reviewed how optimization of the key components of circRNAs, including the topology of vector, 5' and 3' untranslated sections, entrance site of the internal ribosome, and engineered aptamers could be efficiently impacting the translation machinery for molecular and metabolic reprogramming. Collectively, molecular and metabolic reprogramming present a novel way of regulating distinctive cellular features, for instance growth traits to neoplastic cells, and offer new possibilities for therapeutic inventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kumar Sharma
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith (Deemed University), P.O. Banasthali Vidyapith Distt. Tonk, Rajasthan, 304 022, India.
| | - Pragya Dwivedi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith (Deemed University), P.O. Banasthali Vidyapith Distt. Tonk, Rajasthan, 304 022, India
| | - Ravi Bhushan
- Department of Zoology, M.S. College, Motihari, Bihar, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Tikam Chand Dakal
- Genome and Computational Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India.
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2
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Guo Y, Wang H, Lyu R, Wang J, Wang T, Shi J, Lyu L. Nanocarrier-Mediated Delivery of MicroRNAs for Fibrotic Diseases. Mol Diagn Ther 2024; 28:53-67. [PMID: 37897655 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-023-00681-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous noncoding RNAs that mediate the fibrotic process by regulating multiple targets. MicroRNA-based therapy can restore or inhibit miRNA expression and is expected to become an effective approach to prevent and alleviate fibrotic diseases. However, the safe, targeted, and effective delivery of miRNAs is a major challenge in translating miRNA therapy from bench to bedside. In this review, we briefly describe the pathophysiological process of fibrosis and the mechanism by which miRNAs regulate the progression of fibrosis. Additionally, we summarize the miRNA nanodelivery tools for fibrotic diseases, including chemical modifications and polymer-based, lipid-based, and exosome-based delivery systems. Further clarification of the role of miRNAs in fibrosis and the development of a novel nanodelivery system may facilitate the prevention and alleviation of fibrotic diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Guo
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Hanying Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Rumin Lyu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jingpei Shi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China.
| | - Lechun Lyu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
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3
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Alves-Vale C, Capela AM, Tavares-Marcos C, Domingues-Silva B, Pereira B, Santos F, Gomes CP, Espadas G, Vitorino R, Sabidó E, Borralho P, Nóbrega-Pereira S, Bernardes de Jesus B. Expression of NORAD correlates with breast cancer aggressiveness and protects breast cancer cells from chemotherapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:910-924. [PMID: 37680988 PMCID: PMC10480464 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The recently discovered human lncRNA NORAD is induced after DNA damage in a p53-dependent manner. It plays a critical role in the maintenance of genomic stability through interaction with Pumilio proteins, limiting the repression of their target mRNAs. Therefore, NORAD inactivation causes chromosomal instability and aneuploidy, which contributes to the accumulation of genetic abnormalities and tumorigenesis. NORAD has been detected in several types of cancer, including breast cancer, which is the most frequently diagnosed and the second-leading cause of cancer death in women. In the present study, we confirmed upregulated NORAD expression levels in a set of human epithelial breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436, and MDA-MB-468), which belong to the most aggressive subtypes (triple-negative breast cancer). These results are in line with previous data showing that high NORAD expression levels in basal-like tumors were associated with poor prognosis. Here, we demonstrate that NORAD downregulation sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer cells to chemotherapy, through a potential accumulation of genomic aberrations and an impaired capacity to signal DNA damage. These results show that NORAD may represent an unexploited neoadjuvant therapeutic target for chemotherapy-unresponsive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Alves-Vale
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Hospital CUF Descobertas, CUF Oncologia, 1998-018 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Capela
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlota Tavares-Marcos
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Domingues-Silva
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruno Pereira
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP – Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Santos
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla Pereira Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Guadalupe Espadas
- Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Borralho
- Hospital CUF Descobertas, CUF Oncologia, 1998-018 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandrina Nóbrega-Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Bernardes de Jesus
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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4
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Kamali MJ, Salehi M, Fatemi S, Moradi F, Khoshghiafeh A, Ahmadifard M. Locked nucleic acid (LNA): A modern approach to cancer diagnosis and treatment. Exp Cell Res 2023; 423:113442. [PMID: 36521777 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is responsible for about one in six deaths in the world. Conventional cancer treatments like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are associated with drug poisoning and poor prognosis. Thanks to advances in RNA delivery and target selection, new cancer medicines are now conceivable to improve the quality of life and extend the lives of cancer patients. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and siRNAs are the most important tools in RNA therapies. Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs) are one of the newest RNA analogs, exhibiting more affinity to binding, sequence specificity, thermal stability, and nuclease resistance due to their unique properties. Assays using LNA are also used in molecular diagnostic methods and provide accurate and rapid mutation detection that improves specificity and sensitivity. This study aims to review the special properties of LNA oligonucleotides that make them safe and effective antisense drugs for cancer treatment by controlling gene expression. Following that, we go over all of the molecular detection methods and cancer treatment antisense tactics that are possible with LNA technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Kamali
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Salehi
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Fatemi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Moradi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Azin Khoshghiafeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Ahmadifard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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5
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MicroRNA as a Biomarker for Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Purpose in Urinary Tract Cancer. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9122136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of urologic cancers, including kidney, upper tract urothelial, and bladder malignancies, is increasing globally, with a high percentage of cases showing metastasis upon diagnosis and low five-year survival rates. MicroRNA (miRNA), a small non-coding RNA, was found to regulate the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in several tumors, including cancers of the urinary system. In the current review, we comprehensively discuss the recently reported up-or down-regulated miRNAs as well as their possible targets and regulated pathways involved in the development, progression, and metastasis of urinary tract cancers. These miRNAs represent potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers that may help in efficient and early diagnosis in addition to better treatment outcomes.
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6
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Novel Antivirals in Clinical Development for Chronic Hepatitis B Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061169. [PMID: 34207458 PMCID: PMC8235765 DOI: 10.3390/v13061169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is one of the leading causes of liver failure, decompensated cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Existing antiviral therapy can suppress viral replication but not fully eradicate the virus nor the risk of liver-related complications. Novel treatments targeting alternative steps of the viral cycle or to intensify/restore the host’s immunity are being developed. We discuss novel drugs that have already entered clinical phases of development. Agents that interfere with specific steps of HBV replication include RNA interference, core protein allosteric modulation, and inhibition of viral entry or viral protein excretion (NAPs and STOPS). Agents that target the host’s immunity include toll-like receptor agonists, therapeutic vaccines, immune checkpoint modulators, soluble T-cell receptors, and monoclonal antibodies. Most have demonstrated favorable results in suppression of viral proteins and genomic materials (i.e., HBV DNA and/or pre-genomic RNA), and/or evidence on host-immunity restoration including cytokine responses and T-cell activation. Given the abundant clinical experience and real-world safety data with the currently existing therapy, any novel agent for CHB should be accompanied by convincing safety data. Combination therapy of nucleos(t)ide analogue, a novel virus-directing agent, and/or an immunomodulatory agent will be the likely approach to optimize the chance of a functional cure in CHB.
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7
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Dembny P, Newman AG, Singh M, Hinz M, Szczepek M, Krüger C, Adalbert R, Dzaye O, Trimbuch T, Wallach T, Kleinau G, Derkow K, Richard BC, Schipke C, Scheidereit C, Stachelscheid H, Golenbock D, Peters O, Coleman M, Heppner FL, Scheerer P, Tarabykin V, Ruprecht K, Izsvák Z, Mayer J, Lehnardt S. Human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K(HML-2) RNA causes neurodegeneration through Toll-like receptors. JCI Insight 2020; 5:131093. [PMID: 32271161 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) represent a substantial proportion of the human genome and some HERVs, such as HERV-K(HML-2), are reported to be involved in neurological disorders, little is known about their biological function. We report that RNA from an HERV-K(HML-2) envelope gene region binds to and activates human Toll-like receptor (TLR) 8, as well as murine Tlr7, expressed in neurons and microglia, thereby causing neurodegeneration. HERV-K(HML-2) RNA introduced into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of either C57BL/6 wild-type mice or APPPS1 mice, a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease (AD), resulted in neurodegeneration and microglia accumulation. Tlr7-deficient mice were protected against neurodegenerative effects but were resensitized toward HERV-K(HML-2) RNA when neurons ectopically expressed murine Tlr7 or human TLR8. Transcriptome data sets of human AD brain samples revealed a distinct correlation of upregulated HERV-K(HML-2) and TLR8 RNA expression. HERV-K(HML-2) RNA was detectable more frequently in CSF from individuals with AD compared with controls. Our data establish HERV-K(HML-2) RNA as an endogenous ligand for species-specific TLRs 7/8 and imply a functional contribution of human endogenous retroviral transcripts to neurodegenerative processes, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dembny
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew G Newman
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Manvendra Singh
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hinz
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michal Szczepek
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and BIH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Krüger
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Omar Dzaye
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Radiology.,Department of Neuroradiology
| | | | - Thomas Wallach
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and BIH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Derkow
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Carola Schipke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and BIH.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claus Scheidereit
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Stachelscheid
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, BIH, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Douglas Golenbock
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Oliver Peters
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and BIH.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Coleman
- Babraham Institute and John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank L Heppner
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence.,Department of Neuropathology.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and BIH, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and BIH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Izsvák
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Mayer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universität des Saarlandes, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Seija Lehnardt
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and BIH, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Jaber VR, Zhao Y, Sharfman NM, Li W, Lukiw WJ. Addressing Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Neuropathology Using Anti-microRNA (AM) Strategies. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8101-8108. [PMID: 31183807 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Disruptions in multiple neurobiological pathways and neuromolecular processes have been widely implicated in the etiopathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a complex, progressive, and ultimately lethal neurological disorder whose current incidence, both domestically and globally, is reaching epidemic proportions. While only a few percent of all AD cases appear to have a strong genetic or familial component, the major form of this disease, known as idiopathic or sporadic AD, displays a multi-factorial pathology and represents one of the most complex and perplexing neurological disorders known. More effective and innovative pharmacological strategies for the successful intervention and management of AD might be expected: (i) to arise from strategic-treatments that simultaneously address multiple interrelated AD targets that are directed at the initiation, development, and/or propagation of this disease and (ii) those that target the "neuropathological core" of the AD process at early or upstream stages of AD. This "Perspectives paper" will review current research involving microRNA (miRNA)-mediated, messenger RNA (mRNA)-targeted gene expression pathways in sporadic AD and address the potential implementation of evolving anti-microRNA (AM) strategies in the amelioration and clinical management of AD. This novel-therapeutic approach: (i) incorporates a system involving the restoration of multiple miRNA-regulated mRNA-targets via the use of selectively-stabilized AM species; and (ii) that via implementation of synthetic AMs, the abundance of only relatively small-families of miRNAs need be modulated or neutralized to re-establish neural-homeostasis in the AD-affected brain. In doing so, these strategic approaches will jointly and interactively address multiple AD-associated processes such as the disruption of synaptic communication, defects in amyloid peptide clearance and amyloidogenesis, tau pathology, deficits in neurotrophic support, alterations in the innate immune response, and the proliferation of neuroinflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian R Jaber
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Nathan M Sharfman
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Wenhong Li
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of TCM, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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9
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Hao P, Waxman DJ. Functional Roles of Sex-Biased, Growth Hormone-Regulated MicroRNAs miR-1948 and miR-802 in Young Adult Mouse Liver. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1377-1392. [PMID: 29346554 PMCID: PMC5839735 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sex-specific temporal patterns of pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretion determine the sex-biased transcription of hundreds of genes in the liver and impart important sex differences in liver physiology, metabolism, and disease. Sex differences in hepatic gene expression vary widely, ranging from less than twofold to >1000-fold in the mouse. Here, we use small RNA sequencing to discover 24 sex-biased mouse liver microRNAs (miRNAs), and then investigate the roles of two of these miRNAs in GH-regulated liver sex differences. Studies in prepubertal and young adult mice, and in mice in which pituitary hormones are ablated or where sex-specific hepatic GH signaling is dysregulated, demonstrated that the male-biased miR-1948 and the female-biased miR-802 are both regulated by sex-specific pituitary GH secretory patterns, acquire sex specificity at puberty, and are dependent on the GH-activated transcription factor STAT5 for their sex-specific expression. Both miRNAs are within genomic regions characterized by sex-biased chromatin accessibility. miR-1948, an uncharacterized miRNA, has essential features for correct Drosha/Dicer processing, generates a bona fide mature miRNA with strong strand bias for the 5p arm, and is bound by Argonaute in liver tissue, as is miR-802. In vivo studies using inhibitory locked nucleic acid sequences revealed that miR-1948-5p preferentially represses female-biased messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and induces male-biased mRNAs in male liver; conversely, miR-802-5p preferentially represses male-biased mRNAs and increases levels of female-biased mRNAs in female liver. Cytochrome P450 mRNAs were strongly enriched as targets of both miRNAs. Thus, miR-1948-5p and miR-802-5p are functional components of the GH regulatory network that shapes sex-differential gene expression in mouse liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengying Hao
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - David J. Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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10
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Meng L, Liu C, Lü J, Zhao Q, Deng S, Wang G, Qiao J, Zhang C, Zhen L, Lu Y, Li W, Zhang Y, Pestell RG, Fan H, Chen YH, Liu Z, Yu Z. Small RNA zippers lock miRNA molecules and block miRNA function in mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:13964. [PMID: 28045030 PMCID: PMC5216115 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) loss-of-function phenotypes are mainly induced by chemically modified antisense oligonucleotides. Here we develop an alternative inhibitor for miRNAs, termed ‘small RNA zipper'. It is designed to connect miRNA molecules end to end, forming a DNA–RNA duplex through a complementary interaction with high affinity, high specificity and high stability. Two miRNAs, miR-221 and miR-17, are tested in human breast cancer cell lines, demonstrating the 70∼90% knockdown of miRNA levels by 30–50 nM small RNA zippers. The miR-221 zipper shows capability in rescuing the expression of target genes of miR-221 and reversing the oncogenic function of miR-221 in breast cancer cells. In addition, we demonstrate that the miR-221 zipper attenuates doxorubicin resistance with higher efficiency than anti-miR-221 in human breast cancer cells. Taken together, small RNA zippers are a miRNA inhibitor, which can be used to induce miRNA loss-of-function phenotypes and validate miRNA target genes. MicroRNAs regulate a wide range of biological processes and being able to inhibit their function could allow the development of therapeutic options. Here the authors describe a ‘small RNA zipper' that sequesters miRNAs by forming a chain of DNA:RNA duplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Meng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,East Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,East Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jinhui Lü
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Shengqiong Deng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Guangxue Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jing Qiao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Chuyi Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Lixiao Zhen
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Wenshu Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Huiming Fan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yi-Han Chen
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zuoren Yu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
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11
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Managing Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A Special Focus in MicroRNA Gene Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050718. [PMID: 27187371 PMCID: PMC4881540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive disease and the fourth most lethal cancer in developed countries. Despite all progress in medicine and in understanding the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis, pancreatic cancer still has a poor prognosis, the median survival after diagnosis being around 3 to 6 months and the survival rate of 5 years being less than 4%. For pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which represents more than 90% of new pancreatic cancer cases, the prognosis is worse than for the other cancers with a patient mortality of approximately 99%. Therefore, there is a pressing need for developing new and efficient therapeutic strategies for pancreatic cancer. In this regard, microRNAs not only have been seen as potential diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers but also as promising therapeutic agents. In this context, this review provides an examination of the most frequently deregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) in PDAC and their putative molecular targets involved in the signaling pathways of pancreatic
carcinogenesis. Additionally, it is presented a summary of gene therapy clinical trials involving miRNAs and it is illustrated the therapeutic potential associated to these small non-coding RNAs, for PDAC treatment. The facts presented here constitute a strong evidence of the remarkable opportunity associated to the application of microRNA-based therapeutic strategies as a novel approach for cancer therapy.
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12
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Zhang D, Xie L, Jin Y. In situ Detection of MicroRNAs: The Art of MicroRNA Research in Human Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; Suppl 3. [PMID: 28529819 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7099.s3-013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duo Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Lixin Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
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13
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Gulino R, Forte S, Parenti R, Memeo L, Gulisano M. MicroRNA and pediatric tumors: Future perspectives. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:339-54. [PMID: 25765112 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of pediatric tumor biology is needed to allow the development of less toxic and more efficient therapies, as well as to provide novel reliable biomarkers for diagnosis and risk stratification. The emerging role of microRNAs in controlling key pathways implicated in tumorigenesis makes their use in diagnostics a powerful novel tool for the early detection, risk assessment and prognosis, as well as for the development of innovative anticancer therapies. This perspective would be more urgent for the clinical management of pediatric cancer. In this review, we focus on the involvement of microRNAs in the biology of the main childhood tumors, describe their clinical significance and discuss their potential use as novel therapeutic tools and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Gulino
- IOM Ricerca s.r.l., Via Penninazzo 11, 95029 Viagrande, Italy.
| | - Stefano Forte
- IOM Ricerca s.r.l., Via Penninazzo 11, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95127 Catania, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- IOM Ricerca s.r.l., Via Penninazzo 11, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Massimo Gulisano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95127 Catania, Italy
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14
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Manipulating miRNA Expression: A Novel Approach for Colon Cancer Prevention and Chemotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:141-153. [PMID: 26029495 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-015-0020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Small non-coding RNA has been implicated in the control of various cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. About 50% of the miRNA genes are positioned in cancer-associated genomic regions. Several studies have shown that miRNA expression is deregulated in cancer and modulating their expression has reversed the cancer phenotype. Therefore, mechanisms to modulate microRNA (miRNA) activity have provided a novel opportunity for cancer prevention and therapy. In addition, a common cause for development of colorectal cancers is environmental and lifestyle factors. One such factor, diet has been shown to modulate miRNA expression in colorectal cancer patients. In this chapter, we will summarize the work demonstrating that miRNAs are novel promising drug targets for cancer chemoprevention and therapy. Improved delivery, increased stability and enhanced regulation of off-target effects will overcome the current challenges of this exciting approach in the field of cancer prevention and therapy.
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15
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Abstract
Microarray technology has evolved to efficiently profile the expression of RNAs. However, analysis of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is challenging due to their short length and highly divergent sequences with large variation in GC content leading to very different hybridization properties. To overcome these challenges, LNA-modified oligonucleotides have been used to enhance and normalize the melting temperature (Tm) of capture probes, which allows sensitive profiling of small ncRNAs regardless of their sequence. Here, we describe the isolation and labeling of small non-coding RNAs, as well as their hybridization to microarrays with LNA-modified oligonucleotide probes using a semi-automated hybridization device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karbiener
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85674, Neuherberg, Germany
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16
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Sempere LF. Tissue slide-based microRNA characterization of tumors: how detailed could diagnosis become for cancer medicine? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 14:853-69. [PMID: 25090088 PMCID: PMC4364265 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.944507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
miRNAs are short, non-coding, regulatory RNAs that exert cell type-dependent, context-dependent, transcriptome-wide gene expression control under physiological and pathological conditions. Tissue slide-based assays provide qualitative (tumor compartment) and semi-quantitative (expression levels) information about altered miRNA expression at single-cell resolution in clinical tumor specimens. Reviewed here are key technological advances in the last 5 years that have led to implementation of fully automated, robust and reproducible tissue slide-based assays for in situ miRNA detection on US FDA-approved instruments; recent tissue slide-based discovery studies that suggest potential clinical applications of specific miRNAs in cancer medicine are highlighted; and the challenges in bringing tissue slide-based miRNA assays into the clinic are discussed, including clinical validation, biomarker performance, biomarker space and integration with other biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo F Sempere
- Laboratory of microRNA Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave, N.E, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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17
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Diet-induced obesity modulates epigenetic responses to ionizing radiation in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106277. [PMID: 25171162 PMCID: PMC4149562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Both exposure to ionizing radiation and obesity have been associated with various pathologies including cancer. There is a crucial need in better understanding the interactions between ionizing radiation effects (especially at low doses) and other risk factors, such as obesity. In order to evaluate radiation responses in obese animals, C3H and C57BL/6J mice fed a control normal fat or a high fat (HF) diet were exposed to fractionated doses of X-rays (0.75 Gy ×4). Bone marrow micronucleus assays did not suggest a modulation of radiation-induced genotoxicity by HF diet. Using MSP, we observed that the promoters of p16 and Dapk genes were methylated in the livers of C57BL/6J mice fed a HF diet (irradiated and non-irradiated); Mgmt promoter was methylated in irradiated and/or HF diet-fed mice. In addition, methylation PCR arrays identified Ep300 and Socs1 (whose promoters exhibited higher methylation levels in non-irradiated HF diet-fed mice) as potential targets for further studies. We then compared microRNA regulations after radiation exposure in the livers of C57BL/6J mice fed a normal or an HF diet, using microRNA arrays. Interestingly, radiation-triggered microRNA regulations observed in normal mice were not observed in obese mice. miR-466e was upregulated in non-irradiated obese mice. In vitro free fatty acid (palmitic acid, oleic acid) administration sensitized AML12 mouse liver cells to ionizing radiation, but the inhibition of miR-466e counteracted this radio-sensitization, suggesting that the modulation of radiation responses by diet-induced obesity might involve miR-466e expression. All together, our results suggested the existence of dietary effects on radiation responses (especially epigenetic regulations) in mice, possibly in relationship with obesity-induced chronic oxidative stress.
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18
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Hudson JE, Porrello ER. The non-coding road towards cardiac regeneration. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2014; 6:909-23. [PMID: 23797382 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of cardiovascular disease has evolved rapidly, leading to a number of treatments that have improved patient quality of life and mortality rates. However, there is still no cure for heart failure. This has led to the pursuit of cardiac regeneration to prevent, and ultimately cure, this debilitating condition. To this end, several approaches have been proposed, including activation of cardiomyocyte proliferation, activation of endogenous or exogenous stem/progenitor cells, delivery of de novo cardiomyocytes, and in situ direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts. While these different methodologies are currently being intensely investigated, there are still a number of caveats limiting their application in the clinic. Given the emerging regulatory potential of non-coding RNAs for controlling diverse cellular processes, these molecules may offer potential solutions in this pursuit of cardiac regeneration. In this concise review, we discuss the potential role of non-coding RNAs in a variety of different cardiac regenerative approaches.
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19
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Differentially expressed miRNAs in Ewing sarcoma compared to mesenchymal stem cells: low miR-31 expression with effects on proliferation and invasion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93067. [PMID: 24667836 PMCID: PMC3965523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma, the second most common bone tumor in children and young adults, is an aggressive malignancy with a strong potential to metastasize. Ewing sarcoma is characterised by translocations encoding fusion transcription factors with an EWSR1 transactivation domain fused to an ETS family DNA binding domain. microRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and aberrantly expressed microRNAs have been identified as tumor suppressors or oncogenes in most cancer types. To identify potential oncogenic and tumor suppressor microRNAs in Ewing sarcoma, we determined and compared the expression of 377 microRNAs in 40 Ewing sarcoma biopsies, 6 Ewing sarcoma cell lines and mesenchymal stem cells, the putative cellular origin of Ewing sarcoma, from 6 healthy donors. Of the 35 differentially expressed microRNAs identified (fold change >4 and q<0.05), 19 were higher and 16 lower expressed in Ewing sarcoma. In comparisons between Ewing sarcoma samples with EWS-FLI or EWS-ERG translocations, with differing dissemination characteristics and of primary samples and metastases no significantly differential expressed microRNAs were detected using various stringency criteria. For miR-31, the microRNA with lowest expression in comparison to mesenchymal stem cells, functional analyses were performed to determine its potential as a tumor suppressor in Ewing sarcoma. Two of four miR-31 transfected Ewing sarcoma cell lines showed a significantly reduced proliferation (19% and 33% reduction) due to increased apoptosis in one and increased length of G1-phase in the other cell line. All three tested miR-31 transfected Ewing sarcoma cell lines showed significantly reduced invasiveness (56% to 71% reduction). In summary, we identified 35 microRNAs differentially expressed in Ewing sarcoma and demonstrate that miR-31 affects proliferation and invasion of Ewing sarcoma cell lines in ex vivo assays.
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20
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Russo Krauss I, Parkinson GN, Merlino A, Mattia CA, Randazzo A, Novellino E, Mazzarella L, Sica F. A regular thymine tetrad and a peculiar supramolecular assembly in the first crystal structure of an all-LNA G-quadruplex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:362-70. [PMID: 24531470 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004713028095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Locked nucleic acids (LNAs) are formed by bicyclic ribonucleotides where the O2' and C4' atoms are linked through a methylene bridge and the sugar is blocked in a 3'-endo conformation. They represent a promising tool for therapeutic and diagnostic applications and are characterized by higher thermal stability and nuclease resistance with respect to their natural counterparts. However, structural descriptions of LNA-containing quadruplexes are rather limited, since few NMR models have been reported in the literature. Here, the first crystallographically derived model of an all-LNA-substituted quadruplex-forming sequence 5'-TGGGT-3' is presented refined at 1.7 Å resolution. This high-resolution crystallographic analysis reveals a regular parallel G-quadruplex arrangement terminating in a well defined thymine tetrad at the 3'-end. The detailed picture of the hydration pattern reveals LNA-specific features in the solvent distribution. Interestingly, two closely packed quadruplexes are present in the asymmetric unit. They face one another with their 3'-ends giving rise to a compact higher-order structure. This new assembly suggests a possible way in which sequential quadruplexes can be disposed in the crowded cell environment. Furthermore, as the formation of ordered structures by molecular self-assembly is an effective strategy to obtain nanostructures, this study could open the way to the design of a new class of LNA-based building blocks for nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Russo Krauss
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples `Federico II', Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gary Nigel Parkinson
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, England
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples `Federico II', Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carlo Andrea Mattia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Antonio Randazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples `Federico II', Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples `Federico II', Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Lelio Mazzarella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples `Federico II', Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Filomena Sica
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples `Federico II', Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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21
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Abstract
Profiling microRNA (miRNA) expression is of widespread interest due to their critical roles in diverse biological processes, including development, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Profiling can be achieved via three major methods: amplification-based (real-time quantitative PCR, qRT-PCR), hybridization-based (microarrays), and sequencing-based (next-generation sequencing (NGS)) technologies. The gold standard is qRT-PCR and serves as a platform for single reverse PCR amplification experiments and for a large number of miRNAs in parallel, both by multiplexing and plate based arrays. Currently, qRT-PCR is used for the validation of miRNA profiling results from other platforms. Hybridization based miRNA profiling by microarrays has become a widely used method especially for biomarker and therapeutic target identification. The data obtained from microarrays also enables functional prediction of miRNAs by correlating miRNA expression patterns to corresponding mRNA and protein profiles. Additionally, miRNA profiling strategies based on deep sequencing allow both the identification of novel miRNAs and relative quantification of miRNAs. Each miRNA profiling strategy has specific strengths and challenges that have to be considered depending on the nature of the research context.In this chapter the high-throughput approaches that can be applied to microRNA profiling are discussed starting from small-scale qRT-PCR technology to a wider one, NGS.
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22
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Sempere LF, Korc M. A method for conducting highly sensitive microRNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis in pancreatic cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 980:43-59. [PMID: 23359149 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-287-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Profiling experiments in whole tissue biopsies have linked altered expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) to different types of cancer, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Emerging evidence indicates that altered miRNA expression can occur in different cellular compartments (cancer and non-cancer cells) in tumor lesions, and thus it is important to ascertain which specific cell type expresses a particulars miRNA in PDAC tissues. Here, we describe a highly sensitive fluorescence-based ISH method to visualize miRNA accumulation within individual cells in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections using 5' and 3' terminally fluorescein-labeled locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified probes. We describe a multicolor ISH/IHC method based on sequential rounds of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-mediated tyramide signal amplification (TSA) reactions with different in-house synthesized fluorochrome-conjugated substrates that enable co-detection of miRNAs, abundant noncoding RNAs and protein markers for signal quantification, and cell type co-localization studies in FFPE pancreatic tissue sections from clinical specimens and mouse models of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo F Sempere
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Hanover, NH, USA
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23
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Archer EJ, Simpson MA, Watts NJ, O'Kane R, Wang B, Erie DA, McPherson A, Weeks KM. Long-range architecture in a viral RNA genome. Biochemistry 2013; 52:3182-90. [PMID: 23614526 DOI: 10.1021/bi4001535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a model for the secondary structure of the 1058-nucleotide plus-strand RNA genome of the icosahedral satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV) using nucleotide-resolution SHAPE chemical probing of the viral RNA isolated from virions and within the virion, perturbation of interactions distant in the primary sequence, and atomic force microscopy. These data are consistent with long-range base pairing interactions and a three-domain genome architecture. The compact domains of the STMV RNA have dimensions of 10-45 nm. Each of the three domains corresponds to a specific functional component of the virus: The central domain corresponds to the coding sequence of the single (capsid) protein encoded by the virus, whereas the 5' and 3' untranslated domains span signals essential for translation and replication, respectively. This three-domain architecture is compatible with interactions between the capsid protein and short RNA helices previously visualized by crystallography. STMV is among the simplest of the icosahedral viruses but, nonetheless, has an RNA genome with a complex higher-order structure that likely reflects high information content and an evolutionary relationship between RNA domain structure and essential replicative functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva J Archer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
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24
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Srivastava SK, Bhardwaj A, Leavesley SJ, Grizzle WE, Singh S, Singh AP. MicroRNAs as potential clinical biomarkers: emerging approaches for their detection. Biotech Histochem 2013; 88:373-87. [PMID: 23293934 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2012.730153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as novel post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. These short non-coding RNAs are involved in diverse biological processes and their dysregulation is often observed under diseased conditions. Therefore, miRNAs hold great potential as clinical biomarkers of physiological and pathological states and extensive efforts are underway to develop efficient approaches for their detection. We review recent advances and discuss the promises and pitfalls of emerging methods of miRNA profiling and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Srivastava
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile
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25
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Novello C, Pazzaglia L, Cingolani C, Conti A, Quattrini I, Manara MC, Tognon M, Picci P, Benassi MS. miRNA expression profile in human osteosarcoma: role of miR-1 and miR-133b in proliferation and cell cycle control. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:667-75. [PMID: 23229283 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
miRNA profile deregulation affecting downstream signaling pathways activates endpoints that represent potential biomarkers for prognosis and treatment of tumor patients. In the past 20 years conventional therapy for osteosarcoma (OS) reached a survival plateau, highlighting the need for new therapeutic approaches. In this study, microarray unsupervised and supervised analysis identified, respectively, 100 and 40 differentially expressed miRNAs in OS samples with different grades of malignancy compared to normal bone. When analyzing low-grade and high-grade OS by unsupervised analysis, 12 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed. Real‑time PCR performed on a larger series of OS confirmed a significant lower expression of miR-1, miR‑133b and miR-378* in tumors with respect to control, also showing lower mRNA levels in 31 high-grade OS than in 25 low-grade and in metastatic versus non‑metastatic patients. We demonstrated that miR-1 and miR133b were downregulated in OS cell lines compared to normal osteoblasts. Secondly, by transfection with miRNA precursor molecules, we demonstrated that the ectopic expression of miR-1 and miR-133b in U2-OS cell lines significantly reduced cell proliferation and MET protein expression and negatively regulated cell invasiveness and motility in a short-term assay. Cell cycle distribution revealed block in G(1) and delay of cell cycle progression associated with increased apoptosis in miR-1- and miR‑133b‑transfected cells, respectively. Our data assessed specific miRNA profiling deregulation in OS clinical samples and suggest that the expression of miR-1 and miR-133b may control cell proliferation and cell cycle through MET protein expression modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Novello
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
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26
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short non-coding RNA molecules that have attracted tremendous attention from the biological and biomedical research communities over the past decade. With over 1900 miRNAs discovered in humans to date, many of them have already been implicated in common human disorders. Facilitated by high-throughput genomics and bioinformatics in conjunction with traditional molecular biology techniques and animal models, miRNA research is now positioned to make the transition from laboratories to clinics to deliver profound benefits to public health. Herein, we overview the progress of miRNA research related to human diseases, as well as the potential for miRNA to becoming the next generation of diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Benaroya Research Institute and Center for Liver Disease, Digestive Disease Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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27
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Lehmann SM, Krüger C, Park B, Derkow K, Rosenberger K, Baumgart J, Trimbuch T, Eom G, Hinz M, Kaul D, Habbel P, Kälin R, Franzoni E, Rybak A, Nguyen D, Veh R, Ninnemann O, Peters O, Nitsch R, Heppner FL, Golenbock D, Schott E, Ploegh HL, Wulczyn FG, Lehnardt S. An unconventional role for miRNA: let-7 activates Toll-like receptor 7 and causes neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:827-35. [PMID: 22610069 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activation of innate immune receptors by host-derived factors exacerbates CNS damage, but the identity of these factors remains elusive. We uncovered an unconventional role for the microRNA let-7, a highly abundant regulator of gene expression in the CNS, in which extracellular let-7 activates the RNA-sensing Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and induces neurodegeneration through neuronal TLR7. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from individuals with Alzheimer’s disease contains increased amounts of let-7b, and extracellular introduction of let-7b into the CSF of wild-type mice by intrathecal injection resulted in neurodegeneration. Mice lacking TLR7 were resistant to this neurodegenerative effect, but this susceptibility to let-7 was restored in neurons transfected with TLR7 by intrauterine electroporation of Tlr7(−/−) fetuses. Our results suggest that microRNAs can function as signaling molecules and identify TLR7 as an essential element in a pathway that contributes to the spread of CNS damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Gebeshuber CA, Martinez J. miR-100 suppresses IGF2 and inhibits breast tumorigenesis by interfering with proliferation and survival signaling. Oncogene 2012; 32:3306-10. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Pelofy S, Teissié J, Golzio M, Chabot S. Chemically modified oligonucleotide-increased stability negatively correlates with its efficacy despite efficient electrotransfer. J Membr Biol 2012; 245:565-71. [PMID: 22797942 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-012-9468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite great potential for disease treatment, small interfering RNA (siRNA) development has been hampered due to its poor stability and the lack of efficient delivery method. To overcome the sensitivity, new generations of chemically modified oligonucleotides have been developed such as the locked nucleic acid (LNA). LNA substitution in an siRNA sequence (siLNA) is supposed to increase its stability and its affinity for its complementary sequence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential benefit of an anti-GFP siLNA using the biophysical delivery method electropermeabilization. We used two types of electrical conditions: electrochemotherapy (ECT), a condition for efficient transfer of small molecules in clinics, and electrogenotherapy (EGT), a condition for efficient transfer of macromolecules. We first confirmed that siLNA was indeed more stable in mouse serum than unmodified siRNA. After determining the ECT and EGT optimal electrical parameters for a human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT-116) expressing eGFP, we showed that modifications of siRNA do not interfere with electrotransfer efficiency. However, despite its higher stability and its high electrotransfer efficacy, siLNA was less efficient for eGFP silencing compared to the electrotransferred, unmodified siRNA regardless of the electrical conditions used. Our study highlighted the care that is needed when designing chemically modified oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Pelofy
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, BP 64182, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
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Aslam MI, Patel M, Singh B, Jameson JS, Pringle JH. MicroRNA manipulation in colorectal cancer cells: from laboratory to clinical application. J Transl Med 2012; 10:128. [PMID: 22716183 PMCID: PMC3539910 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of Colorectal Cancer (CRC) follows a sequential progression from adenoma to the carcinoma. Therefore, opportunities exist to interfere with the natural course of disease development and progression. Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer cells indirectly results in higher levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) specific to tumour promoter genes or tumour suppressor genes. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive review of the literature about the manipulation of oncogenic or tumour suppressor miRNAs in colorectal cancer cells for the purpose of development of anticancer therapies. A literature search identified studies describing manipulation of miRNAs in colorectal cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. Studies were also included to provide an update on the role of miRNAs in CRC development, progression and diagnosis. Strategy based on restoration of silenced miRNAs or inhibition of over expressed miRNAs has opened a new area of research in cancer therapy. In this review article different techniques for miRNA manipulation are reviewed and their utility for colorectal cancer therapy has been discussed in detail. Restoration of normal equilibrium for cancer related miRNAs can result in inhibition of tumour growth, apoptosis, blocking of invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Furthermore, drug resistant cancer cells can be turned into drug sensitive cells on alteration of specific miRNAs in cancer cells. MiRNA modulation in cancer cells holds great potential to replace current anticancer therapies. However, further work is needed on tissue specific delivery systems and strategies to avoid side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Aslam
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, P O Box 65, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom.
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Chugh P, Dittmer DP. Potential pitfalls in microRNA profiling. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2012; 3:601-16. [PMID: 22566380 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that post-transcriptionally influence a wide range of cellular processes such as the host response to viral infection, innate immunity, cell cycle progression, migration, and apoptosis through the inhibition of target mRNA translation. Owing to the growing number of miRNAs and identification of their functional roles, miRNA profiling of many different sample types has become more expansive, especially with relevance to disease signatures. In this review, we address some of the advantages and potential pitfalls of the currently available methods for miRNA expression profiling. Some of the topics discussed include isomiRNAs, comparison of different profiling platforms, normalization strategies, and issues with regard to sample preparation and experimental analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Chugh
- Department of Microbiology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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32
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Sempere LF. Integrating contextual miRNA and protein signatures for diagnostic and treatment decisions in cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2012; 11:813-27. [PMID: 22022944 DOI: 10.1586/erm.11.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The promise of personalized medicine is highly dependent on the identification of biomarkers that inform diagnostic decisions and treatment options, as well as on the accurate, rapid and cost-effective detection and interpretation of these biomarkers. miRNAs, which are short noncoding regulatory RNAs, are rapidly emerging as a novel class of biomarkers with a unique set of biological and chemical properties that makes them very appealing candidates for theranostic applications in cancer. Since the utility of some protein-encoding gene biomarkers is already exploited in routine clinical practice, it will be important to identify areas in which miRNAs provide complementary or superior information to these existing (and other translational) biomarkers to enhance the diagnostic, prognostic and predictive power of molecular characterization of tumors. In this article, the challenges and opportunities for integration of miRNA-based assays in the clinical toolkit to improve care and management of patients afflicted with solid tumors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo F Sempere
- Department of Medicine, Rubin 763 HB7936, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756-1000, USA.
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Carrascosa LG, Gómez-Montes S, Aviñó A, Nadal A, Pla M, Eritja R, Lechuga LM. Sensitive and label-free biosensing of RNA with predicted secondary structures by a triplex affinity capture method. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:e56. [PMID: 22241768 PMCID: PMC3333861 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel biosensing approach for the label-free detection of nucleic acid sequences of short and large lengths has been implemented, with special emphasis on targeting RNA sequences with secondary structures. The approach is based on selecting 8-aminoadenine-modified parallel-stranded DNA tail-clamps as affinity bioreceptors. These receptors have the ability of creating a stable triplex-stranded helix at neutral pH upon hybridization with the nucleic acid target. A surface plasmon resonance biosensor has been used for the detection. With this strategy, we have detected short DNA sequences (32-mer) and purified RNA (103-mer) at the femtomol level in a few minutes in an easy and level-free way. This approach is particularly suitable for the detection of RNA molecules with predicted secondary structures, reaching a limit of detection of 50 fmol without any label or amplification steps. Our methodology has shown a marked enhancement for the detection (18% for short DNA and 54% for RNA), when compared with the conventional duplex approach, highlighting the large difficulty of the duplex approach to detect nucleic acid sequences, especially those exhibiting stable secondary structures. We believe that our strategy could be of great interest to the RNA field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Carrascosa
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group, CIBER-BBN and Research Center on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CIN2) CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
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Kanwar JR, Kanwar RK, Mahidhara G, Cheung CHA. Cancer Targeted Nanoparticles Specifically Induce Apoptosis in Cancer Cells and Spare Normal Cells. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch11372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Curing cancer is the greatest challenge for modern medicine and finding ways to minimize the adverse effects caused by chemotherapeutic agents is of importance in improving patient’s physical conditions. Traditionally, chemotherapy can induce various adverse effects, and these effects are mostly caused by the non-target specific properties of the chemotherapeutic compounds. Recently, the use of nanoparticles has been found to be capable of minimizing these drug-induced adverse effects in animals and in patients during cancer treatment. The use of nanoparticles allows various chemotherapeutic drugs to be targeted to cancer cells with lower dosages. In addition to this, the use of nanoparticles also allows various drugs to be administered to the subjects by an oral route. Here, locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM), aptamers (RNA nucleotide), and nucleolin (DNA nucleotide) aptamers have been developed and conjugated on anti-cancer drug-loaded nanocarriers for specific delivery to cancer cells and spare normal cells. Significant amounts of the drug loaded nanocarriers (92 ± 6 %) were found to distribute to the cancer cells at the tumour site and more interestingly, normal cells were unaffected in vitro and in vivo. In this review, the benefits of using nanoparticle-coated drugs in various cancer treatments are discussed. Various nanoparticles that have been tried in improving the target specificity and potency of chemotherapeutic compounds are also described.
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Xia Z, Chen C, Chen P, Xie H, Luo X. MicroRNAs and their roles in osteoclast differentiation. Front Med 2011; 5:414-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-011-0168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, about 21 nucleotides in length, non-coding, regulatory RNA molecules representing a new layer in post-transcriptional gene expression regulation. Spatial and temporal analysis of miRNA accumulation by in situ analyses is the prerequisite of understanding the precise biological functions of miRNAs. Since miRNAs are very short molecules, their in situ analysis is technically demanding. Our method is based on the usage of highly sensitive LNA-modified oligonucleotide probes. LNA modification significantly enhances the sensitivity and specificity of miRNA detecting probes and provides relatively easy in situ miRNA detection. Here, we describe a protocol for this challenging technique step by step, in order to help every user to achieve success.
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Cook RS, Garrett JT, Sánchez V, Stanford JC, Young C, Chakrabarty A, Rinehart C, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Greenberger L, Horak ID, Arteaga CL. ErbB3 ablation impairs PI3K/Akt-dependent mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2011; 71:3941-51. [PMID: 21482676 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ErbB receptor family member ErbB3 has been implicated in breast cancer growth, but it has yet to be determined whether its disruption is therapeutically valuable. In a mouse model of mammary carcinoma driven by the polyomavirus middle T (PyVmT) oncogene, the ErbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib reduced the activation of ErbB3 and Akt as well as tumor cell growth. In this phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)-dependent tumor model, ErbB2 is part of a complex containing PyVmT, p85 (PI3K), and ErbB3, that is disrupted by treatment with lapatinib. Thus, full engagement of PI3K/Akt by ErbB2 in this oncogene-induced mouse tumor model may involve its ability to dimerize with and phosphorylate ErbB3, which itself directly binds PI3K. In this article, we report that ErbB3 is critical for PI3K/Akt-driven tumor formation triggered by the PyVmT oncogene. Tissue-specific, Cre-mediated deletion of ErbB3 reduced Akt phosphorylation, primary tumor growth, and pulmonary metastasis. Furthermore, EZN-3920, a chemically stabilized antisense oligonucleotide that targets the ErbB3 mRNA in vivo, produced similar effects while causing no toxicity in the mouse model. Our findings offer further preclinical evidence that ErbB3 ablation may be therapeutically effective in tumors where ErbB3 engages PI3K/Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Cook
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Wang B, Howel P, Bruheim S, Ju J, Owen LB, Fodstad O, Xi Y. Systematic evaluation of three microRNA profiling platforms: microarray, beads array, and quantitative real-time PCR array. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17167. [PMID: 21347261 PMCID: PMC3037970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A number of gene-profiling methodologies have been applied to microRNA research. The diversity of the platforms and analytical methods makes the comparison and integration of cross-platform microRNA profiling data challenging. In this study, we systematically analyze three representative microRNA profiling platforms: Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) microarray, beads array, and TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR Low Density Array (TLDA). Methodology/Principal Findings The microRNA profiles of 40 human osteosarcoma xenograft samples were generated by LNA array, beads array, and TLDA. Results show that each of the three platforms perform similarly regarding intra-platform reproducibility or reproducibility of data within one platform while LNA array and TLDA had the best inter-platform reproducibility or reproducibility of data across platforms. The endogenous controls/probes contained in each platform have been observed for their stability under different treatments/environments; those included in TLDA have the best performance with minimal coefficients of variation. Importantly, we identify that the proper selection of normalization methods is critical for improving the inter-platform reproducibility, which is evidenced by the application of two non-linear normalization methods (loess and quantile) that substantially elevated the sensitivity and specificity of the statistical data assessment. Conclusions Each platform is relatively stable in terms of its own microRNA profiling intra-reproducibility; however, the inter-platform reproducibility among different platforms is low. More microRNA specific normalization methods are in demand for cross-platform microRNA microarray data integration and comparison, which will improve the reproducibility and consistency between platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of South Alabama College of Arts and Sciences, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Paul Howel
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Skjalg Bruheim
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jingfang Ju
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Laurie B. Owen
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Oystein Fodstad
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yaguang Xi
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Podolska A, Kaczkowski B, Kamp Busk P, Søkilde R, Litman T, Fredholm M, Cirera S. MicroRNA expression profiling of the porcine developing brain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14494. [PMID: 21253018 PMCID: PMC3017054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and play an important role in the control of developmental and physiological processes. In particular, the developing brain contains an impressive diversity of microRNAs. Most microRNA expression profiling studies have been performed in human or rodents and relatively limited knowledge exists in other mammalian species. The domestic pig is considered to be an excellent, alternate, large mammal model for human-related neurological studies, due to its similarity in both brain development and the growth curve when compared to humans. Considering these similarities, studies examining microRNA expression during porcine brain development could potentially be used to predict the expression profile and role of microRNAs in the human brain. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS MicroRNA expression profiling by use of microRNA microarrays and qPCR was performed on the porcine developing brain. Our results show that microRNA expression is regulated in a developmentally stage-specific, as well as a tissue-specific manner. Numerous developmental stage or tissue-specific microRNAs including, miR-17, miR-18a, miR-29c, miR-106a, miR-135a and b, miR-221 and miR-222 were found by microarray analysis. Expression profiles of selected candidates were confirmed by qPCR. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The differential expression of specific microRNAs in fetal versus postnatal samples suggests that they likely play an important role in the regulation of developmental and physiological processes during brain development. The data presented here supports the notion that microRNAs act as post-transcriptional switches which may regulate gene expression when required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Podolska
- Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Section of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bogumil Kaczkowski
- Department of Biology and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Bioinformatics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rolf Søkilde
- Biomarker Discovery, Exiqon A/S, Vedbæk, Denmark
| | | | - Merete Fredholm
- Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Section of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Section of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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40
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Gupta A, Mo YY. Detection of microRNAs in cultured cells and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens by in situ hybridization. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 676:73-83. [PMID: 20931391 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-863-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Determination of gene expression is essential for understanding the role of a given gene in normal cell growth or disease processes. Recently, newly described microRNAs have been shown to play a key role in the regulation of gene expression; in particular, deregulation of microRNAs is often associated with a variety of human disorders including cancer. Although microRNAs are small RNA molecules with about 20-23 nucleotides in length and detection of their expression is believed to be challenging, with the introduction of modified nucleotides such as locked nucleic acid, the specificity and sensitivity of detection have been greatly improved. There are many methods developed for microRNA detection, but our focus in this chapter is on in situ hybridization (ISH) detection of microRNAs. We have successfully used ISH to detect several microRNAs in paraffin-embedded tumor specimens or cells-cultured in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Gupta
- Immunology and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL, USA
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41
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Sempere LF, Preis M, Yezefski T, Ouyang H, Suriawinata AA, Silahtaroglu A, Conejo-Garcia JR, Kauppinen S, Wells W, Korc M. Fluorescence-based codetection with protein markers reveals distinct cellular compartments for altered MicroRNA expression in solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:4246-55. [PMID: 20682703 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-throughput profiling experiments have linked altered expression of microRNAs (miRNA) to different types of cancer. Tumor tissues are a heterogeneous mixture of not only cancer cells, but also supportive and reactive tumor microenvironment elements. To clarify the clinical significance of altered miRNA expression in solid tumors, we developed a sensitive fluorescence-based in situ hybridization (ISH) method to visualize miRNA accumulation within individual cells in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. This ISH method was implemented to be compatible with routine clinical immunohistochemical (IHC) assays to enable the detection of miRNAs and protein markers in the same tissue section for colocalization and functional studies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used this combined ISH/IHC assay to study a subset of cancer-associated miRNAs, including miRNAs frequently detected at low (miR-34a and miR-126) and high (miR-21 and miR-155) levels, in a panel of breast, colorectal, lung, pancreas, and prostate carcinomas. RESULTS Despite the distinct histopathologic alterations of each particular cancer type, general trends emerged that pinpointed distinct source cells of altered miRNA expression. Although altered expressions of miR-21 and miR-34a were manifested within cancer cells, those of miR-126 and miR-155 were predominantly confined to endothelial cells and immune cells, respectively. These results suggest a heterogeneous participation of miRNAs in carcinogenesis by intrinsically affecting cancer cell biology or by modulating stromal, vascular, and immune responses. CONCLUSIONS We described a rapid and sensitive multicolor ISH/IHC assay and showed that it could be broadly applied as an investigational tool to better understand the etiologic relevance of altered miRNA expression in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo F Sempere
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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Zhu YM, Zhong ZX, Liu ZM. Relationship between let-7a and gastric mucosa cancerization and its significance. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:3325-9. [PMID: 20614490 PMCID: PMC2900726 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i26.3325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate let-7a expression and analyze the correlation between let-7a and progression of gastric mucosa cancerization.
METHODS: The tissue microarray was constructed previously in 52 cases of human gastric carcinoma, 17 cases of chronic atrophic gastritis (atypical hyperplasia) and 11 cases of normal gastric tissue, and tissue microarrays combined with in situ hybridization were used to detect the expression of let-7a.
RESULTS: The positive rates of let-7a in normal gastric tissue, chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric carcinoma were 90.9%, 88.2% and 86.5%, respectively, without significant differences among the groups (P > 0.05). However, an intense signal of let-7a was observed in gastric epithelial cells, whereas a less intense signal was found in gastric atypical hyperplasia epithelial cells and a weak signal in gastric carcinoma epithelial cells. The expression of let-7a decreased along with the progression of gastric mucosa cancerization (P < 0.05). In the group of gastric carcinoma, the expression of let-7a was even significantly lower in gastric carcinomas with lymph node metastasis than in those without metastasis (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Gastric carcinoma has relatively lower expression of let-7a. Reduced let-7a may be a fundamental factor in the formation and lymph node metastasis of gastric carcinoma.
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Bhartiya D, Maini J, Sharma M, Joshi P, Laddha SV, Jalali S, Patowary A, Purkanti R, Lalwani M, Singh AR, Chauhan R, Singh N, Bhardwaj A, Scaria V, Sivasubbu S. FishMap Zv8 Update—A Genomic Regulatory Map of Zebrafish. Zebrafish 2010; 7:179-80. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2009.0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Bhartiya
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Delhi, India
| | - Jayant Maini
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Delhi, India
| | - Meenakshi Sharma
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Delhi, India
| | - Prateek Joshi
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh V. Laddha
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Delhi, India
| | - Saakshi Jalali
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Patowary
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Delhi, India
| | - Ramya Purkanti
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Delhi, India
| | - Mukesh Lalwani
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Delhi, India
| | - Angom Ramcharan Singh
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Delhi, India
| | - Rajendra Chauhan
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Delhi, India
| | - Naresh Singh
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Delhi, India
| | - Anshu Bhardwaj
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Delhi, India
| | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Delhi, India
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Benes V, Castoldi M. Expression profiling of microRNA using real-time quantitative PCR, how to use it and what is available. Methods 2010; 50:244-9. [PMID: 20109550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We review different methodologies to estimate the expression levels of microRNAs (miRNAs) using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). As miRNA analysis is a fast changing research field, we have introduced novel technological approaches and compared them to existing qPCR profiling methodologies. qPCR also remains the method of choice for validating results obtained from whole-genome screening (e.g. with microarray). In contrast to presenting a stepwise description of different platforms, we discuss expression profiling of mature miRNAs by qPCR in four sequential sections: (1) cDNA synthesis; (2) primer design; (3) detection of amplified products; and (4) data normalization. We address technical challenges associated with each of these and outline possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Benes
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg D 69117, Germany
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45
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Abstract
A spatial and temporal analysis of miRNA accumulation by in situ analyses is the prerequisite of understanding the precise biological functions of miRNAs. Since miRNAs are very short molecules, their in situ analysis is technically demanding. Here, we describe a protocol for miRNA in situ detection in plants based on LNA-modified oligonucleotides probes. LNA modification significantly enhances the sensitivity and specificity of miRNA detecting probes and provides relatively easy in situ miRNA detection.
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46
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Sempere LF, Liu X, Dmitrovsky E. Tumor-suppressive microRNAs in Lung cancer: diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities. ScientificWorldJournal 2009; 9:626-8. [PMID: 19618089 PMCID: PMC3909732 DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2009.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death for both men and women in the U.S. As for many other cancer types, lung cancer is not a single disease, but rather a variety of diseases that present different histopathological, molecular and clinical characteristics. Improved diagnostic and therapeutic tools are needed to manage and treat lung cancer patients. microRNAs are a recently discovered class of short, noncoding RNAs that constitute a novel and functionally important layer of gene regulation. Using new mouse transgenic models for lung cancer, Liu and colleagues reported a genome-wide microRNA expression analysis and identified a signature of down-regulated microRNAs in lung cancer tissues relative to adjacent normal lung. This signature was validated in clinical specimens from lung cancer patients, underscoring the relevance of this profile to human lung cancer. In vitro experiments demonstrated that restoring miR-34c, miR-145, or miR-142-5p expression markedly diminished proliferation of lung cancer cell lines. Here, we discuss the clinical implications of these findings for lung cancer biology, therapy, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo F Sempere
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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Nelson PT, Wilfred BR. In situ hybridization is a necessary experimental complement to microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling in the human brain. Neurosci Lett 2009; 466:69-72. [PMID: 19393719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play fundamental roles in human brain neurochemistry. However, much remains to be learned in this fast-paced field. To understand how miRNAs contribute to normal biologic functions and disease states, it is critical to understand the miRNAs that are expressed in particular cell types under a range of conditions. Many tools have been developed to help describe the repertoire of miRNAs present at the tissue level in a given sample. However, tissue level miRNA profiling is inadequate to pinpoint the cellular and sub-cellular distribution of individual miRNAs. Such knowledge is especially important in the nervous system with its many cell types, microscopic heterogeneity with regard to functionally distinct cell groups, and extreme geometrical complexity in cellular shapes. We have found that in situ hybridization shows important cerebral cortical lamina-specific patterns of miRNA expression that would be lost on most tissue level expression studies, and these lamina-specific patterns can be directly relevant to human brain disease. Thus, in situ hybridization is an important experimental complement to tissue level miRNA expression profiling. Technical and theoretical aspects of this important technique are described, especially those pertinent to studying the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Division of Neuropathology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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Abstract
An efficient mechanism for the sequence‐specific inhibition of gene expression is RNA interference. In this process, double‐stranded RNA molecules induce cleavage of a selected target RNA (see picture). This technique has in recent years developed into a standard method of molecular biology. Successful applications in animal models have already led to the initiation of RNAi‐based clinical trials as a new therapeutic option.WILEY-VCH Only ten years ago Andrew Fire and Craig Mello were able to show that double‐stranded RNA molecules could inhibit the expression of homologous genes in eukaryotes. This process, termed RNA interference, has developed into a standard method of molecular biology. This Review provides an overview of the molecular processes involved, with a particular focus on the posttranscriptional inhibition of gene expression in mammalian cells, the possible applications in research, and the results of the first clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kurreck
- Institute of Industrial Genetics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Gebeshuber CA, Zatloukal K, Martinez J. miR-29a suppresses tristetraprolin, which is a regulator of epithelial polarity and metastasis. EMBO Rep 2009; 10:400-5. [PMID: 19247375 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2009.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several microRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been described as crucial regulators of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. By comparing the expression profiles of miRNAs, we found upregulation of miR-29a in mesenchymal, metastatic RasXT cells relative to epithelial EpRas cells. Overexpression of miR-29a suppressed the expression of tristetraprolin (TTP), a protein involved in the degradation of messenger RNAs with AU-rich 3'-untranslated regions, and led to EMT and metastasis in cooperation with oncogenic Ras signalling. We also observed enhanced miR-29a and reduced TTP levels in breast cancer patient samples, indicating relevance for human disease. Previously, miR-29 family members were shown to have tumour-suppressive effects in haematopoietic, cholangiocytic and lung tumours. Therefore, miRNAs can act as either oncogenes or tumour suppressors, depending on the context.
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