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Robertson JA, Guzman DSM, Graham JL, Stanhope KL, Douglas JM, Havel PJ, Beaufrère H, Knych H, Tully TN, Paul-Murphy JR. Evaluation of Orally Administered Atorvastatin on Plasma Lipid and Biochemistry Profiles in Hypercholesterolemic Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots ( Amazona ventralis). J Avian Med Surg 2020; 34:32-40. [PMID: 32237680 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-34.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Atorvastatin is a synthetic statin administered in its active form and used for the treatment of dyslipidemias. In the current study, the effects of atorvastatin were evaluated on plasma lipid profiles and the potential for adverse effects after once daily PO dosing of atorvastatin for 30 days in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Sixteen adult parrots (10 female, 6 male) with hypercholesterolemia were used for this study. Birds were assigned to 2 groups (treatment and control) of 8 parrots each (3 male, 5 female) after balancing for age, sex, originating institution, and baseline plasma cholesterol values. Compounded atorvastatin oral suspension (10 mg/kg) was administered PO once daily via gavage into the crop. Equivalent volumes of placebo suspension were administered to the control group. Plasma biochemistry and plasma lipid profile analysis (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], and triglycerides [TGs]) were analyzed on days 0, 14, and 30. Plasma samples and HDL-C fractions were evaluated for cholesterol and TG concentrations via enzymatic assays. Subtraction of HDL-C values from total cholesterol yielded the non-HDL-C concentration for each bird. Birds were routinely assessed for appetite, activity, and urofeces. Plasma atorvastatin concentrations were obtained from 7 of 8 birds in the treatment group from banked samples. Those samples were obtained on days 14 and 30, with drug administration 6 to 8 hours before collection. No significant differences were observed in total cholesterol, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, or TG between treatment and control groups at days 0, 14, and 30. Plasma atorvastatin concentrations were variable on day 14 (0.54-5.41 ng/ mL for 6 of 7 samples, with 1 outlier of 307 ng/mL) and on day 30 (0.79-6.74 ng/mL). No adverse effects were noted in any of the birds during the study period. When dosed PO at 10 mg/kg once daily, atorvastatin did not result in significant changes to plasma lipid profiles (eg, lowering of plasma total or non-HDL-C concentrations) at any time point during this study. Future studies to investigate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of atorvastatin in parrots may require increased doses and/or frequency of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Robertson
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA,
| | - James L Graham
- Department of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kimber L Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jamie M Douglas
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Peter J Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Department of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hugues Beaufrère
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Heather Knych
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas N Tully
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-8410, USA
| | - Joanne R Paul-Murphy
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Kan J, Shi H, Liu X, Chen Z. Hypolipidemic effect of proteoglycans isolated from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas LAM) in hyperlipidemia rats. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Paraskevas KI, Hamilton G, Mikhailidis DP. Clinical significance of carotid bruits: an innocent finding or a useful warning sign? Neurol Res 2013; 30:523-30. [DOI: 10.1179/174313208x289525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Beaufrère H, Ammersbach M, Reavill DR, Garner MM, Heatley JJ, Wakamatsu N, Nevarez JG, Tully TN. Prevalence of and risk factors associated with atherosclerosis in psittacine birds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:1696-704. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.12.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yamashita N, Abe R, Nixon AM, Rochier AL, Madri JA, Sumpio BE. Cyclic strain delays the expression of tissue factor induced by thrombin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Int J Angiol 2012; 20:157-66. [PMID: 22942631 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1284475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies of tissue factor (TF) expression in endothelial cells (EC) are performed under stationary culture conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of mechanical stimuli such as cyclic strain (CS) on the expression of TF in EC exposed to thrombin (Thr). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were exposed to 4 U·mL(-1) Thr in the presence or absence of 10% average CS at 60 cycles·min(-1) and then TF expression was measured. TF messenger RNA (mRNA) expression peaked at 2 hours in HUVEC exposed to Thr, but at 4 hours in HUVEC exposed to both Thr + CS. TF expression was inhibited by p38 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) inhibitors. For both Thr or Thr + CS stimuli, p38 and ERK activity peaked at 5 minutes (p < 0.05). Nuclear factor-kappa B levels remained high in the Thr group but not in the Thr + CS group, while Egr-1 levels were elevated in the Thr + CS group. We demonstrated CS-delayed, Thr-induced TF mRNA expression in HUVEC, which may be modulated by p38 and ERK inhibitors.
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Baron YM, Brincat M, Galea R. Iliac vessel wall thickness in menstrual and hormone treated and untreated postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28:409-12. [PMID: 22103925 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2011.632790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess iliac vessel wall thickness in different groups of women. METHOD Three groups of women were menopausal and were classified by hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (n = 32), atherosclerotic risk factors (n = 14) and an untreated group of postmenopausal women (n = 29), two groups of menstrual women, above 35 years (N = 35) and below 35 years (n = 16). In these groups of women, a 3.5 MHz ultrasound was used to assess the combined vessel wall thickness of the right iliac artery inner wall and vein outer wall. RESULTS The iliac vessel wall thickness was found significantly high in the menopausal group of women possessing high risk factors for atherosclerosis (4.3 ± 0.08 mm) and the untreated menopausal group of women (3.9 ± 0.08 mm) compared to the other three groups (p < 0.0001) (Mann-Whitney U test). The vessel wall thickness of the HRT group was 2.96 ± 0.09 mm, the older menstrual group 2.61 ± 0.07 mm, and 2.0 ± 0.06 mm in the young menstrual group. The HRT group had a significantly thicker iliac vessel wall compared to the young menstrual group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These results confirm the significant impact of high risk factors, such as smoking, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes, on the vessel wall thickness due to accelerated atherosclerosis. This study also suggests that the oestrogenaemic state of a woman may affect the health of the vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Muscat Baron
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta.
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Beaufrère H, Nevarez JG, Holder K, Pariaut R, Tully TN, Wakamatsu N. Characterization and classification of psittacine atherosclerotic lesions by histopathology, digital image analysis, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Avian Pathol 2011; 40:531-44. [PMID: 21879992 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2011.607427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a degenerative and inflammatory vascular disease characterized in mammals and birds by the accumulation of inflammatory cells, lipids, calcium, and formation of large fibrofatty lesions within the intima of arteries resulting in the disorganization of the arterial wall and stenosis of the lumen. Despite the high incidence of atherosclerosis in parrots and the high number of case reports, there are few pathologic investigations and the ultrastructural study of the lesions has not been documented. Sixty-three major arteries were collected from 24 psittacine birds of 11 species during routine post-mortem examinations. Samples from the major arteries were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde and 1.25% glutaraldehyde, and processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additional samples were fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin for histological examination. Additional histochemical stains for calcium, elastic fibres, and lipid were performed. Toluidine blue-stained 0.5 µm-thick resin sections were also obtained. Digital image analysis was performed to provide objective quantitative information on the different lesions. The histopathology and ultrastructure of psittacine atherosclerosis were found to be similar to other avian and mammalian species. Seven lesion types could be described, which were similar to the human classification system. Digital image analysis, TEM, and SEM helped to further describe the lesions and refine the classification system. TEM findings were similar to other avian and mammalian species with the notable presence of macrophage-derived and smooth muscle cell-derived foam cells and extracellular lipid. SEM revealed various stages of endothelial surface defects and, occasionally, adherent blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Beaufrère
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, LouisianaState University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Roher AE, Garami Z, Tyas SL, Maarouf CL, Kokjohn TA, Belohlavek M, Vedders LJ, Connor D, Sabbagh MN, Beach TG, Emmerling MR. Transcranial doppler ultrasound blood flow velocity and pulsatility index as systemic indicators for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011; 7:445-55. [PMID: 21388892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple lines of evidence suggest that cardiovascular co-morbidities hasten the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) or accelerate its course. METHODS To evaluate the utility of cerebral vascular physical function and/or condition parameters as potential systemic indicators of AD, transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound was used to assess cerebral blood flow and vascular resistance of the 16 arterial segments comprising the circle of Willis and its major tributaries. RESULTS Our study showed that decreased arterial mean flow velocity and increased pulsatility index are associated with a clinical diagnosis of presumptive AD. Cerebral blood flow impairment shown by these parameters reflects the global hemodynamic and structural consequences of a multifaceted disease process yielding diffuse congestive microvascular pathology, increased arterial rigidity, and decreased arterial compliance, combined with putative age-associated cardiovascular output declines. CONCLUSIONS TCD evaluation offers direct physical confirmation of brain perfusion impairment and might ultimately provide a convenient and a noninvasive means to assess the efficacy of medical interventions on cerebral blood flow or reveal incipient AD. In the near term, TCD-based direct assessments of brain perfusion might offer the prospect of preventing or mitigating AD simply by revealing patients who would benefit from interventions to improve circulatory system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Roher
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA.
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Rochier A, Nixon A, Yamashita N, Abe R, Abe R, Madri JA, Sumpio BE. Laminar shear, but not orbital shear, has a synergistic effect with thrombin stimulation on tissue factor expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Vasc Surg 2011; 54:480-8. [PMID: 21367569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High levels of tissue factor (TF) have been associated with atherosclerotic plaques. The specific pathways linked to TF expression in endothelial cells (ECs) have not been well defined. This study compared TF expression in human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) exposed to laminar shear stress (LSS) using a parallel flow chamber and to orbital shear stress (OSS) using an orbital shaker. We also compared the effects of thrombin (TH) stimulation of ECs exposed to different shear forces on the expression of TF and investigated the role that second messengers, p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), had in the EC response. METHODS HUVECs were subjected to 2, 4, or 6 hours of LSS or OSS in the presence or absence of 4 U/mL of TH. Western blot analysis of ERK1/2 and p38 activation and polymerase chain reaction analysis of TF in the presence of inhibitors to these second messengers was performed in HUVECs subjected to OSS or LSS in the presence or absence of TH. RESULTS TF expression was increased and peaked at 2 hours in all HUVECs exposed to LSS or TH. Stimulation of static HUVECs with TH resulted in an increase in TF expression of 5.68 ± 1.58-, 3.80 ± 1.21-, and 2.54 ± 0.38-fold at 2, 4, and 6 hours, respectively (n = 6 experiments). In the absence of TH, HUVECs exposed to LSS demonstrated a 9.51 ± 0.62-, 7.31 ± 1.43-, and 4.39 ± 1.32-fold increase in TF expression at 2, 4, and 6 hours, respectively (n = 6 experiments). TF was increased significantly more when exposed to LSS in the presence of TH (18.85 ± 1.43-, 15.05 ± 0.95-, and 8.91 ± 1.06-fold increases at 2, 4, and 6 hours, respectively [n = 6 experiments], P < .01). Between-group analysis showed a significant difference between groups (P < .001). OSS did not significantly increase TF expression in the presence or absence of TH. ERK1/2 and p38 activation was increased in LSS and LSS + TH but not in OSS or OSS + TH (n = 3 experiments). CONCLUSION LSS and TH independently increased TF expression, but OSS did not. LSS + TH stimulation showed a synergistic effect, which suggests that these mechanical and chemical stimuli work through different pathways or that an intracellular interaction between TH and LSS may be present that does not occur in OSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Rochier
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Nixon AM, Gunel M, Sumpio BE. The critical role of hemodynamics in the development of cerebral vascular disease. J Neurosurg 2010; 112:1240-53. [DOI: 10.3171/2009.10.jns09759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and intracranial saccular aneurysms predictably localize in areas with complex arterial geometries such as bifurcations and curvatures. These sites are characterized by unique hemodynamic conditions that possibly influence the risk for these disorders. One hemodynamic parameter in particular has emerged as a key regulator of vascular biology—wall shear stress (WSS). Variations in geometry can change the distribution and magnitude of WSS, thus influencing the risk for vascular disorders. Computer simulations conducted using patient-specific data have suggested that departures from normal levels of WSS lead to aneurysm formation and progression. In addition, multiple studies indicate that disturbed flow and low WSS predispose patients to extracranial atherosclerosis, and particularly to carotid artery disease. Conversely, in the case of intracranial atherosclerosis, more studies are needed to provide a firm link between hemodynamics and atherogenesis. The recognition of WSS as an important factor in cerebral vascular disease may help to identify individuals at risk and guide treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murat Gunel
- 2Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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11
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Arneth B. Activation of T-lymphocytes by LDL-cholesterol. Lipids 2008; 44:311-6. [PMID: 19089481 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Native LDL-cholesterol can be mechanically stressed by strong vortexing. According to one hypothesis, mechanical shear stress within the vessel can lead to an aggregation of LDL-cholesterol and subsequently to activation of CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes. The goal of this study was to determine the proportion of activated CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes that is induced by adding unstressed and mechanically stressed LDL-cholesterol to whole blood samples. Whole blood was taken from 12 healthy subjects. All probands fasted for at least 12 h before blood withdrawal. In each case, 1 ml of whole blood from each subject was incubated for 16 h at 32 degrees C (89.3 degrees F) with concanavalin A (A), without additive (B), with mechanically stressed LDL-cholesterol (C) or with native LDL-cholesterol (D). Subsequently, the samples were measured by four-color flow cytometry. CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD69 were measured as activity markers. CD69 was plotted against CD4 and CD8, and the proportions of activated CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes were determined. Native and vortexed LDL-cholesterol elicited significantly different types of T-cell activation. While native LDL activated CD4 T-cells to only a small extent, mechanically stressed (vortexed) LDL potently activated CD8 T-cells. Purely mechanically-induced changes in LDL-cholesterol may be one mechanism that contributes to the activation of CD8 cells and, as a consequence, the emergence of arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borros Arneth
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz, Germany.
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12
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Waje-Andreassen U, Naess H, Thomassen L, Eide GE, Meijer R, Vedeler CA. Ultrasound, atherosclerosis and stroke at a young age: a cross-sectional long-term follow-up in western Norway. Eur J Neurol 2008; 15:512-9. [PMID: 18355304 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous studies have shown significantly higher mortality and vascular morbidity amongst patients with ischaemic stroke onset at a young age compared with controls after a mean observation time of more than 11 years. METHODS In the present cross-sectional study, we measured the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in 140 (75%) of 187 survivors of ischaemic stroke after a mean observation time of 11.9 years. Their mean age when included was 41.1 years. IMT was measured by B-mode ultrasonography. RESULTS Total maximum IMT <1.0 mm was found in 34 (24%) patients, [1.0-1.2 mm) in 29 (21%) patients, [1.2-1.5 mm) in 29 (21%) patients and >or=1.5 mm in 48 (34%) patients. Increasing total maximum IMT was related to increasing age, male gender, recurrent ischaemic stroke, coronary atherosclerosis, peripheral atherosclerosis, smoking, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. DISCUSSION IMT changes confirm increased vascular morbidity in patients who suffered ischaemic stroke at a young age.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Waje-Andreassen
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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Park JW, Yun JE, Park T, Cho E, Jee SH, Jang Y, Beaty TH, Samet JM. Family history of diabetes and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in Korean men and women. Atherosclerosis 2008; 197:224-31. [PMID: 17493625 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The importance of family history of type 2 diabetes (FHD) as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains controversial. A report of diabetes in parents and siblings was used to establish FHD in a cohort of 1,005,230 Koreans aged 30-95 years insured by the National Health Insurance Corporation who had a biennial medical evaluation during 1992-1995. ASCVD morbidity and mortality from 1993 to 2005 were examined in relation to FHD and other ASCVD risk factors. The risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) increased significantly (19%) in men with FHD but not in women. A strong interaction was observed between FHD and personal history of diabetes for the occurrence of ASCVD; men with both diabetes and FHD were at significantly increased risk of developing IHD, cerebrovascular disease and ASCVD with hazard ratios (HR) of 2.28, 2.07, and 2.12, respectively, compared to those who had neither FHD nor type 2 diabetes. Corresponding risks were 2.64, 2.03, and 2.10 in women, respectively. This study demonstrates that risk of ASCVD is increased among those with diabetes and a family history of diabetes; suggesting that genetic factors associated with occurrence of familial diabetes may increase risk of ASCVD beyond the risk among people without FHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wan Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Merki-Feld GS, Imthurn B, Seifert B. Effects of the progestagen-only contraceptive implant Implanon on cardiovascular risk factors. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 68:355-60. [PMID: 17854390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological studies on the cardiovascular risk of progestagen-only contraceptives are rare. With the present study we aimed to investigate the effect of the low-dose etonogestrel-releasing contraceptive implant Implanon on cardiovascular risk factors, including markers of inflammation. DESIGN Longitudinal study. SETTING Family planning centre of a University Hospital. SUBJECTS Thirty-six healthy, nonsmoking women with regular cycles (n = 18 controls without hormonal contraception; n = 18 cases requesting the insertion of Implanon. MEASUREMENTS Blood samples for the determination of C-reactive protein (CRP), nitric oxide (NO), sex hormones and plasma lipids were taken in the early follicular phase of the cycle in both groups. A second sample was taken 12 weeks after Implanon insertion or in the controls during the early follicular phase of cycle 4. RESULTS Implanon treatment caused a 36% decrease in CRP (P < 0.06) and a significant decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL) (P < 0.007), low density lipoprotein (LDL) (P < 0.001), cholesterol (P < 0.001), testosterone (P < 0.05) and SHBG (P < 0.002). Levels of NO, oestradiol and progesterone were not affected in either group. The cholesterol/HDL ratio did not change in Implanon carriers. There was a significant correlation between the cardiovascular risk factors CRP, cholesterol/HDL ratio and NO. CONCLUSION The progestagen-only implant Implanon does not exert a negative effect on the cardiovascular risk factors CRP, cholesterol/HDL ratio and NO. These results suggest that the use of a progestagen-only contraception does not increase cardiovascular risk factors in healthy young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele S Merki-Feld
- Clinic of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Hu Q, Zhang XJ, Zhang C, Zhao YX, He H, Liu CX, Feng JB, Jiang H, Yang FL, Zhang CX, Zhang Y. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ1 Gene Therapy Attenuates Atherosclerosis and Stabilizes Plaques in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:287-299. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xian Jun Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yu Xia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Chun Xi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jin Bo Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Fa Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Chun Xiang Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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Waje-Andreassen U, Naess H, Thomassen L, Eide GE, Vedeler CA. Arterial Events after Ischemic Stroke at a Young Age: A Cross-Sectional Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients and Controls in Western Norway. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007; 24:277-82. [PMID: 17646692 DOI: 10.1159/000105680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little information in the literature on the risk of vascular events among patients after ischemic stroke at a young age. METHODS We examined 144 (77%) of 187 long-term survivors of ischemic stroke and compared them with 167 controls. Mean age of the 187 survivors at inclusion was 41.0 years and mean age of the participating patients was 40.8 years. RESULTS After a mean duration of observation of 11.8 years, we registered arterial events among 54 patients and 14 controls. Ninety patients with index stroke only had no significant risk factors compared with controls without arterial events. Compared with 54 patients with several arterial events, age, incidence of diabetes mellitus, smoking and family history of coronary disease were significantly lower. CONCLUSIONS The results from index-stroke-only patients suggest that a subgroup of patients has a benign course, probably without chronic vascular disease.
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden remains the predominant cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States and in most of the developed world. The ongoing twin epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus provide a groundswell source for sustaining this trend for the foreseeable future (increasing the prevalence of CVD by 2-4 times), unless radical changes are made in public health policy. Oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) remain a mainstay for management of type 2 diabetes in most practice settings. Although these agents are primarily prescribed to achieve better glycemic control, it is important to evaluate what effects they have on cardiovascular risk and whether there are significant differences in effects among the different OHAs. This review presents the available data on the effects of the various OHAs on cardiovascular risk surrogates and actual events in retrospective and prospective study design settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel I Uwaifo
- Georgetown University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia 20003, USA.
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