1
|
Izadifar Z, Sontheimer-Phelps A, Lubamba BA, Bai H, Fadel C, Stejskalova A, Ozkan A, Dasgupta Q, Bein A, Junaid A, Gulati A, Mahajan G, Kim S, LoGrande NT, Naziripour A, Ingber DE. Modeling mucus physiology and pathophysiology in human organs-on-chips. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 191:114542. [PMID: 36179916 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The surfaces of human internal organs are lined by a mucus layer that ensures symbiotic relationships with commensal microbiome while protecting against potentially injurious environmental chemicals, toxins, and pathogens, and disruption of this layer can contribute to disease development. Studying mucus biology has been challenging due to the lack of physiologically relevant human in vitro models. Here we review recent progress that has been made in the development of human organ-on-a-chip microfluidic culture models that reconstitute epithelial tissue barriers and physiologically relevant mucus layers with a focus on lung, colon, small intestine, cervix and vagina. These organ-on-a-chip models that incorporate dynamic fluid flow, air-liquid interfaces, and physiologically relevant mechanical cues can be used to study mucus composition, mechanics, and structure, as well as investigate its contributions to human health and disease with a level of biomimicry not possible in the past.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Izadifar
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | | | - Bob A Lubamba
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Haiqing Bai
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Cicely Fadel
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Anna Stejskalova
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Alican Ozkan
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Queeny Dasgupta
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Amir Bein
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Abidemi Junaid
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Aakanksha Gulati
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Gautam Mahajan
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Seongmin Kim
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Nina T LoGrande
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Arash Naziripour
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Ma X, Yang J, Wu X, Yan Z, He B. Expression Pattern of Cathelicidins in Dairy Cows During Endometritis and Role of Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells in Production of Cathelicidins. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:675669. [PMID: 34616790 PMCID: PMC8489660 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.675669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometritis is a common bacterial disease of dairy cows. Cathelicidins are host-defense peptides that play important roles in clearance of bacteria. However, the expression pattern of these peptides during endometritis is still unclear. We hypothesize that the levels of bovine cathelicidins increased during endometritis. This study was to investigate the changes of bovine cathelicidins during endometritis. Forty-four post-partum cows (28–35 days after calving) involved in this study were grouped according to the character of vaginal discharge (VD) into three groups. These were (1) cows with clear fluid (n = 8, healthy cows group, N); (2) cows with VD containing <50% off-white mucopurulent material (n = 20, moderate endometritis cows, M); (3) cows with VD containing > 50% yellow or white purulent material (n = 16, severe endometritis cows, S). The blood, VD, and endometrial biopsies samples were collected from each cow to assess the levels of cathelicidin 1–7. Furthermore, bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs) were stimulated with different concentration of Escherichia coli (2 × 106 and 2 × 107 CFU/mL) to detect the cellular source of cathelicidins. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the relative mRNA expression of cathelicidins, and enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) method were used to measure the protein levels. The mRNA and protein levels of cathelicidin 1–7 significantly increased during bovine endometritis (both moderate and severe endometritis), while samples from severe cases showed lower levels of cathelicidins compared to moderate cases. BEECs can express cathelicidin 1–7, and E. coli triggered the release of these proteins. High concentration of E. coli decreased the mRNA and protein levels of cathelicidins. Taken together, our results supported that cathelicidins are released as host defense molecules against the bacteria during bovine endometritis, and BEECs play an active role in expression and production of cathelicidins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zuoting Yan
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baoxiang He
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Farr A, Effendy I, Frey Tirri B, Hof H, Mayser P, Petricevic L, Ruhnke M, Schaller M, Schaefer APA, Sustr V, Willinger B, Mendling W. Guideline: Vulvovaginal candidosis (AWMF 015/072, level S2k). Mycoses 2021; 64:583-602. [PMID: 33529414 PMCID: PMC8248160 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 70-75% of women will have vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC) at least once in their lifetime. In premenopausal, pregnant, asymptomatic and healthy women and women with acute VVC, Candida albicans is the predominant species. The diagnosis of VVC should be based on clinical symptoms and microscopic detection of pseudohyphae. Symptoms alone do not allow reliable differentiation of the causes of vaginitis. In recurrent or complicated cases, diagnostics should involve fungal culture with species identification. Serological determination of antibody titres has no role in VVC. Before the induction of therapy, VVC should always be medically confirmed. Acute VVC can be treated with local imidazoles, polyenes or ciclopirox olamine, using vaginal tablets, ovules or creams. Triazoles can also be prescribed orally, together with antifungal creams, for the treatment of the vulva. Commonly available antimycotics are generally well tolerated, and the different regimens show similarly good results. Antiseptics are potentially effective but act against the physiological vaginal flora. Neither a woman with asymptomatic colonisation nor an asymptomatic sexual partner should be treated. Women with chronic recurrent Candida albicans vulvovaginitis should undergo dose-reducing maintenance therapy with oral triazoles. Unnecessary antimycotic therapies should always be avoided, and non-albicans vaginitis should be treated with alternative antifungal agents. In the last 6 weeks of pregnancy, women should receive antifungal treatment to reduce the risk of vertical transmission, oral thrush and diaper dermatitis of the newborn. Local treatment is preferred during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Farr
- Division of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isaak Effendy
- Klinikum Bielefeld Rosenhohe, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Herbert Hof
- Labor Dr. Limbach und Kollegen, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Mayser
- Facharzt für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Biebertal, Germany
| | - Ljubomir Petricevic
- Division of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Ruhnke
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Helios Hospital Aue, Aue, Germany
| | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Valentina Sustr
- Division of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Willinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Mendling
- Deutsches Zentrum fuer Infektionen in Gynaekologie und Geburtshilfe, Wuppertal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kell DB, Heyden EL, Pretorius E. The Biology of Lactoferrin, an Iron-Binding Protein That Can Help Defend Against Viruses and Bacteria. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1221. [PMID: 32574271 PMCID: PMC7271924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a nutrient classically found in mammalian milk. It binds iron and is transferred via a variety of receptors into and between cells, serum, bile, and cerebrospinal fluid. It has important immunological properties, and is both antibacterial and antiviral. In particular, there is evidence that it can bind to at least some of the receptors used by coronaviruses and thereby block their entry. Of importance are Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) and the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as based on other activities lactoferrin might prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from attaching to the host cells. Lactoferrin (and more specifically enteric-coated LF because of increased bioavailability) may consequently be of preventive and therapeutic value during the present COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pruski P, MacIntyre DA, Lewis HV, Inglese P, Correia GDS, Hansel TT, Bennett PR, Holmes E, Takats Z. Medical Swab Analysis Using Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: A Noninvasive Approach for Mucosal Diagnostics. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1540-1550. [PMID: 28208268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Medical swabs are routinely used worldwide to sample human mucosa for microbiological screening with culture methods. These are usually time-consuming and have a narrow focus on screening for particular microorganism species. As an alternative, direct mass spectrometric profiling of the mucosal metabolome provides a broader window into the mucosal ecosystem. We present for the first time a minimal effort/minimal-disruption technique for augmenting the information obtained from clinical swab analysis with mucosal metabolome profiling using desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) analysis. Ionization of mucosal biomass occurs directly from a standard rayon swab mounted on a rotating device and analyzed by DESI MS using an optimized protocol considering swab-inlet geometry, tip-sample angles and distances, rotation speeds, and reproducibility. Multivariate modeling of mass spectral fingerprints obtained in this way readily discriminate between different mucosal surfaces and display the ability to characterize biochemical alterations induced by pregnancy and bacterial vaginosis (BV). The method was also applied directly to bacterial biomass to confirm the ability to detect intact bacterial species from a swab. These results highlight the potential of direct swab analysis by DESI-MS for a wide range of clinical applications including rapid mucosal diagnostics for microbiology, immune responses, and biochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Pruski
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - David A MacIntyre
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London , London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Holly V Lewis
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London , London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Inglese
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gonçalo D S Correia
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor T Hansel
- Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit (ICRRU), St Mary's Hospital, Mint Wing, Imperial College London , London, W2 INY, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip R Bennett
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London , London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Takats
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cassone A. VulvovaginalCandida albicansinfections: pathogenesis, immunity and vaccine prospects. BJOG 2014; 122:785-794. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Cassone
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Center of Functional Genomics; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Southern PJ. Missing out on the biology of heterosexual HIV-1 transmission. Trends Microbiol 2013; 21:245-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
8
|
Pellett Madan R, Herold BC. HIV, sexual violence and special populations: adolescence and pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 69 Suppl 1:61-7. [PMID: 23176128 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of male to female transmission of HIV is impacted by baseline inflammation in the female genital tract, semen viral load and seminal plasma's ability to induce specific patterns of cervical cytokine signalling and influx of immune cell populations. Disruption of the epithelial barrier during non-consensual intercourse may trigger further inflammation and initiation of cell-signalling pathways, thus facilitating transmission of HIV and expansion of local infection. Adolescent and pregnant women are at high risk for sexual violence and may exhibit alterations of genital mucosal immunity that promote immune activation, making them uniquely vulnerable to HIV acquisition.
Collapse
|
9
|
Shankar EM, Velu V, Vignesh R, Vijayaraghavalu S, Rukumani DV, Sabet NS. Recent advances targeting innate immunity-mediated therapies against HIV-1 infection. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 56:497-505. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
10
|
Abrams ET, Miller EM. The roles of the immune system in women's reproduction: evolutionary constraints and life history trade-offs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 146 Suppl 53:134-54. [PMID: 22101690 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Life history theory posits that, as long as survival is assured, finite resources are available for reproduction, maintenance, and growth/storage. To maximize lifetime reproductive success, resources are subject to trade-offs both within individuals and between current and future investment. For women, reproducing is costly and time-consuming; the bulk of available resources must be allocated to reproduction at the expense of more flexible systems like immune function. When reproducing women contract infectious diseases, the resources required for immune activation can fundamentally shift the patterns of resource allocation. Adding to the complexity of the reproductive-immune trade-offs in women are the pleiotropic effects of many immune factors, which were modified to serve key roles in mammalian reproduction. In this review, we explore the complex intersections between immune function and female reproduction to situate proximate immunological processes within a life history framework. After a brief overview of the immune system, we discuss some important physiological roles of immune factors in women's reproduction and the conflicts that may arise when these factors must play dual roles. We then discuss the influence of reproductive-immune trade-offs on the patterning of lifetime reproductive success: (1) the effect of immune activation/infectious disease on the timing of life history events; (2) the role of the immune system, immune activation, and infectious disease on resource allocation within individual reproductive events, particularly pregnancy; and (3) the role of the immune system in shaping the offspring's patterns of future life history trade-offs. We close with a discussion of future directions in reproductive immunology for anthropologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Abrams
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Escribese MM, Rodríguez-García M, Sperling R, Engel SM, Gallart T, Moran TM. Alpha-defensins 1-3 release by dendritic cells is reduced by estrogen. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:118. [PMID: 21861873 PMCID: PMC3175176 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During pregnancy the immune system of the mother must protect any activation that may negatively affect the fetus. Changes in susceptibility to infection as well as resolution of some autoimmune disorders represent empirical evidence for pregnancy related alterations in immunity. Sex hormones reach extremely high levels during pregnancy and have been shown to have direct effects on many immune functions including the antiviral response of dendritic cells. Among the immunologically active proteins secreted by monocyte derived DCs (MDDC) are the alpha-defensins 1-3. This family of cationic antimicrobial peptides has a broad spectrum of microbicidal activity and has also been shown to link innate to adaptive immunity by attracting T cells and immature DCs, which are essential for initiating and polarizing the immune response. METHODS We compare culture-generated monocyte derived DCs (MDDCs) with directly isolated myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and measure their alpha-defensins 1-3 secretion by ELISA both, in basal situations and after hormone (E2 or PG) treatments. Moreover, using a cohort of pregnant women we isolated mDCs from blood and also measure the levels of these anti-microbial peptides along pregnancy. RESULTS We show that mDCs and pDCs constitutively produce alpha-defensins 1-3 and at much higher levels than MDDCs. Alpha-defensins 1-3 production from mDCs and MDDCs but not pDCs is inhibited by E2. PG does not affect alpha-defensins 1-3 in any of the populations. Moreover, alpha-defensins 1-3 production by mDCs was reduced in the later stages of pregnancy in 40% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrate that mDCs and pDCs secrete alpha-defensins 1-3 and present a novel effect of E2 on the secretion of alpha-defensins 1-3 by dendritic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Escribese
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Infections Biology, CIB, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-García
- Service of Immunology, Hospital Clinic Universitari de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Rhoda Sperling
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Mount Sinai School, of Medicine, New York, NY,USA
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teresa Gallart
- Service of Immunology, Hospital Clinic Universitari de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas M Moran
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wira CR, Patel MV, Ghosh M, Mukura L, Fahey JV. Innate immunity in the human female reproductive tract: endocrine regulation of endogenous antimicrobial protection against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65:196-211. [PMID: 21294805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.00970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces of the female reproductive tract (FRT) contain a spectrum of antimicrobials that provide the first line of defense against viruses, bacteria, and fungi that enter the lower FRT. Once thought to be a sterile compartment, the upper FRT is periodically exposed to pathogens throughout the menstrual cycle. More recently, secretions from the upper FRT have been shown to contribute to downstream protection in the lower FRT. In this review, we examine the antimicrobials in FRT secretions made by immune cells and epithelial cells in the upper and lower FRT that contribute to innate protection. Because each site is hormonally regulated to maintain fertility, this review focuses on the contributions of hormone balance during the menstrual cycle to innate immune protection. As presented in this review, studies from our laboratory and others demonstrate that sex hormones regulate antimicrobials produced by innate immune cells throughout the FRT. The goal of this review is to examine the spectrum of antimicrobials in the FRT and the ways in which they are regulated to provide protection against pathogens that compromise reproductive health and threaten the lives of women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Wira
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Retrocyclins and their activity against HIV-1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2231-42. [PMID: 21553001 PMCID: PMC4511374 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0715-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Primate theta-defensins are physically distinguished as the only known fully-cyclic peptides of animal origin. Humans do not produce theta-defensin peptides due to a premature stop codon present in the signal sequence of all six theta-defensin pseudogenes. Instead, since the putative coding regions of human theta-defensin pseudogenes have remained remarkably intact, their corresponding peptides, called “retrocyclins”, have been recreated using solid-phase synthetic approaches. Retrocyclins exhibit an exceptional therapeutic index both as inhibitors of HIV-1 entry and as bactericidal agents, which makes retrocyclins promising candidates for further development as topical microbicides to prevent sexually transmitted diseases. This review presents the evolution, antiretroviral mechanism of action, and potential clinical applications of retrocyclins to prevent sexual transmission of HIV-1.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ling Z, Liu X, Chen X, Zhu H, Nelson KE, Xia Y, Li L, Xiang C. Diversity of cervicovaginal microbiota associated with female lower genital tract infections. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2011; 61:704-714. [PMID: 21287345 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The female genital tract (FGT) harbors very large numbers of bacterial species that are known to play an important role on vaginal health. Previous studies have focused on bacterial diversity in the vagina, but little is known about the ectocervical microbiota associated with FGT infections. In our study, vaginal swabs and ectocervical swabs were collected from 100 participants in China, including 30 women with bacterial vaginosis (BV; BV group), 22 women with cervicitis (Cer group), 18 women with BV in combination with cervicitis (BC group) and 30 healthy control women (CN group). The diversity and richness of cervicovaginal microbiota were investigated with culture-independent polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting 11 microorganisms that have been associated with FGT infections. Despite significant interpersonal variations, the PCR-DGGE profiles revealed that vaginal microbiota and ectocervical microbiota were clearly much more complex in the BV group, while the ectocervical microbiota showed no significant difference between healthy and diseased participants. Using species-specific qPCR, BV and cervicitis were significantly associated with a dramatic decrease in Lactobacillus species (p < 0.05), and potential pathogenic species such as Gardnerella, Atopobium, Eggerthella, Leptotrichia/Sneathia, and Prevotella were more common and in higher copy numbers in BV than in CN samples (p values ranged from 0.000 to 0.021). No significant differences were observed between healthy and cervicitis samples (p > 0.05) in ectocervical microbiota. The total numbers of bacteria were significantly lower in the ectocervix as compared in the vagina (p < 0.05). Intriguingly, vaginal microbiota from participants with BV in combination with cervicitis was quite different from that of participants with BV or cervicitis alone. Our study demonstrated that the cervicovaginal microbiota was actively involved in the process of FGT infections. The predominant bacteria of the cervicovaginal communities were clearly associated with BV; however, there was not sufficient evidence that the ectocervical microbiota is directly involved in the development of cervicitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongxin Ling
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pudney J, Anderson D. Innate and acquired immunity in the human penile urethra. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 88:219-27. [PMID: 21353311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In men, the penile urethra is a primary infection site for sexually transmitted pathogens. Research on the immunology of this mucosal site has been limited in part due to sampling challenges, but available evidence indicates that the urethra contains a rich contingent of immunological mediators that can mount vigorous innate and adaptive immune responses against infectious organisms. Further research is needed to define approaches to stimulate immunity at this mucosal site to prevent the transmission of HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Pudney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
HIV-1 is mainly a sexually transmitted infection, and epithelial surfaces covering genital mucosa are the primary site of HIV-1 transmission. Although male circumcision was reported to reduce male acquisition of HIV-1 by 60%, the initial mechanisms of HIV-1 transmission in the male genitals remain elusive. We established two novel models of the adult human foreskin epithelium that allowed for polarized infection via the mucosal pole with either HIV-1-infected cells that are present in all secretions vectorizing HIV-1 or cell-free HIV-1. Efficient HIV-1 transmission occurs following 1 hr of polarized exposure of the inner, but not outer, foreskin to mononuclear cells highly infected with HIV-1, but not to cell-free virus. HIV-1-infected cells form viral synapses with apical foreskin keratinocytes, leading to polarized budding of HIV-1, which is rapidly internalized by Langerhans cells (LCs) in the inner foreskin. In turn, LCs form conjugates with T-cells, thereby transferring HIV-1. Seminal plasma from HIV-negative men mixed with cervico-vaginal secretions from HIV-positive women, which mimics the in-vivo mixture of these genital fluids during woman-to-man HIV-1 sexual transmission, decreases HIV-1 infection at the foreskin. Our results rationalize at the cellular level the apparent protective outcome of circumcision against HIV-1 acquisition by men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Ganor
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Cell Biology and Host Pathogen Interactions Department, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS-UMR 8104, 22 rue Méchain, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Azizi A, Ghunaim H, Diaz-Mitoma F, Mestecky J. Mucosal HIV vaccines: A holy grail or a dud? Vaccine 2010; 28:4015-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
18
|
Buckheit RW, Watson KM, Morrow KM, Ham AS. Development of topical microbicides to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV. Antiviral Res 2010; 85:142-58. [PMID: 19874851 PMCID: PMC2815091 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Women comprise almost 50% of the population of people living with HIV and the majority of these women contracted the virus through sexual transmission in monogamous relationships in the developing world. In these environments, where women are not empowered to protect themselves through the negotiation of condom use, effective means of preventing HIV transmission are urgently needed. In the absence of an approved and effective vaccine, microbicides have become the strategy of choice to provide women with the ability to prevent HIV transmission from their infected partners. Topical microbicides are agents specifically developed and formulated for use in either the vaginal or rectal environment that prevent infection by sexually transmitted infectious organisms, including pathogenic viruses, bacteria and fungi. Although a microbicidal product will have many of the same properties as other anti-infective agents and would be similarly developed through human clinical trials, microbicide development bears its own challenges related to formulation and delivery and the unique environment in which the product must act, as well as the requirement to develop a product that is acceptable to the user. Herein, perspectives based on preclinical and clinical microbicide development experience, which have led to an evolving microbicide development algorithm, will be discussed. This article forms part of a special issue of Antiviral Research marking the 25th anniversary of anti-retroviral drug discovery and development, Vol 85, issue 1, 2010.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Buckheit
- ImQuest BioSciences, Inc., 7340 Executive Way, Suite R, Frederick, MD 21704, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wathes DC, Cheng Z, Chowdhury W, Fenwick MA, Fitzpatrick R, Morris DG, Patton J, Murphy JJ. Negative energy balance alters global gene expression and immune responses in the uterus of postpartum dairy cows. Physiol Genomics 2009; 39:1-13. [PMID: 19567787 PMCID: PMC2747344 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00064.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Most dairy cows suffer uterine microbial contamination postpartum. Persistent endometritis often develops, associated with reduced fertility. We used a model of differential feeding and milking regimes to produce cows in differing negative energy balance status in early lactation (mild or severe, MNEB or SNEB). Blood hematology was assessed preslaughter at 2 wk postpartum. RNA expression in endometrial samples was compared using bovine Affymetrix arrays. Data were mapped using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Circulating concentrations of IGF-I remained lower in the SNEB group, whereas blood nonesterified fatty acid and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were raised. White blood cell count and lymphocyte number were reduced in SNEB cows. Array analysis of endometrial samples identified 274 differentially expressed probes representing 197 recognized genes between the energy balance groups. The main canonical pathways affected related to immunological and inflammatory disease and connective tissue disorders. Inflammatory response genes with major upregulation in SNEB cows included matrix metalloproteinases, chemokines, cytokines, and calgranulins. Expression of several interferon-inducible genes including ISG20, IFIH1, MX1, and MX2 were also significantly increased in the SNEB cows. These results provide evidence that cows in SNEB were still undergoing an active uterine inflammatory response 2 wk postpartum, whereas MNEB cows had more fully recovered from their energy deficit, with their endometrium reaching a more advanced stage of repair. SNEB may therefore prevent cows from mounting an effective immune response to the microbial challenge experienced after calving, prolonging the time required for uterine recovery and compromising subsequent fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Claire Wathes
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shaw JLV, Petraki C, Watson C, Bocking A, Diamandis EP. Role of tissue kallikrein-related peptidases in cervical mucus remodeling and host defense. Biol Chem 2009; 389:1513-22. [PMID: 18844451 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human tissue kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are 15 hormonally regulated genes on chromosome 19q13.4 encoding secreted serine proteases. Many KLKs are expressed throughout the female reproductive system and found in cervico-vaginal fluid (CVF). Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine KLK localization in the female reproductive system (fallopian tube, endometrium, cervix and vagina tissues). KLK levels were measured in CVF and saliva over the menstrual cycle to study whether KLKs are regulated by hormonal changes during the cycle. In vitro cleavage analysis was performed to establish whether KLKs may play a role in vaginal epithelial desquamation, mucus remodeling or processing of antimicrobial proteins. KLKs were localized in the glandular epithelium of the fallopian tubes and endometrium, the cervical mucus-secreting epithelium and vaginal stratified squamous epithelium. KLK levels peaked in CVF and saliva after ovulation. In vitro cleavage analysis confirmed KLKs 5 and 12 as capable of digesting desmoglein and desmocollin adhesion proteins and cervical mucin proteins 4 and 5B. KLK5 can digest defensin-1alpha, suggesting it may aid in cervico-vaginal host defense. We provide evidence of potential physiological roles for KLKs in cervico-vaginal physiology: in desquamation of vaginal epithelial cells, remodeling of cervical mucus and processing of antimicrobial proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie L V Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto M5T 3L9, ON, Canada and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1L5, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shaw JLV, Diamandis EP. A potential role for tissue kallikrein-related peptidases in human cervico-vaginal physiology. Biol Chem 2008; 389:681-8. [PMID: 18627298 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human tissue kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK) are a family of 15 genes located on chromosome 19q13.4 that encode secreted serine proteases with trypsin- and/or chymotrypsin-like activity. Relatively large levels of many KLKs are present in human cervico-vaginal fluid (CVF) and in the supernatant of cultured human vaginal epithelial cells. Many KLKs are also hormonally regulated in vaginal epithelial cells, particularly by glucocorticoids and estrogens. The physiological role of KLK in the vagina is currently unknown; however, analysis of the CVF proteome has revealed clues for potential KLK functions in this environment. Here, we detail potential roles for KLKs in cervico-vaginal physiology. First, we suggest that KLKs play a role in the vagina similar to their role in skin physiology: (1) in the desquamation of vaginal epithelial cells, similar to their activity in the desquamation of skin corneocytes; and (2) in their ability to activate antimicrobial proteins in CVF as they do in sweat. Consequently, we hypothesize that dysregulated KLK expression in the vagina could lead to the development of pathological conditions such as desquamative inflammatory vaginitis. Second, we propose that KLKs may play a role in premature rupture of membranes and pre-term birth through their cleavage of fetal membrane extracellular matrix proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie L V Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 60 Murray Street, Toronto M5T 3L9, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Turpin JA, Schito ML, Jenkins LMM, Inman JK, Appella E. Topical microbicides: a promising approach for controlling the AIDS pandemic via retroviral zinc finger inhibitors. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2008; 56:229-56. [PMID: 18086414 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)56008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jim A Turpin
- Preventions Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
King AE, Kelly RW, Sallenave JM, Bocking AD, Challis JRG. Innate Immune Defences in the Human Uterus during Pregnancy. Placenta 2007; 28:1099-106. [PMID: 17664005 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The prevention of uterine infection is critical to appropriate fetal development and term delivery. The innate immune system is one component of the uterine environment and has a role in prevention of uterine infection. Natural antimicrobials are innate immune molecules with anti-bacterial, anti-viral and anti-fungal activity. We discuss two groups of natural antimicrobials in relation to pregnancy: (i) the defensins; and (ii) the whey acidic protein motif containing proteins, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) and elafin. Human beta-defensins (HBD) 1-3 are expressed by placental and chorion trophoblast, amnion epithelium and decidua in term and preterm pregnancy. Elafin shows a similar pattern of localisation while SLPI is produced only by amnion epithelium and decidua. Evidence suggests that there is aberrant production of some natural antimicrobials in pathologic conditions of pregnancy. In preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) levels of SLPI and elafin are reduced in amniotic fluid and fetal membranes, respectively. Elafin and HBD3 increase in chorioamnionitis and levels of the alpha-defensins, HNP1-3, increase in maternal plasma and amniotic fluid in women affected by microbial invasion of the uterus. In vitro culture studies have suggested a mechanism for increased production of natural antimicrobials in chorioamnionitis. Elafin, SLPI, HBD2 and 3 are all upregulated by inflammatory molecules in cells derived from gestational tissues. In summary, production of natural antimicrobials at key sites within the pregnant uterus suggests an important role in prevention of uterine infection during pregnancy and labour. Aberrant production of these molecules in PPROM and chorioamnionitis suggests that they also have a role in pathologic conditions. In particular, upregulation of these molecules by inflammatory molecules present in chorioamnionitis will ensure a robust response to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E King
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Trichomonas vaginalis surface proteins: a view from the genome. Trends Parasitol 2007; 23:540-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
25
|
Abstract
HIV infection starts as an acute, systemic infection, followed by a chronic period of clinical latency, usually lasting 3 to 10 years, which precedes the eventual collapse of the immune system. It is increasingly recognized that events occurring during acute HIV infection may determine the natural course of the disease. The very dynamic events of acute HIV infection provide multiple opportunities for biologic interventions, such as anti-retroviral or immune-based therapies. Similarly, the implementation of public health measures during acute HIV infection could help control epidemics or outbreaks. Many of the dramatic possibilities for intervention in acute HIV infection remain unproved, not the least because of traditional difficulty of diagnosing patients during this early period. This article reviews the natural history, pathogenesis and clinical presentation of acute HIV infection, and suggests a diagnostic and therapeutic approach to guide clinicians dealing with patients with suspected or confirmed acute HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Zetola
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Recurrent preterm birth is frequently defined as two or more deliveries before 37 completed weeks of gestation. The recurrence rate varies as a function of the antecedent for preterm birth: spontaneous versus indicated. Spontaneous preterm birth is the result of either preterm labor with intact membranes or preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes. This article reviews the body of literature describing the risk of recurrence of spontaneous and indicated preterm birth. Also discussed are the factors which modify the risk for recurrent spontaneous preterm birth (a short sonographic cervical length and a positive cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin test). Patients with a history of an indicated preterm birth are at risk not only for recurrence of this subtype, but also for spontaneous preterm birth. Individuals of black origin have a higher rate of recurrent preterm birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shali Mazaki-Tovi
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Beth L. Pineles
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Pooja Mittal
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|