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Taylor AP, Davis PJ, Aubrey LD, White JBR, Parton ZN, Staniforth RA. Simple, Reliable Protocol for High-Yield Solubilization of Seedless Amyloid-β Monomer. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 14:53-71. [PMID: 36512740 PMCID: PMC9817077 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide to form toxic oligomers and fibrils is a key causal event in the onset of Alzheimer's disease, and Aβ is the focus of intense research in neuroscience, biophysics, and structural biology aimed at therapeutic development. Due to its rapid self-assembly and extreme sensitivity to aggregation conditions, preparation of seedless, reproducible Aβ solutions is highly challenging, and there are serious ongoing issues with consistency in the literature. In this paper, we use a liquid-phase separation technique, asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation with multiangle light scattering (AF4-MALS), to develop and validate a simple, effective, economical method for re-solubilization and quality control of purified, lyophilized Aβ samples. Our findings were obtained with recombinant peptide but are physicochemical in nature and thus highly relevant to synthetic peptide. We show that much of the variability in the literature stems from the inability of overly mild solvent treatments to produce consistently monomeric preparations and is rectified by a protocol involving high-pH (>12) dissolution, sonication, and rapid freezing to prevent modification. Aβ treated in this manner is chemically stable, can be stored over long timescales at -80 °C, and exhibits remarkably consistent self-assembly behavior when returned to near-neutral pH. These preparations are highly monomeric, seedless, and do not require additional rounds of size exclusion, eliminating the need for this costly procedure and increasing the flexibility of use. We propose that our improved protocol is the simplest, fastest, and most effective way to solubilize Aβ from diverse sources for sensitive self-assembly and toxicity assays.
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2
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Caputo F, Mehn D, Clogston JD, Rösslein M, Prina-Mello A, Borgos SE, Gioria S, Calzolai L. Asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation for measuring particle size, drug loading and (in)stability of nanopharmaceuticals. The joint view of European Union Nanomedicine Characterization Laboratory and National Cancer Institute - Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461767. [PMID: 33310281 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) has been recognized as an invaluable tool for the characterisation of particle size, polydispersity, drug loading and stability of nanopharmaceuticals. However, the application of robust and high quality standard operating procedures (SOPs) is critical for accurate measurements, especially as these complex drug nanoformulations are most often inherently polydisperse. In this review we describe a unique international collaboration that lead to the development of a robust SOP for the measurement of physical-chemical properties of nanopharmaceuticals by multi-detector AF4 (MD-AF4) involving two state of the art infrastructures in the field of nanomedicine, the European Union Nanomedicine Characterization Laboratory (EUNCL) and the National Cancer Institute-Nanotechnology Characterisation Laboratory (NCI-NCL). We present examples of how MD-AF4 has been used for the analysis of key quality attributes, such as particle size, shape, drug loading and stability of complex nanomedicine formulations. The results highlight that MD-AF4 is a very versatile analytical technique to obtain critical information on a material particle size distribution, polydispersity and qualitative information on drug loading. The ability to conduct analysis in complex physiological matrices is an additional very important advantage of MD-AF4 over many other analytical techniques used in the field for stability studies. Overall, the joint NCI-NCL/EUNCL experience demonstrates the ability to implement a powerful and highly complex analytical technique such as MD-AF4 to the demanding quality standards set by the regulatory authorities for the pre-clinical safety characterization of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Caputo
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - D Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - J D Clogston
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory (NCL), Cancer Research, Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - M Rösslein
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Research and Testing, Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, EMPA, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen CH-9014, Switzerland
| | - A Prina-Mello
- LBCAM, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S E Borgos
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - S Gioria
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - L Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
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3
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Tiwari S, Kumar V, Randhawa S, Verma SK. Preparation and characterization of extracellular vesicles. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 85:e13367. [PMID: 33118232 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous membranous vesicles secreted by every cell type and offer significant potential in therapy and diagnostics. Differential ultracentrifugation is the gold standard for EV isolation, although other techniques including, polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, immunoprecipitation, size exclusion chromatography, and immuno-isolation approaches are common. Purified EVs can be characterized based on their physical characteristics, biochemical composition, or cell of origin. For size and concentration measurement, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and electron microscopy are commonly employed methods. Biochemical analyses of EVs are typically performed using flow cytometry, immunoblotting, or proteomic investigation. Based on tissue of origin, EVs have specific markers that can be used to isolate and purify specific cell-associated EVs using an affinity selection approach. Despite existence of several methods for isolation and characterization, major limitations associated with each method hinder the progress of the field. Evolving concepts in EV biology possess great promise for better isolation and characterization leading to a better insight of biological function and have immense clinical implications. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in EV isolation and characterization approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swasti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi PGI, Lucknow, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi PGI, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Santosh K Verma
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi PGI, Lucknow, India
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Melnyk T, Đorđević S, Conejos-Sánchez I, Vicent MJ. Therapeutic potential of polypeptide-based conjugates: Rational design and analytical tools that can boost clinical translation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 160:136-169. [PMID: 33091502 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The clinical success of polypeptides as polymeric drugs, covered by the umbrella term "polymer therapeutics," combined with related scientific and technological breakthroughs, explain their exponential growth in the development of polypeptide-drug conjugates as therapeutic agents. A deeper understanding of the biology at relevant pathological sites and the critical biological barriers faced, combined with advances regarding controlled polymerization techniques, material bioresponsiveness, analytical methods, and scale up-manufacture processes, have fostered the development of these nature-mimicking entities. Now, engineered polypeptides have the potential to combat current challenges in the advanced drug delivery field. In this review, we will discuss examples of polypeptide-drug conjugates as single or combination therapies in both preclinical and clinical studies as therapeutics and molecular imaging tools. Importantly, we will critically discuss relevant examples to highlight those parameters relevant to their rational design, such as linking chemistry, the analytical strategies employed, and their physicochemical and biological characterization, that will foster their rapid clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Melnyk
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Polymer Therapeutics Lab, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Snežana Đorđević
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Polymer Therapeutics Lab, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Conejos-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Polymer Therapeutics Lab, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - María J Vicent
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Polymer Therapeutics Lab, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
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5
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Zhang H, Lyden D. Asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation technology for exomere and small extracellular vesicle separation and characterization. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:1027-1053. [PMID: 30833697 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe the protocol development and optimization of asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) technology for separating and characterizing extracellular nanoparticles (ENPs), particularly small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), known as exosomes, and even smaller novel nanoparticles, known as exomeres. This technique fractionates ENPs on the basis of hydrodynamic size and demonstrates a unique capability to separate nanoparticles with sizes ranging from a few nanometers to an undefined level of micrometers. ENPs are resolved by two perpendicular flows-channel flow and cross-flow-in a thin, flat channel with a semi-permissive bottom wall membrane. The AF4 separation method offers several advantages over other isolation methods for ENP analysis, including being label-free, gentle, rapid (<1 h) and highly reproducible, as well as providing efficient recovery of analytes. Most importantly, in contrast to other available techniques, AF4 can separate ENPs at high resolution (1 nm) and provide a large dynamic range of size-based separation. In conjunction with real-time monitors, such as UV absorbance and dynamic light scattering (DLS), and an array of post-separation characterizations, AF4 facilitates the successful separation of distinct subsets of exosomes and the identification of exomeres. Although the whole procedure of cell culture and ENP isolation from the conditioned medium by ultracentrifugation (UC) can take ~3 d, the AF4 fractionation step takes only 1 h. Users of this technology will require expertise in the working principle of AF4 to operate and customize protocol applications. AF4 can contribute to the development of high-quality, exosome- and exomere-based molecular diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zhang
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David Lyden
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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6
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Bobbi E, Sabagh B, Cryan SA, Wilson JA, Heise A. Anisotropic polymer nanoparticles with solvent and temperature dependent shape and size from triblock copolymers. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00363k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By the combination of RAFT and N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) polymerisation triblock copolymers were designed able to form responsive spherical and non-spherical particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bobbi
- Department of Chemistry
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI)
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Bassem Sabagh
- Postnova Analytics UK Ltd
- Malvern Hills Science Park
- Malvern
- UK
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering
- Trinity College Dublin (TCD)
- Dublin
- Ireland
- Drug Delivery & Advanced Materials Team
| | - James A. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI)
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM)
| | - Andreas Heise
- Department of Chemistry
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI)
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM)
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7
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Wang W, Luo J, Wang S. Recent Progress in Isolation and Detection of Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer Diagnostics. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800484. [PMID: 30009550 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as one of the many new and promising biomarkers for liquid biopsy of cancer due to their loading capability of some specific proteins and nucleic acids that are closely associated with cancer states. As such, the isolation and detection of cancer-derived EVs offer important information in noninvasive diagnosis of early-stage cancer and real-time monitoring of cancer development. In light of the importance of EVs, over the last decade, researchers have made remarkable innovations to advance the development of EV isolation and detection methods by taking advantage of microfluidics, biomolecule probes, nanomaterials, surface plasmon, optics, and so on. This review introduces the basic properties of EVs and common cancer-derived EV ingredients, and provides a comprehensive overview of EV isolation and detection strategies, with emphasis on liquid biopsies of EVs for cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Jing Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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8
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Spinnrock A, Cölfen H. Control of Molar Mass Distribution by Polymerization in the Analytical Ultracentrifuge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8284-8287. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Spinnrock
- Physical ChemistryUniversity of Konstanz Universitätsstrasse 10, Box 714 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Helmut Cölfen
- Physical ChemistryUniversity of Konstanz Universitätsstrasse 10, Box 714 78457 Konstanz Germany
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9
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Spinnrock A, Cölfen H. Kontrolle der Molmassenverteilung durch Polymerisation in der analytischen Ultrazentrifuge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Spinnrock
- Physikalische ChemieUniversität Konstanz Universitätsstraße 10, Box 714 78457 Konstanz Deutschland
| | - Helmut Cölfen
- Physikalische ChemieUniversität Konstanz Universitätsstraße 10, Box 714 78457 Konstanz Deutschland
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10
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Kowalkowski T, Sugajski M, Buszewski B. Impact of Ionic Strength of Carrier Liquid on Recovery in Flow Field-Flow Fractionation. Chromatographia 2018; 81:1213-1218. [PMID: 30220732 PMCID: PMC6132554 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) and hollow-fiber flow field-flow fractionation (HF5) are techniques widely used in analytical, industrial and biological analyses. The main problem in all AF4 and HF5 analyses is sample loss due to analyte–membrane interactions. In this work the impact of liquid carrier composition on latex nanoparticles (NPs) separation in water and two different concentrations of NH4NO3 was studied. In AF4, a constant trend of decreasing the size of 60 and 121.9 nm particles induced by the ionic strength of the carrier liquid has been observed. In contrast, an agglomeration effect of the biggest 356 nm particles was observed when increasing ionic strength, which induced a significant drop of recovery to 35%. H5F provides better resolution and intensified peaks of NPs, but careful optimisation of system parameters is mandatory to obtain good separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kowalkowski
- 1Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland.,2Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Mateusz Sugajski
- 1Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland.,2Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- 1Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland.,2Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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11
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12
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Syshchyk O, Afanasenkau D, Wang Z, Kriegs H, Buitenhuis J, Wiegand S. Influence of temperature and charge effects on thermophoresis of polystyrene beads ⋆. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2016; 39:129. [PMID: 28000048 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2016-16129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We study the thermodiffusion behavior of spherical polystyrene beads with a diameter of 25 nm by infrared thermal diffusion Forced Rayleigh Scattering (IR-TDFRS). Similar beads were used to investigate the radial dependence of the Soret coefficient by different authors. While Duhr and Braun (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 9346 (2007)) observed a quadratic radial dependence Braibanti et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 108303 (2008)) found a linear radial dependence of the Soret coefficient. We demonstrated that special care needs to be taken to obtain reliable thermophoretic data, because the measurements are very sensitive to surface properties. The colloidal particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments were performed. We carried out systematic thermophoretic measurements as a function of temperature, buffer and surfactant concentration. The temperature dependence was analyzed using an empirical formula. To describe the Debye length dependence we used a theoretical model by Dhont. The resulting surface charge density is in agreement with previous literature results. Finally, we analyze the dependence of the Soret coefficient on the concentration of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), applying an empirical thermodynamic approach accounting for chemical contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Syshchyk
- ICS-3, Soft Condensed Matter, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, D-52428, Juelich, Germany
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dzmitry Afanasenkau
- ICS-3, Soft Condensed Matter, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, D-52428, Juelich, Germany
| | - Zilin Wang
- ICS-3, Soft Condensed Matter, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, D-52428, Juelich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kriegs
- ICS-3, Soft Condensed Matter, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, D-52428, Juelich, Germany
| | - Johan Buitenhuis
- ICS-3, Soft Condensed Matter, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, D-52428, Juelich, Germany
| | - Simone Wiegand
- ICS-3, Soft Condensed Matter, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, D-52428, Juelich, Germany.
- Chemistry Department - Physical Chemistry, University Cologne, D-50939, Cologne, Germany.
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13
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Mousavi SA, Yousefi T, Saghir Z. Effect of gravity orientation in the study of thermodiffusion. CAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.22710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Arash Mousavi
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department; Ryerson University; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Tooraj Yousefi
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department; Ryerson University; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Ziad Saghir
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department; Ryerson University; Toronto ON Canada
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14
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McClements J, McClements DJ. Standardization of Nanoparticle Characterization: Methods for Testing Properties, Stability, and Functionality of Edible Nanoparticles. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:1334-62. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.970267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Pasch H. Advanced fractionation methods for the microstructure analysis of complex polymers. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; University of Stellenbosch; Private Bag X1 7602 Stellenbosch South Africa
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16
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Sverzhinsky A, Qian S, Yang L, Allaire M, Moraes I, Ma D, Chung JW, Zoonens M, Popot JL, Coulton JW. Amphipol-Trapped ExbB–ExbD Membrane Protein Complex from Escherichia coli: A Biochemical and Structural Case Study. J Membr Biol 2014; 247:1005-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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17
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Wagner M, Barthel MJ, Freund RRA, Hoeppener S, Traeger A, Schacher FH, Schubert US. Solution self-assembly of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(furfuryl glycidyl ether)-block-poly(allyl glycidyl ether) based triblock terpolymers: a field-flow fractionation study. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00863d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Elias HG. Transport in Solutions. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527627233.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Santacruz S. Characterisation of cationic potato starch by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. Influence of ionic strength and degree of substitution. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 106:166-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Predicting thermodiffusion in an arbitrary binary liquid hydrocarbon mixtures using artificial neural networks. Neural Comput Appl 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-014-1603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Hiller W, Sinha P, Hehn M, Pasch H. Online LC-NMR – From an expensive toy to a powerful tool in polymer analysis. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Ciric J, Petrovic DM, Loos K. Polysaccharide Biocatalysis: From Synthesizing Carbohydrate Standards to Establishing Characterization Methods. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Ciric
- Department of Polymer Chemistry & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Dejan M. Petrovic
- Department of Polymer Chemistry & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Department of Polymer Chemistry & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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23
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Wagner M, Pietsch C, Tauhardt L, Schallon A, Schubert US. Characterization of cationic polymers by asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation and multi-angle light scattering—A comparison with traditional techniques. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1325:195-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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24
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Hiller W, van Aswegen W, Hehn M, Pasch H. Online ThFFF–NMR: A Novel Tool for Molar Mass and Chemical Composition Analysis of Complex Macromolecules. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400350y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Werner van Aswegen
- Department of Chemistry and
Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Mathias Hehn
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and
Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
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25
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A neurocomputing model to calculate the thermo-solutal diffusion in liquid hydrocarbon mixtures. Neural Comput Appl 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-012-1217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Dutz S, Kuntsche J, Eberbeck D, Müller R, Zeisberger M. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation of superferrimagnetic iron oxide multicore nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:355701. [PMID: 22875740 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/35/355701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles are very useful for various medical applications where each application requires particles with specific magnetic properties. In this paper we describe the modification of the magnetic properties of magnetic multicore nanoparticles (MCNPs) by size dependent fractionation. This classification was carried out by means of asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4). A clear increase of the particle size with increasing elution time was confirmed by multi-angle laser light scattering coupled to the AF4 system, dynamic light scattering and Brownian diameters determined by magnetorelaxometry. In this way 16 fractions of particles with different hydrodynamic diameters, ranging between around 100 and 500 nm, were obtained. A high reproducibility of the method was confirmed by the comparison of the mean diameters of fractions of several fractionation runs under identical conditions. The hysteresis curves were measured by vibrating sample magnetometry. Starting from a coercivity of 1.41 kA m(-1) for the original MCNPs the coercivity of the particles in the different fractions varied from 0.41 to 3.83 kA m(-1). In our paper it is shown for the first time that fractions obtained from a broad size distributed MCNP fluid classified by AF4 show a strong correlation between hydrodynamic diameter and magnetic properties. Thus we state that AF4 is a suitable technology for reproducible size dependent classification of magnetic multicore nanoparticles suspended as ferrofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Dutz
- Institute of Photonic Technology, Department of Nano Biophotonics, Jena, Germany.
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27
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Rebolj K, Pahovnik D, Žagar E. Characterization of a Protein Conjugate Using an Asymmetrical-Flow Field-Flow Fractionation and a Size-Exclusion Chromatography with Multi-Detection System. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7374-83. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3010378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Rebolj
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Pahovnik
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre of Excellence for Polymer Materials and Technologies, Tehnološki
park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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28
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Kuntsche J, Decker C, Fahr A. Analysis of liposomes using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation: Separation conditions and drug/lipid recovery. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1993-2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christiane Decker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena; Germany
| | - Alfred Fahr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena; Germany
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29
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Makan AC, Otte T, Pasch H. Analysis of High Molar Mass Branched Polybutadienes by SEC-MALLS and AF4-MALLS. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3007812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwell C. Makan
- Department of Chemistry and
Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Tino Otte
- Postnova Analytics GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 14, 86899 Landsberg, Germany
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and
Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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30
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Suresh KI, Bartsch E. Effect of seed characteristics on morphology development in poly(n-butyl acrylate)-poly(n-butyl methacrylate) core-shell dispersions. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Mittal V. Molecular Weight Distributions of Polymer Solutions: Combination of Field Flow Fractionation (FFF) and Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUC). J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2011.579821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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32
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Yohannes G, Jussila M, Hartonen K, Riekkola ML. Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation technique for separation and characterization of biopolymers and bioparticles. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4104-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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33
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Dieckmann Y, Cölfen H, Hofmann H, Petri-Fink A. Particle size distribution measurements of manganese-doped ZnS nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3889-95. [PMID: 19374425 DOI: 10.1021/ac900043y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We performed particle size and particle size distribution measurements for L-cysteine-stabilized ZnS/Mn nanoparticles in the size region below 10 nm. For this we applied transmission electron microscopy (TEM), analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and asymmetric flow field flow fractionation (aF-FFF) measurements, and we calculated particle sizes with the help of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and the shift of the band gap absorption in the UV-vis spectrum. The different methods are explained, and their limitations are discussed, with the conclusion that only a combination of different techniques can yield a realistic and complete picture about the size distribution of the sample. From these methods TEM, AUC, DLS, and aF-FFF measure the actual particle size distribution either in dispersion or after drying of the sample, whereas the particle size obtained from XRD patterns and with the help of the band gap widening corresponds to the average size of the crystal domains within the particles. We obtained particle size distributions with their maximum between 3 and 7 nm and a mean crystallite size of 3.5-4 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Dieckmann
- Laboratory of Powder Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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34
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35
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Augsten C, Kiselev MA, Gehrke R, Hause G, Mäder K. A detailed analysis of biodegradable nanospheres by different techniques--a combined approach to detect particle sizes and size distributions. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 47:95-102. [PMID: 18242917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 12/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanosupensions as intravenous nanosphere systems were produced by solvent deposition in aqueous Poloxamer 188 solutions. Light scattering techniques were applied to these colloidal systems to characterize particle sizes. Regularly shaped spherical particles were received as proved by freeze fracture replica and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). SAXS was performed using intensive synchrotron radiation. Particle sizes were calculated from the small-angle part of scattering curve that were in good agreement with z-average values received from photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). The flow field-flow fractionation (FlFFF) fractograms in combination with multi-angle light scattering (MALS) allowed an easy detection of maximum particle sizes what is most important for parenteral systems. Furthermore, high quality size distributions were received due to the separation step prior to size characterization. The calculated average size values exhibited a good correlation with z-averages determined by PCS. Only for suspensions of broader size distributions, higher deviations were observed. Comparing particle sizes with and without Poloxamer, differences in diameters resulted that were quantified. The additional Poloxamer shell was not able to be removed by an intensive washing during FlFFF focusing and separation. Especially FlFFF/MALS proved to be a valuable tool to characterize the pharmaceutical nanosuspensions in detail what is of great importance especially for controlled drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Augsten
- Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, 06120 Halle, Germany
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36
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Leeman M, Islam MT, Haseltine WG. Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation coupled with multi-angle light scattering and refractive index detections for characterization of ultra-high molar mass poly(acrylamide) flocculants. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1172:194-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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DAQIQ LAILA, FELLOWS CHRISTOPHERM, BEKES FERENC, LEES EDITH. METHODOLOGIES FOR SYMMETRICAL-FLOW FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION ANALYSIS OF POLYMERIC GLUTENIN. J Texture Stud 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4603.2007.00098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Chen Z, Chauhan A. Electrochemical response and separation in cyclic electric field-flow fractionation. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:724-39. [PMID: 17265539 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Electric field-flow fractionation (EFFF) is a separation technique that couples a lateral electric field with axial Poiseuille flow to separate particles on the basis of size and/or mobility. In unidirectional EFFF, the field rapidly decreases in time due to charging of the double layer. The field strength could be increased by performing EFFF with cyclic electric fields. In cyclic electric field-flow fractionation (CEFFF), a periodic voltage, which can be either sinusoidal or square-wave, is applied in the lateral direction. In this paper, we measure the electrochemical response of CEFFF, i.e., the current-time response for a given time-dependent voltage and then utilize this electrochemical response in a transport model to predict separation. The CEFFF device studied here comprises two gold-coated glass plates separated by a spacer. The transient current profiles are measured for a step change and cyclic square-shaped voltage. The current profile is compared with the equivalent circuit model, and is fitted to a sum of two decaying exponentials. The dependence of the electrochemical response on voltage, frequency, channel thickness, and salt concentration is studied. Next, the electrochemical data are utilized in the convection-diffusion equation to develop a model for separation by CEFFF. The equations are solved by using a combination of analytical and numerical techniques to determine the mean velocity and the dispersion coefficient of molecules, and to determine the effect of various parameters on the separation efficiency of the EFFF device. Also, the model predictions are compared with experimental data available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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39
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Kowalkowski T, Buszewski B, Cantado C, Dondi F. Field-Flow Fractionation: Theory, Techniques, Applications and the Challenges. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340600713702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Kowalkowski
- a Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecoanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Toruń, Poland
| | - B. Buszewski
- a Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecoanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Toruń, Poland
| | - C. Cantado
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Ferrara , Ferrara, Italy
| | - F. Dondi
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Ferrara , Ferrara, Italy
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40
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Leeman M, Wahlund KG, Wittgren B. Programmed cross flow asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation for the size separation of pullulans and hydroxypropyl cellulose. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1134:236-45. [PMID: 16963058 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Different functions for the programming of the cross flow in asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation were studied with the aim to find the flow conditions most suitable for the molar mass distribution analysis of high molecular weight polysaccharides. A mixture of four differently sized pullulans covering the molar mass range 5.8 x 10(3)-1.6 x 10(6) g mol(-1) were used as a model sample. Two types of programs were studied, linear and exponential decays, both with and without initial periods of a constant cross flow. For comparison, nonprogrammed runs, i.e. using constant cross flow, were studied. It was found that exponentially decaying cross flow gave the most uniform molar mass selectivity across the fractogram. The programmed cross flow was applied to the molar mass distribution analysis of a technical quality of hydroxypropyl cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Leeman
- Department of Technical Analytical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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41
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Loos K, Böker A, Zettl H, Zhang M, Krausch G, Müller AHE. Micellar Aggregates of Amylose-block-polystyrene Rod−Coil Block Copolymers in Water and THF. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0345549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Loos
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Physikalische Chemie II, and Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Physikalische Chemie II, and Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Heiko Zettl
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Physikalische Chemie II, and Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mingfu Zhang
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Physikalische Chemie II, and Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Georg Krausch
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Physikalische Chemie II, and Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Axel H. E. Müller
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Physikalische Chemie II, and Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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42
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Fraunhofer W, Winter G. The use of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation in pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2004; 58:369-83. [PMID: 15296962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Field-flow fractionation (FFF) is a family of flexible analytical fractionating techniques which have the advantage that the separation of analytes is achieved, solely through the interaction of the sample with an external, perpendicular physical field, rather than by the interaction with a stationary phase. The rapid progress in pharmaceutical biotechnology goes along with an increasing demand in potent, high-efficient analytical methods. Thus, FFF techniques are gaining increasing attention for their ability to separate and characterize populations of polymers, colloids and particles of up to about 100 microm in size. It is the intention of this review to provide an overview on common FFF techniques, to summarize inherent advantages and limitations and to introduce both established and challenging applications in the (bio)pharmaceutical field. Thereby, asymmetrical flow FFF is addressed predominantly, since it is the most versatile applicable FFF technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Fraunhofer
- Abbott GmbH and Co. KG, Department Pharmaceutical Development, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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43
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Valentini M, Vaccaro A, Rehor A, Napoli A, Hubbell JA, Tirelli N. Diffusion NMR Spectroscopy for the Characterization of the Size and Interactions of Colloidal Matter: The Case of Vesicles and Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:2142-7. [PMID: 14971949 DOI: 10.1021/ja037247r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the application of the pulse gradient spin-echo (PGSE) NMR technique (PGSE NMR) to the analysis of large colloidal materials, specifically vesicles formed from macromolecular amphiphiles and nanoparticles. Measurements of size and size distribution were demonstrated to be comparable to those obtained through dynamic light scattering or hydrodynamic chromatography. In comparison to these more common analytical methods, the use of PGSE NMR is particularly advantageous in that, as a spectroscopic technique, it adds chemical selectivity to the study of physical dimensions. In this way, chemically different species contemporarily present in a sample may be individually studied. In addition, we demonstrate the use of PGSE NMR to probe the existence of equilibria between macroamphiphiles present in solution and those present in vesicles or on the surface of nanoparticles. This feature in particular opens exciting possibilities for the characterization of the phase behavior and of the surface adsorption phenomena of colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Valentini
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular Materials Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
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44
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Amphiphilic polysaccharides. Evidence for a competition between intra and intermolecular associations in dilute system. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Maskos M, Schupp W. Circular Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation for the Semipreparative Separation of Particles. Anal Chem 2003; 75:6105-8. [PMID: 14615988 DOI: 10.1021/ac034394z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new technique for the separation and characterization of particles and polymers based on asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation was developed. The new circular asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation instrument (CAFFFE) resembles a quasi-parallel arrangement of 12 individual flow channels. As compared to the classical asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF-FFF), which can be used so far only for analytical separation and characterization of particles and polymers, the CAFFFE allows the introduction of higher amounts of sample into the channel in a single run so that semipreparative to preparative separation becomes possible. This was demonstrated by the separation of polymer latex standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maskos
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Mainz, Welder Weg 11, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
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46
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Sanz R, Battu S, Puignou L, Galceran MT, Cardot PJP. Sonication effect on cellular material in sedimentation and gravitational field flow fractionation. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1002:145-54. [PMID: 12885086 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sonication procedures are generally used prior to field flow fractionation (FFF) separation in order to produce suspensions without aggregates. Yeast cells manufactured in active dry wine yeast (ADWY) were placed in an ultrasound water bath in order to disrupt possible clumps and to obtain a single-cell suspension to be used in optimal conditions during fermentation processes. In order to determine whether this sample preparation procedure meets absolute needs, different yeast samples before and after sonication were analysed by two field flow fractionation techniques. It is shown that 2 min of sonication in the sample preparation process is sufficient to obtain an optimal dispersion of the yeast cells, that is, without critical percentage of aggregates. To demonstrate this effect, photographs of the yeast cell suspensions were performed with non-sonicated and sonicated yeast sample dispersion. The resulting data are compared with the elution profiles obtained from the two different FFF techniques. It is demonstrated that fractogram profiles prove the effectiveness of sonication methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sanz
- Department de Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, 1-11 Martí i Franquès, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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47
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Walther C. Comparison of colloid investigations by single particle analytical techniques—a case study on thorium-oxyhydroxides. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7757(02)00562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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48
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Determination of Thermodiffusion Parameters from Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation Retention Data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45791-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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49
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Frankema W, van Bruijnsvoort M, Tijssen R, Kok WT. Characterisation of core-shell latexes by flow field-flow fractionation with multi-angle light scattering detection. J Chromatogr A 2002; 943:251-61. [PMID: 11833645 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Flat channel asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation with multi-angle light scattering (MALS) detection was used to study the swelling behaviour of core-shell particles with either carboxylated or hydroxylated shells as a function of pH and ionic strength. The equilibration time of the most heavily carboxylated core-shells appeared to be of the order of several hours. At low ionic strength (5 mM), the carboxylated core-shells showed a definite swelling response to a change in pH in the range from 5 to 10, ranging from a hydrodynamic radius increase of 24 to 118%, depending on the degree of carboxylation. A much milder response was found for the change of the root mean square (r.m.s.) radius as measured with MALS, indicating that the scattering plane is moving inwards during the swelling process due to a decreasing density of the shell. The hydroxylated core-shells appeared to be inert to a change in pH. Also the response of two expanded (pH 10) carboxylated core-shells on increasing ionic strength was studied. Comparison of the results of these ionic strength experiments with theoretical predictions based on Donnan equilibrium led us to the conclusion that a significant amount of counter-ion condensation may take place in the shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijbren Frankema
- Polymer-Analysis Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Bowen P. Particle Size Distribution Measurement from Millimeters to Nanometers and from Rods to Platelets. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/dis-120015368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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