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Caputo F, Vogel R, Savage J, Vella G, Law A, Della Camera G, Hannon G, Peacock B, Mehn D, Ponti J, Geiss O, Aubert D, Prina-Mello A, Calzolai L. Measuring particle size distribution and mass concentration of nanoplastics and microplastics: addressing some analytical challenges in the sub-micron size range. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 588:401-417. [PMID: 33422789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The implementation of the proposal from the European Chemical Agency (ECHA) to restrict the use of nanoplastics (NP) and microplastics (MP) in consumer products will require reliable methods to perform size and mass-based concentration measurements. Analytical challenges arise at the nanometre to micrometre interface, e.g., 800 nm-10 µm, where techniques applicable at the nanometre scale reach their upper limit of applicability and approaches applicable at the micrometre scale must be pushed to their lower limits of detection. EXPERIMENTS Herein, we compared the performances of nine analytical techniques by measuring the particle size distribution and mass-based concentration of polystyrene mixtures containing both nano and microparticles, with the educational aim to underline applicability and limitations of each technique. FINDINGS Light scattering-based measurements do not have the resolution to distinguish multiple populations in polydisperse samples. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), nano-flowcytometry (nFCM) and asymmetric flow field flow fractionation hyphenated with multiangle light scattering (AF4-MALS) cannot measure particles in the micrometre range. Static light scattering (SLS) is not able to accurately detect particles below 200 nm, and similarly to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and flow cytometry (FCM), is not suitable for accurate mass-based concentration measurements. Alternatives for high-resolution sizing and concentration measurements in the size range between 60 nm and 5 µm are tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) and centrifugal liquid sedimentation (CLS), that can bridge the gap between the nanometre and micrometre range.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Caputo
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - R Vogel
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; IZON Science Ltd., Burnside, Christchurch 8053, New Zealand
| | - J Savage
- LBCAM, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G Vella
- LBCAM, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Law
- NanoFCM Co., Ltd, Medicity, Building D6, Thane Road, Nottingham NG90 6BH, UK
| | - G Della Camera
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - G Hannon
- LBCAM, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B Peacock
- NanoFCM Co., Ltd, Medicity, Building D6, Thane Road, Nottingham NG90 6BH, UK
| | - D Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - J Ponti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - O Geiss
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - D Aubert
- NanoFCM Co., Ltd, Medicity, Building D6, Thane Road, Nottingham NG90 6BH, UK
| | - A Prina-Mello
- LBCAM, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; AMBER Centre, CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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Caputo F, Mehn D, Clogston JD, Rösslein M, Prina-Mello A, Borgos SE, Gioria S, Calzolai L. Asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation for measuring particle size, drug loading and (in)stability of nanopharmaceuticals. The joint view of European Union Nanomedicine Characterization Laboratory and National Cancer Institute - Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461767. [PMID: 33310281 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) has been recognized as an invaluable tool for the characterisation of particle size, polydispersity, drug loading and stability of nanopharmaceuticals. However, the application of robust and high quality standard operating procedures (SOPs) is critical for accurate measurements, especially as these complex drug nanoformulations are most often inherently polydisperse. In this review we describe a unique international collaboration that lead to the development of a robust SOP for the measurement of physical-chemical properties of nanopharmaceuticals by multi-detector AF4 (MD-AF4) involving two state of the art infrastructures in the field of nanomedicine, the European Union Nanomedicine Characterization Laboratory (EUNCL) and the National Cancer Institute-Nanotechnology Characterisation Laboratory (NCI-NCL). We present examples of how MD-AF4 has been used for the analysis of key quality attributes, such as particle size, shape, drug loading and stability of complex nanomedicine formulations. The results highlight that MD-AF4 is a very versatile analytical technique to obtain critical information on a material particle size distribution, polydispersity and qualitative information on drug loading. The ability to conduct analysis in complex physiological matrices is an additional very important advantage of MD-AF4 over many other analytical techniques used in the field for stability studies. Overall, the joint NCI-NCL/EUNCL experience demonstrates the ability to implement a powerful and highly complex analytical technique such as MD-AF4 to the demanding quality standards set by the regulatory authorities for the pre-clinical safety characterization of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Caputo
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - D Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - J D Clogston
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory (NCL), Cancer Research, Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - M Rösslein
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Research and Testing, Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, EMPA, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen CH-9014, Switzerland
| | - A Prina-Mello
- LBCAM, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S E Borgos
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - S Gioria
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - L Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
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Parot J, Caputo F, Mehn D, Hackley VA, Calzolai L. Physical characterization of liposomal drug formulations using multi-detector asymmetrical-flow field flow fractionation. J Control Release 2020; 320:495-510. [PMID: 32004590 PMCID: PMC7146538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Liposomal formulations for the treatment of cancer and other diseases are the most common form of nanotechnology enabled pharmaceuticals (NEPs) submitted for market approval and in clinical application today. The accurate characterization of their physical-chemical properties is a key requirement; in particular, size, size distribution, shape, and physical-chemical stability are key among properties that regulators identify as critical quality attributes. Here we develop and validate an optimized method, based on multi-detector asymmetrical-flow field flow fractionation (MD-AF4) to accurately and reproducibly separate liposomal drug formulations into their component populations and to characterize their associated size and size distribution, whether monomodal or polymodal in nature. In addition, the results show that the method is suitable to measure liposomes in the presence of serum proteins and can yield information on the shape and physical stability of the structures. The optimized MD-AF4 based method has been validated across different instrument platforms, three laboratories, and multiple drug formulations following a comprehensive analysis of factors that influence the fractionation process and subsequent physical characterization. Interlaboratory reproducibility and intra-laboratory precision were evaluated, identifying sources of bias and establishing criteria for the acceptance of results. This method meets a documented high priority need in regulatory science as applied to NEPs such as Doxil and can be adapted to the measurement of other NEP forms (such as lipid nanoparticle therapeutics) with some modifications. Overall, this method will help speed up development of NEPS, and facilitate their regulatory review, ultimately leading to faster translation of innovative concepts from the bench to the clinic. Additionally, the approach used in this work (based on international collaboration between leading non-regulatory institutions) can be replicated to address other identified gaps in the analytical characterization of various classes of NEPs. Finally, a plan exists to pursue more extended interlaboratory validation studies to advance this method to a consensus international standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Parot
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8520, United States; Theiss Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - F Caputo
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - D Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - V A Hackley
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8520, United States.
| | - L Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
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Mehn D, Caputo F, Rösslein M, Calzolai L, Saint-Antonin F, Courant T, Wick P, Gilliland D. Larger or more? Nanoparticle characterisation methods for recognition of dimers. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02432k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Larger or more? Our article dissects the problem of understanding the origin of size heterogeneity in polydispersed nanoparticle samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Mehn
- European Commission
- DG Joint Research Centre
- 21027 Ispra
- Italy
| | - F. Caputo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- F38000 Grenoble
- France
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus
- Grenoble
| | - M. Rösslein
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- St. Gallen
- Switzerland
| | - L. Calzolai
- European Commission
- DG Joint Research Centre
- 21027 Ispra
- Italy
| | - F. Saint-Antonin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- F38000 Grenoble
- France
- CEA, LITEN
- Minatec Campus
| | - T. Courant
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- F38000 Grenoble
- France
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus
- Grenoble
| | - P. Wick
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- St. Gallen
- Switzerland
| | - D. Gilliland
- European Commission
- DG Joint Research Centre
- 21027 Ispra
- Italy
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Picciolini S, Castagnetti N, Vanna R, Mehn D, Bedoni M, Gramatica F, Villani M, Calestani D, Pavesi M, Lazzarini L, Zappettini A, Morasso C. Branched gold nanoparticles on ZnO 3D architecture as biomedical SERS sensors. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13280k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new 3D surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrate made of branched gold nanoparticles supported on ZnO tetrapods that was proved to be effective in different biomedical application such as drug detection and cancer cells analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Picciolini
- LABION – Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics
- Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS
- Milan
- Italy
| | | | - R. Vanna
- LABION – Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics
- Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS
- Milan
- Italy
| | - D. Mehn
- LABION – Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics
- Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS
- Milan
- Italy
| | - M. Bedoni
- LABION – Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics
- Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS
- Milan
- Italy
| | - F. Gramatica
- LABION – Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics
- Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS
- Milan
- Italy
| | | | | | - M. Pavesi
- Parma University
- Phys. Dept
- Parma
- Italy
| | | | | | - C. Morasso
- LABION – Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics
- Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS
- Milan
- Italy
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Vanna R, Ronchi P, Lenferink ATM, Tresoldi C, Morasso C, Mehn D, Bedoni M, Picciolini S, Terstappen LWMM, Ciceri F, Otto C, Gramatica F. Label-free imaging and identification of typical cells of acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome by Raman microspectroscopy. Analyst 2015; 140:1054-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02127d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heamatopoietic cancer cells from patients were objectively and accurately recognized by high-resolution Raman imaging and their characteristic Raman spectra.
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Glavinas H, von Richter O, Vojnits K, Mehn D, Wilhelm I, Nagy T, Janossy J, Krizbai I, Couraud P, Krajcsi P. Calcein assay: a high-throughput method to assess P-gp inhibition. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:712-9. [PMID: 21657832 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.587033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Transporter mediated drug-drug interactions (tDDI) mediated by ABCB1 have been shown to be clinically relevant. Hence, the assessment of the ABCB1 tDDI potential early in the drug development process has gained interest. We have evaluated the Calcein assay as a means of assessing the ABCB1 tDDI that is amenable to high throughout and compared it with the monolayer efflux assay. We found the Calcein assay, when performed in K562MDR cells using the protocol originally published more sensitive than digoxin transport inhibition in MDCKII-MDR1 cells. Application of the Calcein assay to cell lines containing different amounts of ABCB1, yielded IC(50) values that varied 10-100-fold. The differences observed for IC(50) values for the same compounds were in the following rank order: IC(50, MDCKII-MDR1) >IC(50, K562MDR)>IC(50, hCMEC/D3). Higher IC(50) values were obtained in cells with higher ABCB1 expression. The Calcein assay is a high-throughput alternative to digoxin transport inhibition as it appears to have a comparable selectivity but higher sensitivity than previously published digoxin transport inhibition in MDCKII-MDR1 cells. In addition, it can be performed in a barrier-specific manner highlighting the dependence of ABCB1 IC(50) values on different ABCB1 expression levels.
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Ruiz A, Zychowicz M, Buzanska L, Mehn D, Mills C, Martinez E, Coecke S, Samitier J, Colpo P, Rossi F. Single Stem Cell Positioning on Polylysine and Fibronectin Microarrays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2174/1876402910901010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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