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Kumari P, Yadav S, Sarkar S, Satheeshkumar PK. Cleavage of cell junction proteins as a host invasion strategy in leptospirosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:119. [PMID: 38204132 PMCID: PMC10781872 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Infection and invasion are the prerequisites for developing the disease symptoms in a host. While the probable mechanism of host invasion and pathogenesis is known in many pathogens, very little information is available on Leptospira invasion/pathogenesis. For causing systemic infection Leptospira must transmigrate across epithelial barriers, which is the most critical and challenging step. Extracellular and membrane-bound proteases play a crucial role in the invasion process. An extensive search for the proteins experimentally proven to be involved in the invasion process through cell junction cleavage in other pathogens has resulted in identifying 26 proteins. The similarity searches on the Leptospira genome for counterparts of these 26 pathogenesis-related proteins identified at least 12 probable coding sequences. The proteins were either extracellular or membrane-bound with a proteolytic domain to cleave the cell junction proteins. This review will emphasize our current understanding of the pathogenic aspects of host cell junction-pathogenic protein interactions involved in the invasion process. Further, potential candidate proteins with cell junction cleavage properties that may be exploited in the diagnostic/therapeutic aspects of leptospirosis will also be discussed. KEY POINTS: • The review focussed on the cell junction cleavage proteins in bacterial pathogenesis • Cell junction disruptors from Leptospira genome are identified using bioinformatics • The review provides insights into the therapeutic/diagnostic interventions possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kumari
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Suhani Yadav
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Sresha Sarkar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Padikara K Satheeshkumar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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2
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Sedarat Z, Taylor-Robinson AW. Helicobacter pylori Outer Membrane Proteins and Virulence Factors: Potential Targets for Novel Therapies and Vaccines. Pathogens 2024; 13:392. [PMID: 38787244 PMCID: PMC11124246 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gastric oncopathogen that infects over half of the world's human population. It is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, helix-shaped bacterium that is equipped with flagella, which provide high motility. Colonization of the stomach is asymptomatic in up to 90% of people but is a recognized risk factor for developing various gastric disorders such as gastric ulcers, gastric cancer and gastritis. Invasion of the human stomach occurs via numerous virulence factors such as CagA and VacA. Similarly, outer membrane proteins (OMPs) play an important role in H. pylori pathogenicity as a means to adapt to the epithelial environment and thereby facilitate infection. While some OMPs are porins, others are adhesins. The epithelial cell receptors SabA, BabA, AlpA, OipA, HopQ and HopZ have been extensively researched to evaluate their epidemiology, structure, role and genes. Moreover, numerous studies have been performed to seek to understand the complex relationship between these factors and gastric diseases. Associations exist between different H. pylori virulence factors, the co-expression of which appears to boost the pathogenicity of the bacterium. Improved knowledge of OMPs is a major step towards combatting this global disease. Here, we provide a current overview of different H. pylori OMPs and discuss their pathogenicity, epidemiology and correlation with various gastric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sedarat
- Cellular & Molecular Research Centre, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord 8813833435, Iran;
| | - Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Gia Lam District, Hanoi 67000, Vietnam
- Center for Global Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 1904, USA
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3
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Gao Y, Wang R, Liu L, Feng S, Xi X, Yu W, Gu Y, Wang Y. Identification and characterization of shark VNARs targeting the Helicobacter pylori adhesin HpaA. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 51:509-519. [PMID: 37695066 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2255635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is recognized as a pathogen associated with several gastrointestinal diseases. The current treatments exhibit numerous drawbacks, including antibiotic resistance. H. pylori can adhere to and colonize the gastric mucosa through H. pylori adhesin A (HpaA), and antibodies against HpaA may be an effective therapeutic approach. The variable domain of immunoglobulin new antigen receptor (VNAR) is a novel type of single-domain antibody with a small size, good stability, and easy manufacturability. This study isolated VNARs against HpaA from an immune shark VNAR phage display library. The VNARs can bind both recombinant and native HpaA proteins. The VNARs, 2A2 and 3D6, showed high binding affinities to HpaA with different epitopes. Furthermore, homodimeric bivalent VNARs, biNb-2A2 and biNb-3D6, were constructed to enhance the binding affinity. The biNb-2A2 and biNb-3D6 had excellent stability at gastrointestinal pH conditions. Finally, a sandwich ELISA assay was developed to quantify the HpaA protein using BiNb-2A2 as the capture antibody and BiNb-3D6 as the detection antibody. This study provides a potential foundation for novel alternative approaches to treatment or diagnostics applications of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Gao
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Ruihong Wang
- The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Shitao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Xi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Wengong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Yuchao Gu
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Ye Wang
- The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P.R. China
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4
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Xu Y, Walduck AK, Pan H. Editorial: The pathogenesis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori-induced diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1219503. [PMID: 37469603 PMCID: PMC10352097 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1219503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anna K. Walduck
- Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | - Huafeng Pan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Backert S, Linz B, Tegtmeyer N. Helicobacter pylori-Induced Host Cell DNA Damage and Genetics of Gastric Cancer Development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:185-206. [PMID: 38231219 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a very serious and deadly disease worldwide with about one million new cases every year. Most gastric cancer subtypes are associated with genetic and epigenetic aberrations caused by chromosome instability, microsatellite instability or Epstein-Barr virus infection. Another risk factor is an infection with Helicobacter pylori, which also triggers severe alterations in the host genome. This pathogen expresses an extraordinary repertoire of virulence determinants that take over control of important host cell signaling functions. In fact, H. pylori is a paradigm of persistent infection, chronic inflammation and cellular destruction. In particular, H. pylori profoundly induces chromosomal DNA damage by introducing double-strand breaks (DSBs) followed by genomic instability. DSBs appear in response to oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory transcription during the S-phase of the epithelial cell cycle, which mainly depends on the presence of the bacterial cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI)-encoded type IV secretion system (T4SS). This scenario is closely connected with the T4SS-mediated injection of ADP-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose (ADP-heptose) and oncoprotein CagA. While ADP-heptose links transcription factor NF-κB-induced innate immune signaling with RNA-loop-mediated DNA replication stress and introduction of DSBs, intracellular CagA targets the tumor suppressor BRCA1. The latter scenario promotes BRCAness, a disease characterized by the deficiency of effective DSB repair. In addition, genetic studies of patients demonstrated the presence of gastric cancer-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in immune-regulatory and other genes as well as specific pathogenic germline variants in several crucial genes involved in homologous recombination and DNA repair, all of which are connected to H. pylori infection. Here we review the molecular mechanisms leading to chromosomal DNA damage and specific genetic aberrations in the presence or absence of H. pylori infection, and discuss their importance in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Bodo Linz
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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Teng KW, Hsieh KS, Hung JS, Wang CJ, Liao EC, Chen PC, Lin YH, Wu DC, Lin CH, Wang WC, Chan HL, Huang SK, Kao MC. Helicobacter pylori employs a general protein glycosylation system for the modification of outer membrane adhesins. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2130650. [PMID: 36206406 PMCID: PMC9553153 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2130650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with the development of several gastric diseases including gastric cancer. To reach a long-term colonization in the host stomach, H. pylori employs multiple outer membrane adhesins for binding to the gastric mucosa. However, due to the redundancy of adhesins that complement the adhesive function of bacteria, targeting each individual adhesin alone usually achieves nonideal outcomes for preventing bacterial adhesion. Here, we report that key adhesins AlpA/B and BabA/B in H. pylori are modified by glycans and display a two-step molecular weight upshift pattern from the cytoplasm to the inner membrane and from the inner membrane to the outer membrane. Nevertheless, this upshift pattern is missing when the expression of some enzymes related to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis, including the LPS O-antigen assembly and ligation enzymes WecA, Wzk, and WaaL, is disrupted, indicating that the underlying mechanisms and the involved enzymes for the adhesin glycosylation are partially shared with the LPS biosynthesis. Loss of the adhesin glycosylation not only reduces the protease resistance and the stability of the tested adhesins but also changes the adhesin-binding ability. In addition, mutations in the LPS biosynthesis cause a significant reduction in bacterial adhesion in the in vitro cell-line model. The current findings reveal that H. pylori employs a general protein glycosylation system related to LPS biosynthesis for adhesin modification and its biological significance. The enzymes required for adhesin glycosylation rather than the adhesins themselves are potentially better drug targets for preventing or treating H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Wen Teng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Siang Hsieh
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Shiuan Hung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - En-Chi Liao
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Department of Medical Science, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Chan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Department of Medical Science, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Ku Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Mou-Chieh Kao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,CONTACT Mou-Chieh Kao Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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Valdez-Salazar HA, Ares MA, Fernández FJ, Ibarra JA, Torres J, Bustamante VH, De la Cruz MA. Long-chain fatty acids alter transcription of Helicobacter pylori virulence and regulatory genes. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12270. [PMID: 34760355 PMCID: PMC8567857 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori is one of the most important risk factors for developing gastric cancer (GC). The type IV secretion system (T4SS) encoded in the cag pathogenicity island is the main virulence factor of H. pylori associated with GC. Additionally, other virulence factors have been shown to play a role in the H. pylori virulence, such as vacuolizing cytotoxin (VacA), urease, flagella, and adhesins. Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) are signaling molecules that affect the transcription of virulence genes in several pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella enterica, Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the effect of LCFAs on the transcription of H. pylori virulence and regulatory genes remains unknown. Here we analyzed whether the transcription of virulence genes that encode T4SS and cellular envelope components, flagellins, adhesins, toxins, urease, as well as the transcription of different regulatory genes of the H. pylori strain 26695, are altered by the presence of five distinct LCFAs: palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. Palmitic and oleic acids up-regulated the transcription of most of the virulence genes tested, including cagL, cagM, flaB, sabA, mraY and vacA, as well as that of the genes encoding the transcriptional regulators NikR, Fur, CheY, ArsR, FlgR, HspR, HsrA, Hup, and CrdR. In contrast, the other LCFAs differentially affected the transcription of the virulence and regulatory genes assessed. Our data show that LCFAs can act as signaling molecules that control the transcription of the H. pylori virulome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda A Valdez-Salazar
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Posgrado en Biología Experimental, DCBS., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Ares
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Fernández
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Metabolismo Secundario, Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Antonio Ibarra
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Víctor H Bustamante
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Miguel A De la Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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Adhesin HpaA of Helicobacter pylori Promoted Migration of AGS Cells via IL-21 Secretion from HpaA-induced CD4+T Cells. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.101137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: As known, there is a high correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma. Objectives: Concerning the important role of adhesin HpaA of H. pylori in the infection process, we aimed to explore whether HpaA promotes gastric cancer metastasis. Methods: In this study, the levels of IL-21, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in patients’ biopsies with H. pylori infection were compared with post-treatment condition. The levels of IL-21 from CD4+ T cells and culture supernatants with the recombinant HpaA treatment were detected, and then the levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and metastasis were detected and verified via AGS cells co-cultured with aforesaid CD4+ T cells. Results: Our results showed that higher levels of IL-21, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in patients’ biopsies with H. pylori infection than without H. pylori infection. Adhesin HpaA induced more IL-21 via CD4+ T cells, and IL-21 induced high MMP-2 and MMP-9 via AGS cells. In particular, HpaA caused this serial reaction to improve the migration of AGS cells, and aptamer HA6 (our previous report) and anti-IL-21 mcAb reduced the above phenomenon remarkably. Conclusions: In summary, our research suggested that adhesin HpaA plays a significant role in the process of gastric carcinoma cell metastasis via IL-21 from HpaA-induced T cells, and aptamer HA6 may be a potential therapeutic agent for H. pylori treatment.
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Identification of Functional Interactome of Gastric Cancer Cells with Helicobacter pylori Outer Membrane Protein HpaA by HPLC-MS/MS. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1052926. [PMID: 32566649 PMCID: PMC7293730 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1052926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
HpaA as an outer membrane protein of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) plays a significant role in the adhesion to the human stomach, but the functional relation between HpaA and gastric epithelial cells is still not clear. To screen the interaction between HpaA and cellular proteins in gastric epithelial cells, the HpaA protein from H. pylori 26695 fused with a tag (6× His) was expressed and purified successfully, the secondary structure was estimated by the Circular Dichroism (CD) spectrum, and the purified recombinant protein was used to perform the pull-down assays with gastric cancer cell lines (AGS and SGC-7901) lysates, respectively. The pull-down proteins were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry system (HPLC-MS/MS). A total of 9 and 13 proteins related were analyzed from AGS and SGC-7901 cell lysates, respectively. ANXA2 was considered as putative HpaA functional partner discovered from lysates of both cell lines with high score and coverage. It is hypothesized that HpaA may be involved in the biological process of regulation of transcription and nucleic acid metabolism during the adhesion of H. pylori to human gastric epithelial cells, and HpaA-binding proteins also be used as targets for the development of antiadhesion drugs against H. pylori.
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Tegtmeyer N, Ghete TD, Schmitt V, Remmerbach T, Cortes MCC, Bondoc EM, Graf HL, Singer BB, Hirsch C, Backert S. Type IV secretion of Helicobacter pylori CagA into oral epithelial cells is prevented by the absence of CEACAM receptor expression. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:25. [PMID: 32435278 PMCID: PMC7222478 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori typically colonizes the human stomach, but it can occasionally be detected in the oral cavity of infected persons. Clinical outcome as a result of gastric colonization depends on presence of the pathogenicity island cagPAI that encodes a type-IV secretion system (T4SS) for translocation of the effector protein CagA and ADP-heptose. Upon injection into target cells, CagA is phosphorylated, which can be demonstrated by in vitro infection of the gastric epithelial cell line AGS, resulting in cell elongation. Here we investigated whether H. pylori can exert these responses during interaction with cells from the oral epithelium. To this purpose, three oral epithelial cell lines, HN, CAL-27 and BHY, were infected with various virulent wild-type H. pylori strains, and CagA delivery and ADP-heptose-mediated pro-inflammatory responses were monitored. Results All three oral cell lines were resistant to elongation upon infection, despite similar bacterial binding capabilities. Moreover, T4SS-dependent CagA injection was absent. Resistance to CagA delivery was shown to be due to absence of CEACAM expression in these cell lines, while these surface molecules have recently been recognized as H. pylori T4SS receptors. Lack of CEACAM expression in HN, CAL-27 and BHY cells was overcome by genetic introduction of either CEACAM1, CEACAM5, or CEACAM6, which in each of the cell lines was proven sufficient to facilitate CagA delivery and phosphorylation upon H. pylori infection to levels similar to those observed with the gastric AGS cells. Pro-inflammatory responses, as measured by interleukin-8 ELISA, were induced to high levels in each cell line and CEACAM-independent. Conclusions These results show that lack of CEACAM receptors on the surface of the oral epithelial cells was responsible for resistance to H. pylori CagA-dependent pathogenic activities, and confirms the important role for the T4SS-dependent interaction of these receptors with H. pylori in the gastric epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Tegtmeyer
- 1Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tabita Denisia Ghete
- 1Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Verena Schmitt
- 2Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten Remmerbach
- 3Division of Clinical and Experimental Oral Medicine, Department of OMF-Surgery, Leipzig University Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Celeste C Cortes
- 4Center for Basic Science Research (CBSR), Research and Biotechnology (R&B), St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Edgardo M Bondoc
- 5Institute for Digestive and Liver Diseases, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Hans-Ludwig Graf
- 6Department of Oral, Maxillary, Facial and Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernhard B Singer
- 2Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Hirsch
- 7Department of Paediatric Dentistry, University School of Dental Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- 1Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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