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Aydin AG, Lemenze A, Bieszczad KM. Functional diversities within neurons and astrocytes in the adult rat auditory cortex revealed by single-nucleus RNA sequencing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.16.589831. [PMID: 38659766 PMCID: PMC11042262 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.16.589831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex is composed of a rich diversity of cell types. Cortical cells are organized into networks that rely on their functional diversity to ultimately carry out a variety of sophisticated cognitive functions. To investigate the breadth of transcriptional diverse cell types in the sensory cortex, we have used single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) in the auditory cortex of the adult rat. A variety of unique excitatory and inhibitory neuron types were identified. In addition, we report for the first time a diversity of astrocytes in the auditory cortex that may represent functionally unique subtypes. Together, these results pave the way for building models of how neurons in the sensory cortex work in concert with astrocytes at synapses to fulfill high-cognitive functions like learning and memory.
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2
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Bruno D, Gicas KM, Jauregi‐Zinkunegi A, Mueller KD, Lamar M. Delayed primacy recall performance predicts post mortem Alzheimer's disease pathology from unimpaired ante mortem cognitive baseline. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 16:e12524. [PMID: 38239330 PMCID: PMC10795090 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
We propose a novel method to assess delayed primacy in the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) memory test. We then examine whether this measure predicts post mortem Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology in individuals who were clinically unimpaired at baseline. A total of 1096 individuals were selected from the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center database registry. All participants were clinically unimpaired at baseline, and had subsequently undergone brain autopsy. Average age at baseline was 78.8 (6.92). A Bayesian regression analysis was carried out with global pathology as an outcome; demographic, clinical, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) data as covariates; and cognitive predictors, including delayed primacy. Global AD pathology was best predicted by delayed primacy. Secondary analyses showed that delayed primacy was mostly associated with neuritic plaques, whereas total delayed recall was associated with neurofibrillary tangles. Sex differential associations were observed. We conclude that CERAD-derived delayed primacy is a useful metric for early detection and diagnosis of AD in unimpaired individuals. Highlights We propose a novel method to analyse serial position in the CERAD memory test.We analyse data from 1096 individuals who were cognitively unimpaired at baseline.Delayed primacy predicts post mortem pathology better than traditional metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bruno
- School of PsychologyLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | | | | | - Kimberly D. Mueller
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's InstituteSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of Communication Sciences and DisordersUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Melissa Lamar
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
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3
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Li R, Huang J, Li L, Zhao Z, Liang S, Liang S, Wang M, Liao X, Lyu J, Zhou Z, Wang S, Jin W, Chen H, Holder D, Liu H, Zhang J, Li M, Tang Y, Remy S, Pakan JMP, Chen X, Jia H. Holistic bursting cells store long-term memory in auditory cortex. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8090. [PMID: 38062015 PMCID: PMC10703882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The sensory neocortex has been suggested to be a substrate for long-term memory storage, yet which exact single cells could be specific candidates underlying such long-term memory storage remained neither known nor visible for over a century. Here, using a combination of day-by-day two-photon Ca2+ imaging and targeted single-cell loose-patch recording in an auditory associative learning paradigm with composite sounds in male mice, we reveal sparsely distributed neurons in layer 2/3 of auditory cortex emerged step-wise from quiescence into bursting mode, which then invariably expressed holistic information of the learned composite sounds, referred to as holistic bursting (HB) cells. Notably, it was not shuffled populations but the same sparse HB cells that embodied the behavioral relevance of the learned composite sounds, pinpointing HB cells as physiologically-defined single-cell candidates of an engram underlying long-term memory storage in auditory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Li
- Advanced Institute for Brain and Intelligence and School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Longhui Li
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Zhikai Zhao
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Susu Liang
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Jing Lyu
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Zhenqiao Zhou
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Sibo Wang
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Wenjun Jin
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, 400064, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Damaris Holder
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hongbang Liu
- Advanced Institute for Brain and Intelligence and School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jianxiong Zhang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Min Li
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Yuguo Tang
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Stefan Remy
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral and Brain Science (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Janelle M P Pakan
- Center for Behavioral and Brain Science (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Institute for Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto von Guericke University, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, 400064, China.
| | - Hongbo Jia
- Advanced Institute for Brain and Intelligence and School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), 39118, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience and the SyNergy Cluster, Technical University of Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany.
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4
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Graham G, Chimenti MS, Knudtson KL, Grenard DN, Co L, Sumner M, Tchou T, Bieszczad KM. Learning induces unique transcriptional landscapes in the auditory cortex. Hear Res 2023; 438:108878. [PMID: 37659220 PMCID: PMC10529106 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2023.108878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Learning can induce neurophysiological plasticity in the auditory cortex at multiple timescales. Lasting changes to auditory cortical function that persist over days, weeks, or even a lifetime, require learning to induce de novo gene expression. Indeed, transcription is the molecular determinant for long-term memories to form with a lasting impact on sound-related behavior. However, auditory cortical genes that support auditory learning, memory, and acquired sound-specific behavior are largely unknown. Using an animal model of adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats, this report is the first to identify genome-wide changes in learning-induced gene expression within the auditory cortex that may underlie long-lasting discriminative memory formation of acoustic frequency cues. Auditory cortical samples were collected from animals in the initial learning phase of a two-tone discrimination sound-reward task known to induce sound-specific neurophysiological and behavioral effects. Bioinformatic analyses on gene enrichment profiles from bulk RNA sequencing identified cholinergic synapse (KEGG rno04725), extra-cellular matrix receptor interaction (KEGG rno04512), and neuroactive receptor interaction (KEGG rno04080) among the top biological pathways are likely to be important for auditory discrimination learning. The findings characterize candidate effectors underlying the early stages of changes in cortical and behavioral function to ultimately support the formation of long-term discriminative auditory memory in the adult brain. The molecules and mechanisms identified are potential therapeutic targets to facilitate experiences that induce long-lasting changes to sound-specific auditory function in adulthood and prime for future gene-targeted investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Graham
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ, USA; Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - M S Chimenti
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - K L Knudtson
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - D N Grenard
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - L Co
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - M Sumner
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - T Tchou
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - K M Bieszczad
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ, USA; Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ, USA; Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ, USA; Dept. of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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5
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Graham G, Chimenti MS, Knudtson KL, Grenard DN, Co L, Sumner M, Tchou T, Bieszczad KM. Learning induces unique transcriptional landscapes in the auditory cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.15.536914. [PMID: 37090563 PMCID: PMC10120736 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.15.536914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Learning can induce neurophysiological plasticity in the auditory cortex at multiple timescales. Lasting changes to auditory cortical function that persist over days, weeks, or even a lifetime, require learning to induce de novo gene expression. Indeed, transcription is the molecular determinant for long-term memories to form with a lasting impact on sound-related behavior. However, auditory cortical genes that support auditory learning, memory, and acquired sound-specific behavior are largely unknown. This report is the first to identify in young adult male rats (Sprague-Dawley) genome-wide changes in learning-induced gene expression within the auditory cortex that may underlie the formation of long-lasting discriminative memory for acoustic frequency cues. Auditory cortical samples were collected from animals in the initial learning phase of a two-tone discrimination sound-reward task known to induce sound-specific neurophysiological and behavioral effects (e.g., Shang et al., 2019). Bioinformatic analyses on gene enrichment profiles from bulk RNA sequencing identified cholinergic synapse (KEGG 04725), extra-cellular matrix receptor interaction (KEGG 04512) , and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction (KEGG 04080) as top biological pathways for auditory discrimination learning. The findings characterize key candidate effectors underlying changes in cortical function that support the initial formation of long-term discriminative auditory memory in the adult brain. The molecules and mechanisms identified are potential therapeutic targets to facilitate lasting changes to sound-specific auditory function in adulthood and prime for future gene-targeted investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Graham
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ
| | - M S Chimenti
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, Univ. of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - K L Knudtson
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, Univ. of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - D N Grenard
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ
| | - L Co
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ
| | - M Sumner
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ
| | - T Tchou
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ
| | - K M Bieszczad
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ
- Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ
- Dept. of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
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6
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The potential role of the cholecystokinin system in declarative memory. Neurochem Int 2023; 162:105440. [PMID: 36375634 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the central nervous system, cholecystokinin (CCK) has been suggested to be associated with higher brain functions, including learning and memory. In this review, we examined the potential role of the CCK system in declarative memory. First, we summarized behavioral studies that provide evidence for an important role of CCK in two forms of declarative memory-fear memory and spatial memory. Subsequently, we examined the electrophysiological studies that support the diverse roles of CCK-2 receptor activation in neocortical and hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and discussed the potential mechanisms that may be involved. Last but not least, we discussed whether the reported CCK-mediated synaptic plasticity can explain the strong influence of the CCK signaling system in neocortex and hippocampus dependent declarative memory. The available research supports the role of CCK-mediated synaptic plasticity in neocortex dependent declarative memory acquisition, but further study on the association between CCK-mediated synaptic plasticity and neocortex dependent declarative memory consolidation and retrieval is necessary. Although a direct link between CCK-mediated synaptic plasticity and hippocampus dependent declarative memory is missing, noticeable evidence from morphological, behavioral, and electrophysiological studies encourages further investigation regarding the potential role of CCK-dependent synaptic plasticity in hippocampus dependent declarative memory.
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7
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da Silva ER, Rodrigues Menezes IR, Brys I. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Memory of Elderly People with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2022; 14:11795735221106887. [PMID: 35769949 PMCID: PMC9234827 DOI: 10.1177/11795735221106887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is one of the most studied non-invasive neuromodulation techniques, presenting itself as a promising technique for several pathologies, such as cognitive decline. Objectives The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the effects of tDCS on the memory of elderly people with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease, in order to describe the main protocols used, and to investigate the therapeutic effectiveness of this technique. Data Sources and Methods 869 studies reporting controlled clinical trials were found in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Lilacs, PsycArticles and Scielo, from which 13 met the expected requirements and were included in the final analysis. Results There was a great variability in the stimulation protocols used in the studies; and methodological weaknesses were observed, such as absence of sample size calculation, and of information on effect sizes. Positive effects of tDCS were observed only in five studies, and the combination of stimulation and cognitive training did not seem to potentiate the effects of tDCS. Conclusion Although tDCS can be considered a technique with important therapeutic potential, more studies are needed to understand the acute effects of tDCS on memory of elderly people and the durability of these effects over time. Registration PROSPERO (CRD-42020200573).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliclebysson Rodrigo da Silva
- Research Group in Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Psychology, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Italo Ramon Rodrigues Menezes
- Research Group in Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil.,Psychology Faculty, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Ivani Brys
- Research Group in Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Psychology, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil
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8
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Learning-induced biases in the ongoing dynamics of sensory representations predict stimulus generalization. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110340. [PMID: 35139386 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory stimuli have long been thought to be represented in the brain as activity patterns of specific neuronal assemblies. However, we still know relatively little about the long-term dynamics of sensory representations. Using chronic in vivo calcium imaging in the mouse auditory cortex, we find that sensory representations undergo continuous recombination, even under behaviorally stable conditions. Auditory cued fear conditioning introduces a bias into these ongoing dynamics, resulting in a long-lasting increase in the number of stimuli activating the same subset of neurons. This plasticity is specific for stimuli sharing representational similarity to the conditioned sound prior to conditioning and predicts behaviorally observed stimulus generalization. Our findings demonstrate that learning-induced plasticity leading to a representational linkage between the conditioned stimulus and non-conditioned stimuli weaves into ongoing dynamics of the brain rather than acting on an otherwise static substrate.
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9
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Non-invasive, opsin-free mid-infrared modulation activates cortical neurons and accelerates associative learning. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2730. [PMID: 33980868 PMCID: PMC8115038 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurostimulant drugs or magnetic/electrical stimulation techniques can overcome attention deficits, but these drugs or techniques are weakly beneficial in boosting the learning capabilities of healthy subjects. Here, we report a stimulation technique, mid-infrared modulation (MIM), that delivers mid-infrared light energy through the opened skull or even non-invasively through a thinned intact skull and can activate brain neurons in vivo without introducing any exogeneous gene. Using c-Fos immunohistochemistry, in vivo single-cell electrophysiology and two-photon Ca2+ imaging in mice, we demonstrate that MIM significantly induces firing activities of neurons in the targeted cortical area. Moreover, mice that receive MIM targeting to the auditory cortex during an auditory associative learning task exhibit a faster learning speed (~50% faster) than control mice. Together, this non-invasive, opsin-free MIM technique is demonstrated with potential for modulating neuronal activity.
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10
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Neurotrophin signalling in amygdala-dependent cued fear learning. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:161-172. [PMID: 32845430 PMCID: PMC7529623 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala is a central hub for fear learning assessed by Pavlovian fear conditioning. Indeed, the prevailing hypothesis that learning and memory are mediated by changes in synaptic strength was shown most convincingly at thalamic and cortical afferents to the lateral amygdala. The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is known to regulate synaptic plasticity and memory formation in many areas of the mammalian brain including the amygdala, where BDNF signalling via tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) receptors is prominently involved in fear learning. This review updates the current understanding of BDNF/TrkB signalling in the amygdala related to fear learning and extinction. In addition, actions of proBDNF/p75NTR and NGF/TrkA as well as NT-3/TrkC signalling in the amygdala are introduced.
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Concina G, Renna A, Grosso A, Sacchetti B. The auditory cortex and the emotional valence of sounds. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 98:256-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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