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Levin MJ, Weinberg A. Adjuvanted Recombinant Glycoprotein E Herpes Zoster Vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 70:1509-1515. [PMID: 31618437 PMCID: PMC9890451 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The adjuvanted recombinant glycoprotein E herpes zoster (HZ) vaccine is superior to the live attenuated HZ vaccine, with an efficacy >90% against HZ in healthy immunocompetent adults aged ≥50 years after vaccination. In pivotal studies, the efficacy of the new vaccine varied very little with the age of the vaccinee and decreased only by 5-10% in the 3.5 years after immunization. This nonlive vaccine was successfully administered to small cohorts of immunocompromised individuals; initial trials showed efficacy of >60-80% in several such settings. Potential drawbacks include the requirement for 2 vaccine doses separated by 2-6 months, local and systemic reactogenicity that is significantly greater than observed with commonly used vaccines, and the inclusion of a strong adjuvant that has been minimally studied in clinical settings where it might be problematic, such as in people with autoimmune diseases. Postmarketing studies are underway to address some of the drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron J Levin
- Correspondence: M. J. Levin, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Building 401, 1784 Racine St, Aurora, CO 80045 ()
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado,Department of Medicine, University of Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado,Department of Pathology, University of Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Breadth and Functionality of Varicella-Zoster Virus Glycoprotein-Specific Antibodies Identified after Zostavax Vaccination in Humans. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00269-18. [PMID: 29743372 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00269-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes zoster (HZ) (shingles) is the clinical manifestation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation. HZ typically develops as people age, due to decreased cell-mediated immunity. However, the importance of antibodies for immunity against HZ prevention remains to be understood. The goal of this study was to examine the breadth and functionality of VZV-specific antibodies after vaccination with a live attenuated HZ vaccine (Zostavax). Direct enumeration of VZV-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) via enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay (ELISPOT assay) showed that Zostavax can induce both IgG and IgA ASCs 7 days after vaccination but not IgM ASCs. The VZV-specific ASCs range from 33 to 55% of the total IgG ASCs. Twenty-five human VZV-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were cloned and characterized from single-cell-sorted ASCs of five subjects (>60 years old) who received Zostavax. These MAbs had an average of ∼20 somatic hypermutations per VH gene, similar to those seen after seasonal influenza vaccination. Fifteen of the 25 MAbs were gE specific, whereas the remaining MAbs were gB, gH, or gI specific. The most potent neutralizing antibodies were gH specific and were also able to inhibit cell-to-cell spread of the virus in vitro Most gE-specific MAbs were able to neutralize VZV, but they required the presence of complement and were unable to block cell-to-cell spread. These data indicate that Zostavax induces a memory B cell recall response characterized by anti-gE > anti-gI > anti-gB > anti-gH antibodies. While antibodies to gH could be involved in limiting the spread of VZV upon reactivation, the contribution of anti-gE antibodies toward protective immunity after Zostavax needs further evaluation.IMPORTANCE Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of chickenpox and shingles. Following infection with VZV, the virus becomes latent and resides in nerve cells. Age-related declines in immunity/immunosuppression can result in reactivation of this latent virus, causing shingles. It has been shown that waning T cell immunity correlates with an increased incidence of VZV reactivation. Interestingly, serum with high levels of VZV-specific antibodies (VariZIG; IV immunoglobulin) has been administered to high-risk populations, e.g., immunocompromised children, newborns, and pregnant women, after exposure to VZV and has shown some protection against chickenpox. However, the relative contribution of antibodies against individual surface glycoproteins toward protection from shingles in elderly/immunocompromised individuals has not been established. Here, we examined the breadth and functionality of VZV-specific antibodies after vaccination with the live attenuated VZV vaccine Zostavax in humans. This study will add to our understanding of the role of antibodies in protection against shingles.
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Albertsson AM, Zhang X, Vontell R, Bi D, Bronson RT, Supramaniam V, Baburamani AA, Hua S, Nazmi A, Cardell S, Zhu C, Cantor H, Mallard C, Hagberg H, Leavenworth JW, Wang X. γδ T Cells Contribute to Injury in the Developing Brain. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:757-767. [PMID: 29248460 PMCID: PMC5840494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Brain injury in premature infants, especially periventricular leukomalacia, is an important cause of neurologic disabilities. Inflammation contributes to perinatal brain injury development, but the essential mediators that lead to early-life brain injury remain largely unknown. Neonates have reduced capacity for mounting conventional αβT-cell responses. However, γδT cells are already functionally competent during early development and are important in early-life immunity. We investigated the potential contribution of γδT cells to preterm brain injury using postmortem brains from human preterm infants with periventricular leukomalacia and two animal models of preterm brain injury—the hypoxic-ischemic mouse model and a fetal sheep asphyxia model. Large numbers of γδT cells were observed in the brains of mice, sheep, and postmortem preterm infants after injury, and depletion of γδT cells provided protection in the mouse model. The common γδT-cell–associated cytokines interferon-γ and IL-17A were not detectable in the brain. Although there were increased mRNA levels of Il17f and Il22 in the mouse brains after injury, neither IL-17F nor IL-22 cytokines contributed to preterm brain injury. These findings highlight unique features of injury in the developing brain, where, unlike injury in the mature brain, γδT cells function as initiators of injury independently of common γδT-cell–associated cytokines. This finding will help to identify therapeutic targets for preventing or treating preterm infants with brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maj Albertsson
- Perinatal Center, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Perinatal Center, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Regina Vontell
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Bi
- Perinatal Center, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Veena Supramaniam
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana A Baburamani
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sha Hua
- Perinatal Center, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Luwan Branch of Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Arshed Nazmi
- Perinatal Center, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanna Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Harvey Cantor
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Perinatal Center, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Sciences, East Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jianmei W Leavenworth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Perinatal Center, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Dysregulated Glycoprotein B-Mediated Cell-Cell Fusion Disrupts Varicella-Zoster Virus and Host Gene Transcription during Infection. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01613-16. [PMID: 27795423 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01613-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved herpesvirus glycoprotein complex gB/gH-gL mediates membrane fusion during virion entry and cell-cell fusion. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) characteristically forms multinucleated cells, or syncytia, during the infection of human tissues, but little is known about this process. The cytoplasmic domain of VZV gB (gBcyt) has been implicated in cell-cell fusion regulation because a gB[Y881F] substitution causes hyperfusion. gBcyt regulation is necessary for VZV pathogenesis, as the hyperfusogenic mutant gB[Y881F] is severely attenuated in human skin xenografts. In this study, gBcyt-regulated fusion was investigated by comparing melanoma cells infected with wild-type-like VZV or hyperfusogenic mutants. The gB[Y881F] mutant exhibited dramatically accelerated syncytium formation in melanoma cells caused by fusion of infected cells with many uninfected cells, increased cytoskeleton reorganization, and rapid displacement of nuclei to dense central structures compared to pOka using live-cell confocal microscopy. VZV and human transcriptomes were concurrently investigated using whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) to identify viral and cellular responses induced when gBcyt regulation was disrupted by the gB[Y881F] substitution. The expression of four vital VZV genes, ORF61 and the genes for glycoproteins gC, gE, and gI, was significantly reduced at 36 h postinfection for the hyperfusogenic mutants. Importantly, hierarchical clustering demonstrated an association of differential gene expression with dysregulated gBcyt-mediated fusion. A subset of Ras GTPase genes linked to membrane remodeling were upregulated in cells infected with the hyperfusogenic mutants. These data implicate gBcyt in the regulation of gB fusion function that, if unmodulated, triggers cellular processes leading to hyperfusion that attenuates VZV infection. IMPORTANCE The highly infectious, human-restricted pathogen varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox and shingles. Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a common complication of shingles that manifests as prolonged excruciating pain, which has proven difficult to treat. The formation of fused multinucleated cells in ganglia might be associated with this condition. An effective vaccine against VZV is available but not recommended for immunocompromised individuals, highlighting the need for new therapies. This study investigated the viral and cellular responses to hyperfusion, a condition where the usual constraints of cell membranes are overcome and cells form multinucleated cells. This process hinders VZV and is regulated by a viral glycoprotein, gB. A combination of live-cell imaging and next-generation genomics revealed an alteration in viral and cellular responses during hyperfusion that was caused by the loss of gB regulation. These studies reveal mechanisms central to VZV pathogenesis, potentially leading to improved therapies.
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Exocytosis of Varicella-Zoster Virus Virions Involves a Convergence of Endosomal and Autophagy Pathways. J Virol 2016; 90:8673-85. [PMID: 27440906 PMCID: PMC5021422 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00915-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is an extremely cell-associated herpesvirus with limited egress of viral particles. The induction of autophagy in VZV-infected monolayers is easily detectable; inhibition of autophagy leads to decreased VZV glycoprotein biosynthesis and diminished viral titers. To explain how autophagic flux could exert a proviral effect on the VZV infectious cycle, we postulated that the VZV exocytosis pathway following secondary envelopment may converge with the autophagy pathway. This hypothesis depended on known similarities between VZV gE and autophagy-related (Atg) Atg9/Atg16L1 trafficking pathways. Investigations were carried out with highly purified fractions of VZV virions. When the virion fraction was tested for the presence of autophagy and endosomal proteins, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain (MAP1LC3B) and Ras-like GTPase 11 (Rab11) were detected. By two-dimensional (2D) and 3D imaging after immunolabeling, both proteins also colocalized with VZV gE in a proportion of cytoplasmic vesicles. When purified VZV virions were enumerated after immunoelectron microscopy, gold beads were detected on viruses following incubation with antibodies to VZV gE (∼100%), Rab11 (50%), and LC3B (30%). Examination of numerous electron micrographs demonstrated that enveloped virions were housed in single-membraned vesicles; viral particles were not observed in autophagosomes. Taken together, our data suggested that some viral particles after secondary envelopment accumulated in a heterogeneous population of single-membraned vesicular compartments, which were decorated with components from both the endocytic pathway (Rab11) and the autophagy pathway (LC3B). The latter cytoplasmic viral vesicles resembled an amphisome. IMPORTANCE VZV infection leads to increased autophagic flux, while inhibition of autophagy leads to a marked reduction in virus spread. In this investigation of the proviral role of autophagy, we found evidence for an intersection of viral exocytosis and autophagy pathways. Specifically, both LC3-II and Rab11 proteins copurified with some infectious VZV particles. The results suggested that a subpopulation of VZV particles were carried to the cell surface in single-walled vesicles with attributes of an amphisome, an organelle formed from the fusion of an endosome and an autophagosome. Our results also addressed the interpretation of autophagy/xenophagy results with mutated herpes simplex virus lacking its ICP34.5 neurovirulence gene (HSVΔ34.5). The VZV genome lacks an ICP34.5 ortholog, yet we found no evidence of VZV particles housed in a double-membraned autophagosome. In other words, xenophagy, a degradative process documented after infection with HSVΔ34.5, was not observed in VZV-infected cells.
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Grigoryan S, Yee MB, Glick Y, Gerber D, Kepten E, Garini Y, Yang IH, Kinchington PR, Goldstein RS. Direct transfer of viral and cellular proteins from varicella-zoster virus-infected non-neuronal cells to human axons. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126081. [PMID: 25973990 PMCID: PMC4431828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV), the alphaherpesvirus that causes varicella upon primary infection and Herpes zoster (shingles) following reactivation in latently infected neurons, is known to be fusogenic. It forms polynuclear syncytia in culture, in varicella skin lesions and in infected fetal human ganglia xenografted to mice. After axonal infection using VZV expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in compartmentalized microfluidic cultures there is diffuse filling of axons with GFP as well as punctate fluorescence corresponding to capsids. Use of viruses with fluorescent fusions to VZV proteins reveals that both proteins encoded by VZV genes and those of the infecting cell are transferred in bulk from infecting non-neuronal cells to axons. Similar transfer of protein to axons was observed following cell associated HSV1 infection. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments provide evidence that this transfer is by diffusion of proteins from the infecting cells into axons. Time-lapse movies and immunocytochemical experiments in co-cultures demonstrate that non-neuronal cells fuse with neuronal somata and proteins from both cell types are present in the syncytia formed. The fusogenic nature of VZV therefore may enable not only conventional entry of virions and capsids into axonal endings in the skin by classical entry mechanisms, but also by cytoplasmic fusion that permits viral protein transfer to neurons in bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Grigoryan
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Michael B Yee
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yair Glick
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Doron Gerber
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Eldad Kepten
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yuval Garini
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - In Hong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- SiNAPSE National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul R. Kinchington
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ronald S. Goldstein
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
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