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Shan Z, Li S, Gao Y, Jian C, Ti X, Zuo H, Wang Y, Zhao G, Wang Y, Zhang Q. mtDNA extramitochondrial replication mediates mitochondrial defect effects. iScience 2024; 27:108970. [PMID: 38322987 PMCID: PMC10844862 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
A high ratio of severe mitochondrial defects causes multiple human mitochondrial diseases. However, until now, the in vivo rescue signal of such mitochondrial defect effects has not been clear. Here, we built fly mitochondrial defect models by knocking down the essential mitochondrial genes dMterf4 and dMrps23. Following genome-wide RNAi screens, we found that knockdown of Med8/Tfb4/mtSSB/PolG2/mtDNA-helicase rescued dMterf4/dMrps23 RNAi-mediated mitochondrial defect effects. Extremely surprisingly, they drove mtDNA replication outside mitochondria through the Med8/Tfb4-mtSSB/PolG2/mtDNA-helicase axis to amplify cytosolic mtDNA, leading to activation of the cGAS-Sting-like IMD pathway to partially mediate dMterf4/dMrps23 RNAi-triggered effects. Moreover, we found that the Med8/Tfb4-mtSSB/PolG2/mtDNA-helicase axis also mediated other fly mitochondrial gene defect-triggered dysfunctions and Drosophila aging. Overall, our study demarcates the Med8/Tfb4-mtSSB/PolG2/mtDNA-helicase axis as a candidate mechanism to mediate mitochondrial defect effects through driving mtDNA extramitochondrial replication; dysfunction of this axis might be used for potential treatments for many mitochondrial and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoliang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Yuxue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Chunhua Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Xiuxiu Ti
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Hui Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Guochun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
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Aalto AL, Luukkonen V, Meinander A. Ubiquitin signalling in Drosophila innate immune responses. FEBS J 2023. [PMID: 38069549 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Cells respond to invading pathogens and danger signals from the environment by adapting gene expression to meet the need for protective effector molecules. While this innate immune response is required for the cell and the organism to recover, excess immune activation may lead to loss of homeostasis, thereby promoting chronic inflammation and cancer progression. The molecular basis of innate immune defence is comprised of factors promoting survival and proliferation, such as cytokines, antimicrobial peptides and anti-apoptotic proteins. As the molecular mechanisms regulating innate immune responses are conserved through evolution, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster serves as a convenient, affordable and ethical model organism to enhance understanding of immune signalling. Fly immunity against bacterial infection is built up by both cellular and humoral responses, where the latter is regulated by the Imd and Toll pathways activating NF-κB transcription factors Relish, Dorsal and Dif, as well as JNK activation and JAK/STAT signalling. As in mammals, the Drosophila innate immune signalling pathways are characterised by ubiquitination of signalling molecules followed by ubiquitin receptors binding to the ubiquitin chains, as well as by rapid changes in protein levels by ubiquitin-mediated targeted proteasomal and lysosomal degradation. In this review, we summarise the molecular signalling pathways regulating immune responses to pathogen infection in Drosophila, with a focus on ubiquitin-dependent control of innate immunity and inflammatory signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Aalto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Veera Luukkonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Annika Meinander
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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Rai P, Webb EM, Kang L, Weger-Lucarelli J. Insulin reduces the transmission potential of chikungunya virus and activates the toll pathway in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:648-657. [PMID: 37334906 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus that has re-emerged globally over the last two decades and has the potential to become endemic in the United States due to the presence of competent mosquito vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. CHIK disease is characterised by fever, rash, and joint pain, and causes chronic debilitating joint pain and swelling in >50% of infected individuals. Given the disease severity caused by CHIKV and the global presence of vectors to facilitate its spread, strategies to reduce viral transmission are desperately needed; however, the human biological factors driving CHIKV transmission are poorly understood. Towards that end, we have previously shown that mosquitoes fed on alphavirus-infected obese mice have reduced infection and transmission rates compared to those fed on infected lean mice despite similar viremia in lean and obese mice. One of the many host factors that increase in obese hosts is insulin, which was previously shown to impact the infection of mosquitoes by several flaviviruses. However, insulin's impact on alphavirus infection of live mosquitoes is unknown and whether insulin influences mosquito-borne virus transmission has not been tested. To test this, we exposed A. aegypti mosquitoes to bloodmeals with CHIKV in the presence or absence of physiologically relevant levels of insulin and found that insulin significantly lowered both infection and transmission rates. RNA sequencing analysis on mosquito midguts isolated at 1-day-post-infectious-bloodmeal (dpbm) showed enrichment in genes in the Toll immune pathway in the presence of insulin, which was validated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). We then sought to determine if the Toll pathway plays a role in CHIKV infection of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes; therefore, we knocked down Myd88, a critical immune adaptor molecule for the Toll pathway, in live mosquitoes, and found increased CHIKV infection compared to the mock knockdown control group. Overall, these data demonstrate that insulin reduces CHIKV transmission by Ae. aegypti and activates the Toll pathway in mosquitoes, suggesting that conditions resulting in higher serum insulin concentrations may reduce alphavirus transmission. Finally, these studies suggest that strategies to activate insulin or Toll signalling in mosquitoes may be an effective control strategy against medically relevant alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Rai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Emily M Webb
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Department of Entomology, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Biomedical Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Tafesh-Edwards G, Eleftherianos I. The Drosophila melanogaster prophenoloxidase system participates in immunity against Zika virus infection. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350632. [PMID: 37793051 PMCID: PMC10841153 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster relies on an evolutionarily conserved innate immune system to protect itself from a wide range of pathogens, making it a convenient genetic model to study various human pathogenic viruses and host antiviral immunity. Here we explore for the first time the contribution of the Drosophila phenoloxidase (PO) system to host survival and defenses against Zika virus (ZIKV) infection by analyzing the role of mutations in the three prophenoloxidase (PPO) genes in female and male flies. We show that only PPO1 and PPO2 genes contribute to host survival and appear to be upregulated following ZIKV infection in Drosophila. Also, we present data suggesting that a complex regulatory system exists between Drosophila PPOs, potentially allowing for a sex-dependent compensation of PPOs by one another or other immune responses such as the Toll, Imd, and JAK/STAT pathways. Furthermore, we show that PPO1 and PPO2 are essential for melanization in the hemolymph and the wound site in flies upon ZIKV infection. Our results reveal an important role played by the melanization pathway in response to ZIKV infection, hence highlighting the importance of this pathway in insect host defense against viral pathogens and potential vector control strategies to alleviate ZIKV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Tafesh-Edwards
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Telleria EL, Tinoco-Nunes B, Forrest DM, Di-Blasi T, Leštinová T, Chang KP, Volf P, Pitaluga AN, Traub-Csekö YM. Evidence of a conserved mammalian immunosuppression mechanism in Lutzomyia longipalpis upon infection with Leishmania. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1162596. [PMID: 38022562 PMCID: PMC10652419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1162596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) belonging to the Lutzomyia genus transmit Leishmania infantum parasites. To understand the complex interaction between the vector and the parasite, we have been investigating the sand fly immune responses during the Leishmania infection. Our previous studies showed that genes involved in the IMD, Toll, and Jak-STAT immunity pathways are regulated upon Leishmania and bacterial challenges. Nevertheless, the parasite can thrive in the vectors' gut, indicating the existence of mechanisms capable of modulating the vector defenses, as was already seen in mammalian Leishmania infections. Methods results and discussion In this study, we investigated the expression of Lutzomyia longipalpis genes involved in regulating the Toll pathway under parasitic infection. Leishmania infantum infection upregulated the expression of two L. longipalpis genes coding for the putative repressors cactus and protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP. These findings suggest that the parasite can modulate the vectors' immune response. In mammalian infections, the Leishmania surface glycoprotein GP63 is one of the inducers of host immune depression, and one of the known effectors is SHP. In L. longipalpis we found a similar effect: a genetically modified strain of Leishmania amazonensis over-expressing the metalloprotease GP63 induced a higher expression of the sand fly SHP indicating that the L. longipalpis SHP and parasite GP63 increased expressions are connected. Immuno-stained microscopy of L. longipalpis LL5 embryonic cells cultured with Leishmania strains or parasite conditioned medium showed cells internalization of parasite GP63. A similar internalization of GP63 was observed in the sand fly gut tissue after feeding on parasites, parasite exosomes, or parasite conditioned medium, indicating that GP63 can travel through cells in vitro or in vivo. When the sand fly SHP gene was silenced by RNAi and females infected by L. infantum, parasite loads decreased in the early phase of infection as expected, although no significant differences were seen in late infections of the stomodeal valve. Conclusions Our findings show the possible role of a pathway repressor involved in regulating the L. longipalpis immune response during Leishmania infections inside the insect. In addition, they point out a conserved immunosuppressive effect of GP63 between mammals and sand flies in the early stage of parasite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Loza Telleria
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Bruno Tinoco-Nunes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - David M. Forrest
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Di-Blasi
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tereza Leštinová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kwang Poo Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - André Nóbrega Pitaluga
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Yara Maria Traub-Csekö
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Bastin A, Eleftherianos I. Functional role of the TGF-β signaling in the Drosophila immune response. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 4:100071. [PMID: 37810404 PMCID: PMC10556577 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2023.100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β signaling pathways are present in diverse animal species, which indicates their evolutionary importance in modulating several conserved biological processes and maintaining host homeostasis by adjusting the activity of innate immune mechanisms. Drosophila melanogaster utilizes two related but separable cascades of the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway: The Bone Morphogenetic Protein and Activin branches. Recent studies have produced significant information on the immune role of TGF-β signaling in the fruit fly model during response against certain bacterial pathogens. Results from further investigations have generated novel insights into the role of Drosophila TGF-β signaling molecules as immune regulators opposing infection against nematode parasites and their mutualistic bacterial partners. This knowledge has revealed a previously unknown layer of the host innate immune system. Here we summarize these recent breakthroughs focusing on the participation of TGF-β signaling factors in various Drosophila immune processes in relation to infection with potent bacteria and nematode parasites. The presented information provides important clues indicating directions for future research into the design of novel strategies for the effective control of infectious diseases caused by bacterial pathogens and parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Bastin
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA
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Unraveling the Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Insects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065753. [PMID: 36982826 PMCID: PMC10059942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short, mainly positively charged, amphipathic molecules. AMPs are important effectors of the immune response in insects with a broad spectrum of antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic activity. In addition to these well-known roles, AMPs exhibit many other, often unobvious, functions in the host. They support insects in the elimination of viral infections. AMPs participate in the regulation of brain-controlled processes, e.g., sleep and non-associative learning. By influencing neuronal health, communication, and activity, they can affect the functioning of the insect nervous system. Expansion of the AMP repertoire and loss of their specificity is connected with the aging process and lifespan of insects. Moreover, AMPs take part in maintaining gut homeostasis, regulating the number of endosymbionts as well as reducing the number of foreign microbiota. In turn, the presence of AMPs in insect venom prevents the spread of infection in social insects, where the prey may be a source of pathogens.
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Petronio Petronio G, Pietrangelo L, Cutuli MA, Magnifico I, Venditti N, Guarnieri A, Abate GA, Yewhalaw D, Davinelli S, Di Marco R. Emerging Evidence on Tenebrio molitor Immunity: A Focus on Gene Expression Involved in Microbial Infection for Host-Pathogen Interaction Studies. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1983. [PMID: 36296259 PMCID: PMC9611967 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the scientific community's interest in T. molitor as an insect model to investigate immunity and host-pathogen interactions has considerably increased. The reasons for this growing interest could be explained by the peculiar features of this beetle, which offers various advantages compared to other invertebrates models commonly used in laboratory studies. Thus, this review aimed at providing a broad view of the T. molitor immune system in light of the new scientific evidence on the developmental/tissue-specific gene expression studies related to microbial infection. In addition to the well-known cellular component and humoral response process, several studies investigating the factors associated with T. molitor immune response or deepening of those already known have been reported. However, various aspects remain still less understood, namely the possible crosstalk between the immune deficiency protein and Toll pathways and the role exerted by T. molitor apolipoprotein III in the expression of the antimicrobial peptides. Therefore, further research is required for T. molitor to be recommended as an alternative insect model for pathogen-host interaction and immunity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Petronio Petronio
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Laura Pietrangelo
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Marco Alfio Cutuli
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Irene Magnifico
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Noemi Venditti
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio Guarnieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Getnet Atinafu Abate
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos P.O. Box 269, Ethiopia
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 307, Ethiopia
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Marco
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
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Rashidi M, Killiny N. In Silico Characterization and Gene Expression Analysis of Toll Signaling Pathway-Related Genes in Diaphorina citri. INSECTS 2022; 13:783. [PMID: 36135484 PMCID: PMC9500897 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri is the main vector of citrus greening disease, also known as Huanglongbing (HLB). Currently, mitigating HLB depends on the control of D. citri using insecticides. To design innovative control strategies, we should investigate various biological aspects of D. citri at the molecular level. Herein we explored the Toll signaling system-related proteins in D. citri using in silico analyzes. Additionally, the transcripts of the identified genes were determined in all life stages from eggs to adults. Our findings reveal that D. citri genome possesses Toll signaling pathway-related genes similar to the insect model, Drosophila melanogaster, with slight differences. These genes include cact, TI, Myd88, Dif/DI, pll, tub, and spz encoding Cactus, Toll, Myeloid differentiation factor 88, Dorsal related immunity factor/Dorsal, Pelle, Tube, and Spaetzle, respectively. Unlike D. melanogaster, in D. citri Dorsal, immunity factor and Dorsal are the same protein. In addition, in D. citri, Pelle protein possesses a kinase domain, which is absent in Pelle of D. melanogaster. Gene expression analysis showed the transcript for cact, TI, Myd88, pll, tub, and spz are maximum in adults, suggesting the immunity increases with maturity. Instead, Dif/DI transcripts were maximal in eggs and adults and minimal in nymphal stages, indicating its role in embryonic development. The overall findings will help in designing pioneering control strategies of D. citri based on repressing its immunity by RNAi or CRISPR and combining that with biological control.
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Salcedo-Porras N, Oliveira PL, Guarneri AA, Lowenberger C. A fat body transcriptome analysis of the immune responses of Rhodnius prolixus to artificial infections with bacteria. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:269. [PMID: 35906633 PMCID: PMC9335980 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhodnius prolixus is an important vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease in humans. Despite the medical importance of this and other triatomine vectors, the study of their immune responses has been limited to a few molecular pathways and processes. Insect immunity studies were first described for holometabolous insects such as Drosophila melanogaster, and it was assumed that their immune responses were conserved in all insects. However, study of the immune responses of triatomines and other hemimetabolous insects has revealed discrepancies between these and the Drosophila model. Methods To expand our understanding of innate immune responses of triatomines to pathogens, we injected fifth instar nymphs of R. prolixus with the Gram-negative (Gr−) bacterium Enterobacter cloacae, the Gram-positive (Gr+) bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and evaluated transcript expression in the fat body 8 and 24 h post-injection (hpi). We analyzed the differential expression of transcripts at each time point, and across time, for each treatment. Results At 8 hpi, the Gr− bacteria-injected group had a large number of differentially expressed (DE) transcripts, and most of the changes in transcript expression were maintained at 24 hpi. In the Gr+ bacteria treatment, few DE transcripts were detected at 8 hpi, but a large number of transcripts were DE at 24 hpi. Unexpectedly, the PBS control also had a large number of DE transcripts at 24 hpi. Very few DE transcripts were common to the different treatments and time points, indicating a high specificity of the immune responses of R. prolixus to different pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides known to be induced by the immune deficiency pathway were induced upon Gr− bacterial infection. Many transcripts of genes from the Toll pathway that are thought to participate in responses to Gr+ bacteria and fungi were induced by both bacteria and PBS treatment. Pathogen recognition receptors and serine protease cascade transcripts were also overexpressed after Gr− bacteria and PBS injections. Gr- injection also upregulated transcripts involved in the metabolism of tyrosine, a major substrate involved in the melanotic encapsulation response to pathogens. Conclusions These results reveal time-dependent pathogen-specific regulation of immune responses in triatomines, and hint at strong interactions between the immune deficiency and Toll pathways. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material, which is available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05358-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Salcedo-Porras
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Pedro Lagerblad Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco D. Prédio do CCS, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Aparecida Guarneri
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP, 30190-009, Brazil
| | - Carl Lowenberger
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
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11
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Li Y, Song J, Zhou P, Zhou J, Xie S. Targeting Undruggable Transcription Factors with PROTACs: Advances and Perspectives. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10183-10194. [PMID: 35881047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of transcription factors has been implicated in a variety of human diseases. However, these proteins have traditionally been regarded as undruggable and only a handful of them have been successfully targeted by conventional small molecules. Moreover, the development of intrinsic and acquired resistance has hampered the clinical use of these agents. Over the past years, proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have shown great promise because of their potential for overcoming drug resistance and their ability to target previously undruggable proteins. Indeed, several small molecule-based PROTACs have demonstrated superior efficacy in therapy-resistant metastatic cancers. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to identify ligands for the majority of transcription factors. Given that transcription factors recognize short DNA motifs in a sequence-specific manner, multiple novel approaches exploit DNA motifs as warheads in PROTAC design for the degradation of aberrant transcription factors. These PROTACs pave the way for targeting undruggable transcription factors with potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Jian Song
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Songbo Xie
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.,School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
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12
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Chen K, Wang X, Wei X, Chen J, Wei Y, Jiang H, Lu Z, Feng C. Nitric Oxide-Induced Calcineurin A Mediates Antimicrobial Peptide Production Through the IMD Pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:905419. [PMID: 35663981 PMCID: PMC9157438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) at a high concentration is an effector to kill pathogens during insect immune responses, it also functions as a second messenger at a low concentration to regulate antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production in insects. Drosophila calcineurin subunit CanA1 is a ubiquitous serine/threonine protein phosphatase involved in NO-induced AMP production. However, it is unclear how NO regulates AMP expression. In this study, we used a lepidopteran pest Ostrinia furnacalis and Drosophila S2 cells to investigate how NO signaling affects the AMP production. Bacterial infections upregulated the transcription of nitric oxide synthase 1/2 (NOS1/2), CanA and AMP genes and increased NO concentration in larval hemolymph. Inhibition of NOS or CanA activity reduced the survival of bacteria-infected O. furnacalis. NO donor increased NO level in plasma and upregulated the production of CanA and certain AMPs. In S2 cells, killed Escherichia coli induced NOS transcription and boosted NO production, whereas knockdown of NOS blocked the NO level increase caused by E. coli. As in O. furnacalis larvae, supplementation of the NO donor increased NO level in the culture medium and AMP expression in S2 cells. Suppression of the key pathway genes showed that the IMD (but not Toll) pathway was involved in the upregulation of CecropinA1, Defensin, Diptericin, and Drosomycin by killed E. coli. Knockdown of NOS also reduced the expression of CanA1 and AMPs induced by E. coli, indicative of a role of NO in the AMP expression. Furthermore, CanA1 RNA interference and inhibition of its phosphatase activity significantly reduced NO-induced AMP expression, and knockdown of IMD suppressed NO-induced AMP expression. Together, these results suggest that NO-induced AMP production is mediated by CanA1 via the IMD pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyi Wei
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqian Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Youheng Wei
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Congjing Feng
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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13
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Entomopathogenic Fungi for Pests and Predators Control in Beekeeping. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020095. [PMID: 35202348 PMCID: PMC8875931 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of resistance to chemical drugs in beekeeping is becoming a phenomenon of widespread concern. One promising alternative to the use of chemicals is entomopathogenic organisms that are environmentally friendly and are capable of stopping the expression of resistance once it has evolved. In the recent past, the scientific community has carried out several experiments addressing the use of microbiological control agents. In particular, experimental studies using entomopathogenic fungi have had more success in honey bee research. With their adherence properties and their ability to digest the cuticle and overcome the host defense mechanism, they could be a suitable ingredient in bioacaricides. Several promising fungi have been identified in the search for effective means to control pest populations. The data obtained from the different experiments are interesting and often favorable to their use, but there are also conflicting results. The aim of this review is to describe the state of the art on the topic under investigation.
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14
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Ketogenic diet reduces early mortality following traumatic brain injury in Drosophila via the PPARγ ortholog Eip75B. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258873. [PMID: 34699541 PMCID: PMC8547619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common neurological disorder whose outcomes vary widely depending on a variety of environmental factors, including diet. Using a Drosophila melanogaster TBI model that reproduces key aspects of TBI in humans, we previously found that the diet consumed immediately following a primary brain injury has a substantial effect on the incidence of mortality within 24 h (early mortality). Flies that receive equivalent primary injuries have a higher incidence of early mortality when fed high-carbohydrate diets versus water. Here, we report that flies fed high-fat ketogenic diet (KD) following TBI exhibited early mortality that was equivalent to that of flies fed water and that flies protected from early mortality by KD continued to show survival benefits weeks later. KD also has beneficial effects in mammalian TBI models, indicating that the mechanism of action of KD is evolutionarily conserved. To probe the mechanism, we examined the effect of KD in flies mutant for Eip75B, an ortholog of the transcription factor PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) that contributes to the mechanism of action of KD and has neuroprotective effects in mammalian TBI models. We found that the incidence of early mortality of Eip75B mutant flies was higher when they were fed KD than when they were fed water following TBI. These data indicate that Eip75B/PPARγ is necessary for the beneficial effects of KD following TBI. In summary, this work provides the first evidence that KD activates PPARγ to reduce deleterious outcomes of TBI and it demonstrates the utility of the fly TBI model for dissecting molecular pathways that contribute to heterogeneity in TBI outcomes.
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15
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Tang R, Huang W, Guan J, Liu Q, Beerntsen BT, Ling E. Drosophila H2Av negatively regulates the activity of the IMD pathway via facilitating Relish SUMOylation. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009718. [PMID: 34370736 PMCID: PMC8376203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects depend on the innate immune response for defense against a wide array of pathogens. Central to Drosophila immunity are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), released into circulation when pathogens trigger either of the two widely studied signal pathways, Toll or IMD. The Toll pathway responds to infection by Gram-positive bacteria and fungi while the IMD pathway is activated by Gram-negative bacteria. During activation of the IMD pathway, the NF-κB-like transcription factor Relish is phosphorylated and then cleaved, which is crucial for IMD-dependent AMP gene induction. Here we show that loss-of-function mutants of the unconventional histone variant H2Av upregulate IMD-dependent AMP gene induction in germ-free Drosophila larvae and adults. After careful dissection of the IMD pathway, we found that Relish has an epistatic relationship with H2Av. In the H2Av mutant larvae, SUMOylation is down-regulated, suggesting a possible role of SUMOylation in the immune phenotype. Eventually we demonstrated that Relish is mostly SUMOylated on amino acid K823. Loss of the potential SUMOylation site leads to significant auto-activation of Relish in vivo. Further work indicated that H2Av regulates Relish SUMOylation after physically interacting with Su(var)2-10, the E3 component of the SUMOylation pathway. Biochemical analysis suggested that SUMOylation of Relish prevents its cleavage and activation. Our findings suggest a new mechanism by which H2Av can negatively regulate, and thus prevent spontaneous activation of IMD-dependent AMP production, through facilitating SUMOylation of the NF-κB like transcription factor Relish. Toll and IMD signaling pathways should be involved in the production of antimicrobial peptides in animals upon infection. Immunity responses are energy consuming. Thus, these two pathways are fine-tuned. Animal H2A variant histones are involved in many physiological functions. In Drosophila, the production of antibacterial peptides is out of control in the mutant of H2A variant (H2Av810). After careful examination, we found that Relish, the transcription factor of the IMD pathway, was activated in this mutant. Eventually we demonstrate that Relish can be SUMOylated with the involvement of H2Av. Loss of the main SUMOylation site in Relish induces it to auto-activate following over-expression. Therefore, H2Av is a negative regulator of the IMD signaling pathway by maintaining the normal level of Relish SUMOylation in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Tang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wuren Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingmin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetland, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China
| | - Brenda T. Beerntsen
- Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Erjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Ramesh P, Dey NS, Kanwal A, Mandal S, Mandal L. Relish plays a dynamic role in the niche to modulate Drosophila blood progenitor homeostasis in development and infection. eLife 2021; 10:67158. [PMID: 34292149 PMCID: PMC8363268 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune challenges demand the gearing up of basal hematopoiesis to combat infection. Little is known about how during development, this switch is achieved to take care of the insult. Here, we show that the hematopoietic niche of the larval lymph gland of Drosophila senses immune challenge and reacts to it quickly through the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Relish, a component of the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway. During development, Relish is triggered by ecdysone signaling in the hematopoietic niche to maintain the blood progenitors. Loss of Relish causes an alteration in the cytoskeletal architecture of the niche cells in a Jun Kinase-dependent manner, resulting in the trapping of Hh implicated in progenitor maintenance. Notably, during infection, downregulation of Relish in the niche tilts the maintenance program toward precocious differentiation, thereby bolstering the cellular arm of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathy Ramesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, India.,Developmental Genetics Laboratory, IISER Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Nidhi Sharma Dey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, India.,Developmental Genetics Laboratory, IISER Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Aditya Kanwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, India.,Developmental Genetics Laboratory, IISER Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Sudip Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, India.,Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, IISER Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Lolitika Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, India.,Developmental Genetics Laboratory, IISER Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
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17
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Hsieh WT, Hsu MH, Lin WJ, Xiao YC, Lyu PC, Liu YC, Lin WY, Kuo YH, Chung JG. Ergosta-7, 9 (11), 22-trien-3β-ol Interferes with LPS Docking to LBP, CD14, and TLR4/MD-2 Co-Receptors to Attenuate the NF-κB Inflammatory Pathway In Vitro and Drosophila. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126511. [PMID: 34204506 PMCID: PMC8234490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergosta-7, 9 (11), 22-trien-3β-ol (EK100) was isolated from Cordyceps militaris, which has been used as a traditional anti-inflammatory medicine. EK100 has been reported to attenuate inflammatory diseases, but its anti-inflammatory mechanism is still unclear. We were the first to investigate the effect of EK100 on the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor of the κ light chain enhancer of B cells (NF-κB) signaling in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled NF-κB reporter gene of Drosophila. EK100 suppressed the release of the cytokine and attenuated the mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. EK100 inhibited the inhibitor kappa B (IκB)/NF-κB signaling pathway. EK100 also inhibited phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Protein kinase B (Akt) signal transduction. Moreover, EK100 interfered with LPS docking to the LPS-binding protein (LBP), transferred to the cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), and bonded to TLR4/myeloid differentiation-2 (MD-2) co-receptors. Compared with the TLR4 antagonist, resatorvid (CLI-095), and dexamethasone (Dexa), EK100 suppressed the TLR4/AKT signaling pathway. In addition, we also confirmed that EK100 attenuated the GFP-labeled NF-κB reporter gene expression in Drosophila. In summary, EK100 might alter LPS docking to LBP, CD14, and TLR4/MD-2 co-receptors, and then it suppresses the TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-22053366 (ext. 2221); Fax: +886-4-22053764
| | - Min-Hsien Hsu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Bing Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 505, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Jen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedicine Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Cheng Xiao
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Ping-Chiang Lyu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Chung Liu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Yong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
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18
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Injury-Induced Innate Immune Response During Segment Regeneration of the Earthworm, Eisenia andrei. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052363. [PMID: 33673408 PMCID: PMC7956685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of body parts and their interaction with the immune response is a poorly understood aspect of earthworm biology. Consequently, we aimed to study the mechanisms of innate immunity during regeneration in Eisenia andrei earthworms. In the course of anterior and posterior regeneration, we documented the kinetical aspects of segment restoration by histochemistry. Cell proliferation peaked at two weeks and remitted by four weeks in regenerating earthworms. Apoptotic cells were present throughout the cell renewal period. Distinct immune cell (e.g., coelomocyte) subsets were accumulated in the newly-formed blastema in the close proximity of the apoptotic area. Regenerating earthworms have decreased pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (e.g., TLR, except for scavenger receptor) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (e.g., lysenin) mRNA patterns compared to intact earthworms. In contrast, at the protein level, mirroring regulation of lysenins became evident. Experimental coelomocyte depletion caused significantly impaired cell divisions and blastema formation during anterior and posterior regeneration. These obtained novel data allow us to gain insight into the intricate interactions of regeneration and invertebrate innate immunity.
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19
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Sharma V, Mutsuddi M, Mukherjee A. Deltex positively regulates Toll signaling in a JNK independent manner in Drosophila. Genes Cells 2021; 26:254-263. [PMID: 33555648 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toll pathway is the center for the function of immune system in both Drosophila and mammals. Toll pathway in Drosophila gets activated upon binding of the ligand Spätzle to the receptor, Toll, triggering a series of proteolytic cascade culminating into the activation of the NF-κB factors Dorsal and/or Dif (Dorsal-related immunity factor). Inappropriate activation of the Toll pathway is often associated with systemic inflammation phenotype in the absence of infection, and thus, it is important to understand the regulation of Toll signaling. Deltex (Dx) is a context-dependent regulator of Notch signaling and has been linked with cell-mediated immunity in the mammalian system lately. However, the unambiguous role of Dx in humoral and cell-mediated immunity is yet to be explored. Our study unravels the novel role of Dx in Toll pathway activation. Gain of function of dx in Drosophila larvae results in increased melanotic mass formation and increased lamellocyte production. Our results also reveal the nuclear accumulation of transcription factors Dorsal and Dif and expression of Toll-associated antimicrobial peptides (AMP) in Dx over-expression background. Further, we also tried to elucidate the role of Dx in JNK-independent Toll activation. Here we present Dx as a novel candidate in the regulation of Toll pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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20
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Swanson LC, Trujillo EA, Thiede GH, Katzenberger RJ, Shishkova E, Coon JJ, Ganetzky B, Wassarman DA. Survival Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila Is Increased by Heterozygosity for a Mutation of the NF-κB Innate Immune Response Transcription Factor Relish. Genetics 2020; 216:1117-1136. [PMID: 33109529 PMCID: PMC7768241 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathologies are caused by primary and secondary injuries. Primary injuries result from physical damage to the brain, and secondary injuries arise from cellular responses to primary injuries. A characteristic cellular response is sustained activation of inflammatory pathways commonly mediated by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factors. Using a Drosophila melanogaster TBI model, we previously found that the main proximal transcriptional response to primary injuries is triggered by activation of Toll and Imd innate immune response pathways that engage NF-κB factors Dif and Relish (Rel), respectively. Here, we found by mass spectrometry that Rel protein level increased in fly heads at 4-8 hr after TBI. To investigate the necessity of Rel for secondary injuries, we generated a null allele, Reldel , by CRISPR/Cas9 editing. When heterozygous but not homozygous, the Reldel mutation reduced mortality at 24 hr after TBI and increased the lifespan of injured flies. Additionally, the effect of heterozygosity for Reldel on mortality was modulated by genetic background and diet. To identify genes that facilitate effects of Reldel on TBI outcomes, we compared genome-wide mRNA expression profiles of uninjured and injured +/+, +/Reldel , and Reldel /Reldel flies at 4 hr following TBI. Only a few genes changed expression more than twofold in +/Reldel flies relative to +/+ and Reldel /Reldel flies, and they were not canonical innate immune response genes. Therefore, Rel is necessary for TBI-induced secondary injuries but in complex ways involving Rel gene dose, genetic background, diet, and possibly small changes in expression of innate immune response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Swanson
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Edna A Trujillo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Letters & Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Gene H Thiede
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Rebeccah J Katzenberger
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Evgenia Shishkova
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Letters & Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Barry Ganetzky
- Department of Genetics, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - David A Wassarman
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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21
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Rotenberg D, Baumann AA, Ben-Mahmoud S, Christiaens O, Dermauw W, Ioannidis P, Jacobs CGC, Vargas Jentzsch IM, Oliver JE, Poelchau MF, Rajarapu SP, Schneweis DJ, Snoeck S, Taning CNT, Wei D, Widana Gamage SMK, Hughes DST, Murali SC, Bailey ST, Bejerman NE, Holmes CJ, Jennings EC, Rosendale AJ, Rosselot A, Hervey K, Schneweis BA, Cheng S, Childers C, Simão FA, Dietzgen RG, Chao H, Dinh H, Doddapaneni HV, Dugan S, Han Y, Lee SL, Muzny DM, Qu J, Worley KC, Benoit JB, Friedrich M, Jones JW, Panfilio KA, Park Y, Robertson HM, Smagghe G, Ullman DE, van der Zee M, Van Leeuwen T, Veenstra JA, Waterhouse RM, Weirauch MT, Werren JH, Whitfield AE, Zdobnov EM, Gibbs RA, Richards S. Genome-enabled insights into the biology of thrips as crop pests. BMC Biol 2020; 18:142. [PMID: 33070780 PMCID: PMC7570057 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a globally invasive pest and plant virus vector on a wide array of food, fiber, and ornamental crops. The underlying genetic mechanisms of the processes governing thrips pest and vector biology, feeding behaviors, ecology, and insecticide resistance are largely unknown. To address this gap, we present the F. occidentalis draft genome assembly and official gene set. RESULTS We report on the first genome sequence for any member of the insect order Thysanoptera. Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Ortholog (BUSCO) assessments of the genome assembly (size = 415.8 Mb, scaffold N50 = 948.9 kb) revealed a relatively complete and well-annotated assembly in comparison to other insect genomes. The genome is unusually GC-rich (50%) compared to other insect genomes to date. The official gene set (OGS v1.0) contains 16,859 genes, of which ~ 10% were manually verified and corrected by our consortium. We focused on manual annotation, phylogenetic, and expression evidence analyses for gene sets centered on primary themes in the life histories and activities of plant-colonizing insects. Highlights include the following: (1) divergent clades and large expansions in genes associated with environmental sensing (chemosensory receptors) and detoxification (CYP4, CYP6, and CCE enzymes) of substances encountered in agricultural environments; (2) a comprehensive set of salivary gland genes supported by enriched expression; (3) apparent absence of members of the IMD innate immune defense pathway; and (4) developmental- and sex-specific expression analyses of genes associated with progression from larvae to adulthood through neometaboly, a distinct form of maturation differing from either incomplete or complete metamorphosis in the Insecta. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the F. occidentalis genome offers insights into the polyphagous behavior of this insect pest that finds, colonizes, and survives on a widely diverse array of plants. The genomic resources presented here enable a more complete analysis of insect evolution and biology, providing a missing taxon for contemporary insect genomics-based analyses. Our study also offers a genomic benchmark for molecular and evolutionary investigations of other Thysanoptera species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorith Rotenberg
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Aaron A Baumann
- Virology Section, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, A239 VTH, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Sulley Ben-Mahmoud
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Olivier Christiaens
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Panagiotis Ioannidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chris G C Jacobs
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Iris M Vargas Jentzsch
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonathan E Oliver
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia - Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA, 31793-5737, USA
| | | | - Swapna Priya Rajarapu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Derek J Schneweis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Simon Snoeck
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Clauvis N T Taning
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dong Wei
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Daniel S T Hughes
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shwetha C Murali
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Samuel T Bailey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | | | - Christopher J Holmes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Emily C Jennings
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Andrew J Rosendale
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
- Department of Biology, Mount St. Joseph University, Cincinnati, OH, 45233, USA
| | - Andrew Rosselot
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Kaylee Hervey
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Brandi A Schneweis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Sammy Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | | | - Felipe A Simão
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Hsu Chao
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Huyen Dinh
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Harsha Vardhan Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shannon Dugan
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yi Han
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sandra L Lee
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jiaxin Qu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kim C Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Jeffery W Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Kristen A Panfilio
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Hugh M Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Diane E Ullman
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan A Veenstra
- INCIA UMR 5287 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - John H Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Anna E Whitfield
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Evgeny M Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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22
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Ko HJ, Jo YH, Patnaik BB, Park KB, Kim CE, Keshavarz M, Jang HA, Lee YS, Han YS. IKKγ/NEMO Is Required to Confer Antimicrobial Innate Immune Responses in the Yellow Mealworm, Tenebrio Molitor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186734. [PMID: 32937897 PMCID: PMC7555931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IKKγ/NEMO is the regulatory subunit of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, which regulates the NF-κB signaling pathway. Within the IKK complex, IKKγ/NEMO is the non-catalytic subunit, whereas IKKα and IKKβ are the structurally related catalytic subunits. In this study, TmIKKγ was screened from the Tenebrio molitor RNA-Seq database and functionally characterized using RNAi screening for its role in regulating T. molitor antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes after microbial challenges. The TmIKKγ transcript is 1521 bp that putatively encodes a polypeptide of 506 amino acid residues. TmIKKγ contains a NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) and a leucine zipper domain of coiled coil region 2 (LZCC2). A phylogenetic analysis confirmed its homology to the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum IKKγ (TcIKKγ). The expression of TmIKKγ mRNA showed that it might function in diverse tissues of the insect, with a higher expression in the hemocytes and the fat body of the late-instar larvae. TmIKKγ mRNA expression was induced by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans challenges in the whole larvae and in tissues such as the hemocytes, gut and fat body. The knockdown of TmIKKγ mRNA significantly reduced the survival of the larvae after microbial challenges. Furthermore, we investigated the tissue-specific induction patterns of fourteen T. molitor AMP genes in TmIKKγ mRNA-silenced individuals after microbial challenges. In general, the mRNA expression of TmTenecin1, -2, and -4; TmDefensin1 and -2; TmColeoptericin1 and 2; and TmAttacin1a, 1b, and 2 were found to be downregulated in the hemocytes, gut, and fat body tissues in the TmIKKγ-silenced individuals after microbial challenges. Under similar conditions, TmRelish (NF-κB transcription factor) mRNA was also found to be downregulated. Thus, TmIKKγ is an important factor in the antimicrobial innate immune response of T. molitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Ko
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- School of Biotech Sciences, Trident Academy of Creative Technology (TACT), Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India;
- P.G. Department of Bio-Sciences and Bio-Technology, Fakir Mohan University, Nuapadhi, Balasore, Odisha 756089, India
| | - Ki Beom Park
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Chang Eun Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Maryam Keshavarz
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Ho Am Jang
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- School of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-Myeon, Asan, Chungchungnam-do 31538, Korea;
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-530-2072
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23
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Alameh S, Bartolo G, O’Brien S, Henderson EA, Gonzalez LO, Hartmann S, Klimko CP, Shoe JL, Cote CK, Grill LK, Levitin A, Martchenko Shilman M. Anthrax toxin component, Protective Antigen, protects insects from bacterial infections. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008836. [PMID: 32866212 PMCID: PMC7458312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a major zoonotic disease of wildlife, and in places like West Africa, it can be caused by Bacillus anthracis in arid nonsylvatic savannahs, and by B. cereus biovar anthracis (Bcbva) in sylvatic rainforests. Bcbva-caused anthrax has been implicated in as much as 38% of mortality in rainforest ecosystems, where insects can enhance the transmission of anthrax-causing bacteria. While anthrax is well-characterized in mammals, its transmission by insects points to an unidentified anthrax-resistance mechanism in its vectors. In mammals, a secreted anthrax toxin component, 83 kDa Protective Antigen (PA83), binds to cell-surface receptors and is cleaved by furin into an evolutionary-conserved PA20 and a pore-forming PA63 subunits. We show that PA20 increases the resistance of Drosophila flies and Culex mosquitoes to bacterial challenges, without directly affecting the bacterial growth. We further show that the PA83 loop known to be cleaved by furin to release PA20 from PA63 is, in part, responsible for the PA20-mediated protection. We found that PA20 binds directly to the Toll activating peptidoglycan-recognition protein-SA (PGRP-SA) and that the Toll/NF-κB pathway is necessary for the PA20-mediated protection of infected flies. This effect of PA20 on innate immunity may also exist in mammals: we show that PA20 binds to human PGRP-SA ortholog. Moreover, the constitutive activity of Imd/NF-κB pathway in MAPKK Dsor1 mutant flies is sufficient to confer the protection from bacterial infections in a manner that is independent of PA20 treatment. Lastly, Clostridium septicum alpha toxin protects flies from anthrax-causing bacteria, showing that other pathogens may help insects resist anthrax. The mechanism of anthrax resistance in insects has direct implications on insect-mediated anthrax transmission for wildlife management, and with potential for applications, such as reducing the sensitivity of pollinating insects to bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Alameh
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Gloria Bartolo
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Summer O’Brien
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Henderson
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Leandra O. Gonzalez
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Stella Hartmann
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Shoe
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laurence K. Grill
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Anastasia Levitin
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AL); (MMS)
| | - Mikhail Martchenko Shilman
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AL); (MMS)
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24
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Zhang J, Tracy C, Pasare C, Zeng J, Krämer H. Hypersensitivity of Vps33B mutant flies to non-pathogenic infections is dictated by aberrant activation of p38b MAP kinase. Traffic 2020; 21:578-589. [PMID: 32677257 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Loss of the arthrogryposis-renal dysfunction-cholestasis (ARC) syndrome-linked Vps33B protein results in exaggerated inflammatory responses upon activation of receptors of the innate immune system in both vertebrates and flies. However, little is known about the signaling elements downstream of these receptors that are critical for the hypersensitivity of Vps33B mutants. Here, we show that p38b MAP kinase contributes to the enhanced inflammatory responses in flies lacking Vps33B. Loss of p38b mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) reduces enhanced inflammatory responses and prolongs the survival of infected Vps33B deficient flies. The function of p38 MAPK is not limited to its proinflammatory effects downstream of the PGRP-LC receptor as p38 also modulates endosomal trafficking of PGRP-LC and phagocytosis of bacteria. Expression of constitutively active p38b MAPK, but not dominant negative p38b MAPK enhances accumulation of endocytosed PGRP-LC receptors or phagocytosed bacteria within cells. Moreover, p38 MAPK is required for induction of macropinocytosis, an alternate pathway for the downregulation of immune receptors. Together, our data indicate that p38 MAPK activates multiple pathways that can contribute to the dysregulation of innate immune signaling in ARC syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Charles Tracy
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jinsheng Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Helmut Krämer
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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25
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Peng C, Ouyang Y, Lu N, Li N. The NF-κB Signaling Pathway, the Microbiota, and Gastrointestinal Tumorigenesis: Recent Advances. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1387. [PMID: 32695120 PMCID: PMC7338561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, especially gastric cancer and colorectal cancer (CRC), represent a major global health burden. A large population of microorganisms residing in the GI tract regulate physiological processes, such as the immune response, metabolic balance, and homeostasis. Accumulating evidence has revealed the alteration of microbial communities in GI tumorigenesis. Experimental studies in cell lines and animal models showed the functional roles and molecular mechanisms of several bacteria in GI cancers, including Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer as well as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Bacteroides fragilis in CRC. The transcriptional factor NF-κB plays a crucial role in the host response to microbial infection through orchestrating innate and adaptive immune functions. Moreover, NF-κB activity is linked to GI cancer initiation and development through its induction of chronic inflammation, cellular transformation and proliferation. Here, we provide an overview and discussion of modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway by microbiota, especially infectious bacteria, in GI tumorigenesis, with a major focus on gastric cancer and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yaobin Ouyang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Nonghua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Nianshuang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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26
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Keshavarz M, Jo YH, Edosa TT, Han YS. Tenebrio molitor PGRP-LE Plays a Critical Role in Gut Antimicrobial Peptide Production in Response to Escherichia coli. Front Physiol 2020; 11:320. [PMID: 32372972 PMCID: PMC7179671 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Invading pathogens are recognized by peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) that induce translocation of NF-κB transcription proteins and expression of robust antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Tenebrio molitor PGRP-LE (TmPGRP-LE) has been previously identified as a key sensor of Listeria monocytogenes infection. Here, we present that TmPGRP-LE is highly expressed in the gut of T. molitor larvae and 5-day-old adults in the absence of microbial infection. In response to Escherichia coli and Candida albicans infections, TmPGRP-LE mRNA levels are significantly upregulated in both the fat body and gut. Silencing of TmPGRP-LE by RNAi rendered T. molitor significantly more susceptible to challenge by E. coli infection and, to a lesser extent, Staphylococcus aureus and C. albicans infections. Reduction of TmPGRP-LE levels in the larval gut resulted in downregulation of eight AMP genes following exposure to E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. However, the transcriptional levels of AMPs more rapidly reached a higher level in the dsEGFP-treated larval gut after challenge with E. coli, which may suggest that AMPs induction were more sensitive to E. coli than S. aureus and C. albicans. In addition, TmPGRP-LE RNAi following E. coli and C. albicans challenges had notable effects on TmRelish, TmDorsal X1 isoform (TmDorX1), and TmDorX2 expression level in the fat body and gut. Taken together, TmPGRP-LE acts as an important gut microbial sensor that induces AMPs via Imd activation in response to E. coli, whereas involvement of TmPGRP-LE in AMPs synthesize is barely perceptible in the hemocytes and fat body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Keshavarz
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Tariku Tesfaye Edosa
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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27
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TmSpz4 Plays an Important Role in Regulating the Production of Antimicrobial Peptides in Response to Escherichia coli and Candida albicans Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051878. [PMID: 32182940 PMCID: PMC7084639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spätzle family proteins activate the Toll pathway and induce antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production against microbial infections. However, the functional importance of Tmspätzle4 (TmSpz4) in the immune response of Tenebrio molitor has not been reported. Therefore, here, we have identified and functionally characterized the role of TmSpz4 against bacterial and fungal infections. We showed that TmSpz4 expression was significantly induced in hemocytes at 6 h post-injection with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. TmSpz4 knock-down significantly reduced larval survival against E. coli and C. albicans. To understand the reason for the survivability difference, the role of TmSpz4 in AMP production was examined in TmSpz4-silenced larvae following microbe injection. The AMPs that are active against Gram-negative bacteria, including TmTenecin-2, TmTenecin-4, TmAttacin-1a, TmDefensin-2, and TmCecropin-2, were significantly downregulated in response to E. coli in TmSpz4-silenced larvae. Similarly, the expression of TmTenecin-1, TmTenecin-3, TmThaumatin-like protein-1 and -2, TmDefensin-1, TmDefensin-2, and TmCecropin-2 were downregulated in response to C. albicans in TmSpz4-silenced larvae. In addition, the transcription factor NF-κB (TmDorX1 and TmDorX2) expression was significantly suppression in TmSpz4-silenced larvae. In conclusion, these results suggest that TmSpz4 plays a key role in regulating immune responses of T. molitor against to E. coli and C. albicans.
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28
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Hegde S, Soory A, Kaduskar B, Ratnaparkhi GS. SUMO conjugation regulates immune signalling. Fly (Austin) 2020; 14:62-79. [PMID: 32777975 PMCID: PMC7714519 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2020.1808402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are critical drivers and attenuators for proteins that regulate immune signalling cascades in host defence. In this review, we explore functional roles for one such PTM, the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). Very few of the SUMO conjugation targets identified by proteomic studies have been validated in terms of their roles in host defence. Here, we compare and contrast potential SUMO substrate proteins in immune signalling for flies and mammals, with an emphasis on NFκB pathways. We discuss, using the few mechanistic studies that exist for validated targets, the effect of SUMO conjugation on signalling and also explore current molecular models that explain regulation by SUMO. We also discuss in detail roles of evolutionary conservation of mechanisms, SUMO interaction motifs, crosstalk of SUMO with other PTMs, emerging concepts such as group SUMOylation and finally, the potentially transforming roles for genome-editing technologies in studying the effect of PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitha Hegde
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER), Pune, India
| | - Amarendranath Soory
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER), Pune, India
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29
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Thioester-containing Proteins in the Drosophila melanogaster Immune Response against the Pathogen Photorhabdus. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11020085. [PMID: 32013030 PMCID: PMC7073583 DOI: 10.3390/insects11020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster forms a magnificent model for interpreting conserved host innate immune signaling and functional processes in response to microbial assaults. In the broad research field of host-microbe interactions, model hosts are used in conjunction with a variety of pathogenic microorganisms to disentangle host immune system activities and microbial pathogenicity strategies. The pathogen Photorhabdus is considered an established model for analyzing bacterial virulence and symbiosis due to its unique life cycle that extends between two invertebrate hosts: an insect and a parasitic nematode. In recent years, particular focus has been given to the mechanistic participation of the D. melanogaster thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) in the overall immune capacity of the fly upon response against the pathogen Photorhabdus alone or in combination with its specific nematode vector Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. The original role of certain TEPs in the insect innate immune machinery was linked to the antibacterial and antiparasite reaction of the mosquito malaria vector Anopheles gambiae; however, revamped interest in the immune competence of these molecules has recently emerged from the D. melanogaster-Photorhabdus infection system. Here, we review the latest findings on this topic with the expectation that such information will refine our understanding of the evolutionary immune role of TEPs in host immune surveillance.
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Abstract
Immune priming occurs when a past infection experience leads to a more effective immune response upon a secondary exposure to the infection or pathogen. In some instances, parents are able to transmit immune priming to their offspring, creating a subsequent generation with a superior immune capability, through processes that are not yet fully understood. Using a parasitoid wasp, which infects larval stages of Drosophila melanogaster, we describe an example of an intergenerational inheritance of immune priming. This phenomenon is anticipatory in nature and does not rely on parental infection, but rather, when adult fruit flies are cohabitated with a parasitic wasp, they produce offspring that are more capable of mounting a successful immune response against a parasitic macro-infection. This increase in offspring survival correlates with a more rapid induction of lamellocytes, a specialized immune cell. RNA-sequencing of the female germline identifies several differentially expressed genes following wasp exposure, including the peptiodoglycan recognition protein-LB (PGRP-LB). We find that genetic manipulation of maternal PGRP-LB identifies this gene as a key element in this intergenerational phenotype.
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Abstract
The composition of insect hemolymph can change depending on many factors, e.g. access to nutrients, stress conditions, and current needs of the insect. In this chapter, insect immune-related polypeptides, which can be permanently or occasionally present in the hemolymph, are described. Their division into peptides or low-molecular weight proteins is not always determined by the length or secondary structure of a given molecule but also depends on the mode of action in insect immunity and, therefore, it is rather arbitrary. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with their role in immunity, modes of action, and classification are presented in the chapter, followed by a short description of some examples: cecropins, moricins, defensins, proline- and glycine-rich peptides. Further, we will describe selected immune-related proteins that may participate in immune recognition, may possess direct antimicrobial properties, or can be involved in the modulation of insect immunity by both abiotic and biotic factors. We briefly cover Fibrinogen-Related Proteins (FREPs), Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecules (Dscam), Hemolin, Lipophorins, Lysozyme, Insect Metalloproteinase Inhibitor (IMPI), and Heat Shock Proteins. The reader will obtain a partial picture presenting molecules participating in one of the most efficient immune strategies found in the animal world, which allow insects to inhabit all ecological land niches in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Wojda
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Kordaczuk
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Martin M, Hiroyasu A, Guzman RM, Roberts SA, Goodman AG. Analysis of Drosophila STING Reveals an Evolutionarily Conserved Antimicrobial Function. Cell Rep 2019; 23:3537-3550.e6. [PMID: 29924997 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate protein STING, an intracellular sensor of cyclic dinucleotides, is critical to the innate immune response and the induction of type I interferon during pathogenic infection. Here, we show that a STING ortholog (dmSTING) exists in Drosophila, which, similar to vertebrate STING, associates with cyclic dinucleotides to initiate an innate immune response. Following infection with Listeria monocytogenes, dmSTING activates an innate immune response via activation of the NF-κB transcription factor Relish, part of the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway. DmSTING-mediated activation of the immune response reduces the levels of Listeria-induced lethality and bacterial load in the host. Of significance, dmSTING triggers an innate immune response in the absence of a known functional cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP synthase (cGAS) ortholog in the fly. Together, our results demonstrate that STING is an evolutionarily conserved antimicrobial effector between flies and mammals, and it comprises a key component of host defense against pathogenic infection in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Martin
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Aoi Hiroyasu
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - R Marena Guzman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Steven A Roberts
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Alan G Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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Innate immune responses to paraquat exposure in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12714. [PMID: 31481676 PMCID: PMC6722124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48977-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Limited understanding of the early molecular pathways associated with the demise of DA neurons, including those of inflammatory exacerbation of neurodegeneration, is a major impediment to therapeutic development. Recent studies have implicated gene-environment interactions in PD susceptibility. We used transcriptomic profiling in a Drosophila PD model in response to paraquat (PQ)-induced oxidative stress to identify pre-symptomatic signatures of impending neuron dysfunction. Our RNAseq data analysis revealed extensive regulation of innate immune response genes following PQ ingestion. We found that PQ exposure leads to the activation of the NF-κB transcription factor, Relish, and the stress signaling factor JNK, encoded by the gene basket in Drosophila. Relish knockdown in the dopaminergic neurons confers PQ resistance and rescues mobility defects and DA neuron loss. Furthermore, PQ-induced toxicity is mediated through the immune deficiency signaling pathway. Surprisingly, the expression of Relish-dependent anti-microbial peptide (AMPs) genes is suppressed upon PQ exposure causing increased sensitivity to Gram-negative bacterial infection. This work provides a novel link between PQ exposure and innate immune system modulation underlying environmental toxin-induced neurodegeneration, thereby underscoring the role of the innate immune system in PD pathogenesis.
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Regulation of the expression of nine antimicrobial peptide genes by TmIMD confers resistance against Gram-negative bacteria. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10138. [PMID: 31300668 PMCID: PMC6626034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune deficiency (IMD) is a death domain-containing protein that is essential for the IMD/NF-κB humoral and epithelial immune responses to Gram-negative bacteria and viruses in insects. In the immune signaling cascade, IMD is recruited together with FADD and the caspase DREDD after the mobilization of PGRP receptors. Activated IMD regulates the expression of effector antimicrobial peptides (AMP) that protect against invading microorganisms. To date, most studies of the IMD pathway, and the IMD gene in particular, have been restricted to Drosophila; few similar studies have been conducted in other model insects. Herein, we cloned and functionally characterized an IMD homolog from the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor (TmIMD) and studied its role in host survival in the context of pathogenic infections. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the conserved caspase cleavage site and inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP)-binding motif (IBM). TmIMD expression was high in the hemocytes and Malpighian tubules of Tenebrio late-instar larvae and adults. At 3 and 6 hours’ post-infection with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, or Candida albicans, TmIMD expression significantly increased compared with mock-infected controls. Knockdown of the TmIMD transcript by RNAi significantly reduced host resistance to the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli and fungus C. albicans in a survival assay. Strikingly, the expression of nine T. molitor AMPs (TmTenecin1, TmTenecin2, TmTenecin4, TmDefensin2, TmColeoptericin1, TmColeoptericin2, TmAttacin1a, TmAttacin1b, and TmAttacin2) showed significant downregulation in TmIMD knockdown larvae challenged with E. coli. These results suggest that TmIMD is required to confer humoral immunity against the Gram-negative bacteria, E. coli by inducing the expression of critical transcripts that encode AMPs.
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Chen G, Wu B, Wu M, Liu F, Qin C, Luo W. Autophagy-related genes affect drug resistance of mycobacteria by regulating autophagy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:2001-2008. [PMID: 31934022 PMCID: PMC6949621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of autophagy-related gene (ATG) on the drug resistance of mycobacteria by regulating autophagy. METHODS In the present study, primary macrophages were selected as objects of study. The cell lines with ATG13 and ATG6 interference and stable overexpression were constructed with Crisp/Case technique and verified by fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting, and the qualified cells were used for subsequent experiments. Then the above different mutant and wild-type cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle medium (DMEM) containing fetal bovine serum for 5 h, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was added, followed by co-culture for 4 h. The cells were treated and co-cultured with isoniazid (INH, 0.05 mg/L), rifampicin (RFP, 0.4 mg/L) and ethambutol (EMB, 25 mg/L) for 3 d. Then the cells were sampled and stained with monodansylcadaverine (MDC), and autophagy was observed. Finally, an appropriate number of cells were taken and cultured in the modified L-G medium, and the bacteria were counted. RESULTS The results of fluorescence quantitative PCR and western blotting revealed that the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) transcription levels and protein expression levels of ATG13 and ATG6 in cells significantly declined after using Crisp/Case. The MDC staining showed that ATG13 and ATG6 interference could significantly reduce the number of autophagosomes in cells, while ATG13 and ATG6 overexpression could significantly increase the number of autophagosomes in cells. Compared with wild-type cells, the number of mycobacteria was obviously increased in mycobacterium-infected cells with ATG13 and ATG6 interference after they were treated with INH, RFP and EMB, displaying a significant difference (P<0.05), while the number of mycobacteria was obviously decreased in mycobacterium-infected cells with ATG13 and ATG6 overexpression after they were treated with INH, RFP and EMB, also a significant difference (P<0.05). CONCLUSION ATG and other autophagy-related genes can affect the drug resistance of mycobacteria through regulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Chen
- Department of Infection, Deyang People's Hospital Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Bibo Wu
- Department of Infection, Deyang People's Hospital Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengzheng Wu
- Department of Infection, Deyang People's Hospital Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- Department of Infection, Deyang People's Hospital Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunjun Qin
- Department of Infection, Deyang People's Hospital Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanrong Luo
- Department of Infection, Deyang People's Hospital Deyang, Sichuan, China
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Patrnogic J, Heryanto C, Ozakman Y, Eleftherianos I. Transcript analysis reveals the involvement of NF-κB transcription factors for the activation of TGF-β signaling in nematode-infected Drosophila. Immunogenetics 2019; 71:501-510. [PMID: 31147740 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-019-01119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model for studying signaling pathway regulation. Conserved signaling pathways underlying physiological processes signify evolutionary relationship between organisms and the nature of the mechanisms they control. This study explores the cross-talk between the well-characterized nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) innate immune signaling pathways and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway in response to parasitic nematode infection in Drosophila. To understand the link between signaling pathways, we followed on our previous studies by performing a transcript-level analysis of different TGF-β signaling components following infection of immune-compromised Drosophila adult flies with the nematode parasites Heterorhabditis gerrardi and H. bacteriophora. Our findings demonstrate the requirement of NF-κB transcription factors for activation of TGF-β signaling pathway in Drosophila in the context of parasitic nematode infection. We observe significant decrease in transcript level of glass bottom boat (gbb) and screw (scw), components of the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) branch, as well as Activinβ (actβ) which is a component of the Activin branch of the TGF-β signaling pathway. These results are observed only in H. gerrardi nematode-infected flies compared to uninfected control. Also, this significant decrease in transcript level is found only for extracellular ligands. Future research examining the mechanisms regulating the interaction of these signaling pathways could provide further insight into Drosophila anti-nematode immune function against infection with potent parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Patrnogic
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christa Heryanto
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yaprak Ozakman
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Transcriptional versus metabolic control of cell fitness during cell competition. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 63:36-43. [PMID: 31102668 PMCID: PMC7221347 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of tissue homeostasis and health relies on the efficient removal of damaged or otherwise suboptimal cells. One way this is achieved is through cell competition, a fitness quality control mechanism that eliminates cells that are less fit than their neighbours. Through this process, cell competition has been shown to play diverse roles in development and in the adult, including in homeostasis and tumour suppression. However, over the last few years it has also become apparent that certain oncogenic mutations can provide cells with a competitive advantage that promotes their expansion via the elimination of surrounding wild-type cells. Thus, understanding how this process is initiated and regulated will provide important insights with relevance to a number of different research areas. A key question in cell competition is what determines the competitive fitness of a cell. Here, we will review what is known about this question by focussing on two non-mutually exclusive possibilities; first, that the activity of a subset of transcription factors determines competitive fitness, and second, that the outcome of cell competition is determined by the relative cellular metabolic status.
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Molaei M, Vandehoef C, Karpac J. NF-κB Shapes Metabolic Adaptation by Attenuating Foxo-Mediated Lipolysis in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2019; 49:802-810.e6. [PMID: 31080057 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic and innate immune signaling pathways have co-evolved to elicit coordinated responses. However, dissecting the integration of these ancient signaling mechanisms remains a challenge. Using Drosophila, we uncovered a role for the innate immune transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/Relish in governing lipid metabolism during metabolic adaptation to fasting. We found that Relish is required to restrain fasting-induced lipolysis, and thus conserve cellular triglyceride levels during metabolic adaptation, through specific repression of ATGL/Brummer lipase gene expression in adipose (fat body). Fasting-induced changes in Brummer expression and, consequently, triglyceride metabolism are adjusted by Relish-dependent attenuation of Foxo transcriptional activation function, a critical metabolic transcription factor. Relish limits Foxo function by influencing fasting-dependent histone deacetylation and subsequent chromatin modifications within the Bmm locus. These results highlight that the antagonism of Relish and Foxo functions are crucial in the regulation of lipid metabolism during metabolic adaptation, which may further influence the coordination of innate immune-metabolic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maral Molaei
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Crissie Vandehoef
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jason Karpac
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Sheehan G, Garvey A, Croke M, Kavanagh K. Innate humoral immune defences in mammals and insects: The same, with differences ? Virulence 2019; 9:1625-1639. [PMID: 30257608 PMCID: PMC7000196 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1526531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect immune response demonstrates many similarities to the innate immune response of mammals and a wide range of insects is now employed to assess the virulence of pathogens and produce results comparable to those obtained using mammals. Many of the humoral responses in insects and mammals are similar (e.g. insect transglutaminases and human clotting factor XIIIa) however a number show distinct differences. For example in mammals, melanization plays a role in protection from solar radiation and in skin and hair pigmentation. In contrast, insect melanization acts as a defence mechanism in which the proPO system is activated upon pathogen invasion. Human and insect antimicrobial peptides share distinct structural and functional similarities, insects produce the majority of their AMPs from the fat body while mammals rely on production locally at the site of infection by epithelial/mucosal cells. Understanding the structure and function of the insect immune system and the similarities with the innate immune response of mammals will increase the attractiveness of using insects as in vivo models for studying host – pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Sheehan
- a Department of Biology , Maynooth University , Maynooth , Ireland
| | - Amy Garvey
- a Department of Biology , Maynooth University , Maynooth , Ireland
| | - Michael Croke
- a Department of Biology , Maynooth University , Maynooth , Ireland
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- a Department of Biology , Maynooth University , Maynooth , Ireland
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Salcedo-Porras N, Guarneri A, Oliveira PL, Lowenberger C. Rhodnius prolixus: Identification of missing components of the IMD immune signaling pathway and functional characterization of its role in eliminating bacteria. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214794. [PMID: 30943246 PMCID: PMC6447187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system in insects is regulated by specific signalling pathways. Most immune related pathways were identified and characterized in holometabolous insects such as Drosophila melanogaster, and it was assumed they would be highly conserved in all insects. The hemimetabolous insect, Rhodnius prolixus, has served as a model to study basic insect physiology, but also is a major vector of the human parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, that causes 10,000 deaths annually. The publication of the R. prolixus genome revealed that one of the main immune pathways, the Immune-deficiency pathway (IMD), was incomplete and probably non-functional, an observation shared with other hemimetabolous insects including the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and the bedbug (Cimex lectularius). It was proposed that the IMD pathway is inactive in R. prolixus as an adaptation to prevent eliminating beneficial symbiont gut bacteria. We used bioinformatic analyses based on reciprocal BLAST and HMM-profile searches to find orthologs for most of the "missing" elements of the IMD pathway and provide data that these are regulated in response to infection with Gram-negative bacteria. We used RNAi strategies to demonstrate the role of the IMD pathway in regulating the expression of specific antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the fat body of R. prolixus. The data indicate that the IMD pathway is present and active in R. prolixus, which opens up new avenues of research on R. prolixus-T. cruzi interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Salcedo-Porras
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alessandra Guarneri
- Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro L. Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carl Lowenberger
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Park S, Jo YH, Park KB, Ko HJ, Kim CE, Bae YM, Kim B, Jun SA, Bang IS, Lee YS, Kim YJ, Han YS. TmToll-7 Plays a Crucial Role in Innate Immune Responses Against Gram-Negative Bacteria by Regulating 5 AMP Genes in Tenebrio molitor. Front Immunol 2019; 10:310. [PMID: 30930888 PMCID: PMC6424196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that the Drosophila Toll-7 receptor plays a critical role in antiviral autophagy, its function in other insects has not yet been reported. Here, we have identified a Toll-like receptor 7 gene, TmToll-7, in the coleopteran insect T. molitor and examined its potential role in antibacterial and antifungal immunity. We showed that TmToll-7 expression was significantly induced in larvae 6 h after infection with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and 9 h after infection with Candida albicans. However, even though TmToll-7 was induced by all three pathogens, we found that TmToll-7 knockdown significantly reduced larval survival to E. coli, but not to S. aureus, and C. albicans infections. To understand the reasons for this difference, we examined the effects of TmToll-7 knockdown on antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene expression and found a significant reduction of E. coli-induced expression of AMP genes such as TmTenecin-1, TmDefensin-1, TmDefensin-2, TmColeoptericin-1, and TmAttacin-2. Furthermore, TmToll-7 knockdown larvae infected with E. coli showed significantly higher bacterial growth in the hemolymph compared to control larvae treated with Vermilion dsRNA. Taken together, our results suggest that TmToll-7 plays an important role in regulating the immune response of T. molitor to E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyi Park
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ki Beom Park
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Ko
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chang Eun Kim
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Young Min Bae
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Bobae Kim
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sung Ah Jun
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - In Seok Bang
- Department of Biological Science, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Yu Jung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Banerjee U, Girard JR, Goins LM, Spratford CM. Drosophila as a Genetic Model for Hematopoiesis. Genetics 2019; 211:367-417. [PMID: 30733377 PMCID: PMC6366919 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this FlyBook chapter, we present a survey of the current literature on the development of the hematopoietic system in Drosophila The Drosophila blood system consists entirely of cells that function in innate immunity, tissue integrity, wound healing, and various forms of stress response, and are therefore functionally similar to myeloid cells in mammals. The primary cell types are specialized for phagocytic, melanization, and encapsulation functions. As in mammalian systems, multiple sites of hematopoiesis are evident in Drosophila and the mechanisms involved in this process employ many of the same molecular strategies that exemplify blood development in humans. Drosophila blood progenitors respond to internal and external stress by coopting developmental pathways that involve both local and systemic signals. An important goal of these Drosophila studies is to develop the tools and mechanisms critical to further our understanding of human hematopoiesis during homeostasis and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Juliet R Girard
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Lauren M Goins
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Carrie M Spratford
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Lourenço AP, Florecki MM, Simões ZLP, Evans JD. Silencing of Apis mellifera dorsal genes reveals their role in expression of the antimicrobial peptide defensin-1. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:577-589. [PMID: 29663584 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Like all other insects, two key signalling pathways [Toll and immune deficiency (Imd)] regulate the induction of honey bee immune effectors that target microbial pathogens. Amongst these effectors are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are presumed to be produced by the nuclear factors kappa B (NF-κB) Dorsal and Relish from the Toll and Imd pathways, respectively. Using in silico analysis, we previously proposed that the honey bee AMP defensin-1 was regulated by the Toll pathway, whereas hymenoptaecin was regulated by Imd and abaecin by both the Toll and Imd pathways. Here we use an RNA interference (RNAi) assay to determine the role of Dorsal in regulating abaecin and defensin-1. Honey bees have two dorsal genes (dorsal-1 and dorsal-2) and two splicing isoforms of dorsal-1 (dorsal-1A and dorsal-1B). Accordingly, we used both single and multiple (double or triple) isoform knockdown strategies to clarify the roles of dorsal proteins and their isoforms. Down-regulation of defensin-1 was observed for dorsal-1A and dorsal-2 knockdowns, but abaecin expression was not affected by dorsal RNAi. We conclude that defensin-1 is regulated by Dorsal (Toll pathway).
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Lourenço
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M M Florecki
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Z L P Simões
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J D Evans
- Bee Research Lab, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
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44
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Vieira CS, Moreira OC, Batista KKS, Ratcliffe NA, Castro DP, Azambuja P. The NF-κB Inhibitor, IMD-0354, Affects Immune Gene Expression, Bacterial Microbiota and Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Rhodnius prolixus Midgut. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1189. [PMID: 30233391 PMCID: PMC6128222 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodnius prolixus is an insect vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease in Latin America. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factors (TF) are conserved components of the innate immune system in several multicellular organisms including insects. The drug IMD-0354 [N-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxy-benzamide] is a selective inhibitor of IκB kinases. It blocks IκBα phosphorylation thus preventing nuclear translocation of the NF-κb TF. In humans, NF-κB is involved in several biological processes such as inflammation, cell proliferation and immunity. In insects, the activation of the immune system upon microbial challenge can be controlled by signaling pathways such as the immune deficiency (IMD) and Toll, to combat infection. These activated pathways signal to downstream NF-κB TF to stimulate specific immune genes, triggering the synthesis of several molecules such as the antimicrobial peptides. In Drosophila melanogaster, the activation and regulation of NF-κB TF have been elucidated, while in triatomines these mechanisms are not fully understood Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of oral administration of the drug IMD-0354 on the R. prolixus immune response to challenge with bacteria and T. cruzi, as well as the impact on the gut bacterial microbiota. R. prolixus were fed with rabbit blood containing IMD-0354 and Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, or T. cruzi. The effects of IMD-0354 on insect mortality and antimicrobial activity in insect midgut samples, as well as the relative expression of R. prolixus immune genes were recorded. The bacterial microbiota was analyzed, and viable parasites were counted in insect midgut samples. The IMD-0354 treatment modulated antibacterial activity and the gene expression patterns of defensin A, defensin B, defensin C, and prolixicin, and the genes involved in the IMD and Toll pathways. Additionally, there was an increase of bacterial microbiota in treated insects. Insects treated with IMD-0354 and concomitantly infected with bacteria or T. cruzi through the blood meal had increased mortality, while the T. cruzi population in R. prolixus midgut was reduced. The inhibitory effect of IMD-0354 indicates the importance of NF-κB TF in the innate immune responses involved in the control of bacteria and parasite infections in the R. prolixus midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia S Vieira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacílio C Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kate K S Batista
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Norman A Ratcliffe
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,College of Science, Swansea University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele P Castro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Entomologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Azambuja
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Entomologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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45
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Badinloo M, Nguyen E, Suh W, Alzahrani F, Castellanos J, Klichko VI, Orr WC, Radyuk SN. Overexpression of antimicrobial peptides contributes to aging through cytotoxic effects in Drosophila tissues. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 98:e21464. [PMID: 29637607 PMCID: PMC6039247 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response tends to become hyperactive and proinflammatory in older organisms. We investigated connections between activity of the immune-related genes and aging using the Drosophila model. A hallmark of Drosophila immunity is the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMP), whose expression is triggered via activation of the Toll and Imd immune pathways and regulated by NF-ĸB-like transcription factors, Dif/Dorsal and Relish. It was previously shown that overexpression of the upstream component of the immune pathways shortens lifespan via activation of the Relish-dependent immune response. Here we show that direct overexpression of the Relish target AMP genes broadly at high levels or in the fat body induced apoptosis, elicited depolarization of the mitochondria and significantly shortened lifespan. Underexpression of Relish in the fat body beginning in the second half of lifespan prevented overactivation of AMPs and extended longevity. Unlike infection-induced responses, the age-related increase in AMPs does not require the upstream recognition/transduction module of the Imd pathway. It does however require downstream elements, including Relish and Ird5, a component of the downstream IKK complex. Together, these results established causal links between high-level production of antimicrobial peptides and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Svetlana N. Radyuk
- Corresponding Author Svetlana N. Radyuk, PhD, 6501 Airline Rd, Room 113, Dallas, TX 75275, Tel: +1-214-768-2892, Fax: +1-214-768-3955,
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46
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Tang Q, Wu P, Chen H, Li G. Pleiotropic roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome system during viral propagation. Life Sci 2018; 207:350-354. [PMID: 29913185 PMCID: PMC7094228 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is a highly conserved post-translational modification affecting various biological processes including viral propagation. Ubiquitination has multiple effects on viral propagation, including viral genome uncoating, viral replication, and immune evasion. Ubiquitination of viral proteins is triggered by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). This involves the covalent attachment of the highly conserved 76 amino acid residue ubiquitin protein to target proteins by the consecutive actions of E1, E2 and E3 enzymes, and the 26S proteasome that together form a multiprotein complex that degrades target proteins. The UPS is the primary cytosolic proteolytic machinery for the selective degradation of various forms of proteins including viral proteins, thereby limiting viral growth in host cells. To combat this host anti-viral machinery, viruses have evolved the ability to employ or subvert the UPS to inactivate or degrade cellular proteins to favour viral propagation. This review highlights our current knowledge on the different roles of the UPS during viral propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Huiqing Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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47
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Longevity extension in Drosophila through gut-brain communication. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8362. [PMID: 29849035 PMCID: PMC5976768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25382-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging and chronic disease development are multifactorial processes involving the cumulative effects of metabolic distress, inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dynamics. Recently, variations in the gut microbiota have been associated with age-related phenotypes and probiotics have shown promise in managing chronic disease progression. In this study, novel probiotic and synbiotic formulations are shown to combinatorially extend longevity in male Drosophila melanogaster through mechanisms of gut-brain-axis communication with implications in chronic disease management. Both the probiotic and synbiotic formulations rescued markers of metabolic stress by managing insulin resistance and energy regulatory pathways. Both formulations also ameliorated elevations in inflammation, oxidative stress and the loss of mitochondrial complex integrity. In almost all the measured pathways, the synbiotic formulation has a more robust impact than its individual components insinuating its combinatorial effect. The concomitant action of the gut microbiota on each of the key risk factors of aging and makes it a powerful therapeutic tool against neurodegeneration, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and other age-related chronic diseases.
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48
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Anthocyanins Function as Anti-Inflammatory Agents in a Drosophila Model for Adipose Tissue Macrophage Infiltration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6413172. [PMID: 29721509 PMCID: PMC5867604 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6413172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and preclinical studies have demonstrated that bioactive foods like flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds derived from fruits and vegetables, exert a protective action against obesity, cardiovascular disorders, and Adipocyte Tissue Macrophage infiltration (ATM). All these pathologies are characterized by increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and in proinflammatory cytokines that have been shown to favor the migration of immune cells, particularly of macrophages, in metabolically active organs like the liver and adipose tissue, that in Drosophila are constituted by a unique organ: the fat body. This study, using a unique Drosophila model that mimics human ATM, reveals the beneficial effects of flavonoids to reduce tissue inflammation. Our data show that anthocyanin-rich food reduces the number of hemocytes, Drosophila macrophages, infiltrating the fat cells, a process that is associated with reduced production of ROS and reduced activation of the JNK/SAPK p46 stress kinase, suggesting a fundamental function for anthocyanins as antioxidants in chronic inflammation and in metabolic diseases.
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49
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Haller S, Franchet A, Hakkim A, Chen J, Drenkard E, Yu S, Schirmeier S, Li Z, Martins N, Ausubel FM, Liégeois S, Ferrandon D. Quorum-sensing regulator RhlR but not its autoinducer RhlI enables Pseudomonas to evade opsonization. EMBO Rep 2018. [PMID: 29523648 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
When Drosophila melanogaster feeds on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, some bacteria cross the intestinal barrier and eventually proliferate in the hemocoel. This process is limited by hemocytes through phagocytosis. P. aeruginosa requires the quorum-sensing regulator RhlR to elude the cellular immune response of the fly. RhlI synthesizes the autoinducer signal that activates RhlR. Here, we show that rhlI mutants are unexpectedly more virulent than rhlR mutants, both in fly and in nematode intestinal infection models, suggesting that RhlR has RhlI-independent functions. We also report that RhlR protects P. aeruginosa from opsonization mediated by the Drosophila thioester-containing protein 4 (Tep4). RhlR mutant bacteria show higher levels of Tep4-mediated opsonization, as compared to rhlI mutants, which prevents lethal bacteremia in the Drosophila hemocoel. In contrast, in a septic model of infection, in which bacteria are introduced directly into the hemocoel, Tep4 mutant flies are more resistant to wild-type P. aeruginosa, but not to the rhlR mutant. Thus, depending on the infection route, the Tep4 opsonin can either be protective or detrimental to host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Haller
- CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Adrien Franchet
- CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Abdul Hakkim
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eliana Drenkard
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shen Yu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Zi Li
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nelson Martins
- CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frederick M Ausubel
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Liégeois
- CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Ferrandon
- CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France .,Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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50
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Vieira CS, Moreira OC, Batista KKS, Ratcliffe NA, Castro DP, Azambuja P. The NF-κB Inhibitor, IMD-0354, Affects Immune Gene Expression, Bacterial Microbiota and Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Rhodnius prolixus Midgut. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 30233391 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodnius prolixus is an insect vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease in Latin America. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factors (TF) are conserved components of the innate immune system in several multicellular organisms including insects. The drug IMD-0354 [N-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxy-benzamide] is a selective inhibitor of IκB kinases. It blocks IκBα phosphorylation thus preventing nuclear translocation of the NF-κb TF. In humans, NF-κB is involved in several biological processes such as inflammation, cell proliferation and immunity. In insects, the activation of the immune system upon microbial challenge can be controlled by signaling pathways such as the immune deficiency (IMD) and Toll, to combat infection. These activated pathways signal to downstream NF-κB TF to stimulate specific immune genes, triggering the synthesis of several molecules such as the antimicrobial peptides. In Drosophila melanogaster, the activation and regulation of NF-κB TF have been elucidated, while in triatomines these mechanisms are not fully understood Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of oral administration of the drug IMD-0354 on the R. prolixus immune response to challenge with bacteria and T. cruzi, as well as the impact on the gut bacterial microbiota. R. prolixus were fed with rabbit blood containing IMD-0354 and Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, or T. cruzi. The effects of IMD-0354 on insect mortality and antimicrobial activity in insect midgut samples, as well as the relative expression of R. prolixus immune genes were recorded. The bacterial microbiota was analyzed, and viable parasites were counted in insect midgut samples. The IMD-0354 treatment modulated antibacterial activity and the gene expression patterns of defensin A, defensin B, defensin C, and prolixicin, and the genes involved in the IMD and Toll pathways. Additionally, there was an increase of bacterial microbiota in treated insects. Insects treated with IMD-0354 and concomitantly infected with bacteria or T. cruzi through the blood meal had increased mortality, while the T. cruzi population in R. prolixus midgut was reduced. The inhibitory effect of IMD-0354 indicates the importance of NF-κB TF in the innate immune responses involved in the control of bacteria and parasite infections in the R. prolixus midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia S Vieira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacílio C Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kate K S Batista
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Norman A Ratcliffe
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- College of Science, Swansea University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele P Castro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Entomologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Azambuja
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Entomologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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